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An automotive battery, also known as a car battery, is a device that provides electrical energy to start a vehicle's engine; it uses chemical reactions between lead (Pb) and other chemicals to generate electricity. The automotive industry has been receiving positive feedback from consumers, and the industry has been striving to improve the quality of its product packaging, which protects the battery and facilitates its distribution. The research aims to increase customer satisfaction in the automotive industry by creating better battery packaging design. The research employs a range of methods to achieve this goal, including conducting an initial survey with customers who have purchased and used car batteries to identify problems, 3D computer-aided design (CAD) to create design packaging development, life-cycle assessment (LCA) to measure the environmental impact of various materials and contains sustainability analysis, and finite element analysis (FEA) simulation of the packaging corrugated paper using SolidWorks 2021 software, and lastly, a customer feedback survey is conducted to assess the attributes of packaging development. The design criteria prioritize green materials, ergonomics, durability, reliability, and ease of use. In conclusion, the study recommends the use of corrugated paper for battery packaging in the automotive industry. The corrugated paper has proven to be an ecofriendly and sustainable material that provides excellent protection for the battery while also being easy to handle and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources (RES) are becoming more popular globally as a reaction to critical energy concerns. Modern energy management technologies are used to maximize their efficiency while preserving the reliability of the grid. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) connects to the DC microgrid through the bidirectional converter, allowing energy to be transferred among the battery and supercapacitor (SC). In this paper, a fuzzy logic control (FLC) technique is developed for PV-based DC microgrid systems that use both batteries and SCs. The proposed method uses the unbalanced energy from the battery pack to enhance the overall effectiveness of the HESS. The FLC approach is performed to validate under conditions of variable irradiance using MATLAB Simulink. When sudden changes in irradiance occur, the proposed FLC brings the voltage back to the desired level in terms of transient response like 33 ms settling times and 19% overshoot values. The results exhibit that the proposed method is more efficient in terms of time response, power output, increasing battery life, and ensuring a continuous supply of the PV system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the integration of distributed renewable energy to the distribution network and the development of multiterminal flexible DC transmission technology, multiterminal flexible DC distribution network has broad application prospects. At the same time, with the rapid development of new energy vehicles, the echelon utilization of power battery has become a research hotspot. By analyzing the characteristics of flexible DC distribution network and echelon utilization battery, the structure and control strategy of modular multilevel converter (MMC), DC solid-state transformer, photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, and echelon utilization battery energy storage system are established, respectively, in this paper. To achieve a DC network connection of various types of power supply and load, this paper proposes a starting method of multiterminal flexible DC distribution network and a cooperative control strategy of the wind-solar-storage system. A six-terminal ring-shape DC distribution network model is built in real-time digital simulation (RTDS) platform. The simulation results show that the modeling methods and control strategies of each component in the real-time simulation model meet the operation requirements of the multiterminal flexible DC distribution network, which provides a reference for the construction and research of the flexible DC distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper presents a prediction‐based optimization strategy (POS) for the Energy Management System to balance the use of diesel generator (DG) and emergency battery (EB) in the microgrid. The POS is developed by combing two operating strategies, the "predictive analysis" and "optimal operation" in each scheduling period for the microgrid. Based on the predicted microgrid state and energy demand, a multi‐objective mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model (MOMINP) is constructed to minimize the fuel consumption and the regularization of battery charge/discharge subject to the practical constraints in the microgrid. This paper proposes a detailed scheme to deal with the multiple objectives and nonlinear constraints in the MOMINP, then the MOMINP is successfully converted into a mixed‐integer linear programming model (MILP). And an adjustment strategy is designed to obtain the near‐optimal solution of the MOMINP based on the optimal solution of the MILP solved by using the CPLEX Optimizer. Experimental results show that in a basic scheduling period, the working time of DG in the POS‐softmax regression strategy is shorter than the current operation, and the fuel consumption reduction ratio is about 15.3% with the same battery SoC value at the end of the scheduling. At the same time, the fuel consumption in the POS‐accurate prediction strategy can be reduced by up to 54.9% compared with the POS‐softmax regression strategy and can be reduced by 61.8% compared to the current operation. Based on the comparative analysis of the actual case data of a micro‐grid in 6 months, it can be seen that on average the POS works better than the current operation, with an approximately 23.6% decrease in the objective function and an additional 16.2% decrease with an accurate prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Series‐connected lithium battery packs are widely adopted in industries such as electrical vehicles and large‐scale energy storage systems. It is necessary to configure an equalization system for them to reduce the inconsistency of single cells, to ensure the battery pack cycle capacity. Although many novel active converters have been proposed for equalization, there still lacks systematic analyses on variables, topologies, and modular methods. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review on the above aspects. Initially, an overall summary is present on current variables for equalization control. Second, the dominant structures are divided into cell‐to‐cell, cell‐to‐pack, and pack‐to‐pack topologies, and their characteristics are pointed out for comparison. And then, the modular methods, including single‐layer‐based, multi‐layer‐based, and hybrid integrations are evaluated via graph theory. Some key issues and potential research directions are given, which are expected to offer assistance on the selection of appropriate variables and topologies for equalization systems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the main components of energy storage systems that need effective management to extend service life and increase reliability and safety. Their characteristics depend highly on internal and external conditions (ageing, temperature, and chemistry). Currently, the state of batteries is determined using two parameters: the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH). Applying these two parameters makes it possible to calculate the expected battery life and a battery's performance. There are many methods for estimating the SOH of batteries, including experimental, model-based, and machine learning methods. By comparing model-based estimations with experimental techniques, it can be concluded that the use of experimental methods is not applicable for commercial cases. The electrochemical model-based SOH estimation method clearly explains processes in the battery with the help of multidifferential equations. The machine learning method is based on creating a program trained to predict the battery's state of health with the help of past ageing data. In this review paper, we analyze the research available in the literature in this direction. It is found that all methods used to assess the SOH of an LIB play an essential role, and each method has its pros and cons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a technoeconomic comparison of two hybrid renewable energy supplies (HRES) for a specific location in Ghana and suggests the optimal solution in terms of cost, energy generation capacity, and emissions. The two HRES considered in this paper were wind/hydrogen/fuel-cell and wind/battery storage, respectively. The necessity of this study was derived from the rise and expansion of hybrid renewable energy supply in a decentralised network. The readiness to embrace these new technologies is apparently high, but the best combination for a selected location that brings optimum benefits is not obvious and demands serious technical knowledge of their technical and economic models. In the methodology, an analytical model of energy generation by the various RE sources was first established, and data were collected about a rural-urban community in Doderkope, Ghana, to test the models. HOMER software was used to design the two hybrid systems based on the same load profiles, and results were compared. It turns out that the HRES 1 (wind/hydrogen/fuel-cell) had the lowest net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of electricity (COE) over the project life span of 25 years. The energy reserve with the HRES 2 (wind/battery storage) was huge compared to that with the HRES 1, about 270% bigger. Furthermore, with respect to the emissions, the HRES 2 was environmentally friendlier than the HRES 1. Even though the battery storage seems to be more cost-effective than the hydrogen fuel-cell technology, the latter presents some merits regarding system capacity and emission that deserve greater attention as the world looks into more sustainable energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: LiFePo4 battery is widely used in electric vehicles; however, its flatness and hysteresis of the open‐circuit voltage curve pose a big challenge to precise state of charge (SOC) estimation. The issue is discussed and addressed in this paper. First, a cell model with hysteresis is built to describe real‐time dynamic characteristics of the LiFePo4 battery. Second, the model parameters and SOC are estimated independently to avoid the possibility of cross interference between them. For model identification, an adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) algorithm is used to identify the cell parameters as they change slowly. While SOC could change rapidly, wavelet transform AUKF algorithm is put forward to estimate SOC. In the novel algorithm, the measurement noise can be estimated and updated online. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is verified under dynamic current condition. The experimental results show that estimated value based on the proposed method is more accurate than unscented Kalman filter‐based method and AUKF‐based algorithm. Meanwhile, the proposed estimator also has the merits of fast convergence and good robustness against the initialization uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrialization of new energy vehicles has accelerated, and the recycling industry driven by a large number of retired power batteries has exploded rapidly. How to control and deal with decommissioned batteries and balance economic and environmental benefits has become an urgent problem to be solved. Considering the influence of uncertain interference factors, the dynamic equilibrium strategy of power battery closed-loop supply chain members composed of leading manufacturer, recycler, and cascade utilization enterprise was studied. (1) This paper describes the stochastic evolution process of cascade utilization effort level by using Ito process and constructs a stochastic differential game model of closed-loop supply chain dynamic system combined with cost-sharing coordination mechanism. (2) Based on the stochastic differential game theory, the optimal profit function of the participants is given, and the dynamic equilibrium strategy of each participant is obtained. (3) In order to grasp the statistical characteristics of cascade utilization effort level, the random evolution characteristics of cascade utilization effort level are revealed. (4) Combined with numerical example, the influence of relevant parameters on the dynamic system of power battery closed-loop supply chain is analyzed. The results found that with the increase of the proportion of manufacturer sharing the innovation cost of cascade utilization enterprise, the cascade utilization effort level will improve, the profits of cascade utilization enterprise and recycler will increase significantly, the profits of manufacturer will decrease slightly, and the overall profits of the supply chain will increase. The cost-sharing coordination mechanism is conducive to ensuring the steady development of the industry and effectively improving the utilization efficiency of industrial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before putting battery electric buses into actual daily operations, the selection of buses is of great importance to the bus companies and the improvement of energy efficiency. Based on multi-dimension big data provided by the Nanjing Bus Company and by adopting the entropy weight method and road operation test, this paper presented an objective method for the selection of battery electric bus. Each of these four enterprises, BYD, Kaiwo, Yinlong, and Jiankang which were commonly seen in the Chinese market, provided two types of battery electric buses. Four different routes were selected for the road test and collected over 50 days of daily operation test data. In order to reflect all aspects of the vehicle performance, eight indexes which had been considered and designed comprehensively were classified into three categories: reliability, economy, and security. Together with the road operation data, an evaluation system based on the bus's daily operation performance was established through the entropy weight method. Assessing results showed that battery electric bus with better performance usually had a total evaluation score over 0.69. Generally, electric buses with high scores on one route also had higher scores on all the other routes, such as brand D. But, on unimpeded routes, results may differ, for example, in route 134 W, 10-meter buses of brand B ranked first. In contrast to earlier studies, the selection result obtained by this method was more objective and intuitional, which was also consistent with the actual scenario. The selection process indicates that this method is highly practical and can be easily carried out. Therefore, we can assume that the proposed method can evaluate the actual operation state of battery electric buses and provides a new selection way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper investigates a Fletcher‐Reeves conjugate gradient optimized multi‐reservoir echo state network (FRCG‐MESN) to identify battery state of charge (SOC). First, an echo state network with multiple reservoirs is established to estimate battery SOC by using its discharge terminal voltage and current as the inputs, and the FR conjugate gradient algorithm is explored to tune the output weights of the MESN to avoid calculating the inverse matrix. Second, an appropriate amount of Gaussian noise with zero mean is added to the training set to prevent overfitting. Finally, a battery test platform is adopted to sample the discharging data under two working conditions: the Los Angeles 92 and the urban dynamometer driving schedule. The simulation results show that the presented FRCG‐MESN method can accurately identify the battery SOC with different initial SOCs. Applying an appropriate amount of noise to the training set can prevent overfitting efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Power quality has become one of the most vital challenges in the planning of smart distribution grids due to popularity and myriad applications of power electronic devices. This paper introduces a new method based on network reconfiguration to efficiently deliver the energy demand of standalone Diesel/PV/Battery microgrids with improved power quality. The feeder reconfiguration is performed to decrease power loss, decrease the total harmonic distortion (THD), and improve voltage sag indices. Mathematical models of Diesel/PV/Battery standalone system are integrated with harmonic power flow algorithms to implement the concept. Reconfiguration algebraic equations along with nonlinearities introduced by Diesel/PV/Battery standalone system are solved by means of Non‐Dominated Sorting Differential Evolution Algorithm (NDSDEA). The proposed methodology is carried out on a 33‐bus standalone microgrid. The results have shown that reconfiguration not only improves the overall performance of the standalone energy system but also is effective to improve the quality of power delivered to the significant consumers. The method has both economic and technical benefits for such islanded networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Faults of lithium batteries in their early stage in electric vehicles (EVs) are usually undetectable, and their characteristics are difficult to be extracted by conventional methods. This paper presents a novel synergistic diagnosis scheme for multiple battery faults using the modified multi‐scale entropy (MMSE). The proposed MMSE can effectively extract the multi‐scale features of complex battery signals in the early stages of battery faults as well as overcome the shortage of the coarse‐grained mode in the standard multi‐scale entropy. The simulation results on experimental data and the real‐world operational vehicles show that the proposed method can effectively detect and locate multiple battery faults/abnormities before they trigger the alarm thresholds. The defined sensitivity factor can implement real‐time evaluation on abnormities with high efficiency and stability, and the developed variable‐calculation‐window diagnosis scheme can synchronously detect and locate different fault types in real time. Furthermore, feasibility, stability, reliability, versatility, robustness, and practicality of the proposed method are separately verified using multiple sets of real‐world operation data. More importantly, the proposed method also provides feasibility to effectively prevent battery thermal runaway caused by multiple battery abnormities/faults. The applications of multi‐scale entropy theory is the first of its kind to battery fault diagnosis on the real‐world operational vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper focuses on the long‐term tests for 1000 hours of different Membrane‐Electrode‐Interconnect Assemblies (MEIAs), consisting of a steel interconnect and an asymmetrical solid electrochemical cell based on the Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ electrolyte, the double‐layer working electrode with the La2NiO4+δ – Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ composite functional layer and the LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3−δ current collector layer, and the platinum reference electrode (O2, LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3−δ|La2NiO4+δ – Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ|Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ|Pt, O2). These tests were carried out on MEIAs with two types of Cr‐based stainless steels, Crofer 22 APU and 08X17T, with and without protective coatings at 850°C in air. The electrochemical performance of MEIAs was studied without polarization as well as under cathodic and anodic polarization (current density was 0.5 A cm−2) by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the distribution of relaxation times method (DRT). It was found that the proposed protective coatings for the stainless steels inhibit chromium poisoning without polarization and under anodic polarization: for Crofer 22 APU the degradation of the polarization resistance after ~1100 hours of exposure was 0.35 ± 0.05 Ω cm2, and for 08X17T it was from 0.40 ± 0.05 Ω cm2. In the case of cathodic polarization, the degradation of the polarization resistance remained at a very high level, comparable to uncoated samples: for Crofer 22 APU and 08X17T with coatings, it was about 0.6 to 0.8 Ω cm2 after ~1100 hours. Post‐test analysis of the microstructure and chemical composition of the interconnect ‐ double‐layer electrode interface was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wavelength dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (WDS), and respective image analysis of the obtained data. The influence of chromium poisoning on the degradation was considered for different stages of the electrode performance. It was demonstrated that chromium predominantly accumulates in the current collector layer in the case of anodic polarization and in the functional layer in the cases of open circuit and cathodic polarization. For the first time, a combined electrochemical‐chemical degradation mechanism of the La2NiO4+δ – Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ functional layer was discussed. Highlights: Long‐term tests of Membrane‐Electrode‐Inteconnect Assembles (MEIAs) were done.Chromium poisoning was detected on MEIAs with the interconnects without coating.Cathodic polarization terminates the protective properties of the coatings.Chromium poisoning decreases electrode activity to oxygen exchange and diffusivity.A combined electrochemical‐chemical degradation mechanism of the functional layer was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focused on a techno-economic study of a standalone PV/battery system for electrical energy supply. For a particular case study in Cameroon, the system is optimally designed thanks to a double-objective firefly optimization algorithm, based on a defined operational strategy. The two objective functions simulated simultaneously using FA are: the cost of energy (COE) function and the function defining the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Different optimal configurations of the system have been obtained on the Pareto front with respect to their LPSP. For a total load demand of 20196.7 kWh, the lowest cost configuration with LPSP of 0% is composed by a number of 63 modules and a battery capacity of 370.295 kWh. The related COE is 0.2587 $/kWh, corresponding to a total net present cost of 87422 $. However with this configuration, the energy of batteries could not be able solely to respond to the energy demand for 3 continuous days. In that case, the increase of the PV power production (by increasing the number of PV modules) could allow to the batteries to fulfil this deficiency. But this solution increases the investment cost to up to 11.17%, considering a system with 80 PV modules. Another solution consists in reducing the size of the battery bank to avoid its unnecessary oversizing. In this case, the COE and the system investment cost reduce to up to 28.77% for 1 day batteries' autonomy considered. The obtained results have demonstrated that the cost of a PV/battery system is mostly influenced by the batteries' size, while the system reliability is mostly related to the PV size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, functions of BMS in elections vehicles are explained. The BMS consists of number of electronics components for monitoring and controlling the functions of batteries in electrical vehicles (EVs). Nowadays, the EV has more concentrations because it has number of merits like compact in size, does not require fossil fuel so it is environment friendly, and cost-saving. The main components in EV are batteries because batteries decide the performance and efficiency of EV. So, we should give more importance to batteries. Battery is controlled and monitored with the help of BMS. The BMS protects the battery and increases life time and efficiency due to charging discharging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, a combined AC‐DC power flow model is purposed for the existing AC distribution system, where a certain amount of DC is superimposed from the battery swapping station on the usual AC feeder line with the help of a proposed zig‐zag transformer. In the proposed feeder system, the line‐to‐line voltages will be pure AC, hence all the three‐phase balanced load can be directly connected through lines. But, the line to ground voltages will be shifted upward, as same as the amount of DC voltages imposed by the battery swapping station which is demanded by the distribution system operator. To support the proposed methodology, power transmitted through different levels of distribution lines (33 kV, 11 kV, 400 V) is analyzed theoretically and numerically and simulated on MATLAB/Simulink Further, the proposed system is validated through small scale prototype designed and performed in the laboratory. The obtained results show the significant enhancement of the power flow capability such as up to 118.3% capacity improvement in the case of 400 V line. This purposed distribution model is a new subject that has great economic efficiency with the availability of DC sources such as battery storage plant to grid. It provides direct access to both AC and DC loads in the distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Spent zinc‐manganese batteries contain valuable elements, especially Zn and Mn, and recycling these metal elements can realize the sustainable development of resources. In this paper, a novel process of preparing ZnMn2O4 as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries from the spent zinc‐manganese battery is present. Nano ZnMn2O4 is synthesized by the low‐temperature hydrothermal method, and the formation mechanism is discussed. The structure, morphology, and composition of the products are characterized by XRD and SEM. The result shows that ZnMn2O4 with a crystal size of about 50 nm is prepared under the conditions of T = 200°C, pH = 7, reaction time t = 3 days, and n(Zn: Mn) = 0.966:2, which have the advantages of good crystallinity and high purity. The nanocrystallization and spheroid‐like structure of ZnMn2O4 determine that the battery assembled with ZnMn2O4 has a high initial discharge capacity, and the initial discharge specific capacity reaches 902.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. This study shows that the nano ZnMn2O4 synthesized by the hydrothermal method is a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The performance of batteries, in their lifespan, efficiency, and safety, is affected by the uniformity of temperature within the batteries. Therefore, battery thermal management is crucial in the development in electric vehicles. In this paper, a novel battery pack with a wedge‐shaped runner is proposed. A 2‐dimensional computation fluid dynamics model was built, and the battery pack structure was optimized, including changes in the positions of the inlet/outlet, the width of the wedge‐shaped flow path, the inclination angle of the batteries, and the clearance between the batteries. Finally, the structure is studied and simulated under different ambient temperature and air velocity. The results indicated that the temperature distribution exacerbated with the increase of the inlet temperature and improved with the increase of the inlet velocity. Furthermore, the inlet temperature had little result on the temperature consistency, and the inlet velocity had a greater result on the temperature consistency. The conclusions drawn in this research are expected to play the part of good guidance for the future design of a new battery thermal management system. In our paper, a novel flow channel structure is proposed. Wedge‐shaped flow channels are used in the top and bottom parts of the battery case. In addition, that optimal structure is found by changing the position of the cooling air inlet and outlet and changing the arrangement mode of the battery pack. Finally, the structure is studied and simulated under different ambient temperatures and air velocities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The batteries have been continuously for obtaining the high voltage platform and high density of energy with long lifecycle. The operating temperature of the battery cell has a significant effect on the thermal performance. This paper aims to consider the 18 650‐type lithium‐ion battery pack's thermal characteristics with the thermoelectric module using ferrofluid as a coolant. The experiment apparatus is test to determine the lithium‐ion battery pack's temperature distributions. Effects of the relevant parameters; hot and cold side flow rates (0.03‐0.05 m3/hr), supplied voltage through thermoelectric (8‐12 V), coolant types (De‐ionized water and ferrofluid), and ferrofluid concentrations (0.005%‐0.015% by volume) on the battery pack's cooling performance are considered. It is found that the thermoelectric cooling system significantly affects the battery pack cooling and gives the temperature of battery below 30°C. Higher cold and hot side flow rates can decrease average battery cell temperature by 3°C to 5°C, and the obtained uniformity temperature is below 3°C. Besides, ferrofluid concentration significantly reduces the average battery cell temperature when compared with deionized water. The proposed cooling system demonstrates the advantage of the electrical vehicle battery pack with the thermal cooling system. However, the optimized battery thermal management system still performs much better than the original one for various coolant flow rates and for the situation of heat generation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: As the market and the application areas of high capacity battery energy storage systems are rapidly increasing, there is a correspondingly high interest in the topic of minimizing battery state of health degradation in battery packs. In this article, a novel method for battery management in large‐scale battery packs is introduced, aiming to minimize battery degradation by enforcing a special wear leveling (WL) policy, adapted from the flash memory arrays. Using this method in conjunction with a hybrid mathematical‐electrochemical battery model, a reconfigurable battery management system (BMS) is proposed and evaluated. The results of the performance analysis and in‐depth comparisons with other state‐of‐the‐art solution shows that the proposed method achieves significantly longer operating times for the battery packs—for example, 415% improvement over the classical BMS in the load current variation scenario. As the computing and memory requirements are relatively low, the new battery WL method can also be implemented on embedded systems with limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sodium vanadyl orthophosphate NaVOPO4 is an attractive High‐Potential cathode material for Na‐ions batteries with three polymorphs (α, β, and α1). In this work, pure phase of monoclinic α‐NaVOPO4 was synthesized by sol‐gel method and the origin of its poor electrochemical activity was investigated. Sample characterization using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, magnetic measurement and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy confirm the formation of a single phase of monoclinic NaVOPO4 without any impurities. Electrochemical properties were also characterized using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge‐discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that α‐NaVOPO4 exhibit a good ionic conductivity but the charge transfer resistance is large. Optical analysis and DFT calculations both showed that the α‐NaVOPO4 is a semi‐conductor with a band‐gap energy of 2.24 eV which explain the origin of the high charge transfer resistance measured using EIS technique. From all these experimental and theoretical results, the poor electrochemical activity of α‐NaVOPO4 can be associated to its low intrinsic electronic conductivity. Electronic and ionic properties of the NaVOPO4 polymorphs are not yet fully characterized. Here, the monoclinic NaVOPO4 was investigated and the material exhibits a high voltage, a good ionic conductivity and good stability, but it exhibits a poor performance. The EIS, optical, and DFT result explain the origin of such behavior. A detailed magnetic study was also reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Mathematical modeling of the battery lifetime is an important tool for the design of more efficient batteries, as well as for the optimization of their use. The electrical models class is among the classes of mathematical models used for this purpose, and a fundamental step to their application is the correct estimation of their parameters. This paper performs the mathematical modeling of Lithium‐Ion Polymer batteries lifetime through the electrical model of Tremblay, in which a multi‐phase method of estimation and adaptation of parameters is proposed, divided into three phases: discovery, learning, and inference. The multi‐phase method is based on two Artificial Intelligence techniques: genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks. The proposed method is validated by the simulation and experimental studies. From the results, it is concluded that the application of the multi‐phase method improves the effective accuracy of the Tremblay model, when it comes to adapt its parameters to the battery during runtime. For constant discharge currents, the average error reduction was 79%, when compared to the best set of parameters obtained by GA without the adaptation process. For variable current discharge curves, the method was able to reduce the error more than 35%. This method can be applied to other battery lifetime prediction models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a battery model for hybrid electric vehicle applications. The model is able to predict battery performance and thermal behavior in response to inputs such as drive and test profiles, including 40-season equivalent key life tests (KLTs). In order to balance the dynamic driving simulation responsiveness and accuracy with computing efficiency over lifetime duration simulations, the present model is built on a semi-empirical basis with sufficiently detailed descriptions of multiple chemical–physical behaviors in effect during cycling and storage. A set of computing processes are running concurrently to address real-time power capability, response, and ageing, which are represented by cumulative key stress factors. This paper focuses on model validation against actual KLT data, and it meanwhile describes the importance of KLT for hybrid and electric battery implementation. The present model is also designed to offer functionality for incorporation into vehicle-level simulations in a Matlab/Simulink environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electric vehicle is an effective solution for improving fuel efficiency and onboard emissions, taking advantage of the high energy density and short refuelling time. However, the higher cost and short life of the PEMFC system and battery in an electric vehicle prohibit the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) from becoming the mainstream transportation solution. The fuel efficiency‐oriented energy management strategy (EMS) cannot guarantee the improvement of total operating costs. This paper proposes an EMS to minimize the overall operation costs of FCEVs, including the cost of hydrogen fuel, as well as the cost associated with the degradations of the PEMFC system and battery energy storage system (ESS). Based on the PEMFC and battery performance degradation models, their remaining useful life (RUL) models are introduced. The control parameters of the EMS are then optimized using a meta‐model based global optimization algorithm. This study presents a new optimal control method for a large mining truck operating on a real closed‐road operation cycle, using the combined energy efficiency and performance degradation cost measures of the PEMFC system and lithium‐ion battery ESS. Simulation results showed that the proposed EMS could improve the total operating costs and the life of the FCEV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, the overcharge tests of 25 Ah LiFePO4/graphite batteries are conducted in an open environment and the overcharge‐to‐thermal‐runaway characteristics are studied. The effects of current rates (C‐rates: 2C, 1C, 0.5C, and 0.3C) and states of health (SOHs: 100%, 80%, 70%, and 60%) on thermal runaway features are discussed in detail. The overcharge process can be summarized into five stages based on the experimental phenomena (C‐rate ≥ 1 and SOH ≥ 80%): expansion, fast venting after safety valve rupture, slow venting, intense jet smoke, and explosion, while the battery cannot explode at lower C‐rates and SOHs. The maximum pressure increases with the increase in C‐rate or SOH. There are five obvious inflection points in the voltage curve during overcharge process. The V1 (point B) of aged battery, corresponding to lithium plating on the anode, changes little with C‐rates. It is slightly lower than that of the new battery. A sharp drop in voltage (point E) is probably due to the internal short circuit (ISC), caused by the local melting and rupture of the separator. It takes more than 2 minutes from the moment of ISC to thermal runaway regardless of the SOH, indicating that there are a few minutes to take safety measures if the voltage is an indication parameter. The onset temperature of thermal runaway decreases first and then increases as the SOH decreases from 100% to 60% during 1C constant overcharge tests. These results can provide guidance for the thermal management of the whole battery life cycle and the reuse of retired batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method of intelligent control of a photovoltaic generator (PVG) connected to a load and a battery. The system consists of charging and discharging a battery. An intelligent algorithm based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is presented in this work. It performs two separate tasks simultaneously. First, it is used as a PVG Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) command. This same algorithm is used secondly for protecting the battery against deep charges and discharges. A regulation of the DC bus voltage is also carried out by means of a PI corrector for a good supply of the load. The simulation results under MATLAB/Simulink show that the method proposed in this work allows the PV system to function normally by charging and discharging the battery whatever the weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Lithium‐oxygen batteries are promising energy storage systems for electric vehicles owing to their very high specific capacity. In all of their components, the catalysts in the air electrode have a profound influence on its electrochemical performances, especially cycle life and specific energy. In this paper, a type of cluster structure manganese‐based metal organic frameworks (Mn‐MOFs) material is synthesized by facile solvothermal method. Through X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Raman spectrum tests, it shows that the Mn‐MOFs materials with the 1.3:1 molar ratio (Mn: p‐phthalic acid) have high crystallinity and orientation and show obvious cluster structure like corals in the sea. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests demonstrate that this MOFs material as the gas electrode catalyst has more excellent reversibility and the oxidation process. Furthermore, the air electrode has quick electronic and lithium ion transfer rate. In addition, the lithium‐oxygen batteries with this Mn‐based MOFs material as the air electrode catalyst have longer cycle life. After 35 times charge and discharge cycles, the specific discharge capacity can still be maintained over 500 mAh·g−1, and it has the much higher discharge voltage platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literature review of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is presented. Emphasis is placed on the papers that analyse the impedance response of the cathode and anode half‐cells of the PEMFCs based on a continuum‐mechanics approach. The other type of analysis, which is based on the equivalent‐circuits approach, is addressed for comparison. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches are discussed. Papers dealing with continuum‐mechanics‐based EIS modelling of general electrochemical systems are briefly reviewed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Materials and structures of radio‐voltaic/radio‐photovoltaic (RV/RPV) dual effect isotope batteries were optimized in this paper. The response relationship between different types of volt layer and the dual effect was studied. The GaAs volt layer with a high band gap can easily obtain a higher voltage output than the Si volt layer. Dual effect multilevel isotope batteries achieved better output performance by using the CsI scintillator due to its high photon yield. The CsI scintillator combined with the GaAs volt layer showed good spectral matching property, which is conducive to improve the RV/RPV dual effect isotope batteries. The overall scale of the multilevel structure was designed by performing Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) calculation. When its overall scale reached 20 cm, the deposition rate of 60Co gamma (γ) rays exceeded 90%. The response relationship between the thickness of each level of the CsI scintillator and the battery performance was analyzed by MCNP5. The total performance came up to the maximum when the CsI thickness in each level reached 2 cm. Finally, the multilevel isotope batteries were prepared. The output performance of the multilevel isotope batteries was characterized under 60Co γ source at a dose rate of 0.103 kGy/hr. The multilevel isotope battery in series obtained open circuit voltage of 7.77 V, short circuit current of 1.69 μA, maximum output power of 7.98 μW, and energy conversion efficiency of 0.15%. These isotope batteries showed great potential for the power supply of electronic equipment in many special fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In order to explore the discharge characteristics of aluminum‐air battery and find out the best discharge performance of aluminum‐air battery under the optimum working conditions, this paper studies discharge performances of an aluminum‐air battery under various ambient temperature and battery discharge conditions. The relationship between the temperature rise of the battery electrolyte and the discharge current density was studied by an experimental method. Effects of the electrolyte concentration and the ambient temperature on the battery discharge voltage were investigated. In addition, a novel method for calculating the efficiency of the aluminum‐air battery was proposed. Results show that the temperature of the aluminum‐air battery electrolyte gradually increases as its discharge current density increases and the electrolyte temperature rise could reach as high as 10°C after 60 minutes with a constant 35 mA cm−2 discharge current density. The specific energy and the specific capacity of the aluminum‐air battery first increase and then decrease as the current density increases. When the current density is 25 mA cm−2, the specific energy has a peak of 3105 Wh kg−1 for the condition of the chamber temperature 40°C and the electrolyte concentration 2 mol L−1 (2 M), while the specific capacity has a peak of 2207 Ah kg−1; furthermore, its efficiencies under various conditions increase first with the current density, reach a peak range of 19.6% to approximately 36% at 25 mA cm−2, and then decrease. These experimental results could be used as a technical guidance for the optimization in thermal management designs of the aluminum‐air battery under various operating conditions. Because of the high specific energy, clean, and pollution‐free, the characteristics of aluminum air batteries have received extensive attention. In the article, the relationship between the electrolyte temperature rise and the discharge current density for an aluminum‐air battery is the first available study, and a novel method is proposed to calculate the efficiency of an aluminum‐air battery, at the same time, the effects of ambient temperature on discharge voltage, specific energy, and specific capacity are fully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The charge, discharge, and total energy efficiencies of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are formulated based on the irreversible heat generated in LIBs, and the basics of the energy efficiency map of these batteries are established. This map consists of several constant energy efficiency curves in a graph, where the x‐axis is the battery capacity and the y‐axis is the battery charge/discharge rate (C‐rate). In order to introduce the energy efficiency map, the efficiency maps of typical LIB families with graphite/LiCoO2, graphite/LiFePO4, and graphite/LiMn2O4 anode/cathode are generated and illustrated in this paper. The methods of usage and applications of the developed efficiency map are also described. To show the application of the efficiency map, the effects of fast charging, nominal capacity, and chemistry of typical LIB families on their energy efficiency are studied using the generated maps. It is shown how energy saving can be achieved via energy efficiency maps. Overall, the energy efficiency map is introduced as a useful tool for engineers and researchers to choose LIBs with higher energy efficiency for any targeted applications. The developed map can be also used by energy systems designers to obtain accurate efficiency of LIBs when they incorporate these batteries into their energy systems. Energy efficiency map for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) is introduced.Determination of energy efficiency is important for LIBs operating at ≥C/2.This map can be used for selection of LIBs with higher efficiency.This map can be used to find the LIB efficiency when it is incorporated into an energy system.This map can be used to study effects of fast charging, capacity, C‐rate, and chemistry of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: State evaluation of battery pack is essential for battery management but laborious when dealing with massive information of cells within the pack. A graphical model for evaluating the status of series‐connected Li‐ion battery pack is established to release the burden. The model is founded by a 2D diagram, with the electric quantity "E" and the capacity "Q" as its axes, therefore called by the "E‐Q diagram." The new graphical diagram presents the dynamics of cell variations in a linear way, thereby benefiting the design and management of battery pack, including (1) quantifying the cell variations by region, (2) illustrating the evolution of cell variations during aging, (3) guiding the estimation of pack states considering algorithm error in cell states, and (4) solving the balancing problem. The experimental results conform to the theoretical analysis, indicating that the E‐Q diagram will be pervasively applied in the design and management of series‐connected battery pack. Moreover, the E‐Q diagram is suitable for education on the basics of a battery pack, because it is a graphical model. Novelty statements: This paper builds a novel graphical model for evaluating the status of series‐connected battery pack. The model can vividly present the cell variations of a battery pack in 2D diagram, named the E‐Q diagram. Error propagation from the cell state estimation to that of the pack and strategies for cell balancing are clearly interpreted by the graphical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In the recent years, significant developments in the electric batteries have made them one of the most promising storage technologies for electrical energy. Among the various rechargeable batteries that are developed, lithium ion batteries stand out due to their capability of storing more energy per unit mass, low discharge rate, low weight, and lack of a memory effect. The advantages that batteries offer have promoted the development of the electric and hybrid electric vehicles. However, during charging and discharging processes, batteries generate heat. If this heat is not removed quickly, the battery temperature will rise, resulting in safety concerns and performance degradation. Thermal management systems are developed to maintain the temperature of the battery within the optimum operation range. This review paper focuses on novel battery thermal management systems (BTMSs). Air, liquid, phase change material, and pool‐based BTMSs are considered. Air‐based thermal management systems are discussed first. Liquid cooling systems and phase change‐based systems are discussed subsequently, and then the recently proposed evaporating pool‐based thermal management system is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, a passive technique is examined by adding an inlet plenum to reduce the maximum temperature and improve temperature uniformity in a simple battery pack. The inlet plenum changes the direction of the flow and dramatically reduces the issues of air recirculation and dead‐air regions between adjacent cells. The dimensions of the plenum and Reynolds number were optimized to enhance cooling and temperature uniformity at the cell and pack level. The results indicated that by increasing the Reynolds number to 7440, the maximum temperature decreased by 18.3% and the temperature uniformity increased 54.6%. However, there was no significant change in the maximum temperature and temperature uniformity beyond the Reynolds number of 7440. The developed battery pack achieved the desired temperature uniformity at the cell and pack level to less than 5°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a degradation testing of a lithium-ion battery developed using real world drive cycles obtained from an electric vehicle (EV). For this, a data logger was installed in the EV, and real world drive cycle data were collected. The EV battery system consists of 3 lithium-ion battery packs with a total of 20 battery modules in series. Each module contains 6 series by 49 parallel lithium-ion cells. The vehicle was driven in the province of Ontario, Canada, and several drive cycles were recorded over a 3-month period. However, only 4 drive cycles with statistical analysis are reported in this paper. The reported drive cycles consist of different modes: acceleration, constant speed, and deceleration in both highway and city driving at −6°C, 2°C, 10°C, and 23°C ambient temperatures with all accessories on. Additionally, individual cell characterization was conducted using a C/25 (0.8A) charge-discharge cycle and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC). The Thevenin battery model was constructed in MATLAB along with an empirical degradation model and validated in terms of voltage and SOC for all drive cycles reported. The presented model closely estimated the profiles observed in the experimental data. Data collected from the drive cycles showed that a 4.6% capacity fade occurred over the 3 months of driving. The empirical degradation model was fitted to these data, and an extrapolation estimated that 20% capacity fade would occur after 900 daily drive cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinholes in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a fuel cell can lead to premature fuel cell failure. The main causes for pinhole formation are contaminant particles, non-uniform stress distribution, and membrane corrosion. In this paper fuel cell performance is compared before and after piercing the MEA with a pin to introduce a pinhole. Experiments revealed that under some operation conditions, the presence of a pinhole did not immediately impact performance. This implies that fuel cell engineers might overlook pinhole damage in its initial stages. However, durability testing shows that the performance of a fuel cell with a pinhole declines faster than that of a fuel cell with an intact MEA. During open circuit voltage measurement, a substantial voltage drop is observed for the fuel cell with a pinhole in the MEA. Simulation results point to the formation of a hot spot in the cathode catalyst layer of the fuel cell at the site of the pinhole. The temperature of the hotspot is 4∼5 K higher than the surrounding area, which is not so high as to impair performance. This explains the steady operation of the fuel cell over a 40-hour run cycle. This study identifies increasing anode pressure as a method for pinhole detection in fuel cell stacks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the experimental verification of an electrochemical model of 100 W portable direct hydrogen fed proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC). The model is built based on the relationship between the FC terminal voltage and the partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen. The model is then used to predict the output voltage and study the transient response of a PEMFC when subjected to rapid changes in the load. To validate the model, the measurements obtained from a commercially available 100 W FC are compared against the model results. Three different scenarios are considered for testing the model and the actual FC. In the first two scenarios, a step change in the load is used. In the third scenario, the load is replaced by a laptop computer. Results show a close agreement between the voltage and the power responses of the proposed model and the actual PEM FC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on ultracapacitors (electrochemical capacitors) as energy storage in vehicle applications and thus evaluates the present state-of-the-art of ultracapacitor technologies and their suitability for use in electric and hybrid drivelines of various types of vehicles. A key consideration in determining the applicability of ultracapacitors for a particular vehicle application is the proper assessment of the energy storage and power requirements. For hybrid–electric vehicles, the key issues are the useable energy requirement and the maximum pulse power at high efficiency. For a Prius size vehicle, if the useable energy storage is about 125 Wh and needed efficiency is 90–95%, analysis shown in this paper indicate that vehicles can be designed using carbon ultracapacitors (both carbon/carbon and hybrid carbon) that yield high fuel economy improvements for all driving cycles and the cost of the ultracapacitors can be competitive with lithium-ion batteries for high volume production and carbon prices of less than $20 kg-1. The use of carbon/carbon devices in micro-hybrids is particularly attractive for a control strategy (sawtooth) that permits engine operation near its maximum efficiency using only a 6 kW electric motor. Vehicle projects in transit buses and passenger cars have shown that ultracapacitors have functioned as expected and significant fuel economy improvements have been achieved that are higher than would have been possible using batteries because of the higher round-trip efficiencies of the ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors have particular advantages for use in fuel cell powered vehicles in which it is likely they can be used without interface electronics. Development of hybrid carbon devices is continuing showing energy densities of 12 Wh kg-1 and a high efficiency power density of about 1000 W kg-1. Vehicle simulations using those devices have shown that increased power capability in such devices is needed before full advantage can be taken of their increased energy density compared with carbon/carbon devices in some vehicle applications. Energy storage system considerations indicate that combinations of ultracapacitors and advanced batteries (Wh kg-1>200) are likely to prove advantageous in the future as such batteries are developed. This is likely to be the case in plug-in hybrids with high-power electric motors for which it may be difficult to limit the size and weight of the energy storage unit even using advanced batteries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vanadium redox flow battery pioneered by Skyllas-Kazacos et al. at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) is currently considered as one of the few electrochemical energy storage systems suitable for use in the large-scale utility applications that are emerging in response to the increasing global implementation of renewable energy technologies for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. While the original all-vanadium redox flow battery (G1 VRF) has already been successfully implemented in a wide range of stationary field trials in Japan, U.S.A., Austria, Italy and Australia, further cost reduction has been needed for its widespread market up-take. In this paper, up to 80% efficiency is reported for the latest 5–10 kW G1 VRF battery stack employing low-cost stack materials that are expected to achieve the necessary cost structure for the majority of stationary energy storage applications. While the G1 VRF battery has shown high efficiencies and excellent cycle life, however, its low energy density has restricted its use in mobile applications. The new Generation 2 vanadium bromide redox battery (G2 V/Br) patented by UNSW in 2001 has been shown to potentially double the energy density of the G1 VRF battery, allowing mobile applications to be considered. In this paper, the performance of the G2 V/Br is presented at a range of temperatures and the use of complexing agents is shown to successfully bind any bromine produced during charging to prevent the formation of bromine vapours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review paper, a comprehensive literature survey on macro-level modeling of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is presented. First, the current status of the SOFC modeling is assessed. Second, modeling techniques are discussed in detail. These include the thermodynamics, electrochemistry and heat transfer aspects of the modeling. Thermodynamic relations for pure hydrogen as the fuel and then gas mixture as the fuel are given. Additionally, exergy destructed due to polarizations is shown. Then, modeling equations for ohmic, activation, and concentration polarizations are given. Handling the carbon deposition problem in the modeling is discussed. The inclusion of the convection and radiation heat transfer processes to the modeling is explained. Finally, the models in literature are compared in terms of the methodology used and suggestions for increasing the accuracy of the future models are given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy conservation is an important design consideration for battery powered wireless sensor networks (WSNET). Energy constraint in WSNETs limits the total amount of sensed data (data capacity) received by sinks. In the commonly used static model of sensor networks with uniformly distributed homogenous sensors with a stationary sink, sensors close to the sink drain their energy much faster than sensors far away from the sink due to the unevenly distributed forwarding workloads among sensors. A major issue, which has not been adequately addressed so far, is the question of how sensor deployment governs the data capacity, and how to improve data capacity of WSNETs. In our previous work, we provided a simple analytical model to address this issue for one specific type of WSNETs. In this paper, we extend our previous work to address this issue for general WSNETs. In the extended static models, for large networks, we find that after the lifetime of a sensor network is over, there is a great amount of energy left unused, which can be up to 90% of the total initial energy. Thus, the static models with uniformly distributed homogenous sensors cannot effectively utilize their energy. This energy waste implies that the potential data capacity is much larger than the capacity achieved in these static models. To increase the total data capacity, we propose a non-uniform sensor distribution strategy. Simulation results show that, for large, dense WSNETs, the non-uniform sensor distribution strategy can increase the total data capacity by an order of magnitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lead-acid battery (LAB) has been one of the main secondary electrochemical power sources with wide application in various fields (transport vehicles, telecommunications, information technologies, etc.). It has won a dominating position in energy storage and load-leveling applications. However, the failure of LAB becomes the key barrier for its further development and application. Therefore, understanding the failure modes and mechanism of LAB is of great significance. The failure modes of LAB mainly include two aspects: failure of the positive electrode and negative electrode. The degradations of active material and grid corrosion are the two major failure modes for positive electrode, while the irreversible sulfation is the most common failure mode for the negative electrode. Introduction of carbon materials to the negative electrodes of LAB could suppress sulfation problem and enhance the battery performance efficiently. This paper will attempt here to pull together observations made by previous research to obtain a more comprehensive and integrative view of LAB failure modes. Moreover, according to a detail investigation to the battery market, we have drawn an objective and optimistic conclusion of LAB prospect. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surging demand for Li rechargeable batteries with high energy densities and rapid rate capability has propelled research on materials that can replace the conventional anode materials like graphite. Vanadium pentoxides (V2O5) have emerged as promising anode candidates owing to their excellent rate capability. Specifically, V2O5 allows the electrochemical prelithiation process, in which three Li-ions can be inserted to form Li3V2O5, followed by reversible insertion and extraction of two Li-ions. Nevertheless, the unsatisfactory Li-ion diffusion coefficients and electrical conductivities of these materials remain major drawbacks. Here, we propose a Zn-doped V2O5 anode, fabricated using a two-step sol–gel method, for high-rate Li-ion batteries. Zn was incorporated into V2O5 to enhance the Li-ion transport kinetics through the electrode. The crystal structure (orthorhombic) of Zn-doped V2O5 was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the Zn doping was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron microscopy. The effect of Zn doping was thoroughly examined using various analytical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique. The Zn-doped V2O5 electrode exhibited remarkable cycling durability, enduring for 1000 cycles, while retaining an enhanced capacity, even under a high rate of 2C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery electric vehicle is evolving and has the potential to replace conventional internal combustion-based vehicles in the future. Batteries are the major power source of these vehicles. A thermal management system is required for a battery to attain effective operation and long life in all environmental conditions. Although several types of thermal management system are available, there remains a need to address various issues like high power consumption, narrow optimum temperature range and operation in varying climates. Phase change materials can assist in resolving these issues. In this paper, battery thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles are reviewed, and challenges and opportunities for battery electric vehicles are discussed. Cooling strategies used in various thermal management systems are explained. Applications of and issues regarding the use of phase change materials in thermal management systems are also reviewed. Potential bottlenecks that need to be addressed in electric vehicle technology are explained, as are important achievement milestones and trends regarding the growth of the electric vehicle industry. It is shown that using graphite can increase thermal conductivity of PCMs by up to 70 W m- 1K- 1. Some commercially available passive thermal management systems for batteries use wax and graphite, which can increase the driving range of an electric scooter from 30 km to 55 km. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New applications and emerging markets in electromobility and large-scale stationary energy storage require the development of new electrochemical systems with higher energy density than current batteries. Rechargeable metal-air batteries, mainly lithium-air and zinc-air systems, are considered one of the most promising candidates. In contrast to lithium, zinc is abundant, inexpensive and its electrodeposition in aqueous electrolytes is relatively easy. Unfortunately, achieving a rechargeable zinc-air battery is still hindered by various technical problems related to the reversibility and lifetime of the electrodes. The most widely used electrolyte in zinc-air batteries has been the classical aqueous alkaline. In this context and with the main objective of providing a complete overview, we studied a wide number of articles starting from the beginning of the development of secondary zinc-air batteries (1970-1980s) to more recent works, with the aim of compiling all available information. It is essential to revise older papers to find relevant information that may get otherwise forgotten and not taken into account to develop new solutions. This information could also be applied in other storage systems based on zinc as nickel-zinc, zinc hybrid or zinc-ion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: State‐of‐health (SOH) plays a vital role in battery health management and power system stability. This process can be achieved by capacity estimation. However, in practice, the capacity of a battery is difficult to obtain online given that it cannot be determined with general sensors. This means that the capacity is only known for the limited cycles of the batteries. To address this issue, we propose a novel semi‐supervised learning framework to estimate the capacity of unlabeled data to achieve better SOH prediction. First, four indirect features are extracted from the charging profiles. Then an improved locally linear reconstruction method is used to determine the capacity distributions of the unlabeled data. Combined with the oversampling method applied to generate a series of data by the estimated distributions, a support vector regression model is utilized to predict the RUL of the batteries given the threshold values of the batteries. A case study with two types of cellular phone lithium‐ion batteries is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for the prediction of the remaining useful life of different batteries and different starting points. The experimental results prove that the performance of the proposed method is better than the K‐nearest neighbor method and locally linear reconstruction method in terms of accuracy and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Energy limitation is one of the major bottlenecks during the operation of many emerging applications, such as electric vehicles, water and gas meters and a number of sensors used in the context of the Internet of Things and cyber‐physical systems. Energy harvesting techniques have arisen as a promising solution to minimize the energy issues found in these types of application domains. In energy harvesting systems, a critical challenge is the need to use battery models capable of accurately estimating both the input and output power of batteries. This article proposes a temperature‐dependent analytical battery model capable of estimating some output quantities — for example, state of charge, voltage and lifetime — of batteries that use energy harvesting technologies. This model was validated by comparing its analytical results with a dataset called the Randomized Battery Usage Data Set, which is available at the data repository of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) website. It is also presented a proof‐of‐concept application, demonstrating that the use of these technologies can serve as an effective means to extend the operating time of batteries, resulting in significant benefits for a number of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most battery cells are developed according to a standard design and optimized regarding their electrical properties. However, firstly, there is a demand for an individual cell design adapted to the application. Secondly, additional properties, for example, thermal and mechanical, are decisive for the cell behavior and should be considered in the overall design. Therefore, the present work introduces a model-based development tool for the holistic design of format-flexible battery cells, which are optimized for their future application, allowing for different cell geometries within one battery system. The different approaches and simulation models for the single design steps are presented, and the prediction of the electrochemical, electrical, and thermal behaviors of the cell and whole battery system is described. A key aspect here is the appropriate interconnection of the single models in a way that helps to narrow down the multitude of interacting parameters in a systematic manner and, thus, makes a holistic design possible. In a last step, the functionality of the tool is shown in a case study by means of an e-bike battery pack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantable wireless devices may allow localized real-time biomedical treating and monitoring. However, such devices require a power source, which ideally, should be self-powered and not battery dependent. In this paper, we present a novel self-powered light therapeutic device which is designed to implement blood irradiation therapy. This device is self-powered by a miniaturized turbine-based generator which uses hydraulic flow energy as its power source. The research presented in this paper may become the first step towards a new type of biomedical self-operational micromechanical devices deployed for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]