Search

With commercial participants now undertaking an ever-expanding role within the development and supply-chains of China's space industry post Document No. 60, the resulting legal challenges relating to this emerging industry status-quo has garnered much academic discussion. Specifically, while China's space industry has grown at a rapid pace within the past few decades, China's legislative framework has remained largely silent over matters relating to space. Instead, China continues to remain as the only major space-faring nation without a national space law and regime. This substantive legislative gap over China's space related activities has negatively impacted the industry's current deregulation process. While it has been the academic community's primary solution to address the industry's current substantive legislative gap through coordinated rulemaking activities, this paper aims to advance the current academic discussion by taking an alternative approach and arguing that the fundamental legislative challenge and solution to China's emerging commercial space industry, is not substantive, but rather procedural by nature. Importantly, by reconceptualizing the industry's substantive gap from one that is determined by the number of missing legal instruments, to one determined by the rate of legislative activity i.e., the pace of law-making activities vis-à-vis commercial expansion, this paper argues that only through the implementation of legal procedural rulemaking mechanisms will China's space law regime be able to sufficiently address the current substantive legislative gap at a pace matching commercial expansion. • The deregulation of China's space industry. • Regulatory structure and legal challenges of China's space industry. • A procedural argument to resolve China's substantive space law gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a case study of the community revitalization initiative in Bishan Village, Anhui Province, China, which is art-oriented and overseen by the renowned art curator Ou Ning and his colleagues. The Bishan Project, launched in 2011, is analysed as an attempt to revive the countryside through cultural and creative innovations. This responds to the recent emphasis in rural studies on arts and creativities as effective interventions into rural revival and development. To comprehend the vibrant, resilient, and innovative ruralities that are proliferating around the world, the post-productivism thesis casts important light on the revival and revalorization of rural places by way of the diversification of rural livelihoods and economies. However, the focus on cultural consumption by urban consumers cannot account for the varied constellations of economic, social, and cultural innovations that contribute to the swift reinvention of rurality. Engaging instead with the literature on rural creativity, which examines the crucial role of creative practices in restoring rural subjectivities and remedying the social fabrics in rural regions, this study suggests that creative initiatives intervene in and catalyst the restoration of local cultures and social relations, and contribute to an evolutionary resilience that is nonetheless contested and indeterminate, revolving around tensions between the cultural authority of artists and villagers' uneven participation; and between local villagers' aspiration for economic development and artists' reluctance to capitalize on rural creativities. • The need to theorize reinvention of rurality becomes imperative amid urban-rural integration. • The post-productivism approach sheds light on the diversification of rural livelihoods. • The rural creativity literature pays more attention to endogenous development. • Socially engaged arts provide a relational means of knowledge making. • This paper investigates art-based rural revitalization in Bishan Village, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural China is experiencing rapid socioeconomic transformations, including suburbanisation and rural gentrification. In this paper, we argue that to understand these processes, we have to take into account the changes in rural land rights. Based on an analysis of a pilot case for China's rural collective commercial construction land (RCCCL) reform policy at the edge of Chengdu City, we demonstrate how state-led rural land reform paves the way for stealthy land dispossession and rural gentrification. Our argument in this paper is threefold. First, given the entrenched collective land use rights of rural villagers in China, state-led land commodification, is a necessary condition for rural gentrification in China. Secondly, the prospect of capital accumulation through rural gentrification motivates entrepreneurial public and private actors to promote such reforms in ways that dispossess rural peasants and peasant collectives of their land (use) rights. Thirdly, the particularities of dispossession through state-led land reform result in particular experiences of displacement and displacement pressure on the side of affected rural communities. Our findings contribute to the decentring of rural gentrification theory, in that they underline the necessity to include the particular histories of land commodification and dispossession in our understanding of rural gentrification in contexts where rural land is partly or wholly shielded from market influences. In the case of China, dynamics of rural gentrification are blurring the rural-urban boundary on three dimensions: political economy (land use governance), material infrastructure (landscape and residential architecture), and socio-cultural practices (rural livelihoods and identity). • Rural land regimes structure peri-urban development in China. • Land commodification is a precondition for rural gentrification in China. • Original villagers are dispossessed and displaced. • Rural gentrification blurs the rural-urban boundary in terms of land use (rights), landscape and social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent 39 years, China colleges and universities have developed drastically. However, the colleges' laboratory accidents also rise significantly. This paper analyzed 197 China college accidents. The results show that the highest percentage of safety accidents are hazardous chemicals. Most of the injured parts of the 416 casualties are concentrated in the front upper body. The author finds that there is a certain correlation between the percentage of accidents and the number of students, as well as the number of scientific research activities. Based on the findings, the author points out: firstly, the college safety department should build a laboratory safety information sharing and analysis platform. The dynamic information includes hazardous chemicals, students, dangerous equipment, research experiments, etc. Secondly, China colleges and universities should build a laboratory safety education system with Chinese characteristics, incorporating laboratory safety education into the training of students. Finally, it is urgent to establish a professional team to fully implement the laboratory safety responsibility system; to establish a laboratory hierarchical and classified management system and to improve experiment project risk assessment and control; to carry out a special inspection on laboratory safety; to carry out standardized construction and to establish standardized process management procedures. [Display omitted] • This paper combs 197 China university laboratory safety cases, and 416 casualties in recent 39 years are analyzed. • The highest percentage of safety accidents are hazardous chemicals. • The improper use of chemicals and unattended are the main causes of accidents. • The most of the injured parts are concentrated in the front upper body. • The occurrence month of college and institutes laboratory accidents shows certain regularity. • This paper points out three key directions for the university laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentally friendly and pollution-free hydrogen cell, battery and supercapacitor hybrid power system has taken the attention of scientists in recent years. Several notable advancements in energy storage mechanisms with hybrid power systems have been made during the last decade, influencing innovation, research, and the possible direction for improving energy storage technologies. This paper represents a quantitative analysis of all knowledge carriers with mathematical and statistical methods of hydrogen energy storage to establish a hybrid power system. For selecting the top cited papers in this topic, related articles on energy storage mechanisms for hybrid power systems were searched in the Scopus database under specified predetermined parameters. The selection technique of the most cited paper was based on filtered keywords in the hybrid hydrogen energy storage-based hybrid power system and related research during 2008–2021. About 48% of all articles have been published between 2016 and 2019; 21% will have originated from China; and 29% of the papers have used batteries as a form of energy storage in the application of electric vehicles. Most of the articles contain experimental work (25.11%) followed by simulation analysis (25%) and systematic and nonsystematic review (18.75%). Related publications with the most citations were published in 35 different impactful journals from different publishers and nations. This research found that integrating hydrogen energy storage with battery and supercapacitor to establish a hybrid power system has provided valuable insights into the field's progress and development. Moreover, it is a thriving and expanding subject of study. Bibliometric analysis was used to identify the most significant research publications on the subject of hybrid energy storage, mapping the multidisciplinary character, illustrating nature and trends, and outlining areas for further research. The process of collecting, selecting, and analyzing the most cited articles is expected to contribute to a methodical foundation for future developments of hydrogen energy storage systems and provide viable research paths toward attaining a hybrid power system. • Hydrogen-battery-supercapacitor hybrid power system made notable advancements. • A statistical analysis of hydrogen storage integrated hybrid system is demonstrated. • Top cited papers were searched in Scopus database under predetermined parameters. • Challenges and recommendations are highlighted for future energy applications. • Bibliometric analysis was used to identify potentials for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sectors and linkages in economic system can be viewed as nodes and edges in network. And in this paper, network analysis method is adopted into input-output tables to evaluate the structural change of Chinese economy. • The modelling results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerates the undergoing structural transformation of Chinese economy. • Traditional strong sectors like petroleum and finance are severely attacked by pandemic and lag behind in structural status. • Sectors of digital service industries and scientific research expand their activities rapidly under social distancing policies. • Development strategies for China in the post-pandemic era regarding old and new growth engines are proposed. Recognizing the impact of COVID-19 on economic structure is an urgently required task for the post-pandemic era. However, studies have been hampered in undertaking this task by a lack of current data and the use of inappropriate methods. This paper fills the gap in the literature by applying a network analysis method using the newly released input–output tables of China and evaluating the structural impacts on the economy, including the changes in the sectoral closeness, betweenness, risk condition, and network backbone. The modelling results demonstrate that the pandemic has accelerated the structural transformation process of the Chinese economy: the traditional growth engines, such as the petroleum and finance industries, have lagged, whereas new growth engine sectors, including the digital services and scientific research industries, have expanded rapidly. Accordingly, we propose that the government formulate policies to stabilize old growth engine industries and foster new drivers to promote a sustainable economic recovery in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It explores the role of intergovernmental transfers in intergenerational mobility. • Intergovernmental transfers promote the equalizations of public goods across regions. • Transfers targeting equal fiscal capacities should boost intergenerational mobility. • It confirms intergovernmental transfers weaken the income persistence heterogeneously. • Furthermore, two mechanisms and two categories of transfers are also distinguished. Intergenerational income mobility has been widely concerned focusing mainly on the transmission mechanism within families. This paper turns to explore the structural determinants and pays special attentions to the role of intergovernmental transfer. Since the fiscal decentralization in 1990s, intergovernmental transfers become an increasingly critical part in Chinese fiscal system, balancing the fiscal capacities across regions and promoting the equalization of public goods. The question arises naturally as whether transfers targeting at equalization can boost intergenerational mobility. However, little work has investigated this intersection of studies and seldom is known about this question. This paper tries to shed some new lights. Through investigations, it confirms that intergovernmental transfers weaken the income persistence and the effect is especially significant for urban areas; the effects for the rural are mixed. Further explorations indicate that the special-purpose transfer payment has greater effects when measured during college period; notably, entering college may bring the rural children fundamental changes relative to other levels of education. In conclusion, the intergovernmental transfer system is relatively more pro-urban. To better fulfill the equalizing effect of the intergovernmental transfers on both static inequality across regions and dynamic inequality across generations, should the transfers be re-framed with cautions tilting more towards the rural.Meanwhile, the competitive behaviors and (dis)incentives of the local governments should also be taken into accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logistics management of refined oil under a separation of production and transportation leads to high logistics costs and a mismatch between the supply and demand sides. This paper intends to develop a general framework to assess the impact of the integration of the production and transportation in terms of economic, environmental, and energy benefits. Firstly, this paper proposes a tactical-level mathematical model for optimizing the integration of production and transportation of refined oil to minimize the total cost. In the model, several factors, such as level of market demand, production capacity limits, transportation modes, and transportation capacity, are taken into consideration. Then, the energy, economy, and environment analysis method are applied to assess the impact of the integration on the field of refined oil logistics. Four scenarios are set up and a comparative analysis is carried out in detail in China. The optimal resource allocation scheme and production adjustment scheme for each scenario are obtained. The results show that after the integration, the logistics cost is reduced by 6.8 %− 11 %, the greenhouse gas emission is reduced by 7.3 %− 17.7 %, and the energy consumption per unit turnover is reduced by 4.4 %− 7.4 %. This proves that the integration of production and transportation guided by the proposed method performs positive economic, environmental, and energy benefits. Finally, policy implications are provided. • A framework is raised to assess the integration of oil production and transportation. • A logistics optimization model considering production adjustment is proposed. • The economic, environmental and energy benefits in a real case are identified. • Policy prescriptions are recommended for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a key indicator to measure the mental health status, psychological security level of Chinese college students and its changes over time are of great value to examine.Methods: A cross-temporal meta-analysis was performed using papers that measured the psychological security level of Chinese college students using the Security Questionnaire between 2006 and 2019. In addition, a time lag analysis was conducted to define whether the selected macro social indicators can explain the changes in the psychological security level.Results: A total of 58 papers involving 28,352 Chinese college students were included in the final sample. The results revealed that scores of psychological security and its two factors were significantly negatively correlated with the year. Scores of psychological security and its two factors were significantly associated with five social indicators of economic condition (residents' consumption level), social connectedness (divorce rate, urbanization level) and overall threat (college enrollment rate, crime rate), suggesting that social change may account for the decline in psychological security level of Chinese college students.Limitations: The underlying mechanism is only discussed at a theoretical level. Thus, future studies can collect the relating empirical evidence to test the proposed theoretical model.Conclusions: Our study revealed a decreasing trend of Chinese college students' psychological security level across time, which was associated with macro-social changes in diverse areas. In addition, combined with the corresponding macro-social indicators, a three-dimensional theoretical framework is proposed to explain the psychological security for college students as a group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the scale of China's outward foreign direct investment has been expanding, and the political risks are also intensifying. How does political risk affect the decision-making of outward foreign direct investment? This paper collected the relevant data of 134 countries from 2003 to 2016, using the regression method of System Generalised Method of Moments. It studies the political risk preference of outward foreign direct investment in the world and China. The study found that there is no political risk preference in the world as a whole. In contrast, China's outward foreign direct investment has obvious political risk preference. China does not have a political risk preference for developed countries. At the same time, China has shown strong default risk preference for emerging market countries and countries along the "the Belt and Road". This study adds default risk when measuring political risk, and further subdivides political risk into five categories, taking into account their internal interaction mechanism. In addition, this paper not only studies the similarities and differences of outward foreign direct investment 's political risk preferences between China and the world, but also introduces investment motivation to better explain the location choice of China's outward foreign direct investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural E-commerce (EC) has experienced rapid growth in China since 21st century. The formation of Taobao Villages has brought considerable economic and social benefits in farmers' flexible employment and poverty reduction, which contributes to the future development direction of rural and underdeveloped areas. Adopting the panel data of Taobao Villages (TB-villages) in 57 counties of Zhejiang Province from 2010 to 2018, this paper applies the continuous difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate the impact and mechanism of TB-villages on rural residents' incomes. As a result of empirical analysis, TB-villages significantly and positively affect rural residents' incomes. More specifically, per capita net income will increase by 3.6% for every 1% increase in the proportion of TB-villages in administrative villages. In mountainous counties, the income-increasing effect is considerably higher than that of non-mountainous counties. Furthermore, the mechanism analysis reveals that the industry structure has a considerable mediating effect, and the proportion of export to GDP has a significant suppressing effect. Local governments are expected to increase investment in industry structure and create a more conducive environment for rural economic development, according to this paper. Additionally, the policy should be oriented toward mountainous and backward areas. • Taobao Villages substantially increase rural residents' incomes. • Taobao Villages have a higher income increasing effect in mountainous counties. • Industry structure has a considerable mediating effect, while exports exhibit a substantial suppressing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of urbanisation and the decline of the countryside, reverse entrepreneurship cannot be separated from integration, referring to a process of mutual trust and cooperation between reverse (returnee or immigrant from urban areas) entrepreneur, host community and external stakeholders for sustainable livelihoods. With a geographic focus on poor areas of China, this paper aims to reveal key factors behind successful initiatives of reverse entrepreneurship to address challenges facing local communities, and pathways for mobilising and effectively using various resources, both internally and externally. These objectives are addressed through multiple cases of tourism development in Ganzi, a Tibetan Minority Prefecture of Sichuan. This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial integration to debates on reverse entrepreneurship in three aspects. Firstly, entrepreneurial integration starts from social embeddedness, interconnecting and interacting between reverse entrepreneur(s) and the host community to understand local challenges and share a new vision for sustainable livelihoods. Secondly, entrepreneurial integration is essentially an innovation platform to develop or enhance social capital (both bonding and bridging) for mobilising and effective use of critical resources. Finally, the study outlines five pathways of tourism entrepreneurship, which reflects variations in livelihood strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion and application potential. • Rural development calls for mutual trust and cooperation between reverse entrepreneurs, host communities, external stakeholders. • Successful entrepreneurial integration depends upon a platform building to develop social capital (both bonding and bridging). • Five pathways reflect variation in strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion,application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the literature on rural gentrification by incorporating empirical evidence from amenity-poor rural areas in the developing world. While current literature on rural gentrification has largely focused on the gentrification process in amenity-rich rural areas, the present study examines rural gentrification process in a historically polluted county in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. The gentrification process features a holistic transformation of farmland into an artificial landscape, thereby segregating gentrifiers from both polluted rural space and unwelcoming urban space. The paper attributes the rise of holistic gentrification to state-initiated farmland concentration, and to the gentrifier developers' practices of redefining rurality as immersive resort experiences. The paper concludes that the holistic gentrification was conducive to job losses in both the recreation and agricultural sectors, consequently reducing peasant households to a state of passivity and dependency, while collective actions against gentrifier developers were ineffective owing to highly skewed power dynamics. • Holistic gentrification transforms large-scale farmland into scenic rural resorts in amenity-poor rural areas in China. • Holistic gentrification is caused by national peasant relocation programs. • Gentrifier developers redefine rurality as immersive resort experience. • Holistic gentrification is conducive to local job losses in recreation and agricultural sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The slowdown in China's economic growth in the past decade has forced many migrant workers to return or plan to return to their rural hometowns temporarily. Extant studies on intergenerational mobility pay less attention to temporary migrant households. This paper investigates how migrant father's return intention influences children's educational outcomes and permanent incomes using a high-quality nationwide dataset of China (CLDS2012-2018). It finds that though there is no significant correlation between fathers' and children's educational attainments, the higher the return probability of the father, the less educational investment he would make in his child. This paper contributes to the literature in two ways: theoretically, it provides a new perspective to observe the intergenerational mobility of migrant workers; and methodologically, it corrects life cycle bias by controlling for the ages of fathers and children and using multi-year mean incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although energy poverty has obtained wide focus in recent years, there is no consensus on the measurement of energy poverty. Given that China is experiencing socio-economic transformation as well as energy transition, this paper employed a total of 28 indicators, which representing three categories (energy service availability, energy consumption and generation cleanliness, and residential energy affordability and efficiency) that capture China's features as well as consider policy factors, to develop a new multi-dimensional energy poverty index by using entropy weight method. The result reveals that the energy poverty level has been improved nationwide for the period 2014–2019; three sub-indices also show downward trends while household energy affordability and efficiency suggests the fastest improvement; however, significant differences exist in energy poverty not only between urban and rural areas but also across provinces in China. Policy recommendations are as follows: continue to promote rural power grid renovation and upgrading and the construction of natural gas pipelines, increase clean energy support; encourage diversified development of rural energy supply methods, and provide more innovative and diversified green energy and financial products. • An integrated energy poverty index system for China was established. • A total of 28 indicators used in this paper are applicable to China's features as well as considering policy factors in China. • The energy poverty level has been improved nationwide from 2014-2019, and all three sub-indices show downward trends, but varies greatly between urban and rural areas and across geographic regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The paper studies the interplay between labor agency and socio-spatial formations. • Chinese state-owned enterprise reform led to workers' employment (im)mobilities. • Individual motile subjectivities are integral to workers' disparate (im)mobilities. • Driven by motile subjectivities, workers further act on socio-spatial formations. This paper explores the interplay between labor agency and the socio-spatial structure of Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the context of globalization. Drawing on Coe & Jordhus-Lier's theorization of constrained labor agency with insights from new mobilities paradigm, we develop the concept of motile subjectivity to explain the multiplicity of constrained agency and workers' different employment practices intervened in SOE socio-spatial formations. Based on field research conducted in SOEs in the Northeastern provinces of China, our analysis unfolds that workers' motile subjectivities mainly drive three threads of employment practices, namely demission, positional promotion, and part-time work, which involve workers' variegated mobile and immobile experiences. These (im)mobilities affect workers' ongoing social and spatial practices and further conjoin with the reproduction of SOE socio-spaces with both manifestations of stable danwei and multi-scalar modern enterprises. Our study contributes to labor geography scholarship by theorizing the actualization of workers' motile subjectivities in SOE socio-spatial formations. It also provides insights for future SOE studies to seriously consider workers' motile subjectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to perform a literature review on the use of multi-criteria methods for assessing agricultural sustainability, focusing on the distribution of papers according to year, journal, and countries, the most productive authors, the most frequently used multi-criteria methods and their characteristics, the type of system and the type of agriculture in which these methods are being performed, the methodological approaches and assessment types, and the sustainability dimensions considered. The data collection has been carried out through the Web of Science™ platform on September 3rd, 2021. After a refinement process, 41 papers were selected. The descriptive analysis was carried out through Bibliometrix tool, while content analysis was performed using Nvivo. The descriptive analysis shows that from 2016 to 2021 the scientific production addressing multi-criteria methods to assess agricultural sustainability started to grow markedly in a very rapid matter, reaching an average of 6 papers per year. France and China are the most scientifically productive countries. The content analysis points out that the most used multi-criteria method is the AHP that was used 11 times. The outranking methods, instead, were used only 3 times. In 68% of the papers the Triple Bottom Line was used as dimensions, and in 41% of the papers the spatial applicability was the farming system. The results highlight that doesn't exist many MCDM/A methods for assessing agricultural sustainability, and most of them are compensatory. These results point out that the use of multi-criteria methods in assessing agricultural sustainability is still underexplored and can be improved. [Display omitted] • Multicriteria methods are powerful tools for assessing agricultural sustainability. • A literature review on agricultural sustainability evaluation was performed. • The number of studies has been increasing in the last five years. • Most of the approaches are based on compensatory multicriteria methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the complex network of industry space, this paper investigates the industry structure optimization in Jiangxi Province in China. For the prefecture-level cities in Jiangxi Province, the location quotient is applied to obtain the specialized sub-industries. The conditional probability is used to analyze the interdependencies between industries. The complex network of industry space is presented to illustrate the relatedness among industries and analyze the space and structure of the regional overall industry. The index of transitional potential is proposed to measure the potential of a non-specialized industry which will become a specialized one in the future. The transformation difficulty index of industry is obtained to analyze the difficulty level of the transformation of the original specialized industry set to a new specialized one of a city. The results show that more industries have positive than negative interdependencies with one another in Jiangxi Province; rare industries specialize in cities at higher-level GDP, and common industries dominate the cities at lower-level GDP; it is more difficult for rarer non-specialized industries to become specialized ones, more common non-specialized industries can become specialized ones more easily, and the cities with higher GDP can transform industries more easily. By discussing the industries that have positive interdependencies with existing specialized industries, the detailed direction of industry structure optimization is analyzed. Finally, the policy implications are proposed, and these can be applied to other developing countries. • The conditional probability is used to analyze the interdependencies between industries. • The complex network of industry space is presented to illustrate the relatedness among industries. • The index of transitional potential is used to measure the potential of a non-specialized industry becoming specialized. • The transformation difficulty index is the difficulty level of the transformation of the originally specialized industry. • The industry structure can be optimized by developing the industries that have positive interdependencies with existing specialized industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, the amount of phosphogypsum (PG) has exceeded 250 million tons with more than 55 million tons of growth rates each year. As the micro constituent, fluorine and phosphorus restrict the resourceful disposal of PG. This paper focused on chemical looping gasification (CLG) which used PG as an oxygen carrier, systematically investigated the gasification performance and chemical behavior of fluorine and phosphorus contained in PG during CLG process. Main conclusions are as follows. The main pollutant of chemical looping gasification process was HF, which was transformed from NaF. Phosphorus transformed from water-soluble phosphorus (Ca(H 2 PO 4) 2 , Ca(HPO 4)) into insoluble Ca 3 (PO 4) 2.20 reducing-oxidizing cycles were investigated, and a less and less fluorine content in oxygen carrier was found because its phase transformation from solid NaF to gaseous HF, and the phosphorus content in oxygen carrier changed slightly under the current conditions. The Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 particle layers existed in both the middle of the reduced solid particles and the middle of the cycled oxygen carrier particles, confirmed to actually act as a glue between the particles. Furthermore, transformation routes of fluorine and phosphorus during the CLG process were discussed and the generation of syngas in CLG process needed to be purified. Image 1 • Evaluate the gasification performance and fluorine and phosphorus chemical behavior in CLG using PG as an oxygen carrier. • The main pollutant was gaseous HF in CLG, which was transformed from NaF. • The Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 particle layer existed in the middle of the solid particles, acting as a glue between the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores opportunities for effective policy intervention for residential energy savings in southern China, by analyzing achievable potential of residential energy savings in the city of Xiamen as a case study. In contrast to static technical and economic potential analyses, the achievable potential analysis is based on dynamic energy consumption projections, which consider two real-world factors: (1) gradual ramping-up adoption process of advanced technical measures; and (2) consumers’ adoption of these measures. A bottom-up type Residential Energy Consumption (REC) projection model specifically tailored for southern China was developed in this paper, based on the general logic and calculation principles utilized in the U.S. EIA’s “National Energy Modeling System (NEMS),” and the adoption theory of advanced technical measures proposed by Kastovich. This REC projection model was then used as a policy analysis tool to quantitatively evaluate the impact of various policies on residential energy savings in the case study city of Xiamen. The analysis of the Xiamen case shows that although there is a significant technical potential for residential energy savings in the city (about 20.9–24.9%), the maximum achievable potential (MAP) in 2020 is only about 8.3–8.4% of that year’s business-as-usual baseline consumption. Moreover, with existing policies only about one-fourth to half of the calculated MAP is likely to be achieved by 2020. These findings indicate that in order to realize a larger share of achievable potential for residential energy savings in China, additional and more effective polices are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the role of green energy in realizing green transition and addressing environmental degradation needs to be brought into full play. To promote green energy development in China, this paper examines the relationship among green economic growth, green finance, and green energy (3G) between 2011 and 2019. The heterogeneous, asymmetric, and mediation impact relationship that exists in the 3G nexus is also explored in this study. Accordingly, the results suggest that: (1) Green economic growth and green finance are positively associated with green energy, and the impact is heterogeneous on different types of green energy and in different regions; (2) the impact of green economic growth on green energy are asymmetric, while that of green finance is consistent; and (3) green innovative technology is an effective mediator between green economic growth and green energy, while the investment effect is not significant. This paper contributes to formulating several reasonable policies for improving the green energy industry and achieving sustainable development. It is essential to give full play to the transformation of green achievements to enhance the role of green economic growth in promoting the green energy industry. • This study explores 3G nexus (green economic growth, finance, and energy (GRE)) in China. • The heterogeneity, asymmetry, and mediating mechanism are further analyzed. • Green economic growth and green finance can significantly promote GRE. • The impacts of green economic growth and green finance on GRE are heterogeneous. • Green technological innovation is an effective mediator in the 3G nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strengthening environmental regulation (Reg) is an important measure to solve energy and environmental problems, then to realize the profit sustainable growth (Gro). Taking 116 listed renewable energy enterprises in China from 2010 to 2019 as samples, this paper uses FE and SYS-GMM models to examine the moderating effect of three types of Reg in the relationship of factor market distortions (Dist) and the Gro. The conclusions are as follows: For the direct impact, capital and labor market distortions (DistK and DistL) hinder the Gro. Specifically, the absolute value of the coefficient of DistK in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is greater than that of the DistL, which indicates that the inhibitory effect of DistK in SOEs is more significant. For the indirect impact, the coefficients of economic and supervised environmental regulation (RegE and RegS) are positive and significant, and promote the Gro of SOEs and non-SOEs, while legal environmental regulation (RegL) is the opposite, which shows that Reg has significant "cost effect" and "rebound effect". Moreover, Reg has a positive moderating effect, which is mainly reflected in SOEs, and alleviates the inhibitory effect of DistK and DistL on Gro to a certain extent. Finally, this paper puts forward some targeted policy suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's regional market segmentation weakens the market mechanism, creates convenience for enterprises with high market share to obtain market power, and will eventually reduce the effectiveness of market competition. However, infrastructure such as high-speed rail (HSR) can break the market segmentation and improve the effectiveness of market competition. In this end, based on the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2019, this paper constructed a quasi-natural experiment model to examine the relationship between the opening of high-speed railway and the effectiveness of market competition. This paper finds that: (1) the opening of HSR can help restrain the market power of enterprises with high market share; (2) the opening of HSR has a more significant effect on spatially dispersed industries, low capital-intensive enterprises, non-eastern enterprises, manufacturing industries and non-heavy asset industries; (3) the opening of HSR will inhibit the advantages of enterprises with high market share in expanding sales and R&D innovation, thus reducing their market power. The conclusion still holds after considering important factors such as city administrative level, traditional transportation capacity, company stock price crash risk and merger and reorganization (M&A). The findings of this paper mean that the space-time compression effect brought by the opening of HSR will reduce the market power of enterprises brought by market segmentation, and then improve the effectiveness of market competition. Therefore, we should fully tap the value of HSR to help high-quality economic development. • A theoretical framework of " HSR Opening, Market Segmentation, and Enterprise Market Power " is built. • Market segmentation weakens advantages of cross-regional operations and distort market competition. • The infrastructure such as HSR can break the market segmentation and improve the effectiveness of market competition. • Opening of HSR can help restrain the market power of enterprises with high market share. • Opening of HSR will inhibit the advantages of enterprises with high market share in expanding sales and R&D innovation, thus reducing their market power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HSR affects air traffic directly and indirectly via airfare adjustment. • Airfare plays different roles in competition, feeding and long-term effects. • HSR quality and pre-entry airline market structure affect airfare adjustment. • Feeding effect dominates competition effect, causing more airline CO2 emissions. • Airfare adjustment mitigates HSR-induced air traffic and airline CO2 emissions. Airfare reduction is proposed by a theoretical paper to be a possible source of observed air traffic increase in some markets where high-speed rail (HSR) enters and competes with airlines. This paper aims to empirically test whether and to what extent the air traffic impact is channeled by the adjustment in airfares. To understand the varying empirical results found in the literature, we examine heterogeneous airline responses in traffic and airfare in relation to HSR qualities measured by HSR-air travel time difference and pre-entry market structure of airline as well as decompose HSR impacts into competition, feeding and long-term effects. Using a panel dataset of Chinese air routes, we find that airfare adjustment plays crucial roles in channeling HSR's air traffic impact. Our estimation suggests that HSR introduced over 16.5 million additional passengers to the sampled air routes in our study period, generating 2.17 million tons of extra CO2 emissions from air flights. However, these numbers would increase to 32.2 million additional passengers and 3.4 million tons of extra CO2 emissions after removing the price adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of aging in China, the demand of intelligent care system for the elderly is increasing day by day. The rapid development of information technology and artificial intelligence technology have gradually promoted the transformation of traditional care services from artificial to intelligent. Based on knowledge graph technology, this study built a knowledge graph model for elderly chronic disease smart care. The specific process includes ontology design, knowledge extraction, knowledge graph construction and question answering system design. The uniqueness of the knowledge graph in this paper is that it uses specific information about the elderly and data from professional care books. It is well guaranteed in practicality and reliability.With the help of the knowledge map constructed in this paper, primary care staff can effectively query high-quality and customized chronic disease care knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the stock market, the number of individual investors has become more and more. Because of emotional and irrational factors, the risk and instability of stock market in China have been greatly increased. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the idea of quantitative investment into the financial field. In this paper, firstly we use random forest, XGBoost and LightGBM to conduct rolling tests on multiple factors. After parameter adjustment based on Bayesian Optimization, we find that LightGBM-Bayes has the best effect. Finally, this paper uses the multi factor stock selection model based on LightGBM-Bayes to conduct a rolling back test on CSI300 Constituent Stocks, and the back test results are better than the benchmark CSI300 index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of transmission and distribution cost rationality of power grid enterprises enables governments to scientifically approve power transmission and distribution prices. To depict the impact of environmental differences of power grid enterprises on the evaluation of operational efficiency, we measured and calculated meta-frontier efficiency and group-frontier efficiency of 25 provincial-level grid enterprises in China, from 2016 to 2019, by building a meta-frontier-based super-efficiency DEA model, and ranked them based on meta-frontier efficiency, in this paper. The measurement results show that there are pronounced differences in the operational efficiency levels of power grid enterprises, which are not only related to objective differences in economic development level, geographical environment, and historical burden, but also related to technology and management levels of individual enterprises. The cost rationality evaluation method proposed in this paper lays a foundation for introducing "cost benchmarking" in future power transmission and distribution pricing, providing reference for perfecting the transmission and distribution prices regulatory mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the industry's inability to meet societal demand, Industry 4.0 was launched in the last decade years. To close the gap, the academic and industrial sectors are pursuing revolution. One strategy for moving forward is digital transformation, and the digital twin is the technology that best exemplifies this strategy by upending conventional industrial processes and functions. This paper will help audiences who lack expert knowledge of digital twins to swiftly evaluate and comprehend research advancements in academia and industry. It will cover the background, features, and implementation of the digital twin in five main sectors. The case study used in this paper is Qinghai Meadow in China, which uses the intended network to explain how digital twins have developed in the husbandry sector. At the end of the study, issues are also illustrated from two perspectives that aid in identifying gaps in the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operation management, which has always been a hot topic in management research for seeking to increase the efficiency of the system using scientific methods. We use the Web of Science database to select the pertinent literature data from 2012 to 2022 with a focus on 10 significant international journals to perform the scoped literature on operation management in this paper. It then conducts a bibliometric analysis of operation management from two perspectives—main direction and development trend—using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The analysis discovered that between 2012 and 2022, 22952 papers on operation management were published in significant international journals. Of these, 4398 were written by Chinese academics, making up 19.16% of the total. International Journal of Production Research, European Journal of Operational Research, and International Journal of Production Economics were the main venues for Chinese academics' publications. The National Natural Science Foundation of China supported 3446 papers in these journals, or 15.01% of all papers published. A variety of research hotspots are revealed by keyword analysis. The research's findings provide an excellent framework for describing the traits and developments in operation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the multi-category assessment of personal credit risk, the prediction accuracy of a single classifier is often low, and each category cannot be well distinguished. In this paper, the stacking ensemble algorithm is used to integrate the base classifiers to build a multi-class evaluation model. Through the empirical analysis of the five-class data of an anonymous commercial bank in China, six types of base classifiers are selected to train the data, and the evaluation results of each single classifier is obtained. The four classifiers with the best classification effect are used as the first-layer base classifier in the stacking ensemble, and Random Forest is selected as the second-layer meta-learner. Compared with the evaluation results of the single-classifier model, the stacking ensemble model has improved in the four indicators of accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score, which verifies the efficiency and effectiveness of the model proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major psychiatric disorder with increasing research intensity. However, papers written in languages other than English are less accessible to international readers. This study examined the bibliometric features of English and Chinese language research papers about major depressive disorder in China.Methods: The Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched for eligible studies. Authorship collaboration networks and keyword co-occurrences were estimated and visualized.Results: There were 2,220 and 63,306 publications on MDD in the WoS and CNKI between 1990 and 2021, respectively. The number of papers increased annually during the period. For papers written in English, the Journal of Affective Disorders (201; 9.05 %) had the highest activity and the Shanghai Jiao Tong University had the most publications (232; 10.45 %). For papers in Chinese, the highest activity was with the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1,025; 1.62 %) and the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (1,098; 1.73 %). Xiang YT (68; 3.06 %) and Yuan YG (179; 0.28 %) were the most productive authors in the English and Chinese languages, respectively. Keyword analysis showed that English and Chinese publications differed in emphasis (English: related psychiatric conditions, study design, clinical aspects, and assessment instruments; Chinese: somatic comorbidities, antidepressants, related psychiatric conditions, treatment of depression, and electrophysiological).Conclusions: The number of scientific papers on MDD increased yearly, and Chinese authors writing in English have an increasing influence. Except for a few authors, productivity and influence were dominated by national universities and specialized medical universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is regarded as an effective method to alleviate environmental pollution and accelerate the green transition in China. This paper systematically investigates the impact of financial inclusion on renewable energy demand by using S-GMM model based on provincial data in the green finance era. This paper also analyzes the asymmetry, heterogeneity, and mediating mechanism in the nexus between financial inclusion and renewable energy demand, and highlights the following findings: (1) Improved financial inclusion can promote renewable energy development in China and present the characteristics of green finance; (2) the impact of financial inclusion on renewable energy demand is asymmetric and heterogeneous; specifically, this impact is much higher in northern China and the regions with higher renewable energy development; and (3) wind and photovoltaic power generation are effective mediators between financial inclusion and renewable energy industry, while the mediation effects of hydropower and nuclear power are not significant. New evidence in this study is presented for the achievement of green transition in China, as well as practical policy implications for improving financial inclusion and increasing renewable energy consumption. For instance, fiscal and tax incentives and green investment subsidies in the renewable energy sector need to be further improved. • This study explores the impact of financial inclusion (FI) on renewable energy demand (RED) in China. • Asymmetry, heterogeneity, and the mediating mechanism are further discussed. • Increased FI can promote RED , which presents the characteristics of green finance. • The impact of FI on RED is asymmetric and heterogeneous. • Wind and photovoltaic power are effective mediators between FI and RED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the globe, the ongoing development of transportation and communication technologies has produced growing possibilities for the mobility of people, ideas, objects, and knowledge. In China, government policies, including economic reforms and targeted migration strategies, have resulted in the relocation of millions of people within and between urban and rural areas. Recently, however, there has been an important 'mobility shift' from the production-focused migration of peasants and factory workers to more diverse forms of consumption-focused mobility. This appears to be something different from traditional forms of tourism, but more research is needed. In particular, it is important to consider who these individuals are, what motivates them, and whether they are leaving the urban for the rural or constructing hybrid spaces, mobilities, and lifestyles. This paper examines the nature of urban-rural mobilities in China through the case of China's Rural Tourism Makers (RTMs). Drawing on fieldwork in four RTMs' Model Bases, including 131 interviews and participant observation, it demonstrates how mobilities are being practiced 'on the ground'. The paper argues that the binaries between production and consumption and between urban and rural break down as RTMs are both middle-class consumers and creative-class producers who continually move between urban and rural for personal and professional reasons. In so doing, the paper nuances our understanding of mobilities within China, the practices and locational choices of creatives, and post-productivist theorizations of rurality. • This paper addresses urban-rural mobility in China by studying Rural Tourism Makers (RTMs) as newcomers to rural China. • RTMs are both middle-class consumers and creative-class producers. • Creativity for RTMs is both a means of generating income and a means of consuming the rural. • RTMs represent a new form of urban-rural mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses panel data on renewable energy in China. Thus, the current analysis fills the gaps by examining the relationship between green technology innovation and renewable energy and CO 2 emissions from 1990 to 2018. The current study examines all concerns connected to panel data analysis with advanced panel estimators, such as cross-sectional dependence, stationarity, variation in slope parameters, and structural break. Our findings show that test results reveal that green technology innovation and renewable energy have a negative and considerable influence on CO2 emissions in the long run. Moreover, the short-run relationship of green technology innovation, on the other hand, is not significant—as evidenced by the findings of robustness tests such as AMG and CCEMG. Other empirical results revealed that GTI, REN and NEN significantly reduced local CO 2 emission, while POP and PI had no obvious reduction effects on CO 2 emissions. Different GTIs had the same spatial "symbiotic effects" on CO 2 emission reduction in the short term, showing positive spatial spillover reduction effects. Lastly, we conclude that the use of green technology innovation has positive externalities. Some policies to assist green innovation technologies and renewable energy resources have been suggested for the Chinese government to enact. • This paper uses panel data on renewable energy in China. • The current study examines all concerns connected to panel data analysis with advanced panel estimators. • The short-run relationship of green technology innovation is not significant. • We conclude that the use of green technology innovation has positive externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When building new airports various strategies for initiating new air routes prominently affect the overall system performance. From a perspective of disruption management, however, very little is known regarding the impacts of different strategies exerted to the resilience of airline networks in a multi-layer system configuration. In this paper, we established a multi-layer China airline network (CAN) using route data from 46 airlines in mainland China and proposed four optimization strategies for adding new routes based on service-oriented perspectives. The geographical traits of the multi-layer CAN was first explored and, taking the Daxing International Airport (a new-built airport in Beijing, China) as a demonstrative example, we then conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses to investigate the impact of the proposed strategies and their effectiveness of improving network resilience. It is revealed that those strategies have heterogeneous effects on the network performance in terms of meeting passenger demands and balancing overall connectivity at a national strategic level, and the overall resilience of the CAN could be significantly improved under the selected strategy by 59.8% on average. Based on the findings, several managerial and policy implications are put forward and discussed. This paper sheds new lights on resilience-building strategies for service carriers and airport managers and is also of value to regional governments for offering incentives for expanding connections to new destinations. • A comprehensive multi-layer airline network is constructed. • The network consists of 46 layers of sub-networks from mainland China. • Practical strategies are proposed and tested for improving network resilience. • Optimized strategies improve the overall resilience of the multi-layer network by 59.8% on average. • Implications for managing a growing multi-layer airline network are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry bulk shipping market, as an indispensable part of maritime supply chains, can be affected by the transport demand from commodity market, the costs from bunker market, the macroeconomic environment, and threats from the competitor market. To analyze such interactions between these markets, this paper proposes the use of a vector-autoregression (VAR) model to explore volatility spillover effects in dry bulk shipping markets in terms of the secondhand ship prices of Capesize, Panamax and Handymax during 2009–2019. The characteristics of sub-segments of dry bulk shipping market are deeply analyzed, which are necessary for asset allocation in shipping industry. A series of numerical experiments are carried out, by means of variance decomposition approach and historical decomposition approach. Results reveal the existence of different responses to shocks in sub-segments of dry bulk shipping market. It is also shown that smaller vessels are more likely to be affected by related markets except the outlier of the relationship between China interest rate and Panamax market. In addition, responses to both negative and positive contributions are discussed. For example, commodity market has a profound effect on dry bulk shipping market when the market is stable, whereas influences of the bunker market represents the volatility of a market. Finally, this paper finds insignificant effects of the US-CNY exchange rate market and the container shipping market on the dry bulk shipping market. • Build a comprehensive mechanism to measure spillover effects on different segments of dry bulk shipping markets • A 10.5-year dataset from January 2009 to July 2019 is adopted to cover several important global economic events. • A robust approach is proposed to specifying the contribution of each index to the dry bulk shipping market. • Forecast and explore the spillover effects in next 12 months and analyze the historical shocks. • An advisable investment strategy for market participants is explored by analyzing characteristics of varied markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our paper attempts to rationalize the classified reforming nature of China's state sectors, based on the criteria of factor endowment structure of SOE sectors adopted between 1980 and 2018. • We argue that ceteris paribus, the problem of low efficiency and rent-seeking commonly suffered by China's state-owned sector, has been cured by applying a reform strategy that undertakes property right reforms based on the factor endowment allocation of SOEs across different industries. • In terms of the theoretical contribution, we construct a Nash bargaining model between the principal (state officials) and the agent (SOE manager), and identify two ownership reform irrelevance points (ORIPs) in the model. • Our Nash bargaining model indicates the need for some SOEs to be undertaken by the 'mixed-ownership reform' whilst others should undergo 'full privatization reform'; both are judged by the distinct factor endowment allocation amongst different industries, which are in line with the stylized facts of China's state sector reforms over the past four decades. • In the final section, we discuss the possible policy implications of this paper with particular reference to our proposed Nash bargaining model. Based on the criteria of the factor endowment structure of state-owned enterprise (SOE) sectors in China between 1980 and 2018, this paper rationalizes the classified reforming of China's state sectors by constructing a Nash bargaining model to capture the dynamics of ownership restructuring, and the reduction process of policy burden on SOEs. We reveal that the interplay between policy burden bared by SOEs and the ownership restructuring process largely depends upon their factor intensities since the reform period in the 1980s. Our model identifies two Ownership Reform Irrelevance Points (ORIP), which serve as the benchmark for the dynamics of the ownership restructuring process of China's large SOEs, which saw them move from 'mixed-ownership' to 'privatization'. ORIPs demonstrate the need for a reduction in social policy burdens with regards to the state sector's comparative advantage of factor endowment structure through SOE ownership restructuring. This study theoretically analyzes existing literatures on the classified reforms of China's state sectors from 1978 to 2018. This study is the first to base such an analysis on the criteria of factor endowment structure focusing on the connection between the policy burdens bared by SOEs and their ownership restructuring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The informal sector can play a role in sustainable development. • Competition from the informal sector can significantly improve the energy efficiency of formal firms, and this result is robust. • Instrumental variable and property score matching method are used to address possible endogeneity issues. • Innovation has a significant mediating effect. Based on micro-evidence, this paper investigates the role of the informal sector in sustainable development. In particular, this paper examines the impact of competition from the informal sector on the energy intensity of firms based on Chinese manufacturing enterprise data. The results indicate that firms reduce their energy intensity in the face of fiercer competition from the informal sector. Competition from the informal sector has a more obvious effect on reducing energy intensity especially for firms with higher energy intensity. The subsample regression results imply prominent regional and enterprise ownership heterogeneity. The mechanism test indicates that competition from the informal sector reduces firm energy intensity by promoting the product innovation, production cost innovation, R&D (Research and Development) activities of formal firms. However, there is no evidence of a crowding-out effect, that is, competition from the informal sector has not been found to squeeze out firms' output and reduce energy intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper aims to differentiate the impacts of a firm productivity and credit constraints on its export behavior. • Credit constraints exert a larger impact on extensive margin than intensive margin. • Productivity has a stronger effect on intensive margin. • We use the universe of firm-level export data in China from 2000 to 2007. This paper aims to differentiate between the impacts of a firm's productivity and credit constraints on its export behavior. Based on the different channels through which these two factors influence firm exports, we propose three main hypotheses. First, credit constraints exert a larger impact on export extensive margin than on export intensive margin. Specifically, credit constraints influence the number of export destinations more than the average export value for each destination. Second, productivity has a stronger effect on intensive margin, relative to its effect on extensive margin. That is, productivity exerts greater influence on the average export value than on the number of export destination countries. Third, in aggregate, productivity plays a more important role in a firm's total export value, compared with credit constraints. We verify the above hypotheses using the firm-level export data in China from 2000 to 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of global warming is getting more serious, and vehicle emission is the main cause. In recent years, the number of locomotives in China has been increasing at a rate of more than 20% per year, and the problem of automobile pollution is becoming more serious. The transportation industry is the main source of fossil fuel combustion and environmental pollution. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a multi-view deep neural network (MVDNN) to analyze the key factors affecting the fuel consumption of automobiles. The experiments show that the introduction of human input improves the prediction accuracy and the root mean square error (RMSE) achieves 0.993. In addition, this paper also finds that for drivers, driving habits, driving frequency, and safety awareness are the most important factors affecting the fuel consumption of vehicles by combining Lasso regression with MVDNN. Finally, by comparing the prediction accuracy of different experiments, relevant policy suggestions are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Q-SAT, a small spherical satellite designed and developed by Tsinghua university, was successfully launched on Aug 6, 2020 at Jiuquan satellite launch center in China. The mission of Q-Sat is the joint measurement of long-wavelength Earth gravity field and upper atmosphere density, which is of great significance for improving spacecraft orbit prediction and promoting the development of satellite gravity measurement technology. The satellite is designed in spherical shape innovatively and deploys high dynamic dual-frequency GPS as the main payload. On-orbit data shows that the atmospheric density detection precision is in the order of 10−14kg/m3 and the gravity recovery precision achieves the level of 30 orders. All mission success criteria and objectives were achieved. This paper presents the design, space mission, key technologies, science capabilities and preliminary results of the satellite. • Q-SAT, a spherical satellite for the joint measurement of long-wavelength Earth gravity field and upper atmosphere density, was launched in 2020. • An electromagnetic separation system with point connection-release structure is designed for the Q-Sat. • As secondary payload a powerful GPU module is implemented to validate artificial intelligence computing capabilities in orbit. • Modifications for the Jacchia-Roberts atmospheric density model are proposed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ability to detect low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs), space-borne detectors will play an important role in exploring the universe in the future. The TianQin project proposed in China participates in this challenge by aiming to detect millihertz GWs. The TianQin GW detector consists of three spacecraft forming a triangular constellation. Each spacecraft carries a pair of test masses (TM) which, inside shielding cages, are left to free fall along the local geodesic. In this way, a pair of TMs on two separate spacecraft can be each other aligned to become the gravitational references of the GW detector, made by an inter-satellite laser interferometer. Each free-falling TM is limited by parasitic forces to be appropriately bounded. The relevant acceleration bound has been fixed to 10−15 m/s2/ Hz within the TianQin measurement bandwidth (MBW) ranging from 0.1 mHz to 0.1 Hz. In turn, TM to cage fluctuations must be kept below 4nm/ Hz to limit the stiffness coupling with the spacecraft displacement caused by non-gravitational disturbances, such as solar radiations and the thruster noise. Suppression of such disturbances calls for a challenging drag-free control technology, since the center of mass (CoM) of a single spacecraft cannot track the separated CoMs of two TMs simultaneously, and consequently tracking must be limited to three degrees of freedom (DoF): two non-orthogonal sensitive axes (one for each TM) and the perpendicular direction to their plane. Control design and simulated tests of this paper will be restricted to the drag-free control along the sensitive axes. The remaining nine DoFs of the two TMs (position and attitude) are controlled by electrostatic suspensions, not to be treated here, but accounted for in the simulated trials. The design of the two-DoF drag-free control relies on a model-based control methodology, the Embedded Model Control (EMC), capable of predicting and suppressing unknown disturbances within the required bandwidth and of decoupling the TM dynamics along the non-orthogonal sensitive axes. The paper starts with the nonlinear model of the TM to cage dynamics, followed by the relevant EMC design, restricted to the sensitive axes. Numerical simulations are employed to validate closed-loop performance and robust stability. Simulated results show that the residual TM to cage fluctuations can be kept below 3nm/ Hz , which leaves a margin within the required spectral bound. The EMC methodology discussed in the paper can provide a reference for future developments and implementations. • Test mass dynamics can be decoupled by 'thruster coupling' or 'sensor coupling'. • Embedded Model Control predicts and compensates unknow disturbances. • Reference generator smooths test mass centering process. • Test mass to cage displacement has satisfied TianQin requirement. • Monte Carlo trails have validated the closed-loop robust stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • China's MI field has undergone significant development. • Few authors have high-quality articles and high output. • The collaboration intent of authors is growing stronger. • The field of research is relatively stable. • Current advanced technologies continue to emerge in MI research. Abstract Background As the world's second largest economy, China makes unique contributions to the world in many fields, including sociology, the economy, technology and defense. Medical informatics (MI) is an important cross-disciplinary field that, along with its applications, has received massive funding from the Chinese government. However, the question of how to evaluate China's input and output in MI remains important and complex issue of great significance for China and the rest of the world. Objective This paper analyzed, for the first time, the quality and quantity of research by Chinese academics in MI based on their articles published in international specialty journals in recent years and examined MI research hotspots in China. Our purpose is to summarize the experiences and lessons learned by China and the rest of the world as they develop MI. Method We targeted 18 MI journals listed in the JCR 2016 report and searched for papers published by Chinese academics in these 18 journals in the WOS and PUBMED databases and on journal sites. We also performed data cleansing and categorized the obtained information. We used Excel, SPSS, Ucinet and NetDraw to conduct quantitative analyses on the research papers. Results A total of 1340 articles satisfied the inclusion criteria of this study. We observed a significant upward trend in the number of articles published over time, particularly after 2011. Lei Jianbo, Huang Zhengxing and Li Jin-song are active Chinese authors in the MI discipline who have written many high-quality publications. Meanwhile, universities remain the primary breeding grounds for scientific research: 93.36% of the articles came from universities. Zhejiang University published the most first-author articles, whereas Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Tsinghua University produced 17.76% of the total articles. According to the lists of authors, 24% of the papers were co-authored with foreign researchers. This rate of cooperation is increasing each year, from 5.88% to the current rate of 39.04%. An analysis of keywords showed that “EMR”, “SVM”, “Authentication”, “Telecare medical information system”, “EEG”, “ECG” and “RFID” were the most frequently searched terms in popular technological fields, including artificial intelligence and image processing. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of high-frequency keywords and a broadening range of research fields, which has led to the emergence of several research hotspots, including MI systems, mobile health care, telecare, data mining and machine learning. Conclusions Through the quantitative analysis of publications, we discovered the emergence of three stages – infancy, slow growth and rapid growth – in China's MI research in recent years as academics make achievements in their research works. The global influence of Chinese academics is growing, and they are making increasingly conscious efforts to enter into research collaborations with foreign researchers. The findings of Chinese academics’ publications are gaining international recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw pulping plays a vital role in virgin pulp supply and regional agricultural residue utilization. However, a significant decrease in its production has been observed. From an environmental perspective, why has there been a sharp decrease in straw pulping? Are there any innovations in straw pulp production that alleviate the heavy environmental burdens of straw pulping? In this study, factors contributing to the decrease in straw pulp are examined. An innovative technique to produce straw pulp is introduced and its environmental performance is analyzed and compared with conventional pulping. The results show that the main reasons contributing to the environmental burdens of straw pulping lie in the difficulties in black liquor extraction and alkaline recovery for the black liquor. Technical processes are changed in the innovative technique of straw pulping through using a rapid displacement cooking process, converting black liquor into fertilizers, utilizing total chlorine-free bleaching, etc. The new technique (Case B) achieves superior environmental performance than that of the conventional technique (Case A) from a carbon metabolism perspective. Specifically, 1022.90 kg and 857.80 kg of biogenic-carbon (bio-carbon), and 594.32 kg and 628.13 kg of fossil-carbon are needed to make 1 ton of bleached straw pulp for Case A and Case B, respectively. The carbon efficiencies for Case A, Case B (when pulp is the only desired product) and Case B (when including other products) are 39.10%, 46.63% and 92.21%, respectively. The carbon factors for Case A, Case B (when pulp is the only desired product) and Case B (when including other products) are 3.66, 3.60 and 1.86 kg CO 2 -eq, respectively. In addition, the corresponding E factors, which reflect the waste generation level, are 3.20, 2.69, and 1.39 kg, respectively. The new technique for straw pulping, which follows the principle of a circular economy by fully utilizing resources and reducing the generation of waste, achieves both economic and environmental benefits. It is a promising technique for straw pulping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon trading is widely used as a carbon finance instrument to promote green transformation. This paper focuses on carbon trading's impact on the bond spread for high-carbon enterprises. Using variation in carbon trading access due to pilot policies in China, we find that bonds issued by high-carbon enterprises participating in the carbon trading pilots have lower spreads. Furthermore, the results suggest that carbon trading reduces bond spreads by encouraging high-carbon enterprises to improve their environmental performance. Another channel is the information asymmetry between bondholders and enterprises. More active carbon markets provide investors with more information about enterprises' motivations for reducing carbon emissions, leading to a greater reduction in bond spreads. In addition, the impact of carbon trading is more significant in local SOEs, high-innovation enterprises, and longer-term bonds. Our research helps us understand the importance of carbon trading in achieving a low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review gives panorama of heritage digitization in China and categorizes digital twin techniques into six levels to address three specific tasks. • Terrestrial LiDAR and VR are the most prevalent digital twin technologies for decades, while sensor-based monitoring is recently prompted by policy incentives and legislations. • Most digital twin projects are dominated by public sectors, i.e., cultural management authorities, universities, and research institutes. • Efficient data utilization and the seamless integration of diverse data sources within cross-disciplinary collaborations are still challenging. Recent decades have witnessed digital twin as a toolkit to collect, process, and utilize graphical, spatial and other attribute data of cultural heritage. It has been widely applied on cultural world heritage sites in China, which have significant differences in ages, types, materials, and history of maintenance and conservation. Although specific cases are reported previously, a comprehensive overview is still lacking. This paper explores the association between digital twin and heritage conservation, classifying digital twin techniques into six levels to tackle three tasks: data acquisition, visualization and application. It systematically reviews Chinese heritage digitization practices, considering variations in complexity and purposes, and demonstrates typological and chronological characteristics as well as the composition of stakeholders. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-rate pipeline prices have resulted in low competitive flexibility and have led to high costs and consumption in China's refined oil logistics system. This study aims to propose a framework for multi-product pipelines supplementary pricing strategy that creates a win-win situation for both shippers and pipeline carriers while quantifying economic, energy and environmental performance. Based on the objective of cost minimization, a lower limit constraint on pipeline transportation quantity is added, and a discount coefficient is introduced for pipeline prices, thus improving the transportation optimization model. Moreover, this paper develops an implementation approach for a supplementary pricing strategy that can ensure that the discounted price is not lower than the sum of cost and minimum profit. This framework usability is confirmed using a Chinese oil company as an example. The results show that the optimal scheme can increase pipeline revenue by ¥79.8 million while reduce shipper's logistics costs by ¥1.68 million during the practice cycle. Meanwhile, this work reduces energy consumption by 1.37 tce, CO 2 emission by 444 tons, SO 2 emission by 5.65 tons, and NO X emission by 7.07 million tons for the logistics system. Compared with past studies, this study is more economical or more in line with market-oriented behavior. • A framework for 3E performance improvement of multi-product pipelines is proposed. • The improved transportation optimization model is used as a pricing tool. • A supplementary strategy implementation approach is defined. • Total economic benefit to shippers and pipeline carriers is ¥9.66 million. • The energy and environmental benefits of the logistics system are quantified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk fan is an acid-curd cheese with strong national characteristics (a traditional dairy product of the Bai nationality with a shape like a piece of paper) and a long history in Yunnan province, China. In our previous study, we characterized the microbial community diversity of milk fan, but the succession of microorganisms associated with flavor formation in milk fan is still unknown. Therefore, we examined the predominant microorganisms and their correlations with the formation of flavor in the fermentation of sour juice and drying of milk fan by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing, intergenic spacer sequencing and metatranscriptome analysis. We found that the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Issatchenkia initially decreased and then increased with time during the fermentation of sour juice. However, the relative abundances of Acetobacter , Leuconostoc , Lactococcus, Geotrichum , and Dipodascus initially increased and then decreased. During the drying step, the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Issatchenkia continuously increased and became the dominant microorganisms in the milk fan. The metatranscriptomes generated from the milk fan showed that "carbohydrate metabolism," "translation," and "signal transduction" were the main metabolic functions of the microbial communities. Rhodotorula and Yarrowia contained more differentially expressed genes than other genera, which indicated they may be associated with the production of the characteristic flavor. Furthermore, a Pearson correlation analysis showed that Lactococcus , Rhodotorula , Candida , Cutaneotrichosporon , and Yarrowia were significantly positively correlated with more aroma-active compounds, mainly ethyl acetate, 2-heptanone, isovaleraldehyde, butyric acid, nonanal, and hexanal. In conclusion, these findings contribute to a better understanding of the flavor production mechanism during the production of milk fan. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist travel contributes greatly to transport problems in attractive tourist cities. To take full advantage of high-speed rail (HSR) for alleviating massive car traffic during the peak vacation period, this paper analyses the travel modes of domestic visitors to Shaoxing before and after the operation of HSR. Scenario-based comparison and a random-coefficients structure Mixed Logit (MXL) model with error components were adopted to analyze the travel mode change and the factors explaining tourists' travel mode choices. Our findings show that the HSR modal share increased substantially at the expense of express buses, more than cars. Also, HSR was found to be less competitive than cars on toll-free days for medium short travel distances. The MXL model results indicate that HSR was more likely to be used over automobiles by young people, females, and one-destination travellers, for longer travel distances, and with high service frequency to Shaoxing. Besides, online booking services were highly associated with HSR use. Driving was favoured over HSR by higher income level groups, when travelling with family or friends, on toll-free national holidays. Current government policy to waive road tolls during the peak holiday period further induced car traffic to tourist cities. When individual taste was considered, tourists showed a similar preference in their valuation of the travel time variable, while were heterogenous in their preference for low per-distance cost. Our findings suggest that the adjustment of the road-toll policy, pre-booking design for targeted tourists, and measures to reduce the total travel time of HSR should be considered to promote HSR as well as impede the use of cars during peak periods. This study offers empirical evidence of achieving effective travel demand management and reducing car dependence through HSR and complementary measures. • HSR modal share increased at the expense of intercity buses, more than drivers. • Car was still dominant within 300 km after the introduction of HSR, while HSR dominated between 300 and 900 km distance. • Toll-free policy exacerbates congestion and reduces tourists' intention to use HSR. • Tourists showed similar preference for travel time, while were heterogenous in their preference for low per-distance cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]