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New technologies are transforming medicine, and this revolution starts with data. Health data, clinical images, genome sequences, data on prescribed therapies and results obtained, data that each of us has helped to create. Although the first uses of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine date back to the 1980s, it is only with the beginning of the new millennium that there has been an explosion of interest in this sector worldwide. We are therefore witnessing the exponential growth of health-related information with the result that traditional analysis techniques are not suitable for satisfactorily management of this vast amount of data. AI applications (especially Deep Learning), on the other hand, are naturally predisposed to cope with this explosion of data, as they always work better as the amount of training data increases, a phase necessary to build the optimal neural network for a given clinical problem. This paper proposes a comprehensive and in-depth study of Deep Learning methodologies and applications in medicine. An in-depth analysis of the literature is presented; how, where and why Deep Learning models are applied in medicine are discussed and reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are outlined and analysed. • We review the state-of-the-art focusing on the application of DL in medicine. • We expose a categorization of Deep Learning models used and applied in medicine. • We classify medicine-related DL applications into macro-areas and sub-areas. • We thoroughly discuss the recent and open challenges related to DL in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A multi-feature fusion framework is proposed. • A feature representation is developed for HSI using the proposed framework. • State-of-the-art results have been achieved by the proposed method. Abstract Traditional hyperspectral image (HSI) classification methods typically use the spectral features and do not make full use of the spatial or other features of the HSI. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel HSI classification method based on a multi-feature fusion strategy. The spectral-spatial features are first extracted by spectral-spatial feature learning (SSFL), which is a deep hierarchical architecture. Additionally, the texture features of the local binary pattern (LBP) image are applied and fused with the spectral-spatial features. Then, the kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is used to classify the hyperspectral images. The results of a number of experiments show that the proposed method effectively improves the classification accuracy of hyperspectral images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is a broad field that comprises a wide range of techniques, where deep learning is presently the one with the most impact. Moreover, the medical field is an area where data both complex and massive and the importance of the decisions made by doctors make it one of the fields in which deep learning techniques can have the greatest impact. A systematic review following the Cochrane recommendations with a multidisciplinary team comprised of physicians, research methodologists and computer scientists has been conducted. This survey aims to identify the main therapeutic areas and the deep learning models used for diagnosis and treatment tasks. The most relevant databases included were MedLine, Embase, Cochrane Central, Astrophysics Data System, Europe PubMed Central, Web of Science and Science Direct. An inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined and applied in the first and second peer review screening. A set of quality criteria was developed to select the papers obtained after the second screening. Finally, 126 studies from the initial 3493 papers were selected and 64 were described. Results show that the number of publications on deep learning in medicine is increasing every year. Also, convolutional neural networks are the most widely used models and the most developed area is oncology where they are used mainly for image analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A deep learning-based algorithm for detecting the region of interest in medical images. • Objective accuracy of developed algorithm was evaluated through 10-fold cross validation of 240 patient data. • Developed algorithm pixel accuracy was 99.86% and dice coefficient was 0.9590 on average. • This algorithm can be used in statistical analysis of clinical surgery and diagnosis area to improve efficiency and patient satisfaction in orthopedic and various medical field. Rotator cuff muscle tear is one of the most frequent reason of operations in orthopedic surgery. There are several clinical indicators such as Goutallier grade and occupation ratio in the diagnosis and surgery of these diseases, but subjective intervention of the diagnosis is an obstacle in accurately detecting the correct region. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a fully convolutional deep learning algorithm to quantitatively detect the fossa and muscle region by measuring the occupation ratio of supraspinatus in the supraspinous fossa. In the development and performance evaluation of the algorithm, 240 patients MRI dataset with various disease severities were included. As a result, the pixel-wise accuracy of the developed algorithm is 0.9984 ± 0.073 in the fossa region and 0.9988 ± 0.065 in the muscle region. The dice coefficient is 0.9718 ± 0.012 in the fossa region and 0.9463 ± 0.047 in the muscle region. We expect that the proposed convolutional neural network can improve the efficiency and objectiveness of diagnosis by quantifying the index used in the orthopedic rotator cuff tear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]