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One of the major recent developments in passenger transport is the arrival of large scale ridesourcing services, such as Uber and Lyft. These actors have challenged the definitions of what private and commercial transport is, by utilizing fleets of private cars and app-technology. Ridesourcing services pose several challenges to the existing transport framework. They exist in-between commercial and private activities, are partly outside the control of governments, and partly in direct contradiction with the current regulations. This paper also looks at how ridesourcing and autonomous vehicles may reshape the market for unscheduled passenger transport. This paper combines the use of literature on regulation and the economic properties of the markets for unscheduled passenger transport with scenario analyses to look into how ridesourcing and automated vehicles affect the markets in unscheduled passenger transport. The main findings are that as underlying economic mechanisms that points towards situations that calls for regulation are similar regardless of how the services are offered, the need for regulation will remain. However, as the market properties of the market segments are different, and a shift in the relative importance of the different market segments are likely, the possible and suitable points of regulation will change. Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydney

Governments face increasing pressure to implement effective policy to reduce diffuse water pollution from agriculture (DWPA). Various strategies and combinations of policy mechanisms have been adopted by different countries to change farmer behaviours with varying degrees of success. This paper focuses on the use of advice delivery to farmers as a mechanism to encourage uptake of DWPA mitigation measures on farms in England. Farm advisory services in England have dramatically changed over recent years, with concerns that the sector has become fragmented due to many organisations and businesses offering advice. This paper studies the role of various farm advisors and organisations providing one-to-one advice by interviewing 81 farm advisors in three agriculturally contrasting regions of England: East Anglia, the North West and South West. Objectives were to assess: which DWPA mitigation measures are being recommended by different advisors? How do recommendations differ between sources of advice and is there any conflict? And which mechanisms do advisors use to influence uptake of advice? Results from the interviews indicate that the advice delivered and the mechanisms used to influence uptake of advice vary between organisations and some advisors do indeed have particular roles within the farm advisory sector. Policy makers therefore need to consider not only what mitigation measures should be encouraged, but also which organisations and advisors are best placed to deliver on the ground advice to farmers. There is also scope to incorporate understandings of farm advice provision into catchment management plans to aid effectiveness of future agri-environmental policy.

Rural China faces many challenges, including outmigration, brain drains, and the hollowing out and decline of villages. This paper offers a response by drawing attention to the phenomenon of “community connection” among migrants in urban areas who try to keep their identity and attachment to home communities in the countryside. From the perspective of bridging social capital, we argue that community connection is a potential resource for rural revitalisation. The value and conditions of using community connection are revealed through a survey conducted with over 1200 university students in China, coming from a rural family background. This paper contributes to the literature in the following aspects: First, community connection provides a foundation upon which bridging social capital can be linked with and used for the development of home community, an important condition for successful rural revitalisation. Second, the potential of community connection requests in recognising a sense of community among migrants who are attaching to, and willing to bring external resources into, home communities. Third, a sense of community varies greatly with geographic location and the social group with which migrants belong to. A greater sense of community and place attachment is more likely found amongst those coming from remote villages and rural poor, whose livelihoods are heavily dependent upon traditional agriculture. Furthermore, differences in a sense of community may lead to different approaches or attitudes to ongoing land transfer in the countryside. Policy implications, research limitations and directions of further research are discussed.

Highlights • Provides a conceptualisation of the spatial value of live music. • Spatial value concerns performing, (re)developing and narrating urban spaces. • Examines the relationship between live music and the built environment. • Challenges to achieving spatial value include gentrification and densification. • Discusses how the spatial of value can be supported in urban policies., This paper examines the spatial value of live popular music by adopting an inter-disciplinary approach grounded in urban and music studies. What is understood of the relationship between live music and the built environment is improved, with a focus on how this cultural form contributes to performing, (re)developing and narrating urban spaces. The post-industrial city has become a stage for events that serve a wide range of social, cultural, economic and spatial objectives. However, the densification of the built environment has led to a debate about the extent to which live music’s positive outcomes outweigh the nuisance experienced by residents in terms of noise and the unavailability of public spaces. Furthermore, small venues in many cities are struggling with issues of gentrification, implying that the spatial value of music is part of wider concerns about who owns the city and which forms of culture can be produced and consumed in urban centres. Against this background, the paper asks the following questions concerning the spatial value of live music: how can it be defined? What are the challenges to achieving it? How can it be supported in urban planning? The study is grounded in a qualitative content analysis of 24 live music reports and strategies, as well as 10 in-depth interviews with policymakers, festival organisers and venue owners. Also discussed is how the spatial value of live music can be supported in urban policies by building interdisciplinary networks, establishing strategies, and creating and sustaining places for live music events.

Social innovation has come to be identified as a key aspect of development. Objectives related to personal and socioeconomic development often inspire this type of innovation. Relevant goals can drive societies to fulfil citizens’ needs while promoting overall empowerment and inclusion. This paper analyses the emergence and development of social innovation in rural territories in the opposing socioeconomic settings of Portugal and India. By addressing social innovation in rural territories, the paper contributes to the research and provides empirical evidence from contexts and analytical frameworks that have been neglected by most innovation scholars. The paper acknowledges the context of innovation processes and dynamics - rural territories in western and non-western countries. The consideration of two different, contrasting socioeconomic contexts provides a privileged framework to analyse the dynamics involved in the emergence and development of social innovation, namely the top-down and bottom-up approaches that characterize it. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Metropolitan regions are an increasingly relevant scale for political decision making and determining urban utilities and services functions. Metropolitan institutions functions with autonomous local governments, parastatal organisations and public-private enterprises. Therefore, it is always difficult to network between the decentralised municipal governments and create a hierarchy of planning, development and inter-local collaboration for governmental services delivery. One may expect that output legitimacy or legitimacy by performance is the dominant source for legitimacy in metropolitan governance. This paper examines India's metropolitan governance, its functioning under the decentralisation, the varied implementation of the act by states, its relevant comparison with global cases, and the opportunity of efficient collaboration between decentralised local governments within a metropolitan governance mechanism. The 74th Constitutional amendment act (74th CAA) 1992 provides the necessary legislative backdrop for decentralisation and establishment of the local governments or urban local bodies in India. The amendment act also pave ways for institutionalisation of metropolitan governance by establishing metropolitan/regional development authorities. The purpose of this metropolitan institution is to establish a framework of democratic governance, provide infrastructure services and improve regional prosperity. However, this contribution of the amendment act is not highlighted much in literature. The paper narrates the functioning of the metropolitan institution for the integration among the decentralised local governments and the relevant issues from two empirical evidences. It divulges the mechanisms of establishing metropolitan governance and decentralisation in India. In the process, it showcases the contribution of 74th CAA towards the establishment of the metropolitan governance. It also outlines the potential and challenges present in this dual system.

This paper scrutinizes the impact of urban microfinance on livelihood strategies of borrower slum dwellers of Dhaka, Bangladesh (with primary and secondary data). The primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire on a total of 200 sample slum households of three slums (Korail, Jurain and WASA Colony slum) of Dhaka city (by a systematic random sampling). This paper uses econometric techniques of difference in differences (DID) and the probit model to analyze the data. The key finding is that urban microfinance has a statistically significant positive impact on some income or expenditure variables such as savings, educational expenditure, and transportation expenditure, but not with regards to all the income and expenditure variables. The probability of changing occupations of the microfinance borrowers is statistically significantly higher compared to the case of the non-microfinance borrowers. Microfinance also improved housing, utility usages, water and sanitation of the borrowers compared to the case of the non-borrowers. This paper would encourage the global microfinance institutions (MFIs) to expand their activities among the urban slum dwellers to obtain positive changes in the livelihood strategies of them.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is the national flagship programme of the Government of India that aims to achieve the vision of “Clean India’. The Solid Waste Management (SWM) component of the SBM envisages to become a ‘janandolan ’(people's movement) with participation from a wide range of stakeholders. This assertion emphasizes the importance of community and civic groups in maintaining cleanliness of cities. The ‘Advanced Locality Management’ Programme (ALM) of Mumbai is one of the earlier efforts of citizen-government partnership for SWM in India. Initiated in 1997 it is still operational in Mumbai. This paper traces the evolution of the ALM programme, with particular reference to engagement of civic groups, their changing roles and responsibilities over time. In doing so, the paper argues that for true ‘janandolan’ on urban civic issues, a broader mandate for participation that encompasses wider concerns of citizens is required. Keywords: Solid waste management (SWM), Participation, Partnership, Advanced locality management (ALM), Mumbai

This paper explores the rise of short-term rental (STR) management companies and reveals the transition from a sharing economy activity to the consolidation of a professional industry hinging on what we call ‘corporate hosts’. By relying on interviews with companies operating in Lisbon and Porto, Portugal, we found: first, that a phenomenon of market concentration occurred in which individual hosts have outsourced the management of their properties to corporate hosts; second, that through the use of digital technology and vertical integration, corporate hosts are able to enhance the profitability of large portfolios of STRs; and, third, that corporate hosts imitate practices from the hotel industry, leading to the formation of a hybrid product in which the lines between hotels and STRs have blurred. We argue that corporate hosts constitute a new layer of intermediation that challenges the way we understand the STR industry and the overall functioning of this market., This research received financial support from the Portuguese Science and Technology Research Council (FCT) within the scope of the SMARTOUR project (Ref: PTDC/GES-URB/30551/2017) and grant numbers: UIDB/GEO/00295/2020; UIDP/GEO/00295/2020. We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback. We are grateful to Ynnon Rother for his comments on an early version of the paper and to Gloria Dominguez for her help during fieldwork.

An increasing number of sustainability standards integrate the principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) as a requirement to ensure respect for the rights of Indigenous peoples. FPIC remains a contested norm, due in part to divergences of interpretation and gaps in implementation. Drawing on a typology based on FPIC conceptions, this paper presents a comparative analysis of the Forest Stewardship Council’s (FSC) standard development processes in three countries, Canada, Russia and Sweden. The paper investigates the dynamics of designing FPIC requirements and conceptions of FPIC reflected in national standards. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and analysis of written standards, this study finds similarities in terms of the key debates, such as the scope of Indigenous authority and applicability of FPIC to non-Indigenous communities, however underscored by different stakeholder dynamics and outcomes. Despite the structuring presence of International Generic Indicators, different conceptions of FPIC are reflected in national standards.

Conflicting claims are made about the extent to which Travellers in Britain remain outsiders in urban society (McGarry 2017; Sibley 1981). This paper sheds light on this question by addressing a neglected aspect of Traveller mobility, namely the day-to-day traversing of urban spaces beyond their (typically segregated) trailer sites. Focusing on public transport, it draws on eighteen months of ethnographic research with young people from Traveller backgrounds from a London-based youth group to understand the nature of the encounters they have as they go out and about in the city. The paper is interested in the place of affect in these encounters, and more generally, affect's role in shaping – or failing to shape – young Travellers' behaviour. The paper considers discomfort experienced through the mobility of young Travellers; it argues that young Travellers are encouraged by their elders to discipline and regulate emotional responses in encounters with non-Travellers and that this constitutes evidence of their continuing outsider status.

Despite growing interest in the relationship between human mobility and environmental variability and change in recent years, there is relatively little understanding of the role of human agency within this nexus. This paper helps to address this knowledge gap by illuminating the role of perception, action and decision-making in the everyday. Using an innovative walking methodology, it presents an empirical case study of regularised farmers’ movements in and out of a floodplain during the rainy season in central Mozambique to show how people’s day-to-day routes are continuously reproduced through meaningful encounters and engagements with physical obstacles and other people. The paper demonstrates how a concern with everyday mobility highlights people’s day-to-day capacities to respond to environmental variability and change while also drawing attention to the challenges associated with the gradual accumulation of risk in mobile, rural livelihoods.

This paper brings work on mobility and ‘staying’ together with theoretical ideas of resilience to consider responses to climate change. To date, the majority of work that has explored the impacts of climate change on human populations has taken a migration-centred perspective, with an emphasis on mobility as a key response in crises, including extreme climatic events and civil conflict. However, evidence suggests that people may alternatively – and pro-actively – adopt a different approach involving “staying” as a climate change adaptation strategy. This is important as recent evolutionary approaches to resilience have highlighted how resilience is an on-going process of adaptation which emphasises the temporal, fluid and open-ended aspects of individuals’ experiences and practices in shaping everyday lives. In turn, this means that individuals’ experiences and practices can lead to different strategies of staying (as well as moving) in the face of climate change. Consequently, the paper highlights four key areas where more research is required in order to explore the links between climate change, ‘staying’ and resilience. These include the importance of historical context in disentangling and contextualising the “multicausal” nature of individuals’ mobility decisions; translocal networks in shaping mobility or immobility; the influence of equity, diversity and gendered social expectations on staying; and the importance of governance responses in facilitating resilience, adaptation and subsequent decisions by individuals to stay or move.

This paper aims to analyze the spatial distribution and the field of influence of Nile Valley cities in Egypt during the last sixty years (1947–2006), which witnessed rapid and massive socio-economic changes in the region. The paper starts by a qualitative review of literature about urban systems and methods of spatial analysis. Then, it quantitatively examines the spatial-distribution and the field of influence of Nile Valley cities. In the spatial-distribution analysis, the paper examined the spatial distribution pattern (concentration or dispersion), and the size-distance relationship between cities. In the field of influence analysis, the paper tries to quantitatively delineate the field of influence of each city. Through these steps, the paper deductively came to some important recommendations to overcome the revealed spatial imbalances in of the urban system in the Nile Valley, and to manage the urban future in the region. Keywords: Urban system, Spatial analysis, Rank-size distribution, Egypt, Nile Valley

Nowadays, the prevailing housing development trend is gated communities. This trend has been one of the most widespread pattern of development in the last quarter of the twentieth century across the globe as well as in Egypt. Gated communities are built with a variety of sizes and types that differ from country to another, city to another, and from the gated community itself to another. To date, there are hundreds of gated residential communities that are developed across the Egyptian cities with a quite number of residents who prefer to live in those gated residential communities over the ordinary neighborhood. This study attempts to investigate the reason of residents' preference to gated over the non-gated residential areas of Alexandria city, what they are searching in this new trend?This paper argues that each resident prefers living in gated communities searching for certain values, which could be sense of community, or prestige, or lifestyle, or security. Focusing on the perspective of residents of Alexandria toward gated communities, this paper uses a methodology based on observation and qualitative exploration through a questionnaire. The findings show that the ‘life style’ is main value associated with the preferences of residents to live in such communities in Alexandria. Keywords: Gated communities, Residents of Alexandria city, Residential preferences, Residential neighborhoods

Urban promenades play a vital role in a city's life. They are platforms to create social relations, as well as to promote civil life for community. This is the case in Alexandria, Egypt with its extended waterfront along the Mediterranean Sea coast. Pharos promenade, affords for both active and passive water related activities. The former is achieved through cognitive experience posed by the space, or through communicating with the participants in it, while the latter is related to the observation of what others are doing in public space.The aim of this paper is to clarify the role of landscaping elements in enhancing both passive and active engagement along Pharos Promenade. To achieve this aim, this paper intends to attain the following objectives through investigating; theoretical background of landscape elements, passive and active engagement, the promenade's history and development, its morphological analysis, types of users and activities, and its landscaping features. Finally, the paper concludes a two-dimensional matrix model, correlating design aspects of landscaping elements to Passive and active engagement aspects. It uses this matrix to evaluate the impacts of these elements on how do people experience this promenade. In addition, highlighting the most threatening elements, in the process of analysing the example of Pharos promenade, in Alexandria, Egypt. Keywords: Social interactions, Pharos promenade, Landscape elements, Passive engagement, Active engagement, Alexandria

Geographical research on lithium and other renewable energy materials explores the geopolitical dimensions of resource supply and the 'new geographies' associated with an expanding resource frontier. The material characteristics and environmental conditions of lithium production, however, are largely overlooked in this perspective. In the context of a global speculative boom for lithium linked to its growing role in energy storage, this paper adopts a grounded, exploratory approach to investigate the dynamics of production and resource management at one of the world's most significant sources of lithium: the brine deposits of the Atacama Salt Flat/Salar de Atacama in northern Chile. We show how lithium production from brine has a distinctive 'eco-regulatory' character as it involves managing a series of hydrogeological conditions and physical processes that are largely external to capital. The paper highlights the infrastructures (pumps, pipes, ponds) associated with the harvesting of lithium from brine and examines how production on the salar generates a series of ecological contradictions (notably around water depletion) with potential to disrupt accumulation. We also examine the multiple flexibilities afforded by the eco- regulatory character of production, and show how these enable lithium producers to adapt fixed infrastructures to dynamic political economic conditions. By focusing on both contradictions and flexibilities of lithium production, the paper draws attention to trajectories of capitalisation in the lithium value chain and their environmental consequences; and considers the political-economic incentives shaping further capitalisation. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this exploratory case study for critical resource geography.

This paper contributes to understanding rural-to-urban intra-national citizenship practices under China's integrated urban-rural development scheme since the 2010s. It builds on theories of citizenship to understand the boundary-making process of the Chinese hukou system and the emergence of dual-hukou families (having both rural and urban hukou) as a form of multiple territorial citizenship. Dual-hukou families represent a significant divergence from traditional rural-to-urban trajectories. Using a national survey on migrant conditions (CMDS), multilevel logistic regressions are applied to investigate individual/family-level and city-level factors on dual-hukou practices. Results reveal that dual-hukou families are less likely to want to give up their rural-hukou than double-rural counterparts, despite reflecting a more stable urban settlement. They also exhibit better education and housing conditions indicating instrumental advantages in access to competitive resources. In hukou conversion intentions, rural asset ownership is revealed as a clear motivating factor in maintaining dual-hukou status. Additionally, dual-hukou households in more economically precarious and less desirable host cities are more likely to want to retain their rural-hukou. The findings support the notion that dual-hukou citizenship represents an instrumental strategy among migrant families in extending entitlements beyond location of residence and as an insurance against future uncertainties regarding rural-urban development in China. The paper further reflects on potential new inequalities in the emergence of a more privileged class of dual-status households.

This paper investigates the relationship between rural space and Brexit. It uses the 2016 UK Referendum outcome and the ongoing processes of Brexit as an optic though which to explore the changing configurations of rural communities and the ways in which they both reinforce and problematise the politics and geographies of Brexit. Taking as its starting point the ‘take our country back’ nationalism of the 2016 Referendum the paper considers how the anti-migrant, defensive Brexit positions folded into dominant rural imaginaries. Arguing that these imaginaries have always been fractured, the paper shows how this has intensified through the ruralisation of migration in the 2000s. In this context Brexit can be understood as rupture more than a confirmation of nationalist or exclusionary rural imaginaries and the complex intra-rural Leave/Remain geography is indicative of this. Drawing on a small set of in-depth interviews with expert ‘policy actors’ from rural community and migrant organisations in rural regions in of Wales, England, and Scotland the paper reflects on the rural-Brexit relationship by exploring rural diversity, perceptions of the impacts of Brexit on rural places and rural-migrant dependencies that are social as well as economic. It identifies the interconnected precarity of rural communities' well-being as the decisions of (and constraints on) rural migrants in the post Brexit, re-bordered UK disrupt and affect rural livability. In doing so, it emphasises the ambivalence in the everyday ‘rural Brexit’ and calls for closer attention to the ways in which rural communities are constitutive of and respond to political turbulence.

7 pages, 1 figure, 6 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113794, In 2019 a multiannual plan for Mediterranean demersal fisheries came into force with the objective to reduce the overexploitation of fisheries in the region by implementing effort control regimes. These measures, however, have the potential to adversely impact the local employment and profitability of the fisheries. In this paper, we examine scenarios on the short term and long term levels of economic yield of the sector using the two main drivers of fuel price and employment. Three main scenarios are defined as i) maintaining the average status quo, ii) effort control regimes implemented in the 2019 multiannual plan, and iii) flexible effort control regimes. For each of the aforementioned scenarios, three main fleets and five main conditions are considered, and the results will be compared and contrasted. The results in this paper show that the future rise in fuel price, which is anticipated due to global efforts to reduce emissions, along with the current effort reduction strategies could significantly threaten the sustainable profitability of the sector, and policy measures that could balance this issue should be implemented. Policy interventions and investments should be directed at technological advancements such as modernisation and increasing efficiency of fleet to reduce fuel use, utilisation of highly efficient gear technologies, shortened trips to fishing grounds, and increase in value creation in other parts of the fisheries supply chain to mitigate the serious challenges in terms of local employment and profitability facing the Mediterranean fisheries, The EU provided funding for this research through project “Paradigm for Novel Dynamic Oceanic Resource Assessments” (Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 773713, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Little is known on how people’s way of thinking and doing around welfare provision – what we call the welfare habitus – plays a role in migration and how such cultural references change over the migration process. Through an empirical case study on Brazilian migration to Southern Europe, this article explores the dynamism of the welfare habitus focusing on three elements. First, the welfare-related resource environment in the countries of origin and destination. Second, the role of the welfare habitus in shaping migration aspirations. Third, the transformative learning process taking place during the life course and the migration experience. The article draws on a literature review, the analysis of secondary quantitative data and 24 in-depth semi-structured qualitative interviews collected in 2016 in Lisbon and Barcelona among men and women born in Brazil selected at different stages of the life course –young people without children, parents of school-aged children and people aged 55 or more. Drawing on practice theory the paper looks at the interaction between external structures, habitus and everyday actions around welfare provision in contexts of migration. Doing so, the paper contributes to a better understanding of the effect of welfare provisions in the country of origin on migration focusing on the temporal perspective.

The spread of community initiatives in energy production raises many questions and calls for new interpretations on the development of these processes. Among community energy initiatives, community energy enterprises represent specific typologies of organisations based on full community ownership and investment and collaboration schemes with local stakeholders. Through the investigation on two Italian case studies the paper investigates how and why project managers, communities and other local stakeholders operated during different stages of the engagement process. The main objective is to highlight which process features have been crucial for the development of the enterprises and how these have determined the local value added as perceived by the community of investors. The paper concludes with the identification of specific features on how to manage the community engagement process in these initiatives, framing possible competences and strategies to be experimented in the arising community energy sector.

Much contemporary research on precarious mobility starts from the perspective that people moving across borders will seek out opportunities for legal protection, if these are available to them. However, this is not always the case, as some migrants who would qualify for asylum or refugee status choose not to seek legal recognition of their status. This paper is an ethnographic exploration of people who refuse to seek asylum. I examine how such refusals are narrated and made sense of from the vantage point of Juba, South Sudan. Taking seriously these refusals as agentive decisions, the paper explores how men who have the informational and material resources to chart paths that bypass juridical protection narrate refusal through their own grammars of masculinity. Thinking with refusal is generative in two important ways. First, refusal refocuses attention away from the specificities of particular power geometries and towards the underlying juridical orders and assumptions on which these geometries rely. Second, refusal offers a window into the social constellation and relations in which such migrants actively invest. Building on work that explores the intersection between masculinity and mobility, I show how gendered ideologies shape not just the decision to embark on a new migration project, but also inform how migrants evaluate the legal status-destination dyad as they plot their futures.

In this paper, we argue for a multiscalar focus on the governance of energy policy and practice. This perspective reveals the translation of agendas and policies across scales stretching from the global to the local. We analyse South Africa’s energy landscape, which is influenced by: a highly complex and dynamic set of generation and production networks, policy strategies, multiple state and non-state actors, and the continuing impact of apartheid. In the paper, we establish a dialogue between Actor-Network Theory and studies of socio-technical transitions to analyse the translation and purification of discourses and practices across scales, and to consider how these processes may impact on spatialised processes of energy transition.

This paper explores the different pathways of technology diffusion and the resulting impacts on technology adoption that can emerge following a strategy to incorporate vulnerable communities of small-scale producers into traditionally top-down governance agribusiness systems. Building on the Contract Farming Arrangements (CFA) literature, we suggest that despite high levels of top-down control and the mono systems of diffusion that these practices imply, diffusion forms can vary considerably according to the motivations that drive different types of producers and the variances in local governance. We summarise these diffusion forms as a diffusion pathway of governance dictated by dominant change agent control and a diffusion pathway of governance dictated by change agent control and user participation. An important contribution of the paper is to highlight the critical role of formal rules in defining the types of governance for the creation of these different pathways. However, additional factors associated with the participation of smallholders such as attachment to land, engagement in collective action and long-term sustainability visions also introduce variations in these pathways and define the results of technology adoption. The study focuses on the Colombian oil palm sector; a key agribusiness sector targeted by policy makers with a strategy to integrate small-scale farmers into the agribusiness value chain as a means to relieve poverty and reduce levels of rural violence associated with conflicts over land and production of elicit crops.

This paper explores how past notions of idyllic rural dwelling were mobilised and enacted during the implementation of the UK Land Settlement Association (LSA) scheme established in 1934. The LSA was a UK Government programme set up to resettle unemployed workers from depressed industrial urban areas to the countryside. Between 1934 and 1939, 1100 smallholdings were established within 20 settlements across the country. These smallholdings were run as cooperatives, but many failed when relocated families complained of long hours, low pay and isolation. Recruitment to the scheme ceased at the outbreak of World War II, with the settlements being fully dissolved and privatised in 1983. By drawing on a unique archive housed in the Museum of English Rural Life (MERL), analysis centres on how the LSA represented and promoted rural living to settlers and the wider public. The paper illuminates three overlapping but distinct elements to this project: the production of physical space as a setting that has been designed to bring about particular forms of behaviour and community cohesion; notions of labour, independence of spirit and reconnecting with the land; and building the physiques of men through hard work, fresh air and good food, thus improving the national stock. The findings demonstrate the power of the rural idyll in producing particular forms of sociality, belonging and masculinity, with many of the ideas that undergirded the LSA continuing to resonate today.

To better face the challenges of rapid urbanisation, it is recommended urban heritage management is carried out through community participation. In the Chinese context of state centralisation, however, inclusive participatory governance for urban heritage has remained limited, and effective ways of engaging residents in decision-making have yet to be explored adequately. This paper aims to explore community participation within Chinese urban heritage management, taking the Old Town of Lijiang as a case study. During fieldwork, in-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with both native and migrant residents as well as administrators. Based on a community participation assessment framework, the interview guide was developed and then built on four aspects: community participation in decision-making; the competence of participants; the right to social justice and confidence of participants; and community empowerment and equity. This paper reveals the current state of participatory practices in the Old Town of Lijiang and, specifically, discusses the roles of residents, elites and community-based organisations in decision-making concerning urban heritage management, in the contexts of state-centralisation. Chinese urban heritage management needs to raise public awareness and willingness as well as give residents more responsibilities and power to face the challenges of rapid urbanisation, but currently, the degree of participation is still minimal, only between informing and consulting.

The paper evolves on the discourse of digital three-dimensional (3-D) modeling methods in the fields of landscape architecture and landscape planning. Digital design and planning methods used at present rely on mapping and modeling techniques that fall short of engaging the physical form of the landscape. However, form-specific knowledge is essential to understand how transformations can improve landscape functions, for example, in terms of providing ecosystem services and influencing climate in response to increasing heat in cities. The technical development of laser-scanning technology for landscape survey introduced new approaches over the last decade in working with geospatial data. Laser-scanning, or LiDAR, is now used to create digital 3-D representations of the landscape at high definition in the form of point clouds models. Beyond their function of representation, point cloud models can be manipulated to represent future landscape scenarios. Changes can be developed by editing the point cloud models and using the characteristics of form and scale of the physical site, resulting in an informed workflow of landscape transformation. In this paper, we address an existing gap in working concurrently with the analytical and spatio-visual properties of the landscape and propose a method that integrates landscape planning and design approaches by using point cloud models as a shared medium. We (i) propose a modeling method that employs laser-scanned data as a medium to represent landscape transformation and to enable a new level of inquiry for shaping future scenarios; (ii) exemplify with a case scenario in Singapore how point cloud models can be used to exchange analytical and spatial information for assessing thermal comfort; (iii) discuss the role that point cloud models can play in establishing a bridge between methods of landscape design and of landscape planning to develop the quality of urban landscapes. © 2020 ISSN:0169-2046 ISSN:1872-6062

Rwanda, despite being a predominantly rural country, has remarkably performed in the post-conflict (late 1990s) period on the socio-economic fronts. Contemporary challenges in Rwanda's capital city, Kigali, are widespread informality, both in the economy and urban built environment. Informality significantly hinders human health and wellbeing attainment. This paper assesses the development trajectory of Kigali with reference to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using mixed research methods, including field visit. In doing so, the study dwells on three theories; postcolonial urbanism, post-conflict state building and neoliberalism. The paper diagnoses informality, polarized health sector and governance, as critical limitations to the attainment of sustainable development in Kigali. It argues that urban development in post-conflict Kigali is deeply rooted in capitalist and neoliberal ideology, where the state functions as the architect and facilitator of wealth accumulation for the few elites. Based on the analyses of the current development patterns, inclusive governance is identified as a key intervention to achieve sustainable development in Kigali.

With a global transition to electric vehicles (EVs) slowly gaining traction, it is expedient to move the debate to issues connected to geography, space, and place. One of these emerging issues is the uptake of EVs in rural areas. This paper provides a spatial state of affairs in the Nordic region and it explores how EVs are perceived and argued to fit within rural-suburban-urban categories by users and potential adopters. To do so, it draws on a mix of original and secondary data: (1) a randomized survey among 4322 respondents, (2) 227 expert interviews, (3) eight focus groups conducted across Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway, and (4) geographically mapped municipal level vehicle registrations across Norway and Sweden. This data shows that while the uptake primarily takes place in (sub)urban regions, EVs are used in rural environments, partly for self-sufficiency reasons. After acknowledging that individual choices and circumstances dictate final purchase decisions, the paper concludes that planners and researchers should be aware off and, if possible, prevent that a skewed urbanized popularity keeps people elsewhere from looking at EVs as a viable option.

International audience; This paper studies the diverse actions, interventions and strategies initiated to address rising energy vulnerability among low-income households in the Barcelona region over the last decade. Drawing upon recent conceptual work around the politics of energy and in-depth fieldwork conducted over more than two years, we trace the different processes and sites through which the basic socio-material conditions of domestic access to energy have become politicised. We show how this involves a two-stage movement of deconfinement and reconfinement. In a context marked by austerity, an energy inefficient urban fabric and a centralised and oligopolistic energy system, energy vulnerability emerged from the domestic and private sphere to become framed as a public problem through parliamentary debate, social protest and local authority initiatives. Yet, energy access and vulnerability have also to some extent been recontained in the space of the household through the focus of recent local policy intervention on 'low cost' measurement, audit and equipment of domestic energy use. We argue that in reprivatizing what had become a public issue and thus redistributing responsibility for change to the household level, authorities and practitioners continue to ignore the systemic factors behind energy vulnerability situations and reproduce a status quo that benefits only energy utilities. The contribution of the paper is thus to show a politics of energy access that is increasingly constituted through entangled, fluid, blurred forms of relations between domestic and collective issues. This politics allows, for example, the need for systemic change to be framed as ostensibly a concern of households and to be met through fragmented, low-cost, metrological measures at that level.

he paper focuses on approaches to the registration of real property rights in the case of underground or subwaytunnels in different EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia, andSweden. The authors conducted analysis on the registration of rights to subway tunnels in the chosen countries,including its effectiveness in ensuring appropriate property rights to construct and exploit tunnels. Special at-tention was given to limitations related to the lack of legal provisions vertically dividing space, i.e. into layers,and referring to the ownership right to the layers. Benefits which might be achieved by the introduction of a 3Dreal property subdivision were pointed out. The analysis of the available data concerning the geometry ofsubway tunnels in particular countries was presented. The authors tried to answer the question whether theaccessible data concerning the geometry of subway tunnels allows to generate a 3D geospatial model of aconstructed object, and to specify the space which should be determined as a 3D parcel in the 3D real propertycadastre, for the purpose of registering property rights for the object (the tunne The paper focuses on approaches to the registration of real property rights in the case of underground or subway tunnels in different EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia, and Sweden. The authors conducted analysis on the registration of rights to subway tunnels in the chosen countries, including its effectiveness in ensuring appropriate property rights to construct and exploit tunnels. Special attention was given to limitations related to the lack of legal provisions vertically dividing space, i.e. into layers, and referring to the ownership right to the layers. Benefits which might be achieved by the introduction of a 3D real property subdivision were pointed out. The analysis of the available data concerning the geometry of subway tunnels in particular countries was presented. The authors tried to answer the question whether the accessible data concerning the geometry of subway tunnels allows to generate a 3D geospatial model of a constructed object, and to specify the space which should be determined as a 3D parcel in the 3D real property cadastre, for the purpose of registering property rights for the object (the tunnel).

Ecosystem services research in Latin America has been steadily growing and has advanced conceptual understandings, methodological approaches, and global policy applications. One key element for the success of ecosystem services research is expanding collaboration across disciplines, countries, and sectors. This paper sets thestage for the special issue on The state of the art of Ecosystem Services Research and Practice in Latin Americathat resulted from such collaborations and the resulting insights. To do so we: 1 - present a recent overview ofecosystem services research in Latin America, 2 - assess the role of the network organizing InternationalCongresses on Ecosystem Services in the Neotropics (CISEN, from its initials in Spanish) in fostering collaborations across countries, sectors, research topics, and disciplines, 3 - describe how this special issue wasconceived and operationalized to further break collaboration silos and advance understanding, and 4 - presentan overview of the papers included in this special issue. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities forfuture contribution of Latin American research to the rapidly evolving Ecosystem Services literature. Fil: Balvanera, Patricia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Pérez Harguindeguy, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Perevochtchikova, María. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Laterra, Pedro. Fundación Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caceres, Daniel Mario. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

The explorative paper investigates the drivers for the emerging trend of manufacturing reshoring from low- to high-cost locations. To date research on the reshoring phenomenon has been dominated by micro-level analyses of firms in supply chain management and reported in international business literature. The paper introduces reshoring as a research topic to the economic geography research field, arguing that it connects with the broader topic of regional development. To provide a better understanding of the reshoring phenomenon and to test the applicability of the global production network (GPN) framework in the analysis of the phenomenon, the authors analyse the reshoring of nine of Norwegian manufacturing firms. With the multiscalar lens provided by the GPN framework, the authors find that the implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies is a driver for manufacturing reshoring, but only when matched with key regional assets such as automation knowledge and competence, key human capital, and region-specific manufacturing competence. Additionally, reshoring decisions are influenced by extra-regional factors such as changes in the global economy and market fluctuations. Furthermore, the paper provides a refined conceptualization of strategic coupling processes by including acts of disinvestments and reinvestments performed by actors within global production networks. Accordingly, the authors advocate a more nuanced understanding, defined as partial coupling processes, in contrast to the predominant understanding of coupling processes as ruptures. This refined conceptualization provides enhanced analytical purchase when studying the reshoring phenomenon, as it illuminates the complexity of firms’ production and sourcing strategies and the resulting implications for the economic landscape. 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0/).

In its 25 years of existence, the Journal of Transport Geography (JTRG) has emerged as the key outlet for cutting-edge transport geography research. However, in practice the journal is part of a much broader publication landscape of research on the geographical dimensions of transport, travel and mobility. In this paper, we therefore analyse the position of JTRG in the different research agendas at the intersection of the geographical and transport sciences. To this end, we present a bibliometric analysis of relevant research covered in the (Social) Science(s) Citation Index ((S)SCI) bibliographic databases. Our analyses include breakdowns of the major journals; key contributing regions and institutions; and variations in topics as revealed by keyword analysis. Throughout the paper, the main focus is on comparing (evolutions in) the research covered in JTRG with (evolutions in) the research at the intersection of the geographical and transport sciences published in other journals. Results are used to reflect on the position of the journal in the field as well as on relative blind spots in terms of authorship and the nature of the research covered, and can thus inform deliberations about possible directions for the journal.

Tax incentives for hybrid and electric cars are one of the possible policy instruments to reduce the CO2 emissions of cars. This paper looks at the impacts of this policy in the context of The Netherlands, where up to 2016 substantial tax incentives were provided to fuel efficient lease cars, especially for hybrid and electric lease cars. For this analysis this paper uses a new model of vehicle type choice. Existing models for the choice among car type alternatives either exclude electric and hybrid cars or are based on stated preference data. In both cases, the models usually focus on privately-owned cars. The car type choice model for lease cars, that is used in this paper, includes electric and hybrid alternatives and is estimated on revealed preference data from lease car users in The Netherlands. Simulations with this model show that the tax incentives provided over the period 2011–2016 have led to a reduction in CO2 emissions of lease cars, but also to an increase in the share of diesel cars and local air pollution.

This paper analyses the effectiveness of land-use zoning for heritage protection in the Bagan Archaeological Zone, Myanmar. Bagan is one of the most significant archaeological sites in the world for Buddhist built heritage, and was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019. Beginning in the 9th or 10th centuries some 2500 religious monuments were built within the 60 square kilometre area of Bagan, a centre of kingship, Buddhist learning, and monasticism. Following a devastating earthquake in 1975 Burmese and international attention began to be paid to the reconstruction and conservation of the monuments at Bagan, but with mixed success. In this paper, publicly available satellite data is analysed to evaluate one of the important, but hitherto un-evaluated, elements of the local conservation regime – land-use zoning to restrict urban development. By measuring the expansion of urban areas within the Bagan Archaeological Zone from 1987 to 2018, in comparison with control settlements beyond the archaeological area, we conclude that a restrictive zoning regime has controlled urban sprawl, and aided the conservation of the setting of Buddhist monuments.

The grand challenges of climate change demand a new paradigm of urban design that takes the performance of urban systems into account, such as energy and water efficiency. Traditional urban design methods focus on the form-making process and lack performance dimensions. Geodesign is an emerging approach that emphasizes the links between systems thinking, digital technology, and geographic context. This paper presents the research results of the first phase of a larger research collaboration and proposes an extended geodesign method for a district-scale urban design to integrate systems of renewable energy production, energy consumption, and storm water management, as well as a measurement of human experiences in cities. The method incorporates geographic information system (GIS), parametric modeling techniques, and multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) tools that enable collaborative design decision-making. The method is tested and refined in a test case with the objective of designing a near-zero-energy urban district. Our final method has three characteristics. ① Integrated geodesign and parametric design: It uses a parametric design approach to generate focal-scale district prototypes by means of a custom procedural algorithm, and applies geodesign to evaluate the performances of design proposals. ② A focus on design flow: It elaborates how to define problems, what information is selected, and what criteria are used in making design decisions. ③ Multi-objective optimization: The test case produces indicators from performance modeling and derives principles through a multi-objective computational experiment to inform how the design can be improved. This paper concludes with issues and next steps in modeling urban design and infrastructure systems based on MDO tools. Keywords: Geodesign, Urban design, Urban infrastructure, Energy performance, Iterative process, Multi-objective optimization

This paper presents a set of norm-creative innovation tactics developed in collaborative design research projects with the objective of creating more inclusive solutions. Unawareness of social norms are exemplified through some of the flaws design has contributed to. The norm-creative approach explored in this paper involves a first step of being norm-critical, i.e. challenging social norms that contributes to inequalities and social exclusion, and a second step of being norm-creative, i.e. developing design solutions that counteract such norms through design thinking of what might be. The tactics were developed by extracting and articulating knowledge and experiences from various strands of design methodologies, successively tweaked with norm-creative perspectives and then probed in a series of collaborative design projects. The resulting tactics serve three key roles: Firstly, they contribute in iterative explorations of several stances and action possibilities. Secondly, they promote change of awareness through increasing understanding of diverse user experiences and social exclusion, and thirdly, they contribute both in thinking new about what is and what might be, thereby affording innovative prospects. Tactics for norm-creative innovation can for these reasons be one way of raising awareness and contributing to social sustainability through design. Keywords: Norm-creative innovation tactics, Design methods, Social sustainability

Humans have lived on the Australian continent for around 50,000 years. During that time, the indigenous people developed complex cultural, economic and social systems. These systems were sustained and expressed through the myths and songlines which comprise the indigenous people's Dreaming. It was through the Dreaming that the natural, symbolic and material worlds converge, enabling humans to orient themselves spiritually, cosmologically and geographically. This cultural and natural contingency was shattered by the British invasion and settlement of Australia from 1788. In one particular region of the country, the Burrup Peninsula, this violation has been perpetuated through the destructive practices of mining. The Burrup Peninsula is located in the remote Western Australia Pilbara region on the Dampier Archipelago. This area hosts one of the world's most extensive and significant indigenous Palaeolithic art galleries—petroglyphs that may be as old as 30,000 years Before Present. The Pilbara also contains one of the world's most extensive and richest iron ore deposits, as well as a vast array of other minerals and fuels. This paper examines the ways in which the cultural and natural heritage of the Burrup has been excoriated by the mining industries. The paper examines recent attempts to protect the heritage of the area from further destruction. It focuses on the World Heritage nomination of the Burrup, indigenous activism and the complex politics of conservation in the area.

This paper examines the implementation of carbon governance initiatives targeting urban buildings and energy infrastructure and uses a material politics approach to evaluate whether these practices are triggering trajectories towards decarbonization. Urban low carbon transitions suggest a substantial re-ordering of urban infrastructure. However, there is a critical need to engage with the material implications of low carbon practices since research so far has painted a picture of incremental ambitions struggling in implementation. This paper interrogates how carbon governance is implemented through urban buildings and energy systems, and the implications for urban decarbonization, by drawing on three urban case studies: Stockholm, London and San Francisco. The analysis draws on interviews with representatives from government, industry, utilities, building owners, and non-governmental organizations who are striving to achieve decarbonization in their cities. Patterns are emerging in what is being made to matter politically through the translation of carbon governance into building-energy infrastructure. In particular, the paper finds that (1) a short-term decision making timeline encourages action that incrementally reduces greenhouse gas emissions without fundamentally overcoming carbon lock-in, (2) actors are harnessing exceptional urban space to overcome the tyranny of cost-effectiveness in maintaining fossil fuel entrenchment (with concerning implications for justice and uneven development), (3) there is a pattern of individualization of responsibility for decarbonization, and (4) material politics are limiting the application of low carbon retrofits for the existing built form. Overall, this paper examines the implementation of urban carbon governance while encompassing the messy, materially embedded, and contested nature of infrastructure transformations.

This paper studies the labour force in Beijing in relation to that in London. Through this comparative approach, the paper breaks the current isolation of Chinese studies, crosses the categorical divides in comparative research, and addresses local-global dialects in global cities. A very similar description of the labour force between these two cities is revealed. The labour forces in both cities had a young age profile with that in Beijing being only slightly younger, both shared a male-dominated characteristic with a stronger dominance in Beijing, and comprised primarily highly educated individuals who were slightly less represented in Beijing. Such a dominance of young, male and highly educated individuals in both cities is due to the two cities’ similar attraction to these people as both now being a global city. The different extents of dominance in Beijing, however, are influenced by its various institutional practices. Yet with an aging population and a fast-developing urbanisation in China, these practices are very likely to be altered in the near future. It is therefore foreseeable that the labour force in Beijing will become yet more similar to that of London very soon. Based on these findings, it is untenable to claim Chinese cities as being greatly different. To largely exclude such cities from the comparative research is also no longer justifiable.

Smart cities are known for their top-down focus on technology. This paper argues that emergent aspects of food policy in the UK can be understood as a social movement, which sustains development by way of bottom-up, horizontal networks of urban groups, and business associations. It suggests that as platforms of food provision, such on-line food networks offer a counter-point to top-down smart city development predicated on high-tech infrastructure. Such complex arrangements demonstrate how the city needs to be understood as a networked field of action, not simply an administratively bounded construction. Within the field of action movements emerge, whose activism is successful in influencing policymaking, and in shaping the municipal strategies assembled to build the regional structure of food provision. The caveat this paper highlights is that, although successful in influencing policy and municipal strategies, the activism of these movements has not been as effective as might have been anticipated from such a democratic impulse. This lack reflects the limited power of cities in the UK over the structure of food provision, but also the troubled extension of public participation into a territory marked by corporate and agricultural policy. The paper bases its claims about the nature of urban food policies in cities on a case study of networks in Bristol, including interviews with key activists, analysis social media networks and documents. The evidence supports claims that urban food developments represent a form of social movement, whose activism is democratic in its attempts to be both sustainable and inclusive.

This paper develops a conceptual link between smart city planning and urban food systems research in terms of governance and innovation. The ‘smart city’ concept is linked to an urban research agenda which seeks to embed advances in technology and data collection into the infrastructures of urban environments. Through this neoliberal framework, market-led and technological solutions to city governance and development are prioritised. The urban food movement has a different trajectory compared to the smart city agenda, comprising a diverse mix of urban food production practices, including community and grassroots-based social innovations, and associated more recently with food security discourses. Recognising these ideological and epistemological differences (between the smart city and the urban food movement) is important for conceptualisations of ‘smart food city’ governance. Based on theoretical reflections, review material and findings from a European project on city-region food systems, the paper argues that smart technology can be an important part of the solution to city food challenges but in combination with social innovations to enable flexible modes of governance that are inclusive, technologically and socially-orientated and linked to specific city-region contexts. Key elements include city regionalism, new organisational structures and connectivities, a circular model of metabolism and social practices.

In the context of an ongoing crisis of the global food system, research has\ud recently emphasized the transformative potential of emerging urban food\ud policies, particularly in relation to new strategies and mechanisms utilized at the\ud implementation stage. This paper aims to expand this debate through a focus on\ud the cultural dimension of urban food governance --- that is, the values and\ud meanings that inform municipal food policies. Based on the analysis of 19\ud documents produced by 17 cities in Canada, the UK and the USA and by\ud formalized city networks, the paper identifies four core values that inform the\ud narratives of urban food policies: a systemic approach to food, which is viewed\ud as a multifunctional public good; an emphasis on civil society participation in the\ud governance of the food system; a flexible and inclusive approach to relocalization;\ud and a new focus on the trans-local scale. As the paper concludes,\ud these values are creating an important platform to build the social and cultural\ud capacities needed to meet a wide range of contemporary joined-up sustainability\ud challenges – in the food system and beyond.

An emerging literature recognizes cities as the optimal scale for food policy innovation, pointing to their pervasive emphasis on the adoption of a systemic approach to address the complex socio-ecological issues that have disrupted the internal metabolism of the food system. To date, however, no empirical effort has been made to identify the meanings and goals attributed to such an approach by municipal actors who are concretely involved with its implementation. To begin to fill this gap, this paper analyzes data (collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and a focus group) from 33 cities across the globe as part of a project that aimed to understand how a systemic approach to food is interpreted and applied in different urban contexts and, more broadly, whether there is a gap between food systems theory and practice. The analysis highlights a widespread emphasis on food policy integration and on the creation of an inclusive governance context but it also uncovers low levels of engagement by city governments with key food system actors operating at higher governance scales. As the paper concludes, there are substantial knowledge gaps that raise the need for a new research and policy agenda focused on the dialectical relationships between ordinary food practices and infrastructural transformations to enhance understanding of the role of food in place-making processes and to meet the challenge of systemic food change.

Goals concerning reduced car traffic are found in most European cities, indicating a potential change in local transport policy and land use planning, which have traditionally been very car-centric. This paper analyses goals and measures to reduce car traffic in Swedish municipalities’ long-term transport and land use plans. Theoretically, the paper is based on an understanding of policies as parts of ‘problem representations’ that create particular ways of understanding car traffic as a policy problem, which in turn influence the measures seen as appropriate or inappropriate. The results indicate that changes are underway. At the heart of these changes are narratives about city development in which municipalities understand the ‘attractive city’ as one where cars are defined as a problem to be addressed. However, the dominant policy problematisation produce several ‘blind spots’. Regional car trips, including travel to out-of-town shopping areas, are left unproblematised in this representation of the problem, meaning that measures addressing such trips are ignored in policy making. The paper builds our understanding of how policy practices influence the potential for change towards sustainability by discussing whether municipalities are doing enough to address the big problems with cars.

The spaces of/for (human and non-human) life are inescapably infused and bound up with the digital. The concept of ‘data colonialism’ has emerged against this general backdrop, connecting fruitfully with research on ‘digital geographies’ and a broader ‘critical data studies’ literature. ‘Curation’ is frequently invoked in these contributions, although the experiences taking shape when digital subjects curate digital geographies in an era of data colonialism have not been given sufficient attention. In response, this paper uses an autoethnography of everyday digital practices to probe the possibilities and constraints in play when digital subjects curate digital geographies. The analysis reviews how ‘iterative interplays’ and ‘constellations of contingencies’ are given vitality when digital geographies of ‘flow’ and ‘territory’ are pursued. The paper concludes with observations and provocations for future research on what we might refer to as ‘data curation.’

Highlights • This paper develops the «liability of rurality» as a new concept. • I integrate the liability of rurality with the liabilities of newness and smallness. • Propositions are developed that may help guide new research on spatial/rural entrepreneurship. • Liability of rurality is a relevant concept for policymakers, seeking to justify policies for rural development. This paper integrates imprinting theory and insights from rural/spatial entrepreneurship research to develop the concept “liability of rurality”. In the paper I argue why increasing rurality of geographical space should be considered a penalty for entrepreneurs. Further, I propose how rurality – as a liability - may influence the emergence, survival and growth prospects of new ventures. This includes a theoretical integration between the liability of rurality and the universal liabilities of newness and smallness. The paper ends with a research agenda discussing how the liability of rurality can add to and rejuvenate spatial and rural entrepreneurship research. Unit Licence Agreement

Extant literature echoes that ports with a high transhipment share (T/S), and thus a high dependency on sea-sea transhipment or T/S flows, are vulnerable. It is less clear whether the vulnerability of T/S oriented container ports leads to more throughput volatility compared to gateway ports (i.e. inland-bound cargo) or ports with a mixed cargo base (i.e. T/S and gateway flows). In this perspective, throughput volatility, which denotes the variability or the dispersion of the cargo throughput in a port throughout a given period, is of great concern to port actors. This paper examines the relationship between throughput volatility in North European and Mediterranean container ports and the sea-sea transhipment incidence/dependency of these ports. First, we group a large sample of North European and Mediterranean ports in transhipment dependency classes ranging from transhipment ports over mixed ports to gateway ports. Second, we calculate the container throughput volatility between 1990 and 2016 based on two volatility measures. Third, we analyse the relationship between these volatility measures and transhipment incidence. Finally, we compare the results per port group (in terms of transhipment incidence level). The statistical test results show that throughput volatility is much higher for transhipment hubs then for other container ports. This paper also points to some regional market-related elements that explain the observed differences in throughput volatility between port groups. This study can help port planners, managing bodies of ports and terminal operators in their decision-making in the field of container port development and commercial strategies.