794 results
Search Results
2. Research paper. Smoking status, nicotine dependence and happiness in nine countries of the former Soviet Union.
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Stickley, Andrew, Koyanagi, Ai, Roberts, Bayard, Leinsalu, Mall, Goryakin, Yevgeniy, and McKee, Martin
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PSYCHOLOGY of drug addiction , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *FACTOR analysis , *HAPPINESS , *NICOTINE , *POPULATION research , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SCALE analysis (Psychology) , *SMOKING , *CROSS-sectional method , *CASE-control method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background The US Food and Drug Administration has established a policy of substantially discounting the health benefits of reduced smoking in its evaluation of proposed regulations because of the cost to smokers of the supposed lost pleasure they suffer by no longer smoking. This study used data from nine countries of the former Soviet Union (fSU) to explore this association in a setting characterised by high rates of (male) smoking and smoking-related mortality. Methods Data came from a cross-sectional populationbased study undertaken in 2010/2011 in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. Information was collected from 18 000 respondents aged ≥18 on smoking status (never, ex-smoking and current smoking), cessation attempts and nicotine dependence. The association between these variables and self-reported happiness was examined using ordered probit regression analysis. Results In a pooled country analysis, never smokers and ex-smokers were both significantly happier than current smokers. Smokers with higher levels of nicotine dependence were significantly less happy than those with a low level of dependence. Conclusions This study contradicts the idea that smoking is associated with greater happiness. Moreover, of relevance for policy in the fSU countries, given the lack of public knowledge about the detrimental effects of smoking on health but widespread desire to quit reported in recent research, the finding that smoking is associated with lower levels of happiness should be incorporated in future public health efforts to help encourage smokers to quit by highlighting that smoking cessation may result in better physical and emotional health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Research paper. eWhat is the role of tobacco control advertising intensity and duration in reducing adolescent smoking prevalence? Findings from 16 years of tobacco control mass media advertising in Australia.
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White, Victoria M., Durkin, Sarah J., Coomber, Kerri, and Wakefield, Melanie A.
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ADVERTISING , *SMOKING prevention , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *RESEARCH funding , *SURVEYS , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio , *ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Objective To examine how the intensity and duration of tobacco control advertising relate to adolescent smoking prevalence. Methods Australian students (aged 12-17 years) participating in a national survey conducted triennially between 1993 and 2008 (sample size range 12 314-16 611). The outcome measure was students' smoking in the previous 4 weeks collected through anonymous, self-completed surveys. For each student, monthly targeted rating points (TRPs, a measure of television advertising exposure) for tobacco control advertising was calculated for the 3 and 12 months prior to surveying. For each time period, cumulative TRPs exposure and exposure to three intensity levels (≥100 TRPs/month; ≥400 TRPs/month; ≥800 TRPs/month) over increasing durations (eg, 1 month, 2 months, etc) were calculated. Logistic regression examined associations between TRPs and adolescent smoking after controlling for demographic and policy variables. Results Past 3-month cumulative TRPs were found to have an inverse relationship with smoking prevalence. Low TRPs exposure in the past 12 months was positively associated with adolescent smoking prevalence. However, smoking prevalence reduced with cumulative exposure levels above 5800 cumulative TRPs. Additionally, exposure to ≥400 TRPs/month and ≥800 TRPs/month were associated with reduced likelihood of smoking, although the duration needed for this effect differed for the two intensity levels. When intensity was ≥400 TRPs/month, the odds of smoking only reduced with continuous exposure. When intensity was ≥800 TRPs/month, exposure at levels less than monthly was associated with reductions in smoking prevalence. Conclusions Both antismoking advertising intensity and duration are important for ensuring reductions in adolescent smoking prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
- Full Text
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4. Research paper. Relationship between knowledge about the harms of smoking and smoking status in the 2010 Global Adult Tobacco China Survey.
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Cheng, Hui G., McBride, Orla, and Phillips, Michael R.
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SMOKING & psychology , *CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *HEALTH behavior , *INTERVIEWING , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SEX distribution , *STATISTICS , *SURVEYS , *DATA analysis , *STRUCTURAL equation modeling , *CROSS-sectional method , *HEALTH literacy , *DATA analysis software , *MEDICAL coding , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background This analysis estimates the association between smoking-related knowledge and smoking behaviour in a Chinese context. To identify the specific knowledge most directly related to smoking status, we used a novel latent variable analysis approach to adjust for the high correlations between different measures of knowledge about tobacco smoking. Method Data are from the Global Adult Tobacco China Survey, a nationally representative sample of 13 354 household-dwelling individuals 15 years of age or older. Multinomial logistic regressions estimated the association between smoking status (ie, never smoked, current smoker or past smoker) and four smoking-related beliefs: whether or not smoking causes lung cancer, heart attack and stroke, and whether or not low-tar cigarettes are less harmful. A latent variable approach reassessed these associations while taking into account the general level of knowledge about smoking. Results After demographic variables and general knowledge about smoking had been controlled for, the belief that low-tar cigarettes are not less harmful was more prevalent in persons who had never smoked than in current smokers (OR=1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) in men and OR=2.8 (95% CI 1.3 to 5.9) in women); this association was even stronger when past smokers and current smokers were compared (OR=2.1 (95% CI 1.5 to 3.0) in men and OR=5.0 (95% CI 1.3 to 20.1) in women). Conclusions Compared with those who have never smoked and those who have ceased smoking, current smokers in China are more likely to believe that low-tar cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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5. Research paper. Validity of self-reported adult secondhand smoke exposure.
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Prochaska, Judith J., Grossman, William, Young-Wolff, Kelly C., and Benowitz, Neal L.
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ANALYSIS of variance , *STATISTICAL correlation , *LIQUID chromatography , *MASS spectrometry , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *SELF-evaluation , *SMOKING , *STATISTICS , *WORK environment , *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure , *COTININE , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *MANN Whitney U Test ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Objectives Exposure of adults to secondhand smoke (SHS) has immediate adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and causes coronary heart disease. The current study evaluated brief self-report screening measures for accurately identifying adult cardiology patients with clinically significant levels of SHS exposure in need of intervention. Design and setting A cross-sectional study conducted in a university-affiliated cardiology clinic and cardiology inpatient service. Patients Participants were 118 non-smoking patients (59% male, mean age=63.6 years, SD=16.8) seeking cardiology services. Main outcome measures Serum cotinine levels and self-reported SHS exposure in the past 24 h and 7 days on 13 adult secondhand exposure to smoke (ASHES) items. Results A single item assessment of SHS exposure in one’s own home in the past 7 days was significantly correlated with serum cotinine levels (r=0.41, p<0.001) with sensitivity ≥75%, specificity >85% and correct classification rates >85% at cotinine cut-off points of >0.215 and >0.80 ng/mL. The item outperformed multiitem scales, an assessment of home smoking rules, and SHS exposure assessed in other residential areas, automobiles and public settings. The sample was less accurate at self-reporting lower levels of SHS exposure (cotinine 0.05-0.215 ng/mL). Conclusions The single item ASHES-7d Home screener is brief, assesses recent SHS exposure over a week's time, and yielded the optimal balance of sensitivity and specificity. The current findings support use of the ASHES- 7d Home screener to detect SHS exposure and can be easily incorporated into assessment of other major vital signs in cardiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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6. Research paper. Effects of the economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA.
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Gallus, Silvano, Ghislandi, Simone, and Muttarak, Raya
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SMOKING & psychology , *ECONOMICS , *SMOKING , *EMPLOYMENT , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *REGRESSION analysis , *RESEARCH funding , *TIME , *DISEASE prevalence , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objective Scanty and controversial information is available on the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on smoking behaviour. No study has quantified the effects of fiscal crises on smoking prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the 2007-2008 economic crisis on smoking prevalence and number of smokers in the USA. Methods Using data from the repeated Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys in pre-crisis (2005-2007) and post-crisis (2009-2010) periods on a total of 1 981 607 US adults, we separated the expected (after allowance for the demographic growth of the US population, secular smoking prevalence trends and changes in sociodemographic characteristics) from the unexpected (assumed attributable to the economic crisis) changes in the number of smokers across different employment statuses. Results Joinpoint regression analysis revealed no significant changes in smoking prevalence trends over the period 2005-2010. The crisis resulted in an increase in the number of smokers in the US by 0.6 million. This is largely due to an unexpected decrease of 1.7 million smokers among employed and an increase of 2.4 million smokers among unemployed individuals, whose smoking prevalence also remains extremely high in the post-crisis period (32.6%). Conclusions The 2008 financial crisis had a weak effect on smoking prevalence. The pro-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a lower number of smokers) found among the employed is offset by the counter-cyclical relationship (ie, the crisis results in a higher number of smokers) found among unemployed individuals. Public health interventions should specifically target those in unemployment, particularly in hard times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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7. Research paper. The impact of smoke-free legislation on reducing exposure to secondhand smoke: differences across gender and socioeconomic groups.
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Yi-Wen Tsai, Li-Chuan Chang, Hai-Yen Sung, Teh-wei Hu, and Shu-Ti Chiou
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PASSIVE smoking , *SMOKING laws , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *RESEARCH funding , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SEX distribution , *WORK environment , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *GOVERNMENT policy , *HOME environment , *SECONDARY analysis , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio , *PREVENTION - Abstract
Background On 11 January 2009, Taiwan expanded its smoke-free legislation to all indoor public places and workplaces. This study examined the impact of this policy on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in adult non-smokers, across gender and socioeconomic status groups (SES). Methods An annual sample of about 13 000-14 000 non-smokers was drawn from cross-sectional nationwide data of Taiwan Adult Tobacco Behavior Surveys during 2005-2011. Logistic regressions were used to analyse the aggregate data to estimate the association between the 2009 smoke-free legislation and SHS exposures in homes and workplaces. Interaction terms were used to examine the impact of the 2009 smoke-free policy on reducing differences in SHS exposure across gender, education and income groups. Results The 2009 policy reduced the odds of SHS exposure in homes in 2009 (OR=0.76, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.84) and in workplaces (year 2009: OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.62; year 2010: OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.95). The model with interaction terms showed that men were more likely than women to be exposed to workplace SHS (OR=2.02, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.27) but were less likely to be exposed to home SHS (OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.86). SHS exposure in homes was significantly related to lower socioeconomic status, but the 2009 smoke-free policy reduced the difference in SHS exposure across education levels. Conclusions The 2009 smoke-free policy reduced the SHS exposure for non-smokers. However, this impact on home SHS did not persist after 2009, and the effect of protection was unequal across gender and SES groups. Thus, further enforcement of smoking restrictions would be needed to reduce the risk of SHS exposure and improve protection against SHS risk among parts of the population with lower socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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8. Research paper. Smoking and mental illness in the US population.
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Smith, Philip H., Mazure, Carolyn M., and McKee, Sherry A.
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PSYCHIATRIC diagnosis , *SMOKING & psychology , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *LONGITUDINAL method , *RESEARCH funding , *SMOKING , *SMOKING cessation , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Those with any psychiatric diagnosis have substantially greater rates of smoking and are less likely to quit smoking than those with no diagnosis. Using nationally representative data, we sought to provide estimates of smoking and longitudinal cessation rates by specific psychiatric diagnoses and mental health service use. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were analysed from a two-wave cohort survey of a US nationally representative sample (non-institutionalised adults): the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; 2001-2002, n=43 093; 2004-2005, n=34 653). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We examined smoking rates (lifetime, past year and past year heavy) and cross-sectional quit rates among those with any lifetime or past year psychiatric diagnosis (DSM-IV). Importantly, we examined longitudinal quit rates and conducted analyses by gender and age categories. RESULTS: Those with any current psychiatric diagnosis had 3.23 (95% CI 3.11 to 3.35) times greater odds of currently smoking than those with no diagnosis, and were 25% less likely to have quit by follow-up (95% CI 20% to 30%). Prevalence varied by specific diagnoses (32.4% to 66.7%) as did cessation rates (10.3% to 17.9%). Comorbid disorders were associated with higher proportions of heavy smoking. Treatment use was associated with greater prevalence of smoking and lower likelihood of cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Those with psychiatric diagnoses remained much more likely to smoke and less likely to quit, with rates varying by specific diagnosis. Our findings highlight the need to improve our ability to address smoking and psychiatric comorbidity both within and outside of healthcare settings. Such advancements will be vital to reducing mental illness-related disparities in smoking and continuing to decrease tobacco use globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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9. Research paper. State-level tobacco environments and sexual orientation disparities in tobacco use and dependence in the USA.
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Hatzenbuehler, Mark L., Keyes, Katherine M., Hamilton, Ava, and Hasin, Deborah S.
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SMOKING & psychology , *SMOKING , *CHI-squared test , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *DRUG addiction , *ECOLOGY , *FACTOR analysis , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESEARCH funding , *HUMAN sexuality , *TOBACCO , *GOVERNMENT policy , *LGBTQ+ people , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe relationships between tobacco-related environments and disparities in smoking by sexual orientation. METHODS: We examined three aspects of state-level tobacco environments, which were derived from the ImpacTeen State Level Tobacco Control Policy and Prevalence Database: (1) tobacco price and tax data and tobacco control funding; (2) tobacco control policies and (3) tobacco prevalence and norms data. This information was linked to individual-level data on sexual orientation, tobacco use and nicotine dependence in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N=34 653; 577 LGB respondents), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of adults in the USA. RESULTS: Lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults in states with more restrictive tobacco environments were less likely to have ever smoked (AOR=0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.00) and to currently smoke (AOR=0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99) than LGB adults in more permissive tobacco environments. Further, sexual orientation disparities in past and current smoking, as well as in current nicotine dependence, were lower in states with the most restrictive tobacco environments. Results were robust to adjustment for confounders at the individual and state levels. CONCLUSIONS: Restrictive state-level tobacco environments are correlates of smoking behaviours among LGB adults in the USA; such environments could potentially reduce social inequalities in smoking based on sexual orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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10. Research paper. Association between smoke-free workplace and second-hand smoke exposure at home in India.
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Tayu Lee, John, Agrawal, Sutapa, Basu, Sanjay, Glantz, Stanton A., and Millett, Christopher
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SMOKING laws , *WORK environment laws , *ANALYSIS of covariance , *CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *PASSIVE smoking , *STATISTICAL sampling , *STATISTICS , *DATA analysis , *HOME environment , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *SECONDARY analysis , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background The implementation of comprehensive smoke-free laws has been associated with reductions in second-hand smoke exposure at home in several high income countries. There is little information on whether these benefits extend to low income and middle income countries with a growing tobacco-related disease burden such as India. Methods State and individual-level analysis of cross-sectional data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey India, 2009/2010. Associations between working in a smoke-free indoor environment and living in a smoke-free home were examined using correlation at the state level, and multivariate logistic regression at the individual level. Results The percentage of respondents employed indoors (outside the home) working in smoke-free environments who lived in a smoke-free home was 64.0% compared with 41.7% of those who worked where smoking occurred. Indian states with higher proportions of smoke-free workplaces had higher proportions of smoke-free homes (rs=0.54, p<0.005). In the individual-level analysis, working in a smoke-free workplace was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of living in a smoke-free home (adjusted OR=2.07; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.52) after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions Implementation of smoke-free legislation in India was associated with a higher proportion of adults reporting a smoke-free home. These findings further strengthen the case for accelerated implementation of Article 8 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in low and middle income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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11. Prospective registration and reporting of trial number in randomised clinical trials: global cross sectional study of the adoption of ICMJE and Declaration of Helsinki recommendations.
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Al-Durra, Mustafa, Nolan, Robert P., Seto, Emily, and Cafazzo, Joseph A.
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LEGAL compliance ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,ENDOWMENT of research ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RECORDING & registration ,RESEARCH methodology ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,PROFESSIONS ,SERIAL publications ,STATISTICS ,MEMBERSHIP ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,CLINICAL trial registries ,PERIODICAL articles ,IMPACT factor (Citation analysis) ,HUMAN research subjects ,CROSS-sectional method ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,PATIENT selection ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Published
- 2020
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12. Quality and impact of secondary information in promoting evidence-based clinical practice: a cross-sectional study about EBMH.
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Barber, Sarah, Corsi, Martina, Toshi A. Furukawa, and Cipriani, Andrea
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MENTAL health personnel ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SERIAL publications ,SURVEYS ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Background All mental health professionals are encouraged to practise evidence-based medicine, but in an era of overwhelming research output, information management is key. Until now, no one has assessed the role of secondary journals, which aim to synthesise and present recent evidence, so as to promote evidence-based practice. Objective We conducted a cross-sectional study via an online survey, to evaluate the quality of the content of Evidence-Based Mental Health (EBMH), as an example of a secondary journal, and the impact it has on evidence-based practice. Methods We sent an online questionnaire to the commentators and the original study authors of all commentaries published in EBMH over the past 5 years (from 2011 to 2015, inclusive). The questions primarily concerned the quality of the included papers and their respective commentary, in addition to the ability of the commentaries to help disseminate research findings and promote evidence-based practice. Findings We sent out 894 anonymous questionnaires and the overall response rate was 30%. The commentator and study author groups were largely homogeneous. Both groups were satisfied with the format and content of the commentaries, although over 60% of the authors were unaware of the commentary on their study before the survey. Notably, 80% of authors and 87% of commentators felt that the commentaries were useful in disseminating the findings of the original studies and implementing evidence-based practice. Conclusions and clinical implications The commentators and original study authors view EBMH not as a vehicle for criticism, but instead as a trustworthy publication that crystallises important findings and presents them in digestible form with the aim of promoting key advances in mental health. Next, we aim to assess the extent to which the readership of this journal agrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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13. Publishers' and journals' instructions to authors on use of generative artificial intelligence in academic and scientific publishing: bibliometric analysis.
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Ganjavi, Conner, Eppler, Michael B., Pekcan, Asli, Biedermann, Brett, Abreu, Andre, Collins, Gary S., Gill, Inderbir S., and Cacciamani, Giovanni E.
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PUBLISHING ,AUTHORS ,COUNSELING ,MANUSCRIPTS ,SERIAL publications ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,CROSS-sectional method ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,MEDICAL protocols ,PERIODICAL articles ,AUTHORSHIP ,WORLD Wide Web ,IMPACT factor (Citation analysis) - Published
- 2024
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14. Looking beyond: complex holistic care needs of Syrian and Iraqi refugee children and adolescents.
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Lindsay, Kristen, Hanes, Gemma, Mutch, Raewyn, McKinnon, Elizabeth, and Cherian, Sarah
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PSYCHOLOGY of refugees ,CROSS-sectional method ,DENTAL caries - Abstract
Objective: Protracted international conflict has seen escalating numbers of displaced and resettled Syrian and Iraqi refugees, raising concerns for their health and well-being. This paper describes the demographic and clinical profiles of recently resettled Syrian and Iraqi refugee children and adolescents across physical, psychosocial, developmental and educational domains using standardised multidisciplinary assessments.Design: A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken of initial specialist paediatric multidisciplinary Refugee Health Service assessments completed at the tertiary paediatric hospital (Western Australia) between June 2015 and September 2019.Results: Three hundred and twenty-seven children and adolescents (264 Syrian, 63 Iraqi) were assessed following resettlement. Witnessed trauma (86%) and disclosed adversity (median Refugee Adverse Childhood Experiences score 3, range 1-14) were universally high. Almost all patients had health issues identified across physical (99%), psychosocial (76%) and developmental/educational (75%) domains. Interrupted education (65%) and death of a family member (16%) were significantly associated with psychological morbidities. Common comorbidities included dental caries (78%), non-infectious disease (76%), vitamin D deficiency (72%), malnutrition (46%; overweight/obesity 23%), and psychological (32%; post-traumatic stress disorder 4.3%) and developmental (9.5%) concerns. Emerging and alarming child protection concerns were prevalent (17%), with females demonstrating especially high risks.Conclusion: This is the largest comprehensive study demonstrating the complex and cross-dimensional health needs and specific vulnerabilities of resettled Syrian and Iraqi refugee children and adolescents. Early comprehensive standardised multidisciplinary paediatric assessments, and culturally safe, trauma-informed interventions and follow-up are required to optimise resettlement outcomes and promote well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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15. HPV types, cervical high-grade lesions and risk factors for oncogenic human papillomavirus infection among 3416 Tanzanian women.
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Mchome, Bariki Lawrence, Krüger Kjaer, Susanne, Manongi, Rachel, Swai, Patricia, Waldstroem, Marianne, Iftner, Thomas, Wu, Chunsen, Mwaiselage, Julius, Rasch, Vibeke, and Kjaer, Susanne Krüger
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HIV infection epidemiology ,CROSS-sectional method ,CERVICAL intraepithelial neoplasia ,CERVIX uteri ,PAPILLOMAVIRUS diseases ,DISEASE prevalence ,CERVIX uteri tumors - Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence and type-specific distribution of cervical high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) among women with normal and abnormal cytology, and to describe risk factors for HR HPV among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in Tanzania.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in existing cervical cancer screening clinics in Kilimanjaro and Dar es Salaam. Cervical specimens were obtained from women aged 25-60 years. Samples were shipped to Denmark for cytological examination, and to Germany for HR HPV testing (using Hybrid Capture 2) and genotyping (using LiPaExtra). Risk factors associated with HPV were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analysis.Result: Altogether, 4080 women were recruited with 3416 women contributing data for the present paper, including 609 HIV-positive women and 2807 HIV-negative women. The overall HR HPV prevalence was 18.9%, whereas the HR HPV prevalence in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) was 92.7%. Among HPV-positive women with HSIL, HPV16 (32.5%) and HPV58 (19.3%) were the the most common types followed by HPV18 (16.7%) and HPV52 (16.7%). Factors associated with HR HPV included younger age, increasing number of partners and early age at first intercourse. Similar risk factors were found among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. In addition, among HIV-positive women, those with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 had an increased risk of HR HPV (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.8) compared with individuals with CD4 count ≥500 cells/mm3.Conclusion: Given the HPV distribution among Tanzanian women, the current HPV vaccination in Tanzania using quadrivalent vaccine may be considered replaced by the nonavalent vaccine in the future. In addition, appropriate antiretroviral treatment management including monitoring of viremia may decrease the burden of HR HPV in HIV-positive women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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16. Association of concussion with high school academic standing: sex, school grade and race as stratifiers.
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Takagi-Stewart, Julian, Qian Qiu, Mills, Brianna, Avery, Aspen D., Muma, Amy, and Vavilala, Monica S.
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SPORTS injury prevention ,RELATIVE medical risk ,SPORTS participation ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CROSS-sectional method ,SELF-evaluation ,RACE ,REGRESSION analysis ,ACADEMIC achievement ,SEX distribution ,RISK assessment ,BRAIN concussion ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,STATISTICAL models ,HIGH school students ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,POISSON distribution - Published
- 2022
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17. Extended cost--benefit analysis of tobacco taxation in Brazil.
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Divino, Jose Angelo, Ehrl, Philipp, Candido, Osvaldo, and Pereira Valadao, Marcos Aurelio
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SMOKING prevention ,TAXATION ,CROSS-sectional method ,PUBLIC health ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,INCOME ,GOVERNMENT policy ,COST effectiveness ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,TOBACCO products ,SMOKING ,TOBACCO - Published
- 2022
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18. Methods of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey: Waves 1, 2 and 3.
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Changbao Wu, Thompson, Mary E., Fong, Geoffrey T., Yuan Jiang, Yan Yang, Guoze Feng, and Quah, Anne C. K.
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SMOKING prevention ,INTERVIEWING ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH ,STATISTICAL sampling ,TOBACCO ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) ,CONTENT mining ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
This paper describes the methods of sampling design and data collection of Wave 1, 2 and 3 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey, with major focus on longitudinal features of the study. Key measures of quality of the survey data, such as retention rates and final sample sizes, are presented. Sample replenishment procedures are outlined, including the addition of a new city, Kunming, at Wave 3. Methods for constructing the longitudinal and cross-sectional survey weights are briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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19. Agreement between audiometric hearing loss and self-reported hearing difficulty on the Revised Hearing Handicap Inventory differs by demographic factors.
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Dillard, Lauren K., Matthews, Lois J., and Dubno, Judy R.
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SELF-evaluation ,CROSS-sectional method ,PREDICTIVE tests ,RESEARCH funding ,SEX distribution ,AUDIOMETRY ,ECONOMIC status ,AGE distribution ,SOCIAL status ,RACE ,HEARING disorders ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,HEARING levels ,SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics) ,DEMOGRAPHY - Published
- 2024
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20. Impact of informal caregiving on depressive symptoms among a national cohort of men.
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King, Tania L., Vitaliano, Peter P., Maheen, Humaira, and Taouk, Yamna
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CROSS-sectional method ,POLICY sciences ,MENTAL health ,RESEARCH funding ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SERVICES for caregivers ,DISEASE prevalence ,BURDEN of care ,LONGITUDINAL method ,GENDER inequality ,MEN'S health ,PSYCHOLOGY of caregivers ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DATA analysis software ,MENTAL depression - Published
- 2024
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21. Child pedestrian crossing behaviour and associated risk factors in school zones: a video-based observational study in Kampala, Uganda.
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Osuret, Jimmy, Van Niekerk, Ashley, Kobusingye, Olive, Atuyambe, Lynn, and Nankabirwa, Victoria
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CROSS-sectional method ,POISSON distribution ,ELEMENTARY schools ,TRAFFIC accidents ,RESEARCH funding ,SCIENTIFIC observation ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHILDREN'S accident prevention ,WALKING ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PEDESTRIANS ,CHILD behavior ,VIDEO recording ,MOTOR vehicles ,CHILDREN - Published
- 2024
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22. Political environment and mortality rates in the United States, 2001-19: population based cross sectional analysis.
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Warraich, Haider J., Kumar, Pankaj, Nasir, Khurram, Joynt Maddox, Karen E., and Wadhera, Rishi K.
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CAUSES of death ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,MORTALITY ,AGE distribution ,PRACTICAL politics ,CROSS-sectional method ,ELECTIONS ,RACE ,VOTING ,REGRESSION analysis ,SEX distribution ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ETHNIC groups ,DATA analysis software - Published
- 2022
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23. Support for cigarette filter waste policies among US adults.
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Patel, Minal, Cuccia, Alison F., Folger, Shanell, Benson, Adam F., Vallone, Donna, and Novotny, Thomas E.
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POLLUTION prevention ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CROSS-sectional method ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,ACQUISITION of data ,HEALTH literacy ,COMPARATIVE studies ,HARM reduction ,GOVERNMENT policy ,HEALTH attitudes ,SOCIAL status ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,TOBACCO products ,SMOKING ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,ODDS ratio ,PUBLIC opinion ,TOBACCO ,ADULTS - Published
- 2023
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24. Characterising HIV transmission risk among US patients with HIV in care: a cross-sectional study of sexual risk behaviour among individuals with viral load above 1500 copies/mL.
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Stirratt, Michael J., Marks, Gary, O'Daniels, Christine, Cachay, Edward R., Sullivan, Meg, Mugavero, Michael J., Dhanireddy, Shireesha, Rodriguez, Allan E., and Giordano, Thomas P.
- Subjects
HIV infection transmission ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONDOMS ,DRUGS ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,PATIENT compliance ,RESEARCH ,RISK-taking behavior ,HUMAN sexuality ,VIRAL load ,EVALUATION research ,UNSAFE sex ,CROSS-sectional method ,SEXUAL partners - Abstract
Objectives: Viral load and sexual risk behaviour contribute to HIV transmission risk. High HIV viral loads present greater transmission risk than transient viral 'blips' above an undetectable level. This paper therefore characterises sexual risk behaviour among patients with HIV in care with viral loads>1500 copies/mL and associated demographic characteristics.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at six HIV outpatient clinics in USA. The study sample comprises 1315 patients with HIV with a recent viral load >1500 copies/mL. This study sample was drawn from a larger sample of individuals with a recent viral load >1000 copies/mL who completed a computer-assisted self-interview (CASI) regarding sexual risk practices in the last 2 months. The study sample was 32% heterosexual men, 38% men who have sex with men (MSM) and 30% women.Results: Ninety per cent of the sample had their viral load assay within 60 days of the CASI. Thirty-seven per cent reported being sexually active (vaginal or anal intercourse) in the last 2 months. Most of the sexually active participants reported always using condoms (56.9%) or limiting condomless sex to seroconcordant partners (serosorting; 29.2% overall and 42.9% among MSM). Among sexually active participants who reported condomless anal or vaginal sex with an at-risk partner (14%), most had viral loads>10 000 copies/mL (62%).Conclusions: A relatively small number of patients with HIV in care with viral loads above 1500 copies/mL reported concurrent sexual transmission risk behaviours. Most of the individuals in this small group had markedly elevated viral loads, increasing the probability of transmission. Directing interventions to patients in care with high viral loads and concurrent risk behaviour could strengthen HIV prevention and reduce HIV infections.Trial Registration Number: NCT02044484, completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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25. Impact of sex on severe asthma: a cross-sectional retrospective analysis of UK primary and specialist care.
- Author
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Loewenthal, Lola, Busby, John, McDowel, Ronald, Brown, Thomas, Burhan, Hassan, Chaudhuri, Rekha, Dennison, Paddy, Dodd, James William, Doe, Simon, Faruqi, Shoaib, Gore, Robin, Idris, Elfatih, Jackson, David Joshua, Patel, Mitesh, Pantin, Thomas, Pavord, Ian, Pfeffer, Paul E., Price, David B., Rupani, Hitasha, and Siddiqui, Salman
- Subjects
ATOPY ,ASTHMA ,PULMONARY eosinophilia ,SEX factors in disease ,PRIMARY care ,CROSS-sectional method - Published
- 2024
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26. Perception of heated tobacco products and support for regulations: a cross-sectional study in Hong Kong.
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Yongda Socrates Wu, Yee Tak Derek Cheung, Sai Yin Ho, Sau Chai Tong, Henry, Vienna Wai Yin Lai, Tai Hing Lam, and Man Ping Wang
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CROSS-sectional method ,SMOKING cessation ,HEALTH information services ,HEALTH insurance reimbursement ,RESEARCH funding ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,SMOKING ,DISEASE prevalence ,SALES personnel ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ADVERTISING ,ODDS ratio ,TOBACCO products ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,MEDICINE information services - Published
- 2024
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27. Seat belt use among pregnant women in the United Arab Emirates: the Mutaba'ah Study.
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Abdullahi, Aminu S., Yasin, Yasin J., Shah, Syed M., Ahmed, Luai A., and Grivna, Michal
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CROSS-sectional method ,SAFETY ,RESEARCH funding ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,HEALTH ,THIRD trimester of pregnancy ,PREGNANT women ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,INFORMATION resources ,ODDS ratio ,AUTOMOBILE safety appliances ,GESTATIONAL age ,STATISTICS ,WOMEN'S health ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,COMPARATIVE studies ,FIRST trimester of pregnancy - Published
- 2024
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28. Current safeguards, risk mitigation, and transparency measures of large language models against the generation of health disinformation: repeated cross sectional analysis.
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CROSS-sectional method ,MOBILE apps ,PHILOSOPHY of education ,RESEARCH funding ,RISK management in business ,HEALTH ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,INFORMATION resources ,LANGUAGE acquisition - Published
- 2024
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29. Assessing the profile of support for potential tobacco control policies targeting availability in Great Britain: a cross-sectional population survey.
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Kock, Loren, Shahab, Lion, Moore, Graham, Shortt, Niamh K., Pearce, Jamie, and Brown, Jamie
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CROSS-sectional method ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,HEALTH policy ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SMOKING ,PUBLIC opinion ,SALES personnel ,AGE distribution ,PROFESSIONAL licenses ,TOBACCO products ,SOCIAL support ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,NEIGHBORHOOD characteristics - Published
- 2024
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30. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Belgium: a nationwide record linkage study.
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Cavillot, Lisa, van Loenhout, Joris A. F., Devleesschauwer, Brecht, Wyndham-Thomas, Chloé, Van Oyen, Herman, Ghattas, Jinane, Blot, Koen, den Borre, Laura Van, Billuart, Matthieu, Speybroeck, Niko, De Pauw, Robby, Stouten, Veerle, Catteau, Lucy, and Hubin, Pierre
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CROSS-sectional method ,MEDICAL personnel ,RESEARCH funding ,VACCINATION ,SOCIOECONOMIC disparities in health ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,MEDICAL care ,COVID-19 vaccines ,INFORMATION resources ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,VACCINATION coverage ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,COMPARATIVE studies ,COVID-19 ,SOCIAL classes ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,SARS-CoV-2 - Published
- 2024
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31. Cross-sectional study of the associations between circulating vitamin D concentrations and insulin resistance in children aged 9-10 years of South Asian, black African Caribbean and white European origins.
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Donin, Angela, Nightingale, Claire M., Sattar, Naveed, Fraser, William D., Owen, Chris G., Cook, Derek G., and Whincup, Peter H.
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GLUCOSE analysis ,RISK assessment ,CROSS-sectional method ,HOMEOSTASIS ,RESEARCH funding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,INSULIN resistance ,SOUTH Asians ,METABOLITES ,TYPE 2 diabetes ,BLACK Africans ,CARIBBEAN people ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,VITAMIN D ,BIOMARKERS ,DISEASE risk factors ,CHILDREN ,ADULTS - Published
- 2024
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32. Trends in inequalities in childhood overweight and obesity prevalence: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the Health Survey for England.
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Broadbent, Philip, Yue Shen, Pearce, Anna, and Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal
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CHILDHOOD obesity ,CAREGIVER attitudes ,HEALTH surveys ,MEDICAL personnel ,CROSS-sectional method ,OBESITY ,NON-communicable diseases - Published
- 2024
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33. Trends in condom use among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India: the impact of a community mobilisation intervention.
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Toller Erausquin, Jennifer, Biradavolu, Monica, Reed, Elizabeth, Burroway, Rebekah, and Blankenship, Kim M.
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HIV prevention ,SEX work ,AGE distribution ,BEHAVIOR modification ,CONDOMS ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,DOSE-response relationship in biochemistry ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,INTERVIEWING ,LONGITUDINAL method ,EVALUATION of medical care ,POWER (Social sciences) ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL networks ,TIME ,COMMUNITY support ,DATA analysis ,HOME environment ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,REPEATED measures design ,CROSS-sectional method ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background Community mobilisation interventions for HIV prevention among female sex workers (FSWs) aim to organise FSWs for collective action and challenge the structures of power that underlie HIV risk. Assessing intervention impact is challenging because the importance of direct individual exposure to intervention components may decrease over time as change occurs at social-normative, policy and other structural levels. In this paper, the authors examine changes over time in consistent condom use among FSWs in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, the location of a long-standing community mobilisation intervention. Methods The authors analyse cross-sectional data collected among FSWs at three time points (n=2276) using respondent-driven sampling. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of programme exposure with consistent condom use and whether this association varied over time. Results The proportion of FSWs having no exposure or only receptive exposure to the intervention decreased over time, while active utilisation increased from 19.4% in 2006 to 48.5% in 2009-2010. Consistent condom use with clients also increased from 56.3% in 2006 to 75.3% in 2009-2010. Multivariate analysis showed that age, age at start of sex work, venue, living conditions and programme exposure were significantly associated with condom use. The positive association between programme exposure and consistent condom use did not vary significantly over time. Conclusions Findings indicate improvements in HIV risk reduction behaviour among FSWs and suggest that the intervention has substantial reach in the FSW population. The intervention's strategies may be contributing to population-level HIV risk reduction among FSWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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34. Female genital mutilation in children presenting to Australian paediatricians.
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Zurynski, Yvonne, Phu, Amy, Sureshkumar, Premala, Cherian, Sarah, Deverell, Marie, Elliott, Elizabeth J., and for Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit Female Genital Mutilation Study Steering Committee
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FEMALE genital mutilation ,PEDIATRICIANS ,CULTURAL activities ,INITIATION rites ,GENITAL mutilation ,STATISTICS on Black people ,CHILD health services ,CLINICAL competence ,MEDICAL referrals ,PEDIATRICS ,TEACHING aids ,TRANSCULTURAL medical care ,CONTINUING medical education ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Objective: The WHO reports that female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is an ancient cultural practice prevalent in many countries. FGM/C has been reported among women resident in Australia. Our paper provides the first description of FGM/C in Australian children.Design: Cross-sectional survey conducted in April-June 2014.Setting: Paediatricians and other child health specialists recruited through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit were asked to report children aged <18 years with FGM/C seen in the last 5 years, and to provide data for demographics, FGM/C type, complications and referral for each case.Participants: Of 1311 eligible paediatricians/child health specialists, 1003 (76.5%) responded.Results: Twenty-three (2.3%) respondents had seen 59 children with FGM/C and provided detailed data for 31. Most (89.7%) were identified during refugee screening and were born in Africa. Three (10.3%) were born in Australia: two had FGM/C in Australia and one in Indonesia. All parents were born overseas, mainly Africa (98.1%). Ten children had WHO FGM/C type I, five type II, five type III and six type IV. Complications in eight children included recurrent genitourinary infections, menstrual, sexual, fertility and psychological problems. Nineteen children (82.6%) were referred to obstetrics/gynaecology: 16 (69.9%) to social work and 13 (56.5%) to child protection.Conclusions: This study confirms that FGM/C is seen in paediatric clinical practice within Australia. Paediatricians need cultural awareness, education and resources to help them identify children with FGM/C and/or at risk of FGM/C, to enable appropriate referral and counselling of children, families and communities to assist in the prevention of this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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35. Tobacco outlet density and converted versus native non-daily cigarette use in a national US sample.
- Author
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Kirchner, Thomas R., Anesetti-Rothermel, Andrew, Bennett, Morgane, Hong Gao, Carlos, Heather, Scheuermann, Taneisha S., Reitzel, Lorraine R., and Ahluwalia, Jasjit S.
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SMOKING & psychology ,TOBACCO products ,PROBABILITY theory ,RESEARCH funding ,SALES personnel ,SMOKING cessation ,CROSS-sectional method ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ECONOMICS - Published
- 2017
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36. Assessing tobacco marketing receptivity among youth: integrating point of sale marketing, cigarette package branding and branded merchandise.
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Braun, Sandra, Kollath-Cattano, Christy, Barrientos, Inti, Mejía, Raúl, Morello, Paola, Sargent, James D., and Thrasher, James F.
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CONFIDENCE intervals ,HIGH school students ,MARKETING ,PACKAGING ,RESEARCH funding ,SALES personnel ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,PILOT projects ,TASK performance ,TOBACCO products ,CROSS-sectional method ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Published
- 2016
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37. Descriptive exploration of overdose codes in hospital and emergency department discharge data to inform development of drug overdose morbidity surveillance indicator definitions in ICD-10-CM.
- Author
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Tyndall Snow, Leigh M., Hall, Katelyn E., Custis, Cody, Rosenthal, Allison L., Pasalic, Emilia, Nechuta, Sarah, Davis, James W., Jacquemin, Bretta Jane, Jagroep, Sherani R., Rock, Peter, Contreras, Elyse, Gabella, Barbara A., and James, Katherine A.
- Subjects
HOSPITALS ,HOSPITAL emergency services ,NOSOLOGY ,DRUG overdose ,RESEARCH methodology ,CROSS-sectional method ,DISEASES ,HOSPITAL care ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research - Published
- 2021
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38. Racial and ethnic disparities in common inpatient safety outcomes in a children's hospital cohort.
- Author
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Lyren, Anne, Haines, Elizabeth, Fanta, Meghan, Gutzeit, Michael, Staubach, Katherine, Chundi, Pavan, Ward, Valerie, Srinivasan, Lakshmi, Mackey, Megan, Vonderhaar, Michelle, Sisson, Patricia, Sheffield-Bradshaw, Ursula, Fryzlewicz, Bonnie, Coffey, Maitreya, and Cowden, John D.
- Subjects
EVALUATION of medical care ,RESEARCH ,CATHETER-related infections ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CHILDREN'S hospitals ,CROSS-sectional method ,RACE ,EXTUBATION ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,HEALTH equity ,ETHNIC groups ,DATA analysis software ,HOSPITAL care of children ,PATIENT safety ,LONGITUDINAL method ,BLOODBORNE infections ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background Emerging evidence has shown racial and ethnic disparities in rates of harm for hospitalised children. Previous work has also demonstrated how highly heterogeneous approaches to collection of race and ethnicity data pose challenges to population-level analyses. This work aims to both create an approach to aggregating safety data from multiple hospitals by race and ethnicity and apply the approach to the examination of potential disparities in high-frequency harm conditions. Methods In this cross-sectional, multicentre study, a cohort of hospitals from the Solutions for Patient Safety network with varying race and ethnicity data collection systems submitted validated central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and unplanned extubation (UE) data stratified by patient race and ethnicity categories. Data were submitted using a crosswalk created by the study team that reconciled varying approaches to race and ethnicity data collection by participating hospitals. Harm rates for race and ethnicity categories were compared with reference values reflective of the cohort and broader children's hospital population. Results Racial and ethnic disparities were identified in both harm types. Multiracial Hispanic, Combined Hispanic and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander patients had CLABSI rates of 2.6-3.6 SD above reference values. For Black or African American patients, UE rates were 3.2-4.4 SD higher. Rates of both events in White patients were significantly lower than reference values. Conclusions The combination of harm data across hospitals with varying race and ethnicity collection systems was accomplished through iterative development of a race and ethnicity category framework. We identified racial and ethnic disparities in CLABSI and UE that can be addressed in future improvement work by identifying and modifying care delivery factors that contribute to safety disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
39. Evaluating the impact on physical inactivity of Together an Active Future, a partnership approach to physical activity promotion. A difference-in-differences study.
- Author
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Owen, Gwilym, Fahy, Katie, and Barr, Benjamin
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SEDENTARY lifestyles ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,SOCIAL determinants of health ,CLINICAL trials ,CROSS-sectional method ,AGE distribution ,RACE ,PHYSICAL activity ,PRE-tests & post-tests ,HUMAN services programs ,SURVEYS ,SEX distribution ,SOCIAL isolation ,DISCRIMINATION against people with disabilities ,COMMUNITY-based social services ,RESEARCH funding ,COMMUNICATION ,CONTROL groups ,HEALTH equity ,SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors ,HEALTH promotion - Published
- 2024
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40. Projecting complete redaction of clinical trial protocols (RAPTURE): redacted cross sectional study.
- Author
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Balaban, Nir, Mohyuddin, Ghulam Rehman, Kashi, Adi, Massarweh, Amir, Markel, Gal, Bomze, David, Goldstein, Daniel A., and Meirson, Tomer
- Subjects
PRIVACY ,STATISTICS ,CLINICAL trials ,RESEARCH protocols ,TIME ,CROSS-sectional method ,DOCUMENTATION ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,ENDOWMENT of research ,MEDICAL ethics ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,DATA analysis - Published
- 2023
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41. Presentation of continuous outcomes in randomised trials: an observational study.
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Schriger, David L., Savage, Dan F., and Altman, Douglas G.
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SCIENTIFIC observation ,HEALTH outcome assessment ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,CROSS-sectional method ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EVALUATION - Abstract
The article reports a study which was conducted to determine the percentage of available data for continuous primary outcomes presented in randomised trials published in high impact factor medical journals. The results revealed that when adjusted for the number of patients in the trial, studies report a median 3.5 percent of the available data for the best reported primary outcome. This indicates that only a small fraction of the available data is reported.
- Published
- 2013
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42. Has growth in electronic cigarette use by smokers been responsible for the decline in use of licensed nicotine products? Findings from repeated cross-sectional surveys.
- Author
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Beard, Emma, Brown, Jamie, McNeill, Ann, Michie, Susan, and West, Robert
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SMOKING & psychology ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,TOBACCO products ,DISEASE prevalence ,CROSS-sectional method ,ELECTRONIC cigarettes - Abstract
Background: The rise in electronic cigarette use by smokers may be responsible for the decreased use of licensed nicotine products and/or increased overall use of non-tobacco nicotine-containing products. This paper reports findings from the Smoking Toolkit Study (STS) tracking use of electronic cigarettes and licensed nicotine products to address this issue.Methods: Data were obtained from monthly surveys involving 14 502 cigarette smokers in England between March 2011 and November 2014. Smokers were asked about their use of electronic cigarettes and licensed nicotine products.Results: Prevalence of electronic cigarette use increased rapidly from 2.2% (95% CI 1.4% to 3.2%) in quarter 2 of 2011 to 20.8% (95% CI 18.3% to 23.4%) in quarter 3 of 2013, after which there was no change. Prevalence of licensed nicotine product use in smokers remained stable from quarter 2 of 2011 (17.4%, 95% CI 15.3% to 19.8%) to quarter 3 of 2013 (17.9%, 95% CI 15.62% to 20.5%), and thereafter declined steadily to 7.9% (95% CI 6.0% to 10.4%). Prevalence of use of any product was stable to quarter 1 of 2012, after which it increased from 18.5% (95% CI 16.3% to 21.0%) to 33.3% (95% CI 30.4% to 36.3%) in quarter 3 of 2013, and then decreased to 22.7% (95% CI 19.3% to 26.3%).Conclusions: The shapes of trajectories since 2011 suggest that electronic cigarettes are probably not responsible for the decline in use of licensed nicotine products. Electronic cigarettes appear to have increased the total market for use of non-tobacco nicotine-containing products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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43. Patterns of vulnerability to non-fatal injuries in Sudan: initial evidence from a national cross-sectional survey.
- Author
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Abdalla, Safa
- Subjects
PREVENTION of injury ,INJURY risk factors ,BITES & stings ,CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,ACCIDENTAL falls ,FIRES ,INTERVIEWING ,POISONING ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,RURAL conditions ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SELF-evaluation ,SURVEYS ,TRAFFIC accidents ,MATHEMATICAL variables ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SECONDARY analysis ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Background: Successful injury prevention requires identification and targeting of particularly vulnerable groups. Little is known about injury vulnerability patterns in Sudan. This paper aimed to fill this gap using survey data. Methods: Data from the Sudan Household Health Survey were used. This was a national cross-sectional interview survey of 83 510 individuals selected by multistage cluster random sampling. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to investigate the association of cause-specific injury that received care by traditional healers, outpatient care and inpatient care, and those that received only inpatient care, with age, gender, area of residence (urban or rural), socioeconomic status and education. Relevant interactions were tested. Results: Independent of other sociodemographic variables, men were at higher risk of road traffic injury (prevalence ratio (PR): 3.3 95% CI 2.4 to 4.7), falls (PR: 1.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.9), assault (PR: 3.0 95% CI 1.8–5) and mechanical injury (PR: 2.0 95% CI 1.2 to 3.1) that received any form of healthcare. Those aged 65 years and over also had the highest risk of those injury causes, while children under 5 years were the most likely to suffer burn injuries. Socioeconomic status was associated with assault (PR for the richest group 0.4 95% CI 0.2 to 0.8). Vulnerability patterns for injury that received inpatient care were fairly similar for some causes. Conclusions: In Sudan, existing disease prevention and health promotion programmes should expand to target men, children under 5 years, elderly people and those of low socioeconomic status with injury prevention interventions. Further research is needed to investigate the context-specific proximal risk factors that shape the various vulnerability patterns observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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44. Too heavy, too late: investigating perinatal health outcomes in immigrants residing in Spain. A cross-sectional study (2009-2011)
- Author
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Juárez, Sol P. and Revuelta-Eugercios, Bárbara A.
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PREGNANCY complication risk factors ,LOW birth weight ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,IMMIGRANTS ,EVALUATION of medical care ,PREGNANCY ,PREGNANCY complications ,RESEARCH funding ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,STATISTICAL models ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background Studies have shown that immigrants residing in Spain have lower risks of delivering low birthweight (LBW) and preterm babies despite their socioeconomic disadvantages (the healthy migrant paradox). However, less is known about other important perinatal outcomes derived from birth weight and gestational age such as macrosomia and post-term birth. This paper aims to compare the main indicators related to birth weight and gestational age (LBW, macrosomia, preterm and post-term) for immigrants and Spaniards. Methods Cross-sectional study based on the Spanish vital statistics for years 2009–2011. Multinomial regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted ORs and their 95% CIs. Results After adjusting for known confounders, compared with Spaniards, most immigrant groups show lower or not significantly different risks of delivering LBW (OR between 0.65 and 0.87) or, more exceptionally, preterm babies (between 0.75 and 0.93). However, most of them also show higher risks of delivering macrosomic (OR between 1.21 and 2.58) and post-term babies (OR between 1.11 and 1.50). Mothers from sub-Saharan Africa show a higher risk in all perinatal outcomes studied. Conclusions The immigrant health paradox should be carefully assessed in comprehensive terms. Together with a predominantly lower risk of LBW, most immigrants have a higher risk of macrosomia, post-term and preterm births. These results have policy-making implications since studying the right tail of the birth weight and gestational age distributions implies considering a different set of risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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45. Identifying racial disparities in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
- Author
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Yusuf, Hamzah, Rasheed, Amna, Kim, Helen, Conrad, Miles B., and Hetts, Steven W.
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RACISM ,ANALYSIS of variance ,HEREDITARY hemorrhagic telangiectasia ,CROSS-sectional method ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,ACQUISITION of data ,REGRESSION analysis ,RACE ,T-test (Statistics) ,MEDICAL records ,CHI-squared test ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,HEALTH equity ,LOGISTIC regression analysis - Abstract
Background Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by recurrent epistaxis (nose bleeds), mucosal telangiectasias (spider veins), and arteriovenous malformations. Although HHT affects all racial groups, few studies have explored racial disparities among patients with HHT. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of HHT patients who were seen at a single academic center between July 1, 2014 and January 1, 2022. The primary outcomes of this study were the Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS) and the presence of pulmonary, cerebral, gastrointestinal, spinal, and hepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). We analyzed racial differences using t- tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables, and chi- squared tests for categorical variables. We then performed multivariable linear and logistic regressions on outcomes. Results Our review identified 35 Asian, 6 Black or African American, 72 Hispanic or Latino, and 244 White or Caucasian patients who met the inclusion criteria. Through an analysis of variance model, race/ ethnicity was not significantly associated with ESS. Two univariable logistic regression models between race and both pulmonary and brain AVMs showed that race was associated with the incidence of pulmonary AVMs (p<0.01), with Asian patients at a 2.3- fold increased risk of pulmonary AVMs compared with White patients (p=0.03). Race was also associated with the incidence of cerebral AVMs (p<0.01) with Hispanic or Latino patients at a 4.8- fold increased risk compared with White patients (p<0.01). Conclusion Patients who identified as Asian may have higher rates of pulmonary AVMs while patients identifying as Hispanic or Latino may have more cerebral AVMs. The correlations may be important for identifying risk factors in certain patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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46. Implementation of the injury prevention exercise programme Knee Control+: a cross- sectional study after dissemination efforts within a football district.
- Author
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Lindblom, Hanna, Sonesson, Sofi, Forslind, Josefin, Waldén, Markus, and Hägglund, Martin
- Subjects
SOCCER injury prevention ,WARMUP ,NEUROMUSCULAR system ,SOCCER injuries ,KNEE injuries ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,AMATEUR athletes ,CROSS-sectional method ,PHYSICAL training & conditioning ,HUMAN services programs ,RESEARCH funding ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,EXERCISE therapy - Published
- 2023
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47. Provision of evaluation and management visits by nurse practitioners and physician assistants in the USA from 2013 to 2019: cross-sectional time series study.
- Author
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Patel, Sadiq Y., Auerbach, David, Huskamp, Haiden A., Frakt, Austin, Neprash, Hannah, Barnett, Michael L., James, Hannah O., Smith, Laura Barrie, and Mehrotra, Ateev
- Subjects
EVALUATION of medical care ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PHYSICIANS' assistants ,CROSS-sectional method ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,NURSES ,TIME series analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,NURSE practitioners ,PHYSICIANS ,STATISTICAL sampling ,MEDICARE - Published
- 2023
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48. Cigarette smoking and misperceived norms among adults in rural Uganda: a population-based study.
- Author
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Perkins, Jessica M., Kakuhikire, Bernard, Baguma, Charles, Evans, Claire Q., Rasmussen, Justin D., Satinsky, Emily N., Kyokunda, Viola, Juliet, Mercy, Ninsiima, Immaculate, Bangsberg, David R., and Tsai, Alexander C.
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,SELF-evaluation ,CROSS-sectional method ,RISK assessment ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,TOBACCO products ,STATISTICAL models ,EVALUATION ,ADULTS - Published
- 2023
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49. Associations between obesogenic risk and depressive symptomatology in Australian adolescents: a cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Hoare, E., Millar, L., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Skouteris, H., Nichols, M., Jacka, F., Swinburn, B., Chikwendu, C., and Allender, S.
- Subjects
RISK of childhood obesity ,CHI-squared test ,MENTAL depression ,PSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,RISK-taking behavior ,SELF-evaluation ,SEX distribution ,T-test (Statistics) ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,BODY mass index ,CROSS-sectional method ,SEDENTARY lifestyles ,PHYSICAL activity ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Background Depression and obesity are significant health concerns currently facing adolescents worldwide. This paper investigates the associations between obesity and related risk behaviours and depressive symptomatology in an Australian adolescent population. Methods Data from the Australian Capital Territory It’s Your Move project, an Australian community-based intervention project were used. In 2012, 800 students (440 females, 360 males) aged 11–14 years (M=13.11 years, SD=0.62 years), from 6 secondary schools were weighed and measured and completed a questionnaire which included physical activity, sedentary behaviour and dietary intake. Weight status was defined by WHO criteria. A cut-off score ≥10 on the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire indicated symptomatic depression. Logistic regression was used to test associations. Results After controlling for potential confounders, results showed significantly higher odds of depressive symptomatology in males (OR=1.22, p<0.05) and females (OR=1.12, p<0.05) who exceeded guidelines for daily screen-time leisure sedentary activities. Higher odds of depressive symptoms were seen in females who consumed greater amounts of sweet drink (OR=1.18, p<0.05), compared to lower female consumers of sweet drinks, and males who were overweight/obese also had greater odds of depressive symptoms (OR=1.83, p<0.05) compared to male normal weight adolescents. Conclusions This study demonstrates the associations between obesogenic risks and depression in adolescents. Further research should explore the direction of these associations and identify common determinants of obesity and depression. Mental health outcomes need to be included in the rationale and evaluation for diet and activity interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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50. Preterm birth and subsequent insulin sensitivity: a systematic review.
- Author
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Tinnion, Robert, Gillone, Jenna, Cheetham, Timothy, and Embleton, Nicholas
- Subjects
PREMATURE infant diseases ,INSULIN resistance ,CHILDREN'S health ,HETEROGENEITY ,META-analysis ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Objective: The incidence of preterm birth is increasing worldwide. Evidence suggests that in later life these children are at increased risk of 'metabolic syndrome', which is itself associated with reduced insulin sensitivity (IS). We carried out a systematic review to examine whether preterm birth is associated with later changes in IS and whether a difference exists between those born small-for-gestational age (SGA) and appropriate-forgestational age (AGA). Methods: We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance to structure our review with a priori data extraction criteria to answer the questions posed and then carried out our literature search. Only papers which included preterm infants in their study population and specifically assessed IS were included. Findings are reported by age group to enable change over the life course to be examined, even though the studies were mostly cross-sectional, observation studies. Results: We identified and reviewed 26 suitable publications representing 20 separate cohorts, of which 16 had a term control group. The heterogeneity of the methods used to measure IS precluded meta-analysis. In infancy and early childhood there is a measurable association between IS and preterm birth. In later childhood and adulthood the strength of this association reduces, and current body composition becomes the variable most strongly associated with IS. Conclusions:There is an association between preterm birth and IS throughout the life course, but the data are conflicting and associations are likely to be affected by the heterogeneity of each study population and multiple confounding factors that may change over time. While the optimal nutritional strategy for preterm infants remains to be determined, standard public health guidance to avoid obesogenic lifestyle factors remains equally important to individuals born preterm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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