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This study analyzes data from 1999–2019, evidencing strategies utilized by Nigerian Subnational Governments (SNGs) for attracting inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). These strategies are unique for several reasons, including the fact that they highlight the evidence of paradiplomacy in Nigeria, a case study that is understudied in the paradiplomacy literature. These strategies are also a deviation from the conventional protocols for FDI mobilization in Nigeria. Drawing on Duchacek's conceptualization of these strategies as a percolation of sovereign boundaries, i.e. the idea that SNGs are permeating inter-sovereign 'sieves' designed to restrict their forays into the international plane, this paper conceptually maps and empirically assesses the varied expressions and prevalence of these strategies. Although these strategies are yet to be constitutionally challenged by the central government, they reveal a growing porosity of Nigeria's sovereign boundaries and necessitate a critical reassessment of the extant intergovernmental frameworks that govern FDI mobilization in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, we evaluated the impact of the US "Chip Act" on the participation of the Chinese electronics industry in the global value chain based on the dynamic CGE model. This is a meaningful attempt to use the GTAP-VA model to analyze the electronics industry in China. Design/methodology/approach: We employ a Dynamic GTAP-VA Model to quantitatively evaluate the economic repercussions of the "Chip Act" on the Chinese electronic industries' GVC participation from 2023 to 2040. Findings: The findings depict a discernible contraction in China's electronic sector by 2040, marked by a −2.95% change in output, a −3.50% alteration in exports and a 0.45% increment in imports. Concurrently, the U.S., EU and certain Asian economies exhibit expansions within the electronic sector, indicating a GVC realignment. The "Chip Act" implementation precipitates a significant divergence in GVC participation across different countries and industries, notably impacting the electronics sector. Research limitations/implications: Through a meticulous temporal analysis, this manuscript unveils the nuanced economic shifts within the GVC, substantially bridging the empirical void in existing literature. This narrative accentuates the profound implications of policy regulations on global trade dynamics, contributing to the discourse on international economic policy and industry evolution. Practical implications: We evaluated the impact of the US "Chip Act" on the participation of the Chinese electronics industry in the global value chain based on the dynamic CGE model. This is a meaningful attempt to use the GTAP-VA model to analyze the electronics industry in China. Social implications: The interaction between policy regulations and global value chain (GVC) dynamics is pivotal in understanding the contemporary global trade framework, especially within technology-driven sectors. The US "Chips Act" represents a significant regulatory milestone with potential ramifications on the Chinese electronic industries' engagement in the GVC. Originality/value: The significance of this paper is that it quantifies for the first time the impact of the US Chip Act on the GVC participation index of East Asian countries in the context of US-China decoupling. With careful consideration of strategic aspects, this paper substantially fills the empirical gap in the existing literature by presenting subtle economic changes within GVCs, highlighting the profound implications of policy regulation on global trade dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization plays a crucial role in our daily lives, permeating every feature of our existence. At the same time the process of digitalization is viewed as one of the drivers of economic development. It has macroeconomic, sectoral, and microeconomic effects, but it may also boost regional economic cooperation. Despite its omnipresence, the global distribution of digital progress is uneven, and the Western Balkans (WB) stands as an example where digitalization remains a challenging and evolving process. Despite the involvement of numerous international and regional stakeholders, achieving digitalization in the region poses a formidable challenge. Progress requires collaborative efforts and joint problem-solving among the WB nations. The transition to digitalization should benefit everyone, contributing to the prosperity of countries capable of competing with EU members. This paper aims to showcase the integration of digital technology in business, assessed through electronic information sharing, social media usage, advanced digital technologies, and corporate initiatives towards environmental sustainability and e-commerce. The Literature review shown that the impact of digitalisation on economic growth has been found to be mostly positive, but the impact varies depending on the degree of development of the analysed countries. The analysis relies on secondary data from State Statistical Offices in the Western Balkans and the Digital Economy Society Index for 2022. Findings reveal that in terms of digital technology integration, the WB region lags behind the EU. Montenegro exhibits the highest position in the dimension of digital technology integration, followed by Kosovo, Albania, and Serbia, all scoring above the regional average. The adoption of digital technologies by SMEs remains notably below the EU average, while successive pandemic lockdowns increasingly integrated online sales channels in the WB region. The paper concludes that robust policies and targeted investments are vital components for expediting digital transformation, accelerating the Western Balkans into a fast-track trajectory to attain digital objectives. Further research could explore how the intersection of digitalization and economic collaboration influences the economic advancement of Western Balkan nations. Additionally, an examination of whether varying stages of economic development among these countries result in distinct impacts from the digitalization process on economic growth would be a valuable area of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as a significant global focal point due to the increasing influence exerted by China and the United States. In light of the dynamic nature of the global geopolitical landscape, Malaysia and Indonesia, as two prominent Southeast Asian states, find themselves at the nexus of this competition. China and the United States are two regional superpowers which have strategically positioned themselves in the Indo-Pacific. A systematic literature review was conducted to examine the crucial role of Indonesia and Malaysia in the context of the escalating Sino-US strategic competition in the Indo-Pacific region. By focusing on research articles, books and reports, this work explored the policy and strategic outlook, methodological approaches and methods underpinning Indo-Pacific discourse in Indonesia and Malaysia. The methodology adopted for this review was systematic by following the seven stages suggested by Petticrew and Roberts (2008). This review's findings indicated the diverse range of theories, methodologies, practical strategies, and approaches that scholars have employed in examining the roles of Indonesia and Malaysia in the Indo-Pacific region. Consequently, this paper broadens the scope for scholars by expounding upon the strategic outlook of Indonesia and Malaysia within the Indo-Pacific discourse, along with the various methodological and theoretical frameworks and conceptual models that may inform future research endeavours. This study was however, limited to gathering input from journal articles, books, book chapters, and reports, and excluding other sources such as conference papers and op-eds. Furthermore, the scope of studies accessed was limited to data available from 2013 to September 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Unemployment is a huge topic for policymakers, scholars, and, in general, society. Historically, there have always been a lot of discussions about this phenomenon. It is already acknowledged that unemployment is closely related to economic activity: when the economy is growing, more people are employed, and when economic activity is low, employment decreases, and unemployment rises. This relation is well-researched in the framework of Okun's law. However, it is far less known how this relationship holds if international economic relations are introduced. Thus, the motivation for the research was to examine the role of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the growthunemployment nexus. Purpose of the article: To assess how trade and FDI affect growth and gender-, age-, and educational attainment level-specific unemployment relationship and on what scale this effect varies over different business cycle phases. Methods: Scientific literature review, comparative analysis, and panel regression. Findings & value added: Given the lack of research examining what effect FDI and trade have on the growth-unemployment nexus, this paper estimates modified Okun's equation on the European Union (EU) countries (EU-28, by the composition of the EU until 31/01/2020) for the period from 2000 to 2019 while incorporating international aspects that can have an impact on this nexus. Also, this study develops a specification that can be useful to monitor the potentially different effects of FDI and trade on the growth-unemployment nexus during different business cycle phases. The estimations of the panel regression for unemployment disaggregated by age, gender and education level has showed that import, export, inward FDI, and outward FDI have a negative effect on the growth-unemployment nexus. It means that with an increase in the intensity of international economic relations, the influence of gross domestic product (GDP) growth on unemployment becomes less significant. Thus, the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy to reduce unemployment becomes less effective in more open economies, which in the case of the EU are the smallest member states with relatively small domestic markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the new challenges and crises facing agriculture, digitalization and green transformation have become important ways to solve the problems. This paper uses an international economics perspective to chart a new path for sustainable agricultural development. Specifically, it analyzes whether two-way international direct investment (FDI) can facilitate agricultural digital-green fusion(DGF)? Using a sample of 31 provinces (autonomous regions) from 2012 to 2021, this study finds: (1) Two-way FDI can significantly contribute to agriculture's DGF. (2) In the mechanism test, it is proved that two-way FDI can promote agriculture's DGF level by promoting green technology innovation capacity and overall regional technology innovation capacity. (3) The positive effects of two-way FDI are prominent in the eastern and central regions, coastal regions, and economically developed areas. (4) In the spatial Durbin model, the local two-way FDI growth improves agriculture's DGF level in the surrounding areas to a certain extent. The government is advised to prioritize openness, foster an environment for technological innovation, leverage spatial radiation for agricultural DGF, and advance digitally empowered agricultural modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper explores Pakistan's potential advantages within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). It focuses on three main areas: energy sector collaboration, economic cooperation, and joint military exercises. The paper uses qualitative research methodology to provide a comprehensive overview of the opportunities the SCO presents for Pakistan. It suggests that Pakistan can harness economic, security, and diplomatic benefits through increased trade, infrastructure development, and regional cooperation, provided it engages proactively and aligns with SCO objectives. The paper also highlights the strategic implications of joint military exercises between Pakistan and SCO member states, addressing shared security concerns. The paper offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders interested in promoting regional cooperation. By recommendations, Pakistan can further leverage its membership in the SCO to realize the full spectrum of opportunities for socioeconomic growth and regional cooperation, contributing to a more integrated and prosperous Eurasian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper argues that urban-regional income development depends on a larger fabric of economic relations at the national and international levels. Focusing on Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) in the US, the paper identifies firms' subsidiary networks across space and their changes over time. These networks form a basic architecture through which important growth impulses in production and innovation are transmitted that impact urban income levels. Using a balanced panel of U.S. CBSAs with LexisNexis Corporate Affiliations data from 1993 until 2017, we develop a model that examines the relationship between national and international connectivity and urban income levels, differentiated by origin/destination of ties, industrial sectors, and various interaction effects. Our results strongly support that linkages at both the national and international scale (particularly linkages with European locations) are significantly related to urban-regional income development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the Franco-American Consular Convention, which took place between 1778 and 1788, and its significance in shaping American independence. It discusses the negotiations, debates, and complexities surrounding the convention, highlighting the role of key figures such as John Jay and Thomas Jefferson. The text also addresses the broader implications of the convention for U.S. foreign relations and the need to navigate international tensions to secure the nation's independence. The article includes picture credits for historical figures and notes that readers can download and share the article with proper attribution but cannot modify or use it for commercial purposes. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines the role of mobilising political will in establishing the conditions necessary for economic and social inclusion of refugees, internally displaced persons, and formerly displaced persons who achieve durable solutions such as voluntary return. It investigates the role and conditions to mobilise political will for more comprehensive and inclusive policies that can lead to long-term local development in contexts of forced displacement in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs). Case studies from Bangladesh, Cameroon, Ecuador, Iraq and Lebanon illustrate the ways in which political will, or its absence, can shape the approach to supporting the forcibly displaced and hosting communities. The paper also proposes a conceptual model for mobilising political will to facilitate sustainable development support in contexts of forced displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the growing debate about how China drives change in institutions and norms of global governance. It analyses the case study of China's approach to transnational voluntary sustainability standards as concrete tools of Western-sponsored green value chain initiatives, between integration and contestation. Engaging international political economy scholarship, the paper shows that China participates in such initiatives by reshaping their focus away from contested market-based approaches to more internationally consensual state-led ones. This stance indicates that China's reshaping of international norms and institutions conveys claims made by Global South alliances. These alliances are increasingly important for China, not only politically and militarily but also economically and for the success of key initiatives, like the Belt and Road Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a project led by China that aims to create connections in infrastructure, economics, and culture across continents. This article presents a collection of scholarly papers that examine the impact of the BRI on international relations and economic development. The papers cover topics such as debt strategies, geopolitical tensions, legal systems, infrastructure investment, market integration, financial development, and the "soft connectivity" of rules under the BRI. The papers provide insights into the current state and future trajectory of the initiative, offering a comprehensive understanding of its economic and political implications. This resource is valuable for policymakers, academics, and professionals involved with or affected by the BRI. [Extracted from the article]

To what end is China's Vietnam policy? As a rising power, China has sought to drive a wedge into the U.S.-Vietnam Comprehensive Partnership to prevent Washington from using Vietnam as a platform to challenge China's influence. How then did China drive a wedge? China coerced Vietnam's external security via the use of force and accommodated Vietnam's internal security via political and economic cooperation. China wanted to show Vietnam it cannot trust the U.S. protection and Vietnam benefits more from a friendly China-Vietnam relationship. China aimed to reinforce Vietnam's neutrality amid increasing Chinese assertive behaviors against Vietnam at sea. This paper traces China's actions and reactions to major diplomatic events in U.S.-Vietnam and China-Vietnam relations from 2013 to 2022 to study China's wedge strategies targeting Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural quantitative work in international economics typically models trade costs as a log‐linear function of exogenous trade‐policy variables. We propose a structural approach that allows for a nonparametric relationship and for treating tariff and nontariff trade‐policy variables as potentially endogenous. The data reject the assumption of log‐linearity of trade costs in both tariff‐ and nontariff‐policy variables. We assess the effects of a unilateral increase of US tariffs on Chinese imports by 10 percentage points and document that the estimated effects on real bilateral trade‐flow changes would be substantially underestimated by standard approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the economic and financial advantages of improving international collaboration between Ukraine and Poland in the development of alternative energy projects. It conducts a thorough evaluation of existing and forthcoming renewable energy generation technologies, using expert, Delphi, and methods based on statistics to identify the most promising and universally applicable solutions. The calculation of the payback period for small-scale green energy projects pays particular attention to the actual duration of the period in the case of small business ventures. The findings are summarized with a vision for the future Ukrainian-Polish cooperation in the scope of green energy cooperation and specific instruments and processes that could contribute to the success of the collaboration. The article outlines the potential approach that involves the isolation of the cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in green energy relying on the creation of investment and venture funds, public support for the manufacturing of a renewable energy component, and the establishment of non-volatile industrial complexes. Additionally, measures such as independent small alternative power plants and the initiatives for the development of the Ukrainian-Polish joint network of alternative energy are mentioned. The current war between Ukraine and Russia has drawn attention to the crucial need for energy security and diversification, making Ukraine-Poland collaboration on green energy projects all the more important. Ukraine may minimize its reliance on the Russian energy supply by focusing on renewable energy programs, while Poland can invest in sustainable energy to boost regional stability and economic progress. The article points out that the continuation and advancement of green energy initiatives require international cooperation. The paper offers detailed guidance on how the financial, economic, and technological opportunities and relations between Ukraine and Poland may be enhanced.

Capitalizing on massive sentiment diffusion and mobilization aided by mass media and social media nowadays, we introduce a general theory of host country sentiments to illuminate the granular, context-situated, and time dynamic power of social sentiments. We posit that host country is a value-laden context wherein a foreign entity's strategic action stimulates host country stakeholders' social sentiments and engagement in systems of discourses ("sentiment arousal"), mobilizes social sentiments toward the foreign entity ("sentiment competence"), and legitimizes social sentiments and the strategic action of the foreign entity ("sentiment resonance"). To test our theory, we employ a context of inward acquisitions by emerging market firms in an advanced economy, and postulate that host country sentiments toward objects of the inward acquisition (deal, acquirer, and inward investments from home country) will influence the likelihood of deal completion, an indication of host country legitimacy. We further highlight the patterns of host country sentiment dynamics, and showcase how sentiment volatility, wavelength, and augmentation exert heterogeneous effects on deal completion. Overall, we advocate a theory of host country sentiments in international management research that elucidates the interplay among host country sentiments, systems of social discourses, and multinational enterprise strategic outcomes in a host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Treaty establishing the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Market Protocol advocates for the cross-border legal practice in the EAC. To effectively implement cross-border legal practice, other legal instruments were needed at the EAC level. It has been more than a decade since such instruments were drafted but not adopted. In addition, the Partner States needed to adopt laws that favor cross-border legal practice. So far, some Partner States have tried to do so, while others have not. Such disparities are the subject of this paper which, after taking stock of the status and obstacles to cross-border legal practice in the EAC, formulates recommendations to make cross-border legal practice a reality in the EAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Fourth Industrial Revolution unfolds, where the physical, digital and biological areas merge, there is a growing demand for technology-centred thinking in world affairs. In the dynamic and complex landscape of international economic relations, the 21st century may witness a transformative shift in strategic thinking from traditional geopolitics and geoeconomics to the new realm of geotechnology, from the analogue and the geographic towards the digital and the abstract amidst the incoming economic disruption that is represented by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This article explores the emerging paradigms, and how technological advancements have not only altered the traditional power dynamics among states but have also opened the way for a more interconnected and interdependent international system which necessitates new methods of thinking in order to cope with the economics of Industry 4.0. By discussing key aspects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, this study aims to elucidate how technological innovations have become influential determinants in decision-making processes traditionally dominated by geopolitical or geoeconomic considerations. Through a rigorous review of the speciality literature, the article aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the rise of geotechnology and its transformative impact on shaping the future of international relations, by democratising global governance and providing a technologically-centric view in the context of the proliferation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and its potentially disruptive capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Funding is critical to the attainment of Aspiration 1 of the African Union (AU) Agenda 2063, which aims to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. However, the funds required to meet these targets are not readily available in Africa. In Nigeria, constitutional provisions for revenue mobilization and public expenditure place restrictions on the foreign economic relations capabilities of non-central governments (NCGs) as well as undermine their capacity to raise the revenue required to meet development objectives. Against this background, this article reviews the strategies utilized by NCGs to overcome their fiscal powers–constitutional responsibilities mismatch and argues that in the context of the development imperatives subsumed in Aspiration 1, the strategies are counterproductive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We set a research hypothesis on the influence of the formation of international economic relations of countries on the effectiveness of knowledge and information systems management in the digital economy. We substantiate the features of the connection between these two components, which confirm the hypothesis. We consider the results of the manifestation of two forms of cooperation, which emerged due to the effect of the digital economy and due to the improvement of international economic relations between partner countries. Growth of investments in the implementation of these forms of interaction allows achieving significant results in case of favourable conditions for financial activities and R&D in countries in which businesses of partner countries are located (taxation, terms of rent, infrastructure, etc.). It is shown that activities of partner countries at the political level towards the creation of advantages for the integration of international business ensure mutual implementation of bilateral obligations in support and interaction. The goal of this paper is to identify the connection between international economic relations and the level of implementing digital technologies in the sphere of knowledge and information systems management. To reach this goal, we use the following research methods: the complex method, the comparative method, the statistical method, and the trends method. The scientific novelty of this research consists in determining the features of new forms of cooperation in the business environment in the conditions of transformation of international economic relations.

Copyright of Area Development & Policy is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the significant contribution of the ship recycling sector to the global economy and industrial development (e.g., Bangladesh's USD 800 x 106 turnover), concerns about safety and environmental impact necessitate a critical evaluation of current practices. While the Hong Kong Convention (2009) established a framework for safe and environmentally sound recycling, Bangladesh, a leader in this sector, faces challenges in aligning existing yards with these standards. This study aims to identify and address the challenges hindering Bangladeshi ship recycling yards from achieving compliance with the convention. Employing a comprehensive literature review technique, meticulously analysing relevant academic journals, industry reports and governmental regulations to identify existing knowledge gaps and best practices in achieving compliance with the Hong Kong Convention. The findings of the study encompass tailored recommendations, including the implementation of continuous monitoring for effective job scope management and transparent financial backing for yard enhancements. These insights can be served as a roadmap for advancing Bangladesh's ship recycling industry, fostering environmentally sustainable practices, ensuring worker safety and fostering sustained economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzed the relationship between the United States and Pakistan with consideration of Pakistan’s strategic position in US South Asian strategy. For most of the Cold War, Pakistan aided the United States and, more recently, it has cooperated in counter-terrorism after the September 11 attacks. Based on secondary data sources included historical records, policy documents, and journal articles, the study have found that Pakistan had important role in Afghanistan stability, counter-terrorism cooperation, and in US-China relations despite the low level of trust between two countries. With regard to relation, the research suggested counter terrorism cooperation, deepening economic cooperation through TIFA, and raising diplomacy to manage geo strategic rivalry with China to move forward towards establishing healthier and beneficial partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic policies are increasingly guided by a whole set of different concerns from those that inspired International Economic Law (IEL). Instead of interdependence, trade liberalization, and market-orientation, rules and government decisions are increasingly directed to pursue goals such as reduction of dependence, resilience, autonomy, and even self-reliance. A geoeconomic logic is gradually replacing the liberal rationale that underpinned IEL for the past decades. Understanding where IEL might be headed requires an appraisal of this changing logic. This Article makes the following contributions to this effort. First, it proposes a conceptual framework centered around the notion of "geoeconomics," which provides a coherent meaning to many developments that are transforming economic relations. The framework is unique in that it clearly outlines what is considered under the concept of geoeconomics, particularly by distinguishing it from other potentially misleading notions. This Article describes the assumptions that back the geoeconomic framework and show how they play out in practice. Thus, it sheds light on the factors driving many recent developments in the global economy which are difficult to explain from a liberal logic. Second, it contributes to sophisticate the terms of the debates among international economic lawyers that seek to address the transformations impacting IEL. These debates have neglected elements that are brought to light by the geoeconomic framework. This Article presents the insights arising from the geoeconomic framework and how they offer directions for future debates on the evolution of IEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]