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Blockchain technology, with its peer-to-peer trading feature, influences the management of energy consumption by offering the potential to transform transparency, efficiency, and sustainability within the energy sector. Nonetheless, there is a need to develop analytical decision-making models tailored for managing peer-to-peer energy transactions to improve energy resilience. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the research question: How can energy distribution systems be protected via blockchain technology to enhance energy resilience and mitigate vulnerabilities to disruptions ? This paper employs a conceptual research model design and a mathematical decision-making model to address the research question by capturing the peer-to-peer trading capability of blockchain technology. The theory of planned behavior provides theoretical explanations for the proposed model. The sample includes longitudinal energy consumption data from 2015 to 2023 in Texas. The findings indicate a significant improvement in energy efficiency along with a considerable decrease in total electricity consumption. Post hoc analysis results reveal that the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average algorithm is effective as a reliable input for the proposed mathematical model. The significant implications are to implement blockchain-based smart grids in which energy systems become more resilient to disruptions, as the peer-to-peer capability enables users to trade energy. The proposed model suggests that energy will be used more efficiently and effectively. This paper contributes to prior works by introducing a mathematical model that captures the trading behavior of energy consumers. Moreover, this paper proposes the SARIMA algorithm to predict energy demand. • A mathematical peer-to-peer trading model is presented to improve resilience. • A blockchain-based smart grid is presented for consumer energy consumption. • Five machine learning algorithms are presented in energy demand management. • Longitudinal energy consumption data of Texas is used in the model. • Theoretical support is provided using the theory of planned behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Integrated techno-economic assessment of the hydrogen value chain in the Permian Basin, spanning production, storage, and transportation. • Identified cost benefits in feedstock and tax credits for Permian-based hydrogen, balanced by transport expenses to Houston. • Scaling up to 412,000 metric tons/year can counterbalance transportation costs, positioning the Permian Basin competitively in the hydrogen market. This paper investigates the untapped potential of the Permian Basin, a multifaceted energy axis in Texas and adjoining states, in the emerging era of decarbonization. Aligned with current policy directives on regional hydrogen hubs, this study explores the viability of developing a hydrogen energy hub in the Permian Basin, thereby producing low-carbon intensity hydrogen from natural gas in the Basin and transporting it to the Greater Houston area. Diverging from existing literature, this study provides an integrated techno-economic evaluation of the entire hydrogen value chain in the Permian Basin, encompassing production, storage, and transportation. Furthermore, it comparatively analyzes the scenario of interest against an optimized base scenario, thereby underlining comparative advantages and disadvantages. The paper concludes that the delivered cost of Permian-based low-carbon intensity hydrogen to the Greater Houston area is $1.85/kg, benchmarked to the scenario, with hydrogen produced close to the Greater Houston area and delivered at $1.42/kg. Our findings reveal that Permian-based low-carbon intensity hydrogen production can achieve cost savings in feedstock ($0.25/kg) and potentially accrue a higher production tax credit due to a shorter gas supply chain to production ($0.33/kg). Nevertheless, a significant cost barrier is the expense of long-haul pipeline transport ($0.90/kg) from the Permian Basin to Houston as opposed to local production. Despite the obstacles, the study identifies a potential breakeven solution where increasing the production scale to at least 412,000 metric ton per year (about 3 steam-reforming plants) in the Permian Basin can effectively lower costs in the transport sector. Hence a scaled-up production can mitigate the cost difference and establish the Permian Basin as a competitive player in the hydrogen market. In conclusion, a SWOT analysis presents Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats associated with Permian-based hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the strategic pricing behavior of a leader in a two-person, noncooperative game when profits depend on the purchasing response of a follower who not only reacts to changing prices instantaneously, but also builds long-lived consumption infrastructure that affects future demand. As an application of such a system, we formulate the relationship between these players in the natural gas and electricity generation industries as a bilevel problem. The leader is a natural gas producer whose objective is to maximize profit; the follower is an electric utility who solves a capacity expansion and dispatch problem with the objective of minimizing the cost of electricity generation and long-run investments. To find solutions, the bilevel problem is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear program by replacing the lower-level player's model with its Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, which are necessary and sufficient for optimality here, and linearizing the upper-level player's objective function using the strong duality conditions of the lower-level problem. After parameterizing the model with publicly available data for Texas, we conduct scenario analyses through 2040, evaluating strategies of the natural gas producer under different policies regarding carbon taxes and incentives for carbon capture and storage (CCS). We then observe how the lower-level player responds to these strategies in terms of the evolution of the generation mix, added capacity, and CO 2 emissions. We also quantify the effects of strategic pricing by running scenarios where natural gas prices are fixed. Key findings include: (1) different levels of carbon tax and CCS incentive can have non-monotonic effects on the optimal natural gas price and producer profit, (2) effects of CCS incentives can spill over to technologies without CCS, and (3) omission of strategic pricing from the model not only decreases the profit for the producer but also can increase the costs for the electricity sector. • Bilevel model for interaction between natural gas producer and electric utility. • Carbon policy effects on electricity capacity mix, generation mix, and CO 2 emissions. • Effectiveness of different reformulations of bilevel programming problems. • Demonstration of how strategic natural gas pricing affects carbon policy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme temperature outages can lead to not just economic losses but also various non-energy impacts (NEI), such as increased mortality rates, property damage, and reduced productivity, due to significant degradation of indoor operating conditions caused by service disruptions. However, existing resilience assessment approaches lack specificity for extreme temperature conditions. They often overlook temperature-related mortality and neglect the customer characteristics and grid response in the calculation, despite the significant influence of these factors on NEI-related economic losses. This paper aims to address these gaps by introducing a comprehensive framework to estimate the impact of resilience enhancement not only on the direct economic losses incurred by customers but also on potential NEI, including mortality and the value of statistical life during extreme temperature-related outages. The proposed resilience valuation integrates customer characteristics and grid response variables based on a scalable grid simulation environment. This study adopts a holistic approach to quantify customer-oriented economic impacts, utilizing probabilistic loss scenarios that incorporate health-related factors and damage/loss models as a function of exposure for valuation. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through comparative resilient outage planning, using grid response models emulating a Texas weather zone during the 2021 winter storm Uri. The case study results show that enhanced outage planning with hardened infrastructure can improve the system resilience and thereby reduce the relative risk of mortality by 16% and save the total costs related to non-energy impacts by 74%. These findings underscore the efficacy of the framework by assessing the financial implications of each case, providing valuable insights for decision-makers and stakeholders involved in extreme-weather related resilience planning for risk management and mitigation strategies. • Framework for the value of customer resilience by extreme temperature-related outages • Resilience valuation using customer characteristics and grid variables in simulations • Loss scenarios using customer factors and temperature-based damage models • Applying resilience valuation to 2021 Winter Storm Uri use-case [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An unprecedented very large-scale T&D dataset covering Texas is made publicly available. • The sheer size of this dataset is intended to provide a challenge for the scientific community. • This lays the foundation for demonstrating the coordination of T&D. • It can help foster the improvement of algorithms and tools for years to come. Distributed energy resources, such as rooftop solar, have rapidly expanded in recent years, given declining costs and the desire to reduce carbon emissions. With more energy resources located in the lower-voltage distribution system, it is increasingly helpful to utilize combined transmission and distribution (T&D) system models to analyze interactions between these normally-distinct subsystems. This paper proposes a methodology for creating very large-scale, highly detailed, combined T&D systems that are synthetic—that is, free from non-public data—yet still realistic. The methodology creates very large-scale combined T&D systems by merging the most up-to-date techniques for creating synthetic distribution feeder networks with the latest methods for building synthetic, meshed bulk-power transmission networks. This methodology is demonstrated on a T&D system geolocated in Texas, and benchmarked with co-simulation results. Validation demonstrates that the resulting syn -texas-TDgrid synthetic test system realistically represents characteristics found in actual networks, addressing the lack of available T&D test systems. With over 15,000 feeders and 46 million electrical nodes, this T&D dataset has applications for research in optimal power flow algorithms, voltage control, reconfiguration, and T&D coordination schemes under high adoption of distributed energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As our environment becomes increasingly urban, the governance of urban regions faces multifaceted challenges. There is growing recognition that studying the governance of urban regions requires looking beyond individual plans and examining networks of plans. Existing work on plan networks focuses on documents, neglecting the agency of the people and governments who create and implement the plans. To help fill this gap, we develop and test an analytical framework for assessing urban governance within a network of plans, focusing on the alignment of plan content, interactions, and the relative efficacy of the plans. We apply this framework in metropolitan Austin, Texas (USA), studying five strategic plans that address the region's built environments, transportation systems, and natural areas over a 20 year-period. The analysis reveals how voluntary regional scenario-planning conducted decades earlier continues to shape city and regional development goals; how alignment between plans on paper can belie poor cross-jurisdictional coordination in practice; and how plans addressing transportation and natural areas are more efficacious for implementation than plans for the built environment. In addition to making plan dynamics visible, the framework thus allows for rigorous, empirical assessment of regional governance through a network of plans. • A framework is proposed to analyze urban-region governance with a network of plans. • The framework is tested with five strategic plans in Austin, Texas (USA). • Evidence is found of a network consisting of documents and agency. • Network-of-plan research benefits from the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using computer vision techniques such as stereo vision systems for sea state measurement or for offshore structures monitoring can improve the measurement fidelity and accuracy with no significant additional cost. In this paper, two experiments (in-lab/open-sea) are conducted to study the performance of stereo vision system to measure the water wave surface elevation and rigid body heaving motion. For the in-lab experiment, regular water waves are generated in a wave tank for different frequencies and wave heights, where the water surface is scanned by the stereo vision camera installed on the top of the tank. Surface elevation inferred by the stereo vision is verified by an installed stationary side camera that records the water surface through the tank transparent side window, water surface elevation measured by the side camera recordings is extracted using edge detection algorithm. During the in-lab experiment a heaving buoy is installed to test the performance of Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) algorithm to monitor the buoy heave motion. The VSLAM algorithm fuses a buoy onboard stereo vision recordings with an embedded Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to estimate the 6-DOF of a rigid body. The Buoy motion VSLAM measurements are verified by a KLT tracking algorithm implemented on the video recordings of the stationary side camera. The open-sea experiment is implemented in Lake Somerville, Texas. The stereo vision system is installed to measure the water surface elevation and directional spectrum of the wind generated irregular waves. The open-sea wave measurements by the stereo vision are verified by a Sofar commercial wave buoys deployed in the testing location. • Edge detection is adequate for wave height measurement in wave tanks. • Stereo vision is effective for in-tank/open-sea wave height measurement. • Stereo vision is effective directional wave spectrum measurement. • KLT algorithm is accurate in planar rigid structure motion measurement. • VSLAM shows better accuracy when measuring small amplitudes than accelerometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VNIR-SWIR (400–2500 nm) reflectance measurements were made on the surfaces of various cores, cuttings and sample splits of sedimentary rocks from the Tertiary Jackson Group, and Catahoula, Oakville and Goliad Formations. These rocks vary in composition and texture from mudstone and claystone to sandstone and are known host rocks for roll front uranium occurrences in Karnes and Live Oak Counties, Texas. Spectral reflectance profiles, 569 in total, were reduced to 125 representative spectral signatures, which were analyzed using the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Material Identification and Characterization Algorithm (MICA). MICA uses an automated continuum-removal procedure together with a least-squares linear regression to determine the fit of observed sample spectral absorption features to those of reference mineral standards in a spectral library. The reference minerals include various clay, mica, carbonate, ferric and ferrous iron minerals and their mixtures. In addition, absorption feature band-depth analysis was done to identify rock surfaces exhibiting absorption features related to uranium and zeolite minerals, which were not included in the command files used to execute MICA. Rocks from each of the four geologic units produced broadly similar spectral signatures as a result of comparable mineral compositions, but there were some notable differences. For example, Ca- and Na-montmorillonite was matched most frequently to the spectral absorption features in 2-μm (∼2000–2500 nm) wavelengths, while goethite occurred often at 1-μm (∼400–1000 nm) wavelengths. The latter is related to limonitic iron-staining in and around oxidized zones of the uranium roll front as described in previous papers. Rocks of the Jackson Group differed from those of the Catahoula, Oakville and Goliad units in that the former exhibited spectral features we interpret as being due to the presence of lignite-bearing mudstone layers. Goliad rocks exhibit spectral features related to dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite, and an unidentified green clay mineral that is possibly glauconite. Jackson Group rocks also exhibit weak but well-resolved absorption features at 964 and 1157 nm related to either or both zeolite minerals clinoptilolite and heulandite. These zeolite minerals and a few spectra exhibiting hydrous silica absorption features are indicative of alteration of volcanic glass in tuffaceous mudstone and claystone layers. A few sample spectra exhibited strong absorption features at around 1135 nm related to the uranium mineral coffinite. Both the 1135 nm coffinite and 1157 nm zeolite absorption features overlap somewhat, potentially making them difficult to distinguish without additional hyperspectral field, laboratory or remote sensing data. The results of this study were compared to mixtures of minerals described for ore, gangue and alteration minerals in deposit models for sandstone-hosted uranium, sedimentary bentonite and sedimentary zeolite. Use of these spectra can help facilitate mapping of both waste materials from the legacy mining of the above commodities, as well as future exploration and resource assessment activities. • Visible to infrared reflectance spectra were analyzed of uranium-hosting rocks. • These include the Jackson Group, Catahoula, Oakville, and Goliad Formations. • Compositional variability in ferric‑iron, clay, and carbonate minerals was determined. • Some rocks contain detectable zeolite and uranium industrial/critical minerals. • The data and methods in this work will be useful for future remote sensing studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation functions play an important role in deep learning models by introducing non-linearity to the output of a neuron, enabling the network to learn complex patterns and non-linear relationships in data and make predictions on more complex tasks. Deep learning models' most commonly used activation functions are Purelin, Sigmoid, Tansig, Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), and Exponential Linear Unit (ELU), which exhibit limitations such as non-differentiability, vanishing gradients, and neuron inactivity with negative values. These functions are typically defined over a finite range, and their outputs are integers or real numbers. Using fractional calculus in designing activation functions for neural networks has shown promise in improving the performance of deep learning models in specific applications. These activation functions can capture more complex non-linearities than traditional integer-order activation functions, improving performance on tasks such as image classification and time series prediction. This paper focuses on deriving and testing linear and non-linear fractional-order forms of activation functions and their variants. The linear activation function includes Purelin. In contrast, the non-linear activation functions are Binary Step, Sigmoid, Tansig, ReLU, ELU, Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), Hexpo, and their variants. Besides, the standard formula has been implemented and used in developing the fractional-order linear activation function. Furthermore, various expansion series, such as Euler and Maclaurin, have been used to design non-linear fractional-order activation functions and their variants. The single- and multi-layer fractional-order neural network models have been developed using the designed fractional-order activation functions. The simulation study uses developed fractional-order neural network models for predicting the Texas wind turbine systems' generated power. The performance of single and multi-layer fractional-order neural network models has been evaluated by changing the activation functions in the hidden layer while keeping the Purelin function constant at the output layer. Experiments on neural network models demonstrate that the designed fractional-order activation functions outperform traditional functions like Sigmoid, Tansig, ReLU, ELU, and their variants, effectively addressing limitations. • Activation functions are derived into fractional functions using fractional calculus. • The fractional neural network models have been made by adopting derived functions. • A Case study has been done on the Texas wind turbine with the models to predict the power. • The models' performance has been evaluated using the fractional functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]