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This article examines Erik Jörgen Hansen's paper concerning Danish educational equalization. He starts by discussing a certain specified goal, social equality in the field of education. He then deals with a number of obstacles which according to him prevent the realization of the desired goal in existing school systems. Finally he proposes certain measures to clear away the obstacles or minimize their importance. The goals discussed by Hansen is social equality in the field of education. What this means to him he discusses at some length and comes out with a number of definitions. One of these, consistent equality, he then tries to operationalize. This means in its general version that equality is reached when the educational system is so constructed, that it for all leads to a result that does not make it possible to find any useful criterion according to which individuals can be singled out in relation to the education obtained. In a more limited way this goal can be said to have been reached if the individuals in various categories, examples are social groups, geographical area, sex and others, on the average, regardless of category, reach a completely identical educational result.

This article presents information about the riots, which broke out after the first performance of the American motion picture "Rock Around the Clock" in Copenhagen, Denmark. During the first performance in the afternoon no incidents occurred, neither at the Bristol nor at the other cinema, the Platan, were the film was also shown. The riots did not begin until after the second evening performance. Another three policemen were ailed in before the end of the performance. As the filmgoers came out of the cinema, some youths made for the Town Hall Square. Some of them walked on toward the main entrance of the Tivoli where they tried to get in without paying. The Tivoli staff at the main entrance called for the police who arrested nine persons. The next day on August 6th, a crowd numbering about three hundred young people gathered outside the Bristol after the first evening performance. After about half an hour the general sentiment of the group began to grow increasingly aggressive. The young people encumbered the street-users, and gradually traffic came to a stop. The crowd was dispersed by the police, and was dosed to through-going traffic. Then the youths set out for the Town Hall Square through the cross streets. The police cleared the square several times during that night. Sixteen persons were apprehended.

The article discusses the development trends in the press of several Scandinavian countries, including Finland, Denmark, and Norway. It states that since the Second World War, publication of newspapers in Scandinavia has shifted economically and technologically toward a large-scale or primarily medium industry. It explores the development tendencies in the press by commercialization, one-sidedness, and centralization. It highlights the laws for advertising market in Scandinavia. It mentions that the Finnish press committee proposed several measures, such as budget allocation for newspapers' transportation subsidies.

Presents updates on several events related to gastroenterology as of March 1970. Rorer Awards Contest of the American College of Gastroenterology in the U.S.; Congress of the International Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Copenhagen, Denmark; Postgraduate Course on Hepatitis in Aspen, Colorado.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

This paper compares preliminary estimates (available about four months after the close of the period to which they refer) with final estimates (available three years after the close of the period) for certain national accounting aggregates and some of their major components. It concludes that preliminary estimates are consistently low for gross domestic product, exports, and public consumption, whereas imports, private consumption, and gross capital formation may be either low or high. The best early estimates, in the sense of closest to the final figures, are those for gross domestic product, imports, and exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the problems concerning Danish sports, games, and athletics from a sociological point of view. Attempt has been made to shed light on the interest taken in sports and games, taking into consideration both active athletes as well as spectators. The interest in sports is expressed through active participation, passive membership of sports clubs, people's attending sports matches, and their reading the sports accounts and comments of the dailies and the sports papers and the interest can be gauged from the participation in them. The motive behind this participation is varied and there is non-official spastics regarding it. Investigation into the motive is done by conducting surveys and from the sports statistics prepared by the Department of Statistics since 1938 at intervals of five years. The role of sports and games as a contact factor is analyzed. The motives behind the membership of a sports club are analyzed. The author feels that the interest and a desire to participate in sports and games actively might be one of the motives.

The article presents a paper focusing on the study of agriculture in Denmark. Denmark has a windy climate. The yearly precipitation is about 725 mm in the South-West of Jutland and about 550 mm on the island Zealand where Copenhagen is situated at the East shore. The actual evaporation increases from about 350 mm on sandy soils in Jutland to about 450 mm on the South-eastern Danish islands with soils having a relatively high capacity for water available to plants. The highest actual evaporation coincides to some extent with the lowest precipitation. In this paper evaporation also covers the term evapotranspiration. The potential evaporation is considered to be near 500 mm for most parts of the country. In May-July the potential evaporation is much larger than the precipitation. Shelter is considered important in Danish agriculture to avoid wind erosion on sandy soils and to reduce water evaporation. The increased temperature by shelter is generally assumed to be more important in horticulture than in agriculture. It is well known that shelter increases plant production.

This paper analyzes the differential class behavior in Denmark. Social class is here conceived of as a stratum or layer of society differentiated in terms of scalar social status. The basic status variable is conceived in terms of the differential deference allotted to a person by his fellow group members. Sensitivity to status differences was found to be positively related to respondents' own status. This was documented by prestige rating of 75 occupations in which respondents of higher status exhibited considerably less variation in rating than low status groups; number of social classes reported to exist in Denmark; and asserted ability to place people socially by just looking at them or listening to their speech. Although all strata showed majority agreement in asserting this ability, the percentages of asserters increased with social status. A regular and statistically significant increase was observed in percentages possessing the characteristics with increasing social status; interest in theater, painting, classical music and politics, familiarity with modern Danish literature and knowledge of foreign languages.

The present paper is a report of the help patterns among older people and their adult children in three countries—Denmark, Britain, and the United States. The data come from interviews conducted in mid-1962 with nationwide probability samples of approximately 2,500 persons aged 65 and over in each of the three countries. Family help patterns in old age in Denmark, Britain, and the United States differ by the social class position of the older person. The class position of old people effects primarily the size of their immediate families, their family structure, and their living arrangements. While the social class of the old person effects the magnitude and direction of parent-child help, persons in every social class report that they help their children and that their children help them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite assertions about the ubiquity of coalition behavior in politics, theories of coalition formation have not usually been tested on data pertaining to the legislative process. The paper explores advantages and shortcomings of existing coalition theory for studying law-making in a multi-party parliamentary democracy with highly cohesive parties, using Denmark as the test case. All passed government bills 1953-1970 are studied in terms of the size and composition of the winning coalitions and policy area of bills. In all cabinet periods a certain number of bills are passed by minimal majorities, but most are not, indicating that minimal majority behavior is not a principal strategy in law-making. However, the traditional left-right model of the Danish party system is very successful in accounting for the coalitions formed. Classification of bills into policy areas also shows considerable variation with respect to levels of conflict, with taxation as the most conflict generating area. The findings suggest that if we are ultimately to understand the significance of coalition behavior in politics, it is imperative that we relax strict rationalistic behavior assumptions and concentrate efforts on developing ways for systematic study of the content and perceived consequences of decisions made by winning coalitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various associations, agencies and institutions in the field of sociology. The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History will hold its 53rd annual meeting on October 3-6, 1968 at the New York Hilton Hotel. The Danish Institute will hold a seminar, "Social Denmark," on social welfare in Copenhagen, August 25-30, 1968. The seminar is intended for persons working in the administrative and practical field of social welfare and will be conducted in English. The Indian Sociological Society held its first conference since 1961 at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Bombay, on October 14, 15, and 16, 1967. The Massachusetts Sociological Association was founded by 100 sociologists at Boston College on November 4, 1967 and will serve as a locus for the teaching and research concerns of sociologists throughout the commonwealth and for others seeking advice on community or state-wide problems. The National Institute of Social and Behavioral Science will hold its regular sessions for contributed papers at the 135th annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 26-31, 1968 in Dallas, Texas.

The article presents abstracts of papers about public health and medical care published in various periodicals. Titles include "The Social Worker and the Family Physician" by Ruth Goldberg, "Improving the American Diet" by Joan Dye Gussow, and "Modern Implementation of Denmark's Tradition of Health Care Delivery," by Elizabeth Johnson.

THIS paper is part of a broad comparative analysis of the role of the state on the labour market in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. The analysis includes the historical background and the structure of interested organizations--these are the independent variables--and the legal rules for conflict resolution, the role of the state as employer, and the methods of incomes policy, which are all regarded as dependent variables. Space does not permit a full account of all parts of the investigation. We have to concentrate upon the methods used for pursuing an incomes policy, and these methods will be analyzed in connection with the collective bargaining systems. We can only hint at some historical background data, and at some of the salient facts about organizational structure and rules for conflict resolution, which should be seen as explaining variables in the analysis of collective bargaining systems and incomes policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the treatment of persistent offenders outside the U.S. The concept of persistent offenders is the creation of the sociological school in criminology. The end of the treatment studied in this paper is to eliminate criminals who proved to be incorrigible. The treatment of persistent offenders is either aggravated punishment, or a measure of social security replacing punishment, or a combination of punishment and of a measure of social security, the latter being applied after the former. The first system is now of historical interest only. France applied it in 1885, but the draft of 1932 does not follow the law in force. Norway in 1902 introduced the system in positive law, but practically did not apply it. The second system is applied in some places, but presents rather an exception, merely Hungary, Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland have accepted it. The idea that persistent offenders should be released if they ceased to be socially dangerous is explicitly expressed in Switzerland, England, Germany, Sweden, and Italy.

Information about several papers discussed at the annual meeting sponsored by the International Association of Botanists on Danish vegetation is presented. Topics include the topography and vegetation of some localities, including Borris Heath, visited by the excursion in Denmark and the undulating beech wood on the morainic deposits. The symposium featured several botanists including Professor E. Warming and P. E. Muller.

The article explores the so-called biological types or life-forms developed by C. Raunkiaer, director of the Botanic Garden and Museum at Copenhagen, Denmark, and its application in phytogeography. In some reviews that he made to the work of various researchers, he stresses that something is lacking to express the correlation between vegetation and climate. It is stated that the plant itself must be the recorder of the biological value of any climate. A classification of plants according to shoot-apex or bud protection, and the biological types or life-forms is presented. He based his analysis on ten life-forms including S for Stem-succulents, Ch for Chamaephytes, and G for Geophyte, followed by an elaborated discussion on utilization of the life-forms in plant-geography.

1. The paper deals with Lipoptena cervi (L. c.). The material is from Jægerseborg Deer Park, Zealand, and consists of 1 ♀ L. c. from fallow deer, and 86 ♀♀ and 94 ♂&3x2642; from red deer, all collected from Sept.-Dec. 1960. 2. Morphology of the mouthparts makes L. c. a pool feeder (plates 1-II, Fig. 2). The claws (Fig. 3) are adapted for woollen hairs or contour hairs with diameters less than 0.22 mm. L. c. is moving sideways through the coat with head downward and almost perpendicularly to the skin. The wings are torn off by the hairs in the coat. 3. In Denmark L. c. is univoltine with appearance of a new generation in Sept.-Oct. when the red deer changes from summer to winter coat. Each healthy red deer is considered to have a carrying capacity of about 15 specimens of L. c. 4. The difference between frequency of infestation by L. c. on fallow deer and red deer is explained ecologically as a result of better chances of survival for puparium and winged stages in the habitats of red deer (woodland) than in those of fallow deer (grassland). 5. Unwinged stages show an aggregated distribution on their hosts (Fig. 5). 6. The background for aggregation is discussed with special reference to possibilities of persecution by the host, to skin temperatures (Fig. 5), and to the microstructure of the skin (plates III-VIII, Figs. 7-11). Supplementary temperature measurements on skin and in coat were made on fallow deer (Fig. 4), and cow (Fig. 6). The aggregated distribution is explained as the result of a balance between several factors (results on pp. 126-127). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The present paper is based on five years' investigations on O. insectifera in Allindelille, its only habitat in Denmark. In 1941, 1942, and 1949 all plants were numbered and each flower was examined at an interval of two days during a period of from 8 to 16 days. 2. Hitherto known examples of pseudocopulation in Ophrys and Cryptostylis are referred to. Further are mentioned the biology of and the occurrence in Denmark of Gorytes mystaceus, a fossorial wasp pseudocopulating with O. insectifera. Except for this species the wasp has, so far, only been recorded on nectar flowers. 3. Three observations of G. myst. on Fly Ophrys in Allindelille are recorded in detail, the method of pseudocopulation in most respects accurately corresponding to previously observed cases in Algeria, South France and Australia. Apparently, G. myst. does not seek any food in the flower. 4. Cage experiments over three years with a total of 16 plants show that pollinia disappeared in from 5 % to 8 % of the caged plants; in one case, at any rate, self-fertilization occurred. 5. Through enumerations in 1941, 1942, and 1949, from 40 % to 16 % of the flowers were found to have had one or both pollinia removed, and that from 33 % to 12 % of the total number of pollinia had been withdrawn. These records are compared to those of other authors. 6. In the two main years of investigation, 1941 and 1949, the pollinia were removed throughout the flowering period (fig. 8), and there was no noticeable difference between the number of pollinia removed in the lower and upper flowers of the spikes (fig. 9). This indicates a continuous pollination also after the supposed emergence of the females. 7. From 18 % to 11 % of all flowers were fertilized (germ swollen). Scarcely half of the pollinated flowers developed the germ, and on account of attacks by snails, Thrips, etc. still fewer attained ripening of the seeds. Flowers with one pollinium removed showed a smaller percentage of fructification than those with two pollinia removed. In no less than 29 % of the flowers fertilized in 1949 no pollinia had been withdrawn. 8. The investigation shows the smallest number of visits in the more shaded habitats, and in localities where plants are numerous. 9. The total number of examinations of flowers is compared to the number of flowers, the duration of the stay of Gorytes on flowers, its daily active period etc. From this it appears that the wasp ought to have been observed at least three to five times as frequently as was actually the case. Accordingly, the Goryies-stock is certainly too small, perhaps due to an interplay between a planting of Picea abies in suitable localities, and the structure of the calcarious soil, unfit for the nest building of the wasp. 10. It is shown that the meat-fly, Sarcophaga carnaria, does not normally seem to be attracted by the flower. Records of flies and other insects are scarce and probably all accidental, except for Taeniothrips picipes which is, however, too small for pollinating. 11. In Allindelille, flowers etc. are to a great extent gnawed by snails. Examples are given of removal of pollinia by means of snails. Possibly snails have simultaneously caused fertilization in a few cases. 12. Previously recorded instances of self-fertilization in the genus Ophrys are referred to. In O. insectifera in Allindelille the method of self-fertilization is not a bending down of the pollinia as in O. apifera; apparently, the pollinium falls totally out of the anther-cell, and from an upright position on the top of the labellum it bends inwards so that the pollen-masses reach the stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an account of a statistical study of the Danish intelligentsia for the four centuries from the Reformation to 1900. The term intelligentsia has been taken to mean creators of cultural values in the broadest sense, including all those who have contributed in some way to the culture of the community. In more than one respect the marked movements in the size of the intelligentsia give some indication of the structure of cultural life itself. To quote one example, the number of artists increased from 36 in the activity period 1810 onwards, to 127 in the following period, 1835 onwards. The periods after 1835 and after 1885, however, were each characterized by the existence of a second generation of newly enriched bourgeoisie. The importance of language as a means of artistic expression is very clearly shown by a further analysis of the theatre group. In this group foreigners ranged from 17 to 100 percent among singers and dancers in the eighteenth century and accounted for four to 10 percent even in the nineteenth century, whereas only five to 20 percent of the actors and producers of the eighteenth century were foreigners, and in the nineteenth century there were none at all. As may be expected, metropolitanism is very strong, and in certain achievement groups it is a predominant feature. Among the artists of the seventeenth century the metropolitan index rose to 10.2 and among the musicians of the same period it even reached 14.4. In politics especially the earlier centuries were characterized by the part played by the landed aristocracy, whilst in the nineteenth century first the farmers and later the smallholders acquired political power.

The purpose of this paper is to assemble and present in comparable form some statistics available on professional incomes in a number of Western countries. Professions selected are law, medicine, dentistry, the higher civil service and higher learning, countries are Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Great Britain and the United States. My interest in professional incomes has been aroused by the alleged and often cited connection between economic growth and the advance of democracy on the one hand and the worsening economic status of the intellectual and professional classes on the other. This trend has been noted not only in the United States but in most Western countries, it explains the springing up, all over Western Europe, of organizations of intellectuals and university graduates, aimed at defending their interests and drawing the public's attention to their plight. In Canada between 1911 and 1951, the income of professional people is estimated to have risen only one quarter as fast as the income of industrial workers, in Germany, over a period half as long the average income of the free professions is said to have risen by half as much as the income of the rest of the economy. The same trend, though less pronounced, is present also in Great Britain, where, between 1911 and 1956, the average income of the liberal professions has risen by two thirds of the rise in the national income per head of occupied population.

The article reports on the 2nd International Conference on Production Research held in the Technical University of Denmark at Copenhagen in August 1973. The event was organized by professor C. H. Gudnason and his colleagues at the Technical University. The International Journal of Production Research has decided to publish a selection of papers presented at the conference. They will appear in the next two issues of the journal. It has been tentatively proposed that the 3rd Conference should be held in the U.S. in 1975.