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There are two general emphases in the definition of the concept, natural area. One of these views the natural area as a spatial unit limited by natural boundaries enclosing a homogeneous population with a characteristic moral order. The other emphasizes its biotic and community aspects and describes the natural area as a spatial unit inhabited by a population united on the basis of symbiotic relationships. It is the purpose of this paper to examine a series of data with a view to studying whatever natural areas may be present within a larger urban residential district. Rental values range in their block averages from five dollars to one hundred and fifty dollars per month. Many racial, national and religious categories are located here, and the residences have been built at various periods of time. Thus, in the considerable spread in rental value, age of structure, and ethnic background of the population, the basic elements for the production of either functional or homogeneous local units are present.

Thus, to summarize--the technique described in this paper combines two methods of map construction: 1. The modified use of a formula--the flow of trade--developed by W. J. Reilly and P. D. Converse. 2. Field testing throughout the country. The job of making a map on a national scale precludes any attempt to study each individual area through intensive field work. However, the use of an established pattern of the flow of retail trade adjusted to local conditions by field testing seems to be the answer to the problem of national market area map construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to describe and to summarize by means of a typological analysis the salient characteristics of the population in the United States--Mexican border area. The area under focus consists of the five southwestern states for which data on Spanish surnames were available and the six Mexican states adjacent to the international boundary. Distributions of Spanish surname persons are plotted for cities and minor civil divisions in the five southwestern states. The populations on both sides of the border are examined with respect to selected attributes. Demographic comparisons are made between Spanish surname and non-Spanish surname populations of the five southwestern states. This is followed by a typological analysis summarizing the characteristics of the relevant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper have been developed on the assumption that the functional effectiveness of a state varies spatially within its own territorial limits. The case of West Pakistan has been considered. An attempt has been made to distinguish the areas of varying degree of functional effectiveness in West Pakistan and thus to provide a framework for a more realistic understanding of the functional relationship of a state with the various parts of its territory. The concept implies that the area is culturally homogeneous, and is used here to measure the administrative- economic quality of a given area. The basic criteria employed are a) the density of population and b) density of transportation lines. The ecumene (the effective state area) has been delimited as that part of the total area which provides economic support to most of its inhabitants. The remaining portion of the state has been termed extra-ecumerical." The ecumene has been classified into minimally effective area, intensively effective area, is more, and the core area. The intensively effective area is more densely populated ( 100 persons to the square mile) and has a closer mesh of transportation lines (each part lies within five miles of a motorable road or railroad station. Additional measures of agricultural productivity, intensity of market potential, magnitude of manufacturing, and the degree of urbanization have been used to locate the core area which is depicted as the Lahore-Lyallpur axis Karachi, because of its nonagricultural base, falls short of the measures of a core area and has been termed the "sub-core." Thus it has been found that there are observable disparities of functional effectiveness in West Pakistan.

Explores the relationship of boundaries to their geographical and historical milieu. Common assumption regarding the boundaries of primitive men; Compatibility of definite boundaries with depopulated defensive zones; Role of kinship and territory in political organization.

This year's annual seminar of the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, organised by Professor Carl Gösta Widstrand, the director of the Institute, was devoted to boundary problems. It was an interisciplinary gathering, attended by some 30 scholars, from 12 countries. The daily proceedings were divided into two: in the mornings, the papers were delivered as public lectures at the University, and in the afternoons, the seminar met for discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Epsilon Generalization can consistently define the borders and core region of a noncontiguous community. The Nappanee, Indiana, Amish area is used to demonstrate the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents data on the political situation in the Republic of South Africa and shows how both the situation and the policies have changed. An important aspect which needs to be mentioned here is that the political situation in South Africa regards the relations between Whites and non-Whites, as well as the historically based antipathy within the White sector of the population. All of these groups, therefore, have to be contrasted with their fellows having within the political boundaries of the Republic. The author also explains the terminology to be used. The early years of South African history gradually gave rise to a class system in which certain key phrases were used as basis for distinction. In time the Christian and his religion which had played such an important part in the early Cape were adapted to the present attitudes where the White man and his civilization are contrasted with the non-Whites and their way of life. During these years of transition a number of concepts appeared which characterized the policies and attitudes of various groups. Repeatedly policies of two sociologists were characterized as separation and segregation but no clear-cut definition on a long term basis was ever offered. Finally emerged the term of apartheid which describes the present policy in South Africa.

Whenever an international border is drawn across a functionally integrated economic region, the trade restricting impact of tariffs and other barriers is likely to be more severe within that region than within the remaining portions of the two countries between which the region has been divided. Some countries have attempted to mitigate the adverse impact on the region by permitting a specified amount of duty-free or otherwise preferred trade between domestic and foreign areas which are adjacent to the border and which together constitute a region. The purpose of this paper is to examine the economies of preferential border zones and to evaluate the operation of one such zone, that which covers the Italian Autonomous Region Trentino-Alto Adige and the Austrian provinces of Tirol and Voralberg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the case of Kano, the largest city of the western Sudan, and its present province, which is roughly coterminous with the area which was directly under the sway of Kano for nanny centuries. The Kano province dealt with here is one of the thirteen administrative provinces of the region of North Nigeria. Despite the apparently unfavorable physical geography of the region, the province, especially during the wet season, presents the appearance of a vast rolling park. It is covered particularly in the western and southern areas, with maize, millet and other grain crops.

A number of abstracts are presented for articles pertaining to market area studies. They include "Delimitation of Economic Areas: Statistical Conceptions in the Study of the Spatial Structure of an Economic System," "Maps and Geographic Reports From the 1950 Census" and "Standard Definitions of Metropolitan Areas."

The redistricting of Washington State presented an opportunity to apply, with court sanction, a variety of geographic criteria: compactness and regularity; integrity of well-known units (counties and cities); following of natural geographic boundaries; and consideration of functional unity and cultural homogeneity--rather than a political criterion of partisan advantage to particular parties. The existence of two party plans provided an opportunity to measure the effect of such partisanship th rough comparing the operation of differing criteria to the same data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1870 and 1910 the northern plains was transformed from Indian reservation to a farming frontier for whites as a result of decisions made outside the region, and by the adaptations of while and Indian settlers. The frontier migration fields of Sanborn County, South Dakota, and Bowman County, North Dakota, were heavily concentrated in the Middle West. illustrating the shift in migrant origins as the frontier pushed westward. The contrast in patterns of development between North and South Dakota was largely determined by the location and timing of railroad construction, which in turn reflected the government's land grant and Indian policies. Within Sanborn and Bowman counties, pioneer settlement patterns illustrate the role of group migration, public land policies, and railroad land sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the Kaufman (1959) and Sutton-Koloja (1960a, 1960b) conceptualization of community, empirical techniques are developed to identify community boundaries. These techniques are unique because they allow simultaneous consideration of boundary and interaction aggregation problems. A sociological conceptualization of community is coordinated with layman respondent's perceptions so empirical data, faithful to both perspectives, may be gathered from community residents. Community boundaries are identified from conditional probability matrices applied to residents identified as business, education, and government leaders in ten rural areas of Illinois. Township boundaries regularly coincide with community boundaries. Techniques developed here appear widely applicable to identifying community and other boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

People tend to minimize their journey to work, maximize their employment benefits and maximize their residential amenities. The major hypothesis proposed in this study is that the time-cost expenditures in the journey to work tend to vary according to socio-economic characteristics of the population. The specific sub-hypotheses tested by the data were transportation variables and socio-economic status variables. The investigation was carried out in Spokane, Washington, as part of a more inclusive study concerned with the separation of workplace from place of residence. The study was arbitrarily restricted to the political boundaries of the city of Spokane, which had a population in 1950 of 161,721. The data for the study were obtained through the use of personal interviews by trained interviewers using schedules. The design called for a multistage area type sample based upon an adaptation of the Bureau of the Census sampling procedure. It has been pointed out that the mode of travel in cities is related to the size of the city. The use of the automobile does not diminish appreciably in American cities of moderate size, despite the opportunity of reaching the place of work through other means.

The author reflects on the implications of provisional frontier between Germany and Poland and the elimination of national minorities. He argues that implications of the frontiers can be seen in ethnography. It is mentioned that the area has a Slavic and pagan instead of Polish background. The author also mentions about the problems of the frontiers such as problems with security and retribution.

This article focuses on the impact of the U.S. marketers in the transformation of Latin-American economic life. In every aspect of his business, the marketer must weigh political factors to which he would not give a second thought in the United States--in his investments, pricing policy, plant location, employee relations and the character of his competition with local companies. The enormous expansion of Latin America's capacity to consume carries with it the promise of important social changes in the years to come. Peasant masses are being urbanized and becoming part of the effective market for mass-produced manufactured commodities. The greatest obstacle to the expansion of Latin America's marketing economy stems from the isolation of economic units which follow political boundaries. Latin-American countries trade primarily with the United States and Europe, only to a minor extent among themselves. This isolation limits the effectiveness of marketing activities, which can be conducted more efficiently in larger units.

The article presents observations on the European integration process. Degrees of dynamism is reflected by the European integration process. An individual performs different roles, including political, economic and social roles. In Europe, some organizations attempt to influence public bodies. Organizations show interests at both the national and multinational levels. In European integration developments, one of its important aspect is that they are positive. They are active and have purposes and programs. In terms of cross-border contact, the mobility aspect of the European integration process creates a continuous increase in demand for access.

This article examines some theoretical notes on geography and international conflict. The first section of this article attempts to construct a partial foundation for the theoretical structure of international conflict by defining certain basic concepts. In the second section the defined concepts are used to delineate in broad fashion the relationship between geography and international conflict. Throughout the article the authors have attempted to clarify each of the ideas presented by reference to historical examples. In addition, the authors discuss the kinds of conflicts bring by boundaries.

The article presents a comparative study of centre formation, territorial unification and national development. Further, it discusses the imbalances in the current research in nation development, a sample of global models and also suggests a hypothetical model for Europe in this regard. The author makes observation that the extraordinarily rapid wave of decolonization and state formation deeply affected the priorities within the social science community from the mid-fifties onward. The great wave of Third World studies also triggered impressive efforts of theory construction. It is opined that there are marked imbalances in the range of cases and variables covered in comparative analysis of processes of political development. Most comparisons have been limited to institutional or aggregate statistical data for each nation as a unit and have tended to neglect highly significant variations in the rates of growth among competing economic, political or cultural centres and between such centres and the rural peripheries.

The purpose of this article is to examine the physical nature of and the geographical role performed by the core-area in the formation of a particular group of states namely those of Europe. The geographical pattern of the states of Europe had, in general taken shape before the age of modern nationalism, and it is difficult to discover among the forces which brought the states into being during the middle ages. The authors define what they mean by core-area. A core area must have considerable advantages in order to perform its role. It must have within itself the elements of viability. The article talks about how various European countries expanded their boundaries.

This article studies how boundary classifications have evolved, from the simple artificial-vs.-natural division, through classifications describing the basis of the boundary, as physical, anthroprogeographical, and so forth, to a classification which related the boundary to the cultural landscape at the time of establishment. In order to define some of the basic concepts underlying the nature and role of boundaries, boundary studies in a general context are treated. If generalizations are to have any validity, they must be drawn from and tested by significant case studies that fulfill the requirements of objective research.

Explores the subject of frontiers and boundaries. Origins and evolution of the terms; Manifestation of the spontaneous tendency for growth of the ecumene; Development of patterns of civilization; Appropriateness of the term boundary.

Focuses on the use of statistical testing for validating the regional boundaries. Analysis of the geologic, physiographic, soil, land use, type of farm and population growth regions; Establishment of unit areas according to physiographic and geologic observations; Relationship between the features of natural environment used to delimit the area and the physical and socio economic properties of the regiona.

The article presents reviews and abstracts of boundary problems in Europe. The study focuses briefly on the present status of disputed areas in Europe, listing the most important disputes and including a briefly annotated bibliography. It has been realized there are many other disputed areas in Europe but for reasons of space or absence of unbiased studies they have been left out. Since April 1949, when the border changes were brought into effect, voices of dissatisfaction have been heard from both sides of the Dutch-German border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the claims of the Netherlands for economic changes along its boundary with Germany. Problems encountered in the political geography of the post-war period; Damages caused during the war by the Germans; Influence of the general political situation in Europe and the postponement of a final treaty with Germany to the frontier corrections considered by the western powers.

Focuses on the position of the Köppen Da/Db Boundary in the Eastern United States. Significance of the agricultural climate; Variation of the boundaries; Comparison of the latitudinal variations of the western terminals and the eastern terminals.

Focuses on the boundary dispute between California and Nevada. Overview of the boundary; Association of the northern part of the border zone with the Sierra Nevada; History to the formation of the Nevada territory.

Focuses on the boundaries of geography. Role of geography to astronomy and to geology; Impact of scientific discoveries and mechanical inventions opening the utilization the third or vertical dimension of the earth's surface; Configuration of three-dimensional earth-space.

Examines the verbal description of international boundaries in diplomatic notes, treaties and other documents. Employment of aerial reconnaissance; Use of boundary descriptions by diplomats, lawyers, surveyors, cartographers and engineers; List of main methods of boundary description.