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This section offers news briefs on international business as of November 25, 1931. The 2 percent import tax to be added to present duties in France will not be applied to raw materials but will be increased to 4 percent on semi-manufactures and to 6 percent on manufactures. There has been an increase in demand for larger imports and dollar exchange in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Montevideo, Uruguay. Japanese goods are being boycotted in China.

This section offers international business news briefs. Japan announced that it will open a central bank in Peking, China which will lay the groundwork for monetary reform in all of China under Japanese occupation. The provincial government of Quebec has purchased a gold mine to be used as a practical training school for young miners. English River Pulp Co. will start construction of a large pulp and paper plant in Northern Ontario.

The article analyzes the possible impact of the Japanese government's enactment of a law that empowers the government to take over business during an emergency such as war. The law is of interest to the U.S. because of the substantial flow of U.S. goods to Japan and the similarity of the law to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's emergency-power proposal. The law also affects Japan's trade relations with China.

The article offers new briefs related to the business scenario of the Asian countries including Japan, and China. A China Merchants' stock exchange was opened in Shanghai, China, with the aim of dealing in Chinese government bonds, and the stocks of leading Chinese banks, public utilities, and similar securities. According to the representatives of the Ford Motor Co. in Japan the company is considering the establishment of a manufacturing plant within the country.

The article discusses economic issues being settled by the League of Nations regarding the conflict between China and Japan on the control of Mukden, the capital of the Chinese region of Manchuria. Information on Japanese investments in Manchuria is presented, noting that the Japanese nationals who operate businesses in the region are continuously demanding for protection of their business. The interest of other countries like the U.S. and Soviet Union in the economic opportunities in Manchuria is also described.

This article points out that U.S. businesses operating in China will be at a competitive disadvantage with Japanese businesses. Japanese military occupation of Chinese cities, such as Shanghai, has enabled Japanese businesses to dominate the competition from foreign businesses such as the U.S.'s. U.S. businesses that are expected or have already posted losses are the Universal Leaf Tobacco Co., National City Bank of New York and American Express Co.

The article discusses the statement of Chu Min-yi, right hand man to Chinese rebel Wang Chang-Wei that Japan may attempt to explore the agricultural benefits from China in return of industrial goods and that Central China Development Co., is a multitude of small enterprises, and Chinese cannot join it.

The article offers an update on international trade as of October 1931. Currency hoarding and political issues are a cause of concern throughout Europe. The French business community is showing a lack of confidence in the U.S., Germany and England as it foresees financial and political crises in these countries. The trade relations between Japan and China are being affected by various factors including flood and famine in China and the claim by Japan that the Chinese government is responsible for anti-Japanese movements.

This section offers news briefs on business and politics in countries other than the U.S. as of March 1938. The Japanese government announced that China is establishing an autonomous state in Central China with Nanking as capital. The signing of a new trade pact between Great Britain and Italy signals the possibility of a more significant agreement between the two countries. Great Britain bought Soviet goods worth 113 million U.S. dollars and sold goods worth 40 million U.S. dollars to Russia in 1937.

This section offers news briefs regarding events related to business in various parts of the world as of July 1937. The conflict between Japan and China at Peiping is not likely to start a world war between the U.S. and Great Britain. In France, the Chautemps-Bonnet fiscal reform plan has been found to be inadequate to be really effective while causing an increase in living costs. The slight rise in industrial shares in Great Britain in the previous week has slowed down.

The article discusses the differences in reconstruction in wartime China between Japanese Occupied China and Free China. The author first looks at the differences between Occupied China and Free China before the invasion of Japan. Occupied China was much more modern and industrialized, while Free China was more traditional in its agricultural roots. Under the reign of Japan, Occupied China has succeeded in consolidating its transportation system and exploiting China's natural resource reserves. In agriculture, however, Japan has failed almost everywhere, whereas Free China has succeeded introducing industry, building a transport system, and having increased prosperity in agriculture.

The article discusses the use of economic sanctioning in international relations. In particular the League of Nations is highlighted for its use of economic sanctions to prevent armed conflict. Economic sanctions were first provided for internationally through the Covenant of the League of Nations. The League of Nations is an international organization established in 1919 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference following World War I. The League of Nations is attempting to effect an amicable settlement between China and Japan. Japan is considered particularly vulnerable because of its dependence on foreign imports.

The article reports on East-West trade and the Free World's interest in Japan as part of a military defense strategy. There is concern about the deficit in Japan's sterling account and balance of payments in 1953. Opposition to Japanese trade with countries in the Communist Bloc is due to the West's trade sanctions and the possibility that economic or political cooperation with communist China could result in a security threat to the United States. Topics include the Japanese export program and American economic aid to Japan.

The article reports on the latest business developments and activities outside of the U.S. as of December 26, 1936. It claims that the global business climate is strong, with solid performance in such countries as Chile, Great Britain and Japan. It cites that the only major threat to the booming economy is the possibility of war as shown in the public threat of Germany against the Soviet Union and the volatile situation in China. The situations in the global mining and agricultural industries, among others, are also cited.

This section offers world news briefs related to business as of May 1936. Japan is continuing with its plans for economic penetration on mainland Asia, which include the operations of Japanese shipping companies in Chinese waters. Brazil has completed the shipment of its first cargo of iron ore to Cardiff, Wales. The Soviet Union will send out a commission to study the production of typewriters abroad.

The article reports on the decision of the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to end the negotiations with the Soviet Union for a new debt settlement and trade agreement in 1935. The factors which influenced the U.S. decision on the issue include the assurance made by Japanese officials that Japan has no bad intentions for the U.S. and the positive outlook for the Chinese Eastern Railway problem. A loan of 100 million U.S. dollars was also asked by the Russians.

The article focuses on the incident which involves the arrest of a Nipponese bodyguard by American Marines in Shanghai, China. It states that the bodyguard of a Japanese general who visited the patrolled area of Shanghai was arrested due to their failure to conform in their agreement with the U.S. to seek permission in advance before entering policed zones. As a result, it says that the U.S. issued a notice to the Japanese government which temporarily terminates the Japanese-American trade deal.

The article offers information on the growing power of Japan and declining power of Canton, China and Hankow in Wuhan, China. It states that China is inefficient in coping up with the military readiness of Japan. It mentions that this has affected the commercial markets of China. It highlights that Japan has added several people in the raw material industry.

The article focuses on the independence of the Philippines in the light of the expansion of the Japanese in Asia. The Japanese have already conquered the Chinese capital Nanking, Manchuria, and a territory along the border of Mongolia. The Philippines is set to receive its independence from the U.S. on July 4, 1946 under the U.S. Tydings-McDuffie Act. Former Philippine Vice-Governor Ralston Hayden believes that when the free trade agreement between the country and the U.S. ends, an economic disaster is seen.

The article discusses Japanese trade prohibitions on 300 categories of imports, details of which are to be revealed on October 10, 1937. It explains that Japan needs to defray the costs of a longer, more expensive military campaign in China. American exporters anxiously wait for the details having sold more than 200 million U.S. dollars' worth of goods to Japan, U.S.' third top importer in 1936. Japan assures that the total business placed in the U.S. is not likely to be reduced, but there will be shifts in materials imported such as cuts in raw cotton.

The article discusses the trading activities of Japan after the war as it hopes to regain its position in international trade. Japan's best customer before the war started has been China but since there is a ban on Chinese trade, Tokyo businessmen are putting pressure on the Japanese government to end it. Businessmen are stating that there had been a drop in trade since the embargo imposed by the U.S. in December 1950, from 19.6 million U.S. dollars a year worth of China trade to 20,000 U.S. dollars in April 1952.

The article offers information on the problems being faced by Japan since its trade agreement with the U.S. lapsed on January 26, 1940. As stated, the Japanese government is resenting the loan of 20,000,000 dollars provided to China from the U.S. Export-Import Bank. Moreover, Germany's trade with China has led to another set back for Japan as the German machinery is no longer available to it.

The article offers news briefs related to business relations of China with Japan, which include, discontentment of Japan over the credit of 5,000,000 euros given by Great Britain to China, the illegitimation of old Chinese currency by Japan, and the shopping done by Japanese businessmen in the U.S. for plant equipment.

The article focuses on the undertaking of Japan to build a new colonial empire in China as of February 1938. It mentions Kochu Koshi (China Development Co.) president Shinji Sogo who supposes that he can attract American capital into joint venture with the Japanese in the new empire. Also cited are the company's major schemes for the future under the protection of the Japanese. A brief background of Sogo is provided.

The article focuses on the trade difficulties experienced by China in the U.S. in 1937 due to the demands raised by Japan regarding rights and powers. Topics discussed include China's nearly 1 billion U.S. dollar-worth of foreign loan obligations in different countries including the U.S., Great Britain, and France, the possibility of Japan controlling all ports and communication including Manchuria, and the effects of the trade disputes to Chinese economy.

The article focuses on the business condition in Taiwan as of March 1947. Taiwan was re-ceded to China after 51 years of Japanese control. The Taiwanese are planning to appeal before the United Nations regarding the maladministration of the Chinese government. Under Japan's Greater East Asia plan, Taiwan became a producer of chemicals, petroleum, and aluminum.

The article reports on the statement made by the Japanese government that the barter agreement signed between Japanese parliament member Masanosuke Ikeda and Chinese trade official Nan Han-chen at a ceremony held in Peking, China in October 1953 is not official.

This section offers news briefs related business. British financial institutions Midland Bank, N. M. Rothschild & Sons and Lazard Bros. among others have arranged for the sale of about 260-million U.S. dollars worth of chemical plants and equipment to the Soviet Union. Reports that China has offered to sell crude oil to Japan has raised speculation that Communist China is dreaming of self-sufficiency in crude oil. Agfa AC of West Germany and Cevaert Photoproducten N.V. of Belgium has decided to merge 12%of their world production.

The article reports on the statements of the International Trade Promotion Agency regarding the cautious trading of Japan with China.

The article offers information on the latest developments in Far East which include drive by the Japanese soldiers in Manchukuo against the organized robbery by vagabond Chinese soldiers, criticism of Japan's policy in Manchukuo by smaller countries in the League of Nations and construction of an aluminium plant in Shanghai, China.

The article reports that Pacific Northwest lumber exporters are likely to lose trade with Japan and parts of China.

The article offers information on Chinese decoy tanks that Japanese forces near Nanking, China wasted shells, bombs, and machine gun bullets.

The article comments on the involvement of the U.S. in the Chinese-Japanese War in 1937. It criticizes U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt for his failure to enact the U.S. neutrality policy that the U.S. Congress has approved. The author argues that the President must know the powers that he possesses and the restrictions that hamper him to implement the law that was supported by most of the U.S. people.

Examines the efforts of John K. Emmerson, U.S. Counselor of Embassy at Beirut, to promote U.S. collaboration with the Japanese People's Emancipation League, a group of Japanese prisoners in China organized by Chinese and Japanese communists for wartime propaganda purposes. Evidence presented by the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security regarding the involvement of Emmerson in the issue; Counterarguments presented by Emmerson to the claims of the subcommittee; Reactions to the subcommittee's decision to pursue its investigation of the issue.