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The analysis of means (ANOM) is an alternative to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for examining fixed effects. It was formalized by E.R. Ott and further developed by E.G. Schilling. This paper provides an extended table of factors needed for ANOM for s..

Since the Arab-Israel war of 1967, military expenditure/GNP ratios for the participants in the conflict-Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Irag-have escalated to levels far surpassing those in other developing areas and even those of the superpowers locked in an extensive global arms race. In the Middle East, a region of low per capita income and not especially endowed with an abundance of natural resources, the costs incurred by military expendenditures are particularly severe. The purpose of the paper is to measure these costs. A simple variant of the Harrod-Domar model is employed to determine the military burden. Estimates are made for both the 1960-1970 and the 1970-1980 periods. A set of assumptions-none peculiar to the Middle East-is posited to describe the transfer of resources from military to civilian production in a hypothesized process of deescalation. The additions to civilian production provide the basis for the estimates of the economic sacrifice the Middle East populations incur in maintaining the abnormal levels of military expenditure/GNP ratios.

Likelihood functions provide a convenient and useful means of summarizing the numerical information that the data has to offer about a parameter or a set of parameters. This paper introduces the concepts of likelihood and likelihood functions and uses t..

The beam-induced conductive-mode and cathodoluminescence mode have been used in the study of GaAs and InP epitaxial layers and Gunn devices. The paper outlines the techniques used.

University students in Venezuela constitute about ten percent of the corresponding age group (calculated from Universidad Central de Venezuela 1970: 19, Table 5), and leadership of the country's economic and social development is increasingly in the hands of university-trained professionals. University enrollment has quadrupled since 1958, and young professionals who have graduated over the past fifteen years already represent a majority among university graduates in Venezuela. Research on students and elites, however, in Venezuela as elsewhere in Latin America, has concentrated on their divergent political attitudes while paying scant attention to the transformation of university students into members of the elite.This paper reports on an exploratory survey of student and elite attitudes toward higher education and professional employment in Venezuela. Our findings provide some insight on the extent to which employment of high-level manpower is influenced by modern, achievement-oriented criteria, as compared with traditional, ascriptive criteria.

This paper first reviews the descriptions and structural explanations for variations in urban population densities in the United States over several decades. The research reviewed focuses on shifts in the technology and economics of travel as being the major influences on urban density distributions. These variables appear to be somewhat less adequate as explanations of the process in recent decades. After reviewing these findings and suggesting several research questions, we attempt to assess the evidence relating variations in population density to several other aspects of human behavior. A review of the research relating high population densities to various "social pathologies" indicates that little of the variance in rates of these pathologies can be attributed to density independently of other social structural variables. Some important consequences of population density have been reported, however, and possible research directions are outlined.

This paper considers the operating characteristic (OC) properties of two-level skip-lot sampling plans. Skip-lot plans were initially introduced by Dodge and later were investigated extensively by Perry. Three two-level plans are considered here. These ..

This paper argues that multivariate statistical analysis of operating data may provide the necessary information and insight needed to adequately control many of the complex industrial processes that do not lend themselves to rigid deterministic feedbac..

In this paper the composite thermal conductivities of unidirec tional composites are studied and expressions are obtained for pre dicting these conductivities in the directions along and normal to the filaments. In the direction along the filament an expression is presented based on the assumption that the filaments and matrix are connected in parallel. In the direction normal to the filaments composite thermal conductivity values are obtained first by utiliz ing the analogy between the response of a unidirectional composite to longitudinal shear loading and to transverse heat transfer; second by replacing the filament-matrix composite with an idealized ther mal model. The results of the shear loading analogy agree reason ably well with the results of the thermal model particularly at filament contents below about 60%. These results were also com pared to experimental data reported in the literature and good agreement was found between the data and those theoretical re sults that were derived for circular filaments arranged in a square packing array.

This paper is an account of a detailed examination of the reaction by which nickel can be precipitated from aqueous ammoniacal nickel sulfate solutions by hydrogen at elevated pressures and temperatures. The thermodynamics of the reactions are discussed and the behavior of ammonia is illustrated. A mechanism is proposed to account for the catalytic effect of ferrous salt additions, and the effect of variables on the autocatalytic nature of the reduction is described with particular reference to the dependence of the reaction rate on the available surface area of nickel metal.

This paper introduces and develops a new concept in statistical sampling, Price Adjusted Single Sampling (PASS) with linear indifference. The basic purpose in developing this inspection technique is to eliminate the process of rejecting lots, a common p..

SummaryThis paper investigates the recalculation from its base date of theFinancial TimesIndex of Industrial Ordinary Shares (hereafter called theFTIndex) using the ordinary arithmetic mean of the values of its constituents, rather than the geometric mean that is actually used in its calculation. The value of this arithmetic version of theFTIndex represents that of a portfolio invested equally in each of the original constituents at the base date. The behaviour of the recalculated index may therefore be described in portfolio terms.The arithmeticized index has been calculated at each end-year since the base date of theFTIndex (1 July 1935). By the end of 1970 its value was 38% higher than that of the (geometric)FTIndex. The percentage by which the new index exceeded the original was found to have increased approximately linearly with time; a least-squares linear fit over the whole period indicated that the percentage excess of the arithmetic version over the original index had increased on average by 0·8% a year. A separate fit for the period from end-1960 onwards shows that this rate had increased to 2·7% per year, and even over the period since 1950, it has been 1·1% per year. Use of these relationships gives a rough adjustment of theFTIndex for portfolio comparison purposes.We also calculated a series of arithmetic indices with base dates at the end of each year since the original base date of theFTIndex. In the majority of calendar years since its foundation, theFTIndex has not fallen far behind the corresponding arithmetic version over the twelve month period. However, over periods of more than a year, the geometric and arithmetic indices can show dramatically different results, particularly if the percentage change in the index value is considered. It is clear that longer-term changes in the value of theFTIndex cannot be interpreted as the changes that would have occurred in the value of a portfolio equally invested in the thirty constituent shares at the beginning of the period.None of these findings affects the usefulness of theFTIndex for its original purpose, as a sensitive daily indicator of changes in the industrial ordinary share market. It is purely its long-run use as a portfolio standard that is misleading. For this purpose the more recently instituted arithmetic indices are likely to be useful in the future. Meanwhile, our arithmeticizedFTIndex values may be useful to correct the downward drift imposed on theFTIndex by its geometric construction.

This paper (1) explains the variables and methods used to calculate the MIRV threat to the fixed-site land-based ICBM forces of the United States and the Soviet Union; (2) attempts to reconstruct the calculations presented in the 1969 ABM debate by Albert Wohlstetter, George Rathjens, and John S. Foster about the number of Minutemen which could be expected to survive an attack by forces of various sizes and characteristics; and (3) applies these methods, together with some plausible assumptions about classified variables, to two other security issues: the import of the SALT limitation on the size of the Soviet SS-9 force and the character of the threat to the Soviet fixed-site ICBM force posed by the American MIRV program.

Two years ago, Rapoport (1970) asked peace researchers if their work was applicable. In the March 1971 issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution Kent replied to Rapoport's query. This paper continues the dialogue established by Rapoport and Kent. Its central questions concern the nature of peace research and researchers, the source of support, and the applicability (usefulness) of the research. Rapoport's perception of the goal of peace research

This paper is concerned with attempts that have been made to incorporate measures of risk in the selection of financial investments. The methodology that is developed here has been primarily aimed at the evaluation of capital investment projects, but the concepts and ideas are also relevant in the financial investment field. Implicit in all this discussion is the fact that when information is obtained in order to calculate an internal rate of return or a net present value, the figures put into the calculation are estimates rather than precise and exact quantities. In some instances the estimates may be felt to be very good, whilst in other cases it may be felt that there is a wide range of possible deviations. Hence the evaluation of any project or projects should, correctly, be described not by a single criterion but by a range of possible values, some of which are judged to be more likely than others. Having said this, there now comes the need to decide upon the method by which choice is to be exercised. Should it be by the choice of the highest average value of the criterion, or by choosing some more conservative rule?

Proceeding from duality results for the GI/G/1 queue, this paper obtains the probability of the number served in a busy period of a GI/G/1 system where customers initiating a busy period have a different service time distribution from other customers. Using duality arguments for processes with interchangeable increments, the Laplace transform of the busy period duration is found for a modified GI/M/1 queue.

SUMMARY Lagrangian methods in heat-flow problems and transport phenomena were introduced by the writer in some previous work. The present paper develops further one particular aspect of the method,-i.e., the elimination of “ignorable coordinates.” This is accomplished by a special choice of generalized coordinates, each of which is constituted by an arbitrary temperature distribution and an “associated flow field.” The latter is a vector field which is derived from the corresponding scalar field by a variational method. The procedure is valid for a certain class of nonlinear problems, provided we replace the temperature by the heat content as the unknown. It is shown that for normal coordinates derivation of the associated flow field is immediate. The use of normal coordinates and their associated flow fields is illustrated by an example. Introduction of Dirac functions and associated flow fields yields a procedure which constitutes a generalization of the classical formulation by Green’s functions and integral equations. This is illustrated by application to onedimensional problems of heating of a homogeneous or composite slab and directly verified by classical methods in the Appendix. N A PREVIOUS PUBLICATION~~~ haveintroducednew methods in heat-flow analysis. These methods have a two-fold basis; first, a new formulation of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, and, second, the application of Lagrangian techniques to the mathematical analysis itself. The earlier developments were carried out in references 2, 3, and 4. We have recently reviewed in more detail in reference 5 the basic thermodynamic concepts and principles. The formulation of dissipative phenomena into a variational language can be achieved in many ways.$ The particular method which we have chosen is different from the classical variational approaches. It appears to be the most general and fits into a unified thermodynamic theory embracing a large category of physical phenomena, which leads to equations of the same type as in Lagrangian mechanics. A particularly useful concept which has been introduced is the generalized thermodynamic force by a @inciple of virtual work. In the case of thermal problems this results in a representation of the physical system by means of a vectorial flow field and to the use of a generalized thermal force to represent the externally applied tem

The findings reported at that time established that there were in fact certain relationships between domestic and foreign conflict behavior variables, depending upon the type of nation, the variables, and the time lags involved. This paper deals with certain deficiencies found in that earlier study. It will also report results, parallel to those published earlier, but incorporating some of the changes made in the analysis. One major deficiency of the earlier study was the method by which indicators were compiled for the six dimensions of domestic and foreign conflict behavior. The measures used were based on factors extracted by Rummel for the 1955-57 data (Rummel, [3]). Although I was using the Tanter data also (Tanter, [4]), thus giving six years of data, from 1955-60, I continued to use the factors relevant only to the 1955-57 period. A second problem relates to the way in which the raw scores were used. As indicated in Table 4 of the earlier article, I used both raw and transformed scores, adding these according to the way variables loaded on the appropriate factors of the Rummel solution. For example, on the subversive dimension, guerrilla warfare, with a loading of .90, and assassinations, with a loading of .66, both received equal weight when the final score was compiled. It is obvious that guerrilla warfare should have received a larger proportion of the weight in the dimension.' Because of the above two difficulties, it was decided to perform a series of new factor analyses, using the data from 1955 to 1960. In addition, I extracted factor scores for the nations on a yearly basis. It is these factor scores, one per dimension per country per year, which will be used as the data in computing correlations between the dimensions of domestic and foreign conflict behavior. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the results of the factor analyses performed. These results are also compared with the results obtained by Rummel [3] and Tanter [4] in the earlier analyses.2 With regard to domestic conflict, it was decided, using the eigenvalue-one criterion, to extract two factors on the orthogonal rotation. These factors are very similar to those found by Tanter in his analysis of the 1958-1960 data. Assassinations does not load above .50

Undoubtedly, many students of negotiation are interested in their subject because negotiation is one of the outstanding mechanisms by which social and political conflicts can be resolved. Their hope is that a close and detailed study of the process of negotiation will yield information which will help to ease some of the world's more threatening tensions. In this paper we shall discuss some of the reasons why reaching this goal is more difficult than

The paper presented below offers a detailed examination of some of the more pressing problems facing technology today. Offered by one of the country’s foremost authorities in the field, the study causes both reader and participant to take a long, hard, look into the current situation, and perhaps, in the offing, be taken with a certain resolve.

While attention in the iron and steel industry has been focused on the study and analysis of the flow of materials through the main productive units (blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills), the analysis of this flow through the nonproductive units (the mixer and soaking pits) is generally over looked. These two units would create serious bottle necks in production if their capacities were not properly determined before being installed. This paper considers the soaking-pit/rolling-mill complex as a queueing system in which the soaking pits are viewed as units circulating a cyclic queue, and the rolling mill as the service station. A simulation model representing the pit-mill system is developed: (1) To predict the improvement in the capacity of the system through adding more pits (2) To predict the effect of breakdowns and mainte nance or the shutdown of a pit. Several criteria, including their economic aspects, are used to measure the performance of the system. The optimal capacity of the system is determined such that an economic balance between the cost of service and the cost of waiting for that service is achieved.

This paper describes a method and equipment developed and used for the growth of single crystals of high purity zinc, of substantial size and of various orientations, in substantial numbers, together with the results of some tests of the degree of perfection of the product.

In his basic paper, "On Welfare Theory and Pareto Regions,"2 Professor Ragnar Frisch has properly emphasized the necessity for specifying carefully the constraints that confine the "Pareto Region," that region within which the Pareto criterion for classifying positions is to be employed. As he demonstrates, the region will depend upon the nature of the constraints introduced, and the set of points or positions that may be classified as "optimal" will vary with these constraints. I propose here to discuss the nature of the appropriate constraints in a somewhat different manner and from a different philosophy than that of Frisch. His view, which is that "social value judgments" must be introduced in order to determine

This paper is a short status report on the continuing development of Cu 2—xTe-CdTe thin film solar cells for eventual aerospace application. The fabrication and operating characteristics are described, as well as on-earth maintenance, stability to thermal cycling, and resistance to radiation. Experiments with single crystal junctions are used to obtain a basic understanding of the Cu2—xTe-CdTe junctions, and to guide future thin film work. The most pressing current need is to determine how to extend cell life, particularly at elevated temperatures.

The paper presents the results of experiments on the anelastic behavior of gold, as manifested by grain boundary relaxation. Two grain boundary internal friction peaks are found for 99.9998 pet Au. It is found that the peaks are associated with primary and secondary recrystallization. However, the existence of two discrete peaks cannot be explained on the basis of grain size and shape alone. It is suggested that grain boundary stability, as determined by orientation, plays a role in the observed effects.

This paper involves the application of some modern probability methods to the problem of the slowing-down of neutrons, and attempts to provide a framework both for the exposition and computation of...

The use of a residual analysis prior to the performance of statistical tests upon experimental data is recommended as a routine procedure. This paper describes (a) the calculation of residuals from data resulting from a variety of experimental designs; ..

In the course of preparing a paper dealing with statistics relating to fire insurance (Beard, 1957) the need arose to find numerical values of the confluent hypergeometric function for parameter values well outside any tabulated range, and this note is concerned with various approximations investigated in the course of these experiments.

This paper presents a generalization of the parameter plane method in that it considers the case when the characteristic equation coefficients are nonlinear functions of the system adjustable parameters. The generalized method is then applied to the system analysis in which the coefficients are linear functions of two parameters and their product. As a simple and rapid procedure for factoring polynomials in the parameter plane, the method is used in the design of linear continuous multivariable control systems. A non-linear system with two nonlinearities is also considered whereby the stability and existence of limit cycles are investigated.

Within the limits set by structural arrangements and by institutions, individuals choose their course of action. Anthropologists have always been interested in the outcome of these choices either because they reflect ongoing change or because they elucidate interrelations between institu tions. In order for decision-making analysis to be more than anecdotal, however, it needs to be guided by a set of assumptions concerning reasoning and cognitive processes, and the conditions germane to them. Economists. sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and mathematicians have already outlined many useful assumptions. Part of our task in this paper is to con tribute to a systematization of those assumptions that arc most relevant to anthropological interests. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of decision analysis for social anthropology, examine the theoretical and methodological implications of "rationality," and present a sequence of hypothetical steps that we regard as requisites for an adequate decision- making analysis.

There are two levels of analysis of intrapersonal conflict: the action level and the belief level, the former dealing with external motor responses and the latter with internal affective and cognitive processes. Particular instances of conflict may, for theoretical convenience, be localized at one or another of these levels. For example, one may ask how a person acts when simultaneously motivated to approach and to avoid an external object (3, 9, 10). Or one may ask instead what happens to the cognitive representation of an external object when the object simultaneously incurs favorable and unfavorable cognitions (12). The present paper is addressed to the latter type of question. We shall not consider the problem of whether and how the action level is to be reduced to the belief level or vice

Due to rise in the price of fossil fuels and technical advances in the area of renewable energy, integrated systems became more popular now a day. However uncertain nature of wind, solar irradiation due to weather and climate change, integration of renewable power generation system complicates the ELD formulation. The paper presents optimum scheduling of integrated solarwind- thermal system using backtracking search algorithm (BSA). BSA is a novel population based stochastic search optimization technique, having simple structure and only one control parameter as population size. BSA has two new types of operator’s as crossover and mutation for exploration and exploitation of search space of problem desired to be optimized and also satisfies all associated constraints of the objective function.Keywords: BSA, Photovoltaic cell, Valve point loading effect, Probability density function.

Tuberculosis at the present time still causes over 20,000 deaths a year in England and Wales and is one of the major medical problems of the day. The mortality of the disease has been considered several. times recently in papers or discussions of the Institute (Pedoe, 1947; Elderton, 1947; Conybeare, 1948), and always it is the mortality by calendar years that has been mentioned or implied. It is the purpose of this note to draw attention to the somewhat different picture obtained when generation mortality rates for tuberculosis are examined.

The model considered in this paper describes a queueing system in which the station is dismantled at the end of a busy period and re-established on arrival of a new customer, in such a way that the closing-down process consists of N1 phases of random duration and that a customer 𝒞n who arrives while the station is being closed down must wait a random time idn(i = 1, ···, N1) if the ith phase is going on at the arrival instant. (For each fixed index i, the random variables idn are identically distributed.) A customer 𝒞n arriving when the closing-down of the station is already accomplished has to wait a random time (N1 + 1)dn corresponding to the set up time of the station. Besides, a customer 𝒞n who arrives when the station is busy has to wait an additional random time 0dn. We thus have (N1 + 2) types of “delay” (additional waiting time). Similarly, we consider (N2 + 2) types of service time and (N3 + 2) probabilities of joining the queue. This may be formulated as a model with (N + 2) types of triplets (delay, service time, probability of joining the queue). We consider the general case where the random variables defining the model all have an arbitrary distribution.The process {wn}, where wn denotes the waiting time of customer 𝒞n if he joins the queue at all, is not necessarily Markovian, so that we first study (by algebraic considerations) the transient behaviour of a Markovian process {vn} related to {wn}, and then derive the distribution of the variables wn.

Some aspects of Boltzmann’s solution for one-dimensional diffusion in an infinite medium when the initial distribution is a step function are clarified. Thus, the fact that the concentration is a function of the single variable x/t1/2 is established by a dimensional argument. The basis of the Matano-Boltzmann method for determining diffusion coefficients from concentration curves is discussed, and a new way of applying the method is derived and illustrated. As in the work of Hall, emphasis is placed on the curve obtained when (in effect) concentration is plotted against position on probability paper. This curve is approximated by a polynomial, and the diffusion coefficient is calculated by using an equation in which the coefficients of the polynomial appear as parameters. The new procedure makes the judgment of the effect of errors in concentration measurements easier than do the graphical methods frequently used.

There have been many sales of insurance companies in recent years, but there is nothing in the literature of the Institute which deals with valuation for this purpose. It is hoped that this paper and the discussion on it will fill this gap.

Iterative techniques for function optimization have been considered extensivezy for use in all-digital computation. Relatively little has been done to take advantage of the much higher integration speed of hybrid computation systems. This paper demonstrates application of one simple procedure in a hybrid envi ronment and compares the results to those obtained by an efficient digital procedure. Even though a much more efficient procedure was used on the digital, time-saving factors between 8 and 2 were obtained via the simpler hybrid implementation. Since the dollar cost of the hybrid is much less than that of the digital, the hybrid has a large advantage per solution.

Although students of world politics have come increasingly to speak of their empirical domain as a social system, little effort has gone into the systematic observation and measurement of its formal or informal structure. One structural attribute of the inter national system which leaves a definite trace and is therefore readily measurable, is that of alliance patterns. This paper examines all written (peacetime only) alliances among system members, describes the procedures for classifying them, and then transforms such information into quantitative indicators of alliance aggregation for various forms of the international system for every year between 1815 and 1939. Such data make it possible to treat this particular system attribute as either a dependent or an inde pendent variable for purposes of hypothesis testing or exploration in world politics.

The first part of this paper concerns the influence of nitration; the proposed 64 per cent NO3H/36 per cent AcOH mixture is considered to be the best, particularly with native cellulose of high degree of polymerization ( DP w = 4700 ); nitration to 13·9–14 per cent N is regularly found for a time of contact of 1·5 hr at 2° with the nitration mixture. The weight average mol. wt., the degree of substitution and the polydispersity obtained by GPC in THF have been determined. In the second part of this work, the enzymic degradation by a cellulasic extract of Basidiomycete is followed during 0–48 hr periods on different types of celluloses. After nitration, the residual cellulose is characterized by its mol. wt. and polydispersity. The rate of enzymic modification is discussed and related to the structure of the substrates.

Available measurements of creep rates and dimensions of ice shelves are used, in conjunction with equations derived in a companion paper (Thomas, 1973), to evaluate the flow law parameters B and n for stresses down to 104 N m−2. The results show good agreement with laboratory work at higher stresses. Adoption of these values of B and n enables us to examine the restraining effects on an ice shelf of obstructions such as areas of grounding.

Available measurements of creep rates and dimensions of ice shelves are used, in conjunction with equations derived in a companion paper (Thomas, 1973), to evaluate the flow law parametersBandnfor stresses down to 104N m−2. The results show good agreement with laboratory work at higher stresses. Adoption of these values ofBandnenables us to examine the restraining effects on an ice shelf of obstructions such as areas of grounding.

The development of a science of threat systems is a desirable but slow-dangerously slow-process (cf. Boulding, 1963). The uneven evolution of this science has given it several characteristics of doubtful value. In the first place, "strategic thinking" has acquired military connotations. When a student of international politics refers to "the strategists," he usually has in mind those who are primarily concerned with military policy-and he expects other students of international politics to know that this is what he has in mind. Although there are many nonmilitary situations in international politics in which the ability of one nation to gain its ends depends to an important degree on what other nations do (cf. Schelling, 1960, p. 5), such situations are rarely viewed as "strategic." Even within the field of military affairs, the term "strategic thinking" usually connotes a concern with nuclear deterrence policies. Although the valuable contributions to theorizing about threats by students of nuclear strategy must be acknowledged, it would be undesirable to treat such theories as the exclusive province of such scholars. In addition to its military connotations, the concept of strategic thought has become associated with game theory. Thinking about threats, however, is too important to be left to the game theorists. For example, after a highly stimulating discussion of "fractional threats," Schelling (1960, p. 184) talks about them as if the importance of his discussion lay in having found a rationale for such tactics in game theory terms. But what if Schelling had failed to find a niche in game theory for fractional threats? Should we then forget about them? Such tactics are clearly phenomena of the real world. Many students of international politics can benefit from Schelling's imaginative discussions regardless of their implications for game theory. This might be called the problem of "how to steal without getting caught"that is, how can the student of international politics "steal" Schellings's ideas without getting caught by Schelling's game theory orientation? For many students of international politics, the primary significance of Schelling's work lies in improved understanding of the real world, not in his contributions to the game theory. Threats pervade human relations and should not be discussed solely in terms of nuclear deterrence or game theory. The purpose of this paper is to broaden the context within which threats are discussed by looking at selected aspects of recent thinking about threats from a more general perspective than that of either game theory or nuclear strategy. The discussion will focus on: (1) the basic concept of threat, (2) the relationship between threats and promises, (3) the coerciveness of threats, (4) the costs of threats, (5) the role of ambiguity in threat systems, and (6) the relationship between threats and the concept of deterrence.

This paper is intended to clarify some questions that are essential to the black struggle for liberation. Its major aim is to suggest a more effective framework for the analysis of the historical and contemporary situation of black people in the United States. We have seen how the concept we are calling internal colonialism fits what we know to be the concrete historical experiences of black people and the relationship of these experiences to Third World underdevelopment and European (including Euro-American) development66. In discussing the newly emerging theory of internal colonialism we start from the assumption that theoretical knowledge, if it is to be useful, must reflect what is real in the world more deeply and thoroughly. It is therefore necessary for us to press beyond the point where the colonial analogy only looks and feels good to the essence of what really ails us in black communities across the United States. Ultimately, it is only when we meet with success in our continuing struggle to alter our present reality of oppression that we will really know if the theory of internal colonialism or any other knowledge was/is correct and of any merit. Since we dare not wait until then, it is to the important task of using what insights our analysis has already yielded and raising our struggle against oppression and exploitation to a higher level to which we should all turn.

This paper presents the analysis of asymmetrical non-linear oscillations by the parameter plane method and the describing function technique. The asymmetrical oscillations, which refer to the case when a limit cycle is superimposed on a constant or slow-varying signal, are investigated in control systems having either asymmetrical nonlinear characteristics or slow-varying input signals. It is shown how the presence of a limit cycle can modify the nonlinear characteristic for the slow-varying signal. A procedure is presented by which the modified characteristic is calculated. The application of the procedure to limit cycling control and adaptive systems is straightforward. The proposed method is illustrated by examples in which the asymmetrical oscillations are investigated in multiloop feedback structures with several adjustable parameters and different non-linear characteristics. The obtained results are checked by computer simulations.

In a series of charts this paper presents the composition of all gas mixtures, composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which at temperatures from 1000° to 1800°F are in equilibrium with (1) austenite of various carbon contents, (2) iron and iron carbide, (3) graphite, (4) iron and its oxide.

Many industrial processes include a circular multiple-head machine which runs continuously and which permits a variety of adjustments to the parts of the machine. This paper illustrates several methods for investigating various types of differences by e..

It was found that a critical boron content exists which yields the maximum boron-hardenability effect in hypoeutectoid steels, as was predicted from the mechanism proposed in a previous paper. The hardenability of boron steels with boron contents between 0.00005 and 0.0017 pet was dependent on the boron content, austenitizing temperature, quenching temperature, and austenite grain size. The effects of these variables on hardenability can be explained by the mechanism previously proposed for the boron effect.

The performance of welded structures is closely associated with the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of the steel from which they are made. A low transition temperature is desirable because it indicates that the steel is less likley to fail suddenly at low ambient temperatures. Structures such as bridges, ships, storage tanks, and pipelines are usually made from hot rolled semikilled steel. Changes in rolling practice or chemical composition appear to be the most practical methods for improving the toughness of such materials. This results from the fact that production is likely to be seriously curtailed if improvements were obtained by recourse to heat treatment or complete deoxidation. This paper discusses the effect of variations in carbon and manganese contents on the properties of semikilled steels. The transition temperature, a property to which considerable importance is attached, varies with specimen configuration, testing method, and criterion of performance. Both the Navy tear test and the keyhole Charpy test were used in the investigation. According to the terms used by Vanderbeck and Gensamer, the tear test was used to measure a fracture transition and the Charpy test to measure a ductility transition. In either case the specimens absorb considerably less breaking energy in tests below the transition temperature than in tests above the transition temperature. Decreasing the testing temperature of notched-bar specimens seems to be equivalent in its effect to increasing the severity of loading on fabricated structures. Therefore, structures built from steels exhibiting lower transition temperatures in laboratory tests are expected to be less susceptible to sudden brittle fractures in service. Consequently, changes in composition which lowered the transition temperature of the experimental steels were judged desirable.

For almost 100 years after their discovery, rubidium and cesium were considered laboratory curiosities. Recent reductions in cost have stimulated interest in these metals. This paper describes their occurrence, extractive metallurgy, and known and possible uses.

The right way to negotiate with Europe is the way in which, at its best, the Common Market has handled its own problems. One should start from the view that there is a collective European interest to be served, as there always is. One should then make sure that the separate national interests are reconciled with the interests of Europe. Only a man who thinks in European terms can make this adjustment of national and European interests successfully.The Times—29 July 1970.This paper must be forward-looking. To dwell on the past, and even the present, would fill many pages to little purpose. The author is convinced after reviewing many files of documents that the European Common Market would not have gone forward if its founders had allowed themselves to be sidetracked by narrow interests. This perhaps sounds ominous to experts in particular fields, such as actuaries, for it is not always a happy position when political motives may overrule, or cut short, technical considerations. But the concept of the Common Market is a political one and this is becoming more apparent as the years roll on. The collective European interest will prevail but that does not mean that British philosophy and practice cannot make a distinguished contribution to European thought in the field of insurance, particularly life assurance. In practical terms, it is clearly not possible to argue for the adoption of British practice in its entirety. But I do believe that unless the profession takes every opportunity to argue the merits of our own ways of providing life assurance in the private sector, we may well live to regret the omission.