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The key to explaining and predicting changes in South African society lies in the fact that a cutting point can be defined on the dimension of power-authority-ability to make or influence decisions affecting the life chances of the whole population-that comes very near dividing "whites" from "nonwhites." If (1) the dominant issue is the distribution of power- authority and (2) "the South African problem" is viewed as a two-party conflict with racially defined parties, then there are eight possible resolutions of the conflict, classifiable as annihilative, integrationist and separatist. The available evidence indicates that from least to most likely are annihilative, integrationist and separatist resolutions. Within the separatist category, secessionist resolutions appear less likely than a segregationist resolution-specifically a form of segregation clearly leading to a federal structure. Analysis of the South African case suggests for comparative research generalizations about intrasocietal racial conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With special reference to South Africa, the theoretical implications of two salient characteristics of African societies are examined, namely pluralism and the rapid rate of change. Certain inadequacies of functionalist theory and acculturation studies are explored, and it is suggested that a functionalist approach be complemented by a Hegelian-Marxian dialectic, stripped of any single-factor determinism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to give a brief, realistic analysis of the controls operative in the Union of South Africa, a society characterized by fundamental changes of race and culture. The submission of the underlying non-white millions is a function primarily of the political monopoly by whites of the economic power, political authority, and social resources of the Union. White dominance has a solid economic foundation. Thus, while the rural non-European population is at least eight times that of the European, seven of every eight acres of land are owned by Europeans. The colored people in the country are generally landless laborers and in the city propertyless proletariat, while the white collar class is negligible. Income and wages reflect a gross racial differential. Associated with the economic subordination of the non-European group is their relative political impotence. Almost literally, South Africa is a captive state, whose machinery is used by whites to further their interests. South Africa may be regarded as a racial state, with a repressive policy in relation to its second class citizens of color.

There is much evidence to support the contention that discrimination against the blacks in the Union of South Africa is more far-reaching, more cynical, than in any other self-governing country in the modern world. The Negro in America is at least by law considered a citizen, whose rights are identical with those of any other citizen. The disparity between theory and practice is regarded by men of good will as a blot upon America's honor, so that constant pressure is exerted to abolish discrimination. That goal is far from being achieved, but candor compels the admission that the status of the Negro has, for all its present limitations, enormously improved in the past quarter century. In South Africa, on the other hand, the Native (as he is called) is not a citizen. There is no statement in any official document that he is the equal of the white man, nor any pretense that he has equal rights with whites. He and his fellows constitute a group apart, with special legislation to govern every aspect of their life. With minor exceptions, the Native may not vote, own land, bear arms in defense of his country, enter an occupation of his choice, live where he pleases, nor leave the Union.

This section presents books, articles, unpublished theses and monographs about the sociology of religion in South Africa.

This article presents evidence on some of the socio-economic forces operating on Christian Churches in a modern metropolitan area based on a case study from the city of Durban in South Africa. Evidence has been provided of some of the economic and planning problems facing Christian churches as a result of the rapid development of the metropolitan area in which they operate. The impact on the churches of social and economic forces associated with modern industrialization and its associated patterns of differentiation, specialization and organization, has also been given. There is a tension between a somewhat fundamentalist evangelism and a more secular concern with the welfare of communities and people within them and the contribution that the church can make in terms of the social gospel. Some Christians behave and speak as if they see a conflict between loving God and loving one's neighbour, whereas many church leaders see loving one's neighbour in terms of Christian community-involvement as an integral part of loving God. There is increasing concern about duplication not only within but also between the different denominations, certainly as far as the churches composing the natal Council of Churches is concerned.

This article discusses the studies on Sunday observance and the role of the minister within the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa. Pre-industrial societies generally legitimate values in reference to the supernatural. These supernatural entities are also employed to explain the inexplicable and to act as mechanisms of control in society. There are strong indications that the role of the minister is being secularised by the higher socio-econmic group. The minister has supernatural authority on condition that he fulfills his duty. The minister's authority in religious matters is largely attributed to academic training, personal qualities and experience. These qualifications seem to be regarded as conditions for divine authority. Ministers generally regard the rural population as being more traditionally Afrikaans than the urban Afrikaners. This also applies to the lower socio-economic group in comparison with the higher group. The Dutch Reformed Church is being confronted by the reality of an industrial stratification system. Strong sentiments of church affiliation within the lower as well as higher strata have helped sustain the formal structure of the church. However, there are signs of growing tension between the perspectives of at least a higher and a lower socio-economic stratum.

This article presents an outline of the religious situation in South Africa, as of March 1972. In 1960 about three quarters of the total population were members of one or other Christian denomination. The remarkable resistance offered by the Asiatics in certain institutional spheres to the influence of the dominant Western culture is reflected in the fact that only 7.5% of them belong to one of the Christian churches. Almost all the rest are Hindus and Muslims. Language differences play a large role in the church membership of other groups. The most striking example of this is probably membership of one of the three Dutch Reformed Churches. The largest of these is the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk,, to which 43% of the whites belong. To outsiders the differences between this church and its two sister-churches are not always clear. From the beginning missionaries were faced with the problem as to how far the Christian religion was reconcilable with the customs and practices of the various native tribes. To the encounter between the indigenous culture and the Christian religion in particular, a number of African American separatist church movements owe their existence.

This article analyzes the replies to certain questions on ideal family size, family planning and the limitation of offspring and attitudes towards the use of contraceptives of white married women in a fertility study in a Johannesburg, South Africa. Replies to questions on the above topics are correlated with certain sociological variables such as home language, religion, educational status, family income and occupation. The application of these controls to the sample data revealed some interesting differences in outlook with regard to family size, family planning and the use of contraceptives.

During the 1957-58, the Social Research Unit of the University of the Witwatersrand undertook a study of "reproductive, facts, norms and attitudes among the various socio-economic groups of the white population in Johannesburg." This article presents the results of that part of the inquiry concerned with the incidence of sterility and fecundity among white marries women. It seeks to report how the nature and incidence of fecundity correlates with certain demographic and social variables such as age and duration of marriage, the use of contraception, fetal deaths, religion and occupational status.

This article presents a study of fertility in Alexandra Township, an urban African community situated about eight miles from the center of Johannesburg, South Africa and housing approximately 80,000 Bantu people. It is felt that there are very real advantages in surveying the region with regard to fertility patterns and infant mortality trends using the Entokozweni sample. In attempting to measure Bantu fertility in South Africa, the demographer is faced with very great difficulties. Birth registration among the Bantu is still the exception rather than the rule. Age-specific fertility rates, which relate the number of births to the number of women in each of the quinquennial age groups of the childbearing period, are also calculated for the survey sample.

Very little is known with regard to differential fertility in the Union of South Africa, even for the European population. This is due to the absence of vital statistics for the majority of the population, and the failure to record details regarding income, occupation, socio-economic status, literacy, religion, etc., at the registration of births for those ethnic groups with compulsory birth registration. At the censuses of 1921 and 1926 questions were included on the marital fertility of Europeans but, apart from other deficiencies in the data, the intervening period is too short for significant comparisons to be made. No comparable material is available for other ethnic groups. This article attempts to describe the most important territorial patterns in fertility among Europeans and non-Europeans in 1911 and 1936 respectively, and the changes, which took place between these two dates. Analyzing the effective fertility rates does this and net reproduction ratios or approximate net reproduction rates in magisterial districts, as well as the provinces, the rural and urban areas and the principal towns and cities at the two dates.

What Southern Africa will look like a generation from now is an immediate problem for the South African Government's top policy makers, who realise the precarious nature of apartheid. These planners have rejected both the do-nothing approach of the right-wing elements (e.g. the Republican Party) in South Africa and the multi-racial society solution pressed by Mrs Helen Suzman, the only Member of Parliament of the (relatively) left-wing Progressive Party. Between these two alternatives a host of partition schemes have been advocated, and one of them has been accepted: the ‘Bantustan’ proposals. By geographical isolation of each of the non-White ethnic groups into separate homelands or ‘Bantustans’, leaving the remainder of the territories of South Africa and South-West Africa to the Whites, the Nationalist Government is proceeding to change the face of Southern Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article investigates the educational background of the white elite in South Africa. The author identifies the universities for the white elite in the country and describes their characteristics. According to the author, the examination of educational background contributes greatly to an understanding of the character of the elite itself. The author adds that it is a feature of schools for the elite to foster close personal relationships among students which persist into later life. How these schools shape the elite of the country, and how the elite, in turn, influence the general society, are further discussed in the article.

The article discusses the psychological conditions and factors, which affect the relations of white and coloured people in Great Britain. A substantial proportion of English people hold antipathetic or prejudicial ideas and attitudes towards coloured people, and are averse to any fairly close social contact with them. English people are prejudiced more often against persons of African origin than against other coloured nationalities, and that such prejudice is generally more wide spread if accompanied with the idea or suggestion of closer physical proximity. English people fear losing social status through association with coloured individuals. Individual and unpleasant experiences tend inevitably to augment this situation and to make the coloured persons concerned less willing to seek fresh white contacts, which possibly would modify their hardening views about English people in general. Emotive factors usually play a larger part than in the English case in the development of the coloured person's racial attitudes. The coloured person who remains, or who resides in this country, has a longer experience of English life and social interactions, and consequently both a greater spur and a greater opportunity, in some cases, for making psychological adjustment and social accommodation.

The article presents information on ethnic attitudes and station explosion at Johannesburg. At 4: 33 P.M. on July 24, 1964, an explosion occurred in the main concourse of the Johannesburg railway station. A suitcase containing dynamite and petroleum had been placed in one of the waiting rooms of the Whites only concourse. The explosion took place shortly before the main rush of homegoing workers. At the time of the explosion there were several hundred people in the concourse. An elderly woman who was seated close to the suitcase lost her life. The explosion at the Johannesburg station to be likely to be viewed by the general public against the background of sabotage attacks, prevalent at the time, which were aimed ostensibly at securing political advances for nonwhites in South Africa. The Johannesburg station explosion was also preceded by the arrest of a large number of persons under the 90-day clause. Any view of the incident as the work of a crank devoid of political significance, was probably dispelled by a statement issued by the Minister of Justice shortly after the explosion had occurred.

The article examines the significance of magic and sorcery in playing football or soccer among the Zulu in South Africa. Each football team employs an inyanga, or Zulu doctor, who strengthens his own team by magic and ritual and forestalls the sorcery directed at his team by rival inyangas. The success or failure of a team depends on the skills of the inyangas aside from the natural talent of the players. The inyanga is replaced when a team constantly loses instead of the players. A goat is slaughtered before a season opens to invite good luck, and another is slaughtered to mark its end.

The article outlines a study on personality and sociocultural prejudices in intergroup attitudes in an attempt to gain a cross-national perspective on both factors. The study focuses on two areas in the world where the manifestation of prejudice is evident including the Union of South Africa and the southern U.S. Authoritarianism and other externalization factors are associated with prejudice in South Africa and the southern U.S. The extensive racial prejudice of individuals from both areas are directly linked with the antiblack mentality of the two cultures.

The article presents a discussion on the Afrikaners as an emergent minority. Sociologist Drew Archibald's recent article on the Afrikaners achieves its stated aim of contributing to an understanding of the Afrikaners' behaviour and attitudes. However, his thesis requires qualification since some very important recent trends among Afrikaners are completely ignored. By disregarding emergent differences within the Afrikaans-speaking community he presents a view of the Afrikaners that can be very misleading. Archibald's arguments would have been much more valid had they referred to the Afrikaners of ten to fifteen years ago. Afrikaans group has largely emerged from its former minority group orientation, and that only certain factions continue to be influenced very strongly by the pressures of the past. The Afrikaner group is rapidly assuming the identity of a bureaucratically organized white elite, and as such, their stance is coming to resemble that of the English-speakers more and more closely. Accurate theoretical analysis of the caste-system as it operates in South Africa requires that certain important additional factors be recognized.

Understanding of the Afrikaners' present behaviour and attitudes is perhaps facilitated by viewing them as an emergent minority. They have enjoyed political supremacy for so long that this is difficult at first. However, the required alteration in focus has merits simply as an exercise in objectivity, and may also serve to illustrate the unpleasant truth that the worst effects of discrimination are often on personalities of its victims. Few care to recognize the extent to which minority status can be morally disabling. The Afrikaners' experience includes military defeat and occupation, a long history of discrimination of many kinds and at least two determined attempts to suppress their language. It should perhaps be emphasized that since minority status is relative, Boers under British rule were no less a minority than the still lower status Africans. Minorities come into being because territory, political authority, people, and culture only rarely coincide. At various times and in different areas Afrikaners have been subject to a wide variety of governments, both their own and other peoples.

This article discusses the history of passive resistance in South Africa. The effects of the introduction of the plough on the division of labor in the tribal economy of the Bantu peoples of South Africa, the repercussions of conversion to Christianity on tribal authority, and the modification of family structure as a result of mine labor, provide a ready demonstration of the applicability of the law of cultural radiation. During three centuries of acculturation, this selective borrowing of items in isolation from their original setting has transformed the culture of the Bantu tribes. But the consequences are very much more complex at the present time, when the groups are completely interdependent, assimilation is proceeding rapidly and white and non-white participate in the same institutions.

Presents a series of abstracts on various topics of economics published in the March 1964 issue of the periodical 'The South African Journal of Economics,' vol. 32. Effects of a rehabilitation program in the Bantu areas in Eastern Cape, South Africa on agricultural practices and rural life of Bantu people; Study on the distribution of income for Bantu workers in South Africa.

Presents an overview of articles on economics published in the January 1964 issue of 'The South African Journal of Economics.' Compatibility between economic budgeting and non-coercive planning; Estimation of gross domestic product of Republic of South Africa.

Studies the effect of stocking rate on botanical composition and soils in natural grassland in South Africa. Nature of soil in the grasslands; Factors which changed the botanical composition of the grasslands; Disadvantage of conducting grazing experiment on small plots.

Highlights the pediatric practice in a South African mission hospital. Evolution of the mission hospital; Nutritional diseases treated in the hospital; Background on the pediatric unit of the hospital.

Describes three cases of different ethnic groups from South Africa. Aim of the exercise to illustrate the thesis of the activation of the collective unconsciousness due to the social conditions in a rapidly developing culture; Discussion of issues in terms of introverted analytical understanding; Consideration of relations between social conflicts and archetypal activity in relation to insecurity of the ego.

The article discusses the changing theories and practices of apartheid in South Africa. It states that the government's policy of apartheid has developed based on relations between Bantu-speaking peoples and whites. The author also mentions that the participation of Bantu labor in the modern exchange economy took place on a migrant basis.

The article focuses on the influence of cultural background on the sorting of attitude statements. After L.L. Thurstone first developed the technique of scaling attitudes by the method equal-appearing intervals, Stuart A. Rice raised the fundamental question of the constancy of the scale-values assigned to the items in attitude tests constructed by the Thurstone method. Rice claimed that not only the "equal-seeming interval" but the order of propositions itself may differ considerably among different groups, on the average, as a result of differences in cultural background. Responding to Rice, Thurstone agreed that this was a fundamental problem in the scaling of attitudes but predicted that empirical tests of the question would reveal only insignificant differences in the scale-values and in the rank order of the items. Rice's hypothesis that marked differences in cultural background may produce significant differences in sorting. A really crucial test of this hypothesis would require a comparison of scale-values obtained when groups of judges from very greatly different cultural backgrounds are used. An almost ideal instrument with which to test this hypothesis is afforded by the test of Attitudes toward the Native developed by I.D. MacCrone in a South African cultural setting. This test, which was constructed by the method of equal-appearing intervals, was used in an adapted form in this country by Robert K. Merton. The article discusses this test.

The article reviews the periodicals "Biological Conservation" and "Koedoe. Journal for Scientific Research in the National Parks of the Republic of South Africa."

This article presents information on the article "Research in Library Science," published in the October 1954 issue of the periodical "South African Libraries." The article discusses the lack of and the need for research in library science in South Africa. It also describes the application of several research methods to subjects in the field of library science. A research project should consist of the following steps: recognition and definition of the problem; survey of pertinent related data; formulation and development of the hypothesis; the collecting of data; analysis and summarizing of data; and the formulation of conclusions and generalizations.

The article presents information on two books related to economics published in South Africa. The book "Education and the South African Economy: The 1961 Education Panel 2nd Report," deal with the economics of education. Predictions of the future demand for educated man-power are made, and the measures required to meet the demand are discussed in considerable detail. It takes for granted the racial structure of South African education, but emphasizes the need for considerable improvements in African Education, both at the primary and higher levels, and lends no support to the view that high-level jobs should remain a White preserve. The book "Elements of Price Theory," by F. van den Bogaerde includes a competent treatment of imperfect competition, monopoly, monopsony, monopolistic competition and the rest.

Reports on the publication of the book "The History of the Development of Nursing in South Africa 1652-1960," by Charlotte Searle. Information on the content of the book.