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The article focuses on various publications of research institutes and educational societies in Durham and Newcastle in England. The publication of educational writing at all levels is regarded by the Durham Institute of Education as an important aspect of its work. Three periodicals are edited by members of the Institute staff. Research Review, an annual publication started in 1950, is the only one that aspires to be a national journal. It is intended to supplement the inadequate number devoted to educational research. From the Education Society of King's College, Newcastle, came the "Education Papers," an annual miscellany of mature reflection on educational topics, statements on method of teaching subjects or age groups by the Institute staff and descriptive articles by local teachers giving a picture of some facet of their work. The standard of most of these contributions is high enough to make them generally relevant although their setting is mainly regional. The Journal of the Institute of Education is a domestic affair. Appearing five times a year, it clearly provides a point of exchange for all concerned with local education. Here Institute staff teachers, examiners, administrators and youth workers exchange views in the vernacular as it were.

Focuses on the historical significance of the "Sunday Advertiser" in London, England. Entrance of the newspaper into the weekend market of journalism; The role of Elizabeth Johnson in the pioneering of English Sunday papers; The activities of the Friendly Society of Licensed Victuallers in opening a school and funding it with a newspaper; Discussion of content and circulation of the "Sunday Advertiser" in the early 19th century; Management of operating costs and profits; The committee system of management; Sale of the newspaper to William J. Clement.

Information about several papers discussed in the 9th and 10th of the Pugwash Conferences in Science and World Affairs which were held in Cambridge on August 25-30, and in London, England on September 3-7, 1962. The conference gathered 60 scientists from 18 countries. The papers presented by Western scientists and the statements emanating from the conferences have shown no evidence of partisan inspiration.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

The article presents information on the 1973 Conference on Education held in the University of London Institute of Education, in England, on December 13-14, 1973. The conference was presided by professor Roger Webster. The Conference focused on Professor R.S. Peters paper on "Education as an Academic Discipline." Discussion was introduced by papers considering the topic with regard to undergraduate studies, in-service training, educational research. The first speaker, Kenneth Green found much to agree with in Peters's paper. Education could be an undergraduate study with as little practical content as the study of Politics; but he disliked one-subject degrees and a sole emphasis on "disinterested" study. Professor Malcolm Skilbeck, dealing with Advanced Courses also expressed liking for the practical problem-oriented approach. He noted the difficulty of trying to convince colleagues that the study of Education is respectable and believed that there is indeed such a thing as the "university study" of a subject.

Information about the several papers discussed at the European Federation Against Nuclear Arms which was held in Oxford, England on January 4-7, 1963 is presented. The delegates from the U.S. who are against nuclear weapons are reviewed. The conference tackled the pacifism issue and all non-aligned international organizations.

The article focuses on the London, England sugar merchants of the eighteenth century. Like many other spheres of economic life in the eighteenth century, the sugar trade has left comparatively few records for the historian to evaluate. The excellent history of the Pinney family by professor Richard Pares discusses much about the organization of the Bristol sugar market. Information about London sugar merchants is restricted very largely to the letter and account books of Messrs Lascelles and Maxwell covering the years 1740 to 1769 but unfortunately only one of the letter books survived the blitz. Nevertheless, Pares was able to work upon the manuscripts prior to their destruction and record some of results of his investigations before his premature death in 1958. The discovery of the Mills family papers has opened the way to a fresh look at the London sugar trade in the eighteenth century. Tobits Wall of Abchurch Lane, London, England originally owned the London sugarhouse. Upon his death in 1744, Wall left the business to his nephew, Mathew Mills and although the London directories for the years 1746 to 1748 are missing, the firm appears in the London directory of 1749 as Mathew and John Mills of New Broad Street.

It is now well recognized that in the century before 1670 English traders to the Mediterranean enjoyed remarkable success selling increasing quantities of textiles, with a growing proportion completely finished, downgrading Turkey and Italy to the position of raw material suppliers, and taking over a large part of the Mediterranean carrying trade. It is also clear that after 1700 it was the Mediterranean trade, especially that with Spain and Portugal, which redeemed England's very modest trading performance with Europe. The chief interest of the activities of businessman John Oldbury and his group of business associates is that they date from the generation, which separates these two periods and therefore shed some light on the main commodity trades in Anglo-Iberian commerce in the last thirty years of the seventeenth century. Spain and Portugal were two agricultural countries ruling large colonial empires, and yet lacking sufficient manufacturing capacity even to begin to meet metropolitan demands. The success of English textiles in the area is to be accounted for by the virtually total default of indigenous industry. All English exports were of central, if not crucial, importance to the receiving economies and their dependent colonies, and it was this basic fact, which underlay England's dominant position. Iberian trade to England, on the other hand, was not equally indispensable.

The article presents information on the 21st annual general meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education held at King's College in London, England, on December 15, 1972. The new Chairman of the Conference, J.R. Webster, of the of the University College of North Wales, Bangor, was elected at the beginning of the business meeting and took the chair throughout the day. Margaret Sutherland, of the University of Leeds, and S.J. Eggleston, of the University of Keele, were elected to the Editorial Board. The meeting endorsed the change of Publisher that had been negotiated by the General Purposes Committee during the summer, from Messrs. Faber and Faber to Messrs. Basil Blackwell of Oxford, to begin with this first Number of Volume XXI. The afternoon session was a private meeting devoted to discussing the future function of the Standing Conference in the light of the James Report and the White Paper. The morning session, however, following the business meeting, was a public session to which representatives not only of the universities and colleges of education were invited as normally, but also of the polytechnics.

The article reports on the annual meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education. The meeting took place on December 16, 1966, at the Institute of Education of the University of London in England, with chairman Professor Roger Wilson presiding. At the end of the business meeting the Conference turned to a discussion of "The Implications of Comprehensive Secondary Education." In the morning session professor Philip Taylor opened with a paper on "The Implications for the Schools." The opening paper in the afternoon, on "The Implications for Departments and Colleges of Education," was given by professor William Taylor. Professor Philip argued that if comprehensive schools are to share in the development of young people they will need to show that they can add something significant which cannot be obtained outside school. Schools offer training in the way of abstracted culture. These have a limited appeal in terms of social and moral explorations--they relate to abstractedness and not to a personal self.

The main trend in urban/rural migration is a continuous gain, in net terms, of towns from villages and large cities. But this is a result of two distinct migration streams associated with the process of family formation. While before marriage there is positive net migration from villages to both large cities and towns (and from large cities towards towns), after marriage there is a tendency for couples to move towards villages. This is explained by the desire of families, particularly those belonging to the middle class to move out of the urban centres to better accommodation in smaller communities. Considerable variations in migrations within and into regions are observed. These reflect the continuation of long-term trends in internal migration (as described in Part I of this paper) in particular, population dispersal from Greater London and larger distance migration into the Southern and Eastern regions. Some social characteristics of migrants and non-migrants are compared. Associations between the intensity of internal migration on the one hand, and occupational status, education, social mobility and family size on the other are observed. An attempt is made to assess the extent of migration associated with the marriage process. Although this process increases mobility, its relative contribution to total adult mobility appears to be only slight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides a list of business records that can be found in the Lancashire Record Office in Preston, England.

Focuses on material collected in the Record Office at the Liverpool Public Library and its bearing on local business history in England. Sparseness of industry in the collection, since the nineteenth century was marked by commercial growth rather than industrial development; Way that personal papers often illuminate some aspects of business.

The article presents information about the annual meetings of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education at the College of Preceptors in London, England, on December 8, 1961. At the end of the business meeting the Conference turned to a discussion of "The Value of Comparative Studies in the Training of Teachers". The morning session was opened by Vernon Mallinson, Reader in Education in the University of Reading, in a paper on "The Case for the Teaching of Comparative Education." The afternoon session was opened by J. A. Lauwerys, Professor of Comparative Education in the University of London, who spoke on "Methods and Techniques in Comparative Education." Vernon Mallinson began by clearly defining what Comparative Education comprises. He tried to show that the mere study of foreign systems of education provided no real discipline for the student and was but the descriptive side of the task. Considering the student as a future member of the teaching community, Mallinson found him far too parochial in outlook, and that the proper study of Comparative Education both killed this and also globally situated the student by deepening his understanding of pedagogic problems and by showing how different countries must deal differently with common educational problems.

The article focuses on the history of advertising in newspapers in London, England between 1650 and 1750. It may be approached from at least three directions. First, there is the history of advertising per se; in this respect subsequent general histories have made little advance on Henry Sampson's pioneering work published almost a century ago. Blanche B. Elliott in A History of English Advertising has covered fresh ground in her examination of the advertisement sheets in the late seventeenth century, but has barely touched upon the much larger subject of advertising in newspapers proper during the period under review. The historians have concentrated somewhat superficially on the evident humor, quaintness, and evocativeness of many of the advertisements and have almost entirely neglected any quantitative analysis. Secondly, advertising may be considered as part of the history of journalism, a legitimate approach when one appreciates that by 1750, 75% of space in some dailies was being devoted to advertisements. Thirdly, the advertisements may be studied as a source for literary, economic, and social history.

This paper is an attempt to assess the role of the local Bank of England branch in the Merseyside money market between 1827 and 1844. This role involves the, function of the branch both as a policy instrument of Threadneedle Street and as an addition to the local banking sector. The supplementary questions of the branch's competitiveness and relative importance has been discussed. Annual figures show that in all but three of the years 1829-45 the income from discounts at the Bank of England's branches exceeded the income from Thread needle Street's discounts. The Merseyside office was of particular importance in the Bank's discounting throughout die period and accounted for a substantial part of total branch loans in the 1830s. The comparative importance of Liverpool's deposits and note circulation was much less. Thus, the study of the Liverpool branch involves the study of a considerable part of the total branch business of the Bank. The Bank's power to establish branches was confirmed by an Act of 1826, as part of a general reform package which arose from the anxiety to avoid a repetition of the 1825-26 financial crisis.

The article presents information on some English stationers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, based on their autobiographies. John Dunton has been treated before by historians with varying interests, such as literature, journalism, and American colonial history; but he does not seem to have attracted the attention of economic historians. Dunton was more than merely a seventeenth-century businessman. He was typical of what his period called a "projector," and his seems to be the only autobiography of a man falling into this category, hence its unusual interest. The work is utterly unreliable because the author was conceited beyond imagination, a liar and later in life possibly mentally deranged; but one could also take the opposite stand, for in tile minds of Dunton's contemporaries a strong ingredient of chicanery belonged to the personality of "projector." When one analyses Thomas Gent's life as it is presented in the autobiography, one faced with the need to decide how much was typical of the printing business eighteenth-century England. Gent's preparation for his rise from employee to employer was long-drawn out and motivated by his desire to marry. Having earned and saved enough money, he made use of an opportunity of buying cheaply a fount of type. Some time thereafter he purchased a fount of pica from a printer's widow and, as a further step towards his goal, a small press as well. This exhausted his funds, so that he could not take the desired final step but instead went on working as a journeyman.

The article presents information on a paper presented by journalist Walter James on educational research during the Standing Conference on Studies in Education which was held in London, England, on December 12, 1970. Over the years many educational researches, in short summary as news items, have announced themselves to James in the page proofs. Educational researchers and their critics have wrestled in the correspondence columns. There have been many articles recording the results of some kind or another of educational research. But if the nature of research in the two fields is so different, it does not seem to James to follow that in the natural sciences there should be so wide a field of agreement and in educational science. There are long-standing controversies and unsettled questions in the natural sciences. The steady state and big bang theories of the origins of the universe are a case in point. But if one looks at any one of the natural sciences he can see a broad area of knowledge and theory over which the great majority of scientists are agreed.

This article presents information on the annual general meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education took place on December 15, 1968, in the Council Room at King's College London, England with Professor J.W. Tibble in the chair. At the Business Meeting it was recommended that Professor J. Kerr be invited to become Treasurer of the Conference in succession to Professor C.E. Gittins, and that L.K. Turner be elected to the Editorial Board in succession to the Reverend G.J.N. Whitfield. At the end of the Business Meeting the Conference turned to a discussion on Educational Research: Policy in Universities, Institutes, and Education Departments, and in Colleges of Education. Short papers were given as a basis for the afternoon discussion by Professor Stephen Wiseman from the National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales, Professor William Taylor of Department from Education and Science, Professor Jack Wrigley from Schools Council, David A. Walker from Scottish Council for Research in Education, Professor J. Tizard from Social Science Research Committee and Brian Young from Nuffield Foundation.

This paper outlines an interpretation of the modern rise of population based on experience of England and Wales and examines the credibility of this interpretation in the light of the different circumstances which existed in four other European countries: Sweden, France, Ireland and Hungary. It suggests that it is desirable to consider the modern rise of population as a whole, and to examine the post-registration period before turning to the uncertainties of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Using this approach in England and Wales the authors conclude that population growth was not influenced by improved sanitation before about 1870 or by specific medical measures before the introduction of the sulphonamides in 1935. They attribute the rise of population in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to a decline of mortality which resulted from improvement in diet. The grounds for this conclusion are threefold: there was a large increase in food production; none of the alternative explanations is adequate; and in the conditions which existed at the beginning of the eighteenth century improvement in diet was a necessary condition for a prolonged expansion of population. The basis of these assertions is discussed at some length. The data for the four other countries, although less complete, are consistent with this interpretation. There is no reason to believe that medical measures or improved hygiene were elsewhere effective earlier than in England and Wales, and, with some differences in timing, advances in agriculture occurred throughout Europe from the seventeenth century. The fact that the decline of mortality and improvement in food supplies preceded industrialization in Sweden, and probably in Ireland, suggests that the initial phase of population growth was not dependent on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses bridal pregnancy in rural England. The basic procedure is the investigation of the experience of a single parish. This creates a serious problem, that of assessing the experience of the large proportion of brides who cannot be traced to maternities recorded in the baptism register of the parish of marriage, most of whom, were migrants at or after marriage to a neighboring parish. Apart from migrants, untraced brides included those who never had children, and among these were brides who were past childbearing age. Re-marriage was more common in earlier centuries, because the death of a spouse during the earlier years of marriage was more common. The major problem was to decide on the experience on the brides who could not traced to baptism in the parish of the marriage. Bridal pregnancy, if not obvious at marriage, became known when a child was born early, and was forced on the attention of the clergy if the child was baptized without delay. While the child could be legitimized in the register by delaying baptism, it was almost impossible to prevent public knowledge of a birth in a rural parish - not least since midwives were expected to inquire into and report on any irregular circumstances at births. The only way of escape would be to move into another parish where the exact date of marriage was not known, either to the clergy or to the public.

This paper describes some of the main social and demographic characteristics of a Bedfordshire parish in the second half of the eighteenth century. It is based on an analysis of the 'Listing of Inhabitants' of Cardington in 1782, and on the use of the parish registers. The listing does not allow an analysis of the entire population of the parish. Its most serious deficiency is the failure to give sufficient detail for the upper social strata of the parish population, viz, the residents of 'farm tenements' and a small number of other properties likewise poorly documented. In the main, the data given in the article refer only to the residents of 'cottage tenements'. They represent the majority of the parish population, but omit the small group at the top of village society. For the 'cottage tenement' population a number of conclusions are drawn. Within this population there was an overall excess of females over males, but the excess was slight, and the number and proportion of males and females in each age-group balanced quite closely. 43-44% of the population of known age were less than 15 years old, and almost half the population were aged between 16 and 60 years. An analysis of marital status tentatively suggests that adult celibacy was rare. The average number of residents per 'cottage' household was only a little higher than the average size of family, confirming that only a small proportion of households contained more than one family. Household and family size may have been larger among craftsmen than labourers, with the households and families of the former containing more resident offspring than those of the latter. About one in every three marriages was either a broken marriage or a re-marriage. A reconstitution of certain 'cottage tenement' families tentatively suggests an average of over five baptisms per family. Yet there were only two resident offspring per family in 1782. The difference may be explained by the high level of infant and child mortality, with one-third of all baptised children failing to reach the age of is years, and by the high degree of population mobility, albeit over short distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the annual meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education that took place on December 14, 1962 at the University of London Institute of Education in London, England. At the end of the business meeting the Conference turned to a discussion of Future Patterns in the Training of Graduate Teachers, inaugurated by two papers: one by Professor J.P. Tuck from the standpoint of the University Departments of Education, the other by T.H. Simms, of Homerton College, Cambridge, from that of the Training Colleges. These two addresses are summarized below. Professor J.P. Tuck argued that the training of graduate teachers ought to be undertaken only by institutions which are inside the Universities. Schools which employ graduate tea!hers need as many links with the Universities as they can have. The standard of the professional studies of students is likely to be higher in the Universities. A successful association between training and educational research is more likely to arise in the Universities, and likewise association between lecturers in graduate and undergraduate courses.

The article presents information on the annual meeting of the Standing Conference on studies in education which was held in the Council Room of the College of Preceptors, in London, England. Professor Roger Wilson, of Bristol, was elected Chairman in succession to Professor A. V. Judges, as from next October. Professor Judges was elected Vice-Chairman. The offices of Secretary and Treasurer do not yet fall vacant under the Constitution. They continue to be held by Professor J. W. Tibble and Mr. Alan Milton respectively. Professors Eric Ashby, John Fulton and Geoffrey Crowther were invited by the Meeting to become members of the Standing Conference. After the business meeting of the conference devoted the rest of the day to a discussion on "The Training of Graduates for Teaching." Two papers had been circulated in advance as conference-documents: one by Professor Eaglesham on "Graduates in Training Colleges," the other by Professor Roger Wilson on "The Teaching Function of University Departments of Education."

The article presents a bibliography of information resources that provide insight into the history of technical education in England. Some of them are: "Lectures on the Results of the Great Exhibition 1851"; "Papers Relating to Proposals for Establishing Colleges of Arts and Manufactures for the Better Instruction of the Industrial Classes," by J.A. Lloyd; "Means for Improving the Efficiency of British Artisans," by Thomas Twining; "Notes on the Organisation of an Industrial College for Artisans," by Thomas Twining; "Education and Educational Institutions Considered with Reference to the Industrial Professions," by James Booth; "The Intellectual Element of Production on the Continent"; "Memorial of Working Men Belonging to the Royal Polytechnic, the London Mechanics' and Other Institutes in London to the President of the Council on Education and to the Vice President, 1856"; "The Royal School of Mines," by M. Reeks; "The Directory or Code of Rules for Establishing and Conducting Science and Art Schools and Classes"; "The Calendar, History and General Summary of Regulations."

The article presents information about the annual meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education, which was held in the Council Room of the College of Preceptors, in London, on December 16, 1961. It also includes the names of its committee members. On the recommendation of the Editorial Board, the Conference decided that the November 1961 issue of the British Journal of Educational Studies shall be a special issue, enlarged from 96 to 144 pages, and devoted to commemorating the work of a number of great British educators of this century. After the Business Meeting, the Conference devoted the rest of the day to a discussion on the training of graduate science teachers. The priorities in training will be different as between the two main types of student: the followers, who will need more emphasis on methodology, and the leaders, who will need more stress on theory. At the moment methodology is inadequately covered in many courses. The Education Departments should have more laboratories of their own, should visit more schools more often, should cultivate the device of schools linked to them, but at the same time should not separate their Arts and Science graduates more.

This article presents information about the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education, held on January 5, 1954, in the Council Room at King's College, London, England. College's Principal Peter Noble had welcomed the Conference members. Conference secretary J.W. Tibble had presented a report on the work of the Conference Committee during the year. After that, executive editor of the "British Journal of Educational Studies" A.C.F. Beales reported on the journal. He recalled the policy which had decided the form and make-up of the journal originally, and also the suggestions made during discussion at the previous annual meeting. The Editorial Board felt that the spread of the main articles in this year's issue was better balanced than in the past, and that the contents of the journal were still avoiding successfully any overlap into the fields for which other specialist journals already existed. In the course of discussion on the report several positive suggestions for future contents were offered for the Editorial Board's consideration. A revised draft of the Standing Conference, previously circulated, was then considered in conference, amended, and adopted.

The article presents information on the First World Conference on Medical Education was held in London, England in August 1953. The general theme was undergraduate medical education. No fewer than 32 countries contributed papers. Sectional discussions covered complex and various aspects of almost the whole field of medical education, including requirements for entry into medical schools, the aims and content of the curriculum, techniques and methods of medical education, and preventive and social medicine. As is common with conferences of this nature, what was sometimes really most valuable were the questions raised rather than the answers provided. For the historian of education Professor J.F. Fulton of Yale address on the History of Medical Education. In it he showed the supreme importance for medical education of an intimate teacher-pupil relationship, drawing his evidence from Sanskrit medical literature of 500 B.C. as well as from Plato, Hippocrates and Galen. After tracing the story through the Middle Ages to modern times he pays what is perhaps an overdue tribute to British Government-sponsored studies and reports.

This article focuses on the gun merchants and bankers Samuel Tertius Galton and his successors in Birmingham. The Galton gun business had been started in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, perhaps by 1702, by an ironworker turned gunsmith, Joseph Farmer, a convinced' friend, who occupied a Smith's shop's in the corner of Old Square in Birmingham.' In 1735, he moved house and business into the premises in Steel-house Lane that remained the firm's main offices for the rest of its days. Farmer has generally been described as an ironmonger like his forebears and relatives in Bristol, but in 1737 he said he was a manufacturer of steel wares at Birmingham'. On Joseph Farmer's death the business and property passed to his son James. Galton seems to have been born in Birmingham in 1720, though connected with Bristol, where earlier generations of Galtons and Farmers were hardware and iron merchants, perhaps dealing in Birmingham-made ironmongery brought down the River Severn. The gun trade in Birmingham, and this would seem to include the firm of Galton, despite the references to their gun-works in Steelhouse Lane,' was based on hundreds of small specialist firms, each making just one part of a gun or completing one process on a gun, such as fitting the gunlock or browning the barrels.

Discusses the triangle trade, the term used to explain the trade between England, Africa and the West Indies which blossomed during the eighteenth century. Description of the slave trade and the West India trade; How these two trades merged into one; Way that the war that began in 1689 changed trade; Monopoly which the Royal African Company had on the supply of slaves to the West Indies; Decline of the company due to the fall of sugar prices; Relationship between sugar and slaves in regards to trade.

Presents the economic background on the first successful use of coke in iron smelting in eighteenth century Britain. Significance of water communications and markets in understanding the iron trade; Coke production in the Midland region; Overview of the iron industry; Trade patterns; Processes; Iron consumers; Role of water power; Transport costs; Economic significance of Abraham Darby's discovery at Coalbrookdale.

The article presents information related to the recent developments in the field of education. The annual general meeting of the Standing Conference on Studies in Education was held at Kings' College, London, England on December 11, 1970. The subject of the one-day Conference was "The Purpose and Structure of Higher Education." Educational structures can facilitate good work or make it difficult. They cannot guarantee it. If there is dissatisfaction the odds are that remedies are more likely to be found in changing what is done within a structure than with root-and-branch transformation. If there is a national decision that some of those qualified to enter a university will have to go to less expensive institutions there is a logical case for turning some of the present colleges of education into general colleges of liberal arts and science. Some polytechnics must still choose between providing, for some years at least, either an honors course or an ordinary, but not both, thus losing comprehensive provision, and devoting to a particular academic area greater manpower, space, and equipment resources than they would have chosen to do at that stage of their development. In any event, the need of the 1970s is not solely for an ever increasing number of very narrow vocational courses in higher education.

This article presents information on the inspiration gathered from various sociologists and thinkers that inspired indigenous educational reformers and scientific innovators, led by researchers Hartlib and Robert Boyle, to co-operate in schemes for the advancement of learning. It was in 1641 that Hartlib Boyle, acting on behalf of a select group of members of both Houses of the British Parliament, invited sociologist Johannes Amos Comenius to visit England. He arrived on 21 September 1641, convinced that he had been officially invited by Parliament. The visit, well known to scholars, had a triple purpose: to found a Universal College which would participate in a reformation of existing schools and advance missionary and educational work among the Indians of New England and Virginia; to procure a sympathetic hearing and acceptance for exiled Moravian scholars in England; and to discuss ways by which Comenius's educational ideas could be further developed. As part of his contribution to the advancement of learning Hartlib Boyle maintained a voluminous correspondence with a large number of people both in England and on the Continent, ranging over philosophical, religious, scientific and educational matters.

One of the prime needs of the physical planner is to know how many households he must plan for. Population forecasting is itself a complicated process which, in England and Wales, has only been undertaken comprehensively for local authority areas. This article seeks to discuss that population forecasting can usefully be undertaken in spite of the limitations of the basic data. The author stresses that the wide variations in the characteristics of local populations render the exercise vital, even when national household size appears likely to remain unchanged.

The article discusses a study on fertility of teachers in England and Wales, Great Britain. A sample of teachers differs from a population sample as it may be reduced not only by death but also by other factors which may have a direct bearing on fertility, such as health or change of occupation. In order to compare the fertility of teachers with other occupational groups, the Family Census material was used. The two samples are not entirely identical. The Family Census included divorced and widowed women provided they were divorced or widowed after their 45th birthday. The analysis which follows the pattern set by the Family census' of 1946 describes fertility in terms of numbers of live-born children per married male teacher by marriage cohort and duration of marriage. The data were collected partly by postal questionnaire and partly by personal interview. The postal and interview data were compared and showed no significant difference with respect to the factors under discussion in the present study and only minor differences for other factors.

The article presents a conceptual structure of curriculum development and its comparative study. It refers to the motives of such development in the course of the comparison, which involves several countries including England, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Sweden, and the United States. It discusses a conceptual framework for curriculum development, its operations, strategies, techniques, participants, and the educator's role to this development. Curriculum pressure groups define not only the main aim but also the method of construction.

The article focuses on how the Education Act of 1902 was implemented by the Board of Education in England. During the 19th century the bias of slowly developing post-elementary education had been towards the scientific and technical sides. It was in fact made clear that the secondary education fostered by the new authorities was to aim at the culture of the public schools and older grammar schools rather than the scientific and technical education associated with the higher grade schools of the school boards. The regulations and the covering memorandum which was published with them indicated that the secondary school was to have a status distinct from elementary schools. The Board's approval was necessary for the scheme of its governing body, including the plan of its relations with the authority itself. The new school was in fact to have a measure of independence of the authority. The Science and Art Department had checked extreme specialization in Schools of Science by requiring that some time should be devoted to literary subjects.

This article present information on the proceedings of the first world conference on medical education, held in London, England, in August 1953. The entire proceedings of the conference has recently been published by the Oxford University Press under the title "Proceedings of the First World Conference on Medical Education, London 1953, Held Under the Auspices of the World Medical Association," edited by Hugh Clegg. This publication covers major issues related to medical education that were discussed during the conference. The discussions cover: requirements for entry into medical schools; aims and content of the medical curriculum; techniques and methods of medical education; and preventive and social medicines. In the discussions on entrance-requirements the case for the humanities was put strongly, while resisting however the implication that science is in some way inferior. It was felt that entrance-requirements should be kept flexible. There was considerable support for the view that much of the traditional anatomy teaching is unnecessary and that a student should have the opportunity of watching an operation, where he will have a better opportunity of learning anatomy than in the dissecting-room.

The article focuses on the history of education in Surrey, England. The Surrey county authority has taken advantage of the 1944 Education Act which permits local authorities, with the approval of the Minister, to make a provision for conducting or assisting the conduct of research as appears to the authority to be desirable for the purpose of improving the educational facilities provided for their area. For such advantages, a former Chief County Inspector made an association which has been exploring the possibility of making a comprehensive and well documented survey of the County's educational history. This association approved a preliminary master plan for the schools of the County that prepared many school biographies. These biographies focused on some topics like school's environment; school's origin and foundation; buildings and equipment; staff: their training, salary, etc.; pupils: age and sex distribution, attendance, attainments, health, dress, games and hobbies, holidays, employment; curriculum: textbooks, methods of instruction, discipline, inspection and other external influences and many more. The association has been surveying the study of the County's educational history against the wider background of historical studies generally.

This article focuses on the social conditions of miners in Cornwall and their initiatives in adult education. The miner's poor living and working conditions were a source of concern, and he often found his only outlets in debauchery and drunkenness. His earnings, varied from pitch to pitch in the same mine, but they climbed appreciably in the early nineteenth century. The author observes that the roots of the miner's social improvement might be sought in the late eighteenth century, when Wesleyan Methodism promoted a moral reformation, and inculcated a desire to succeed, besides supplying some inexpensive literature. Much remained to be done, however, before the working miner could benefit directly from an education related to his trade, or indeed, before there was a broad consensus of opinion accepting the value of such an education. The institutions that were to make some contribution to its development, a number were to be involved in wider aspects of adult education, rather than being specific mining schools, and the education they dispensed was more general than properly scientific or technical.

It is well known that the early official vital registration data for England and Wales are not complete. Estimates are available of the magnitude of under-registration of births for England and Wales as a whole, but it is highly unlikely that under-registration was uniform over all counties. This article presents new estimates of the degree of birth under-registration for each of the 45 constituent registration counties of England and Wales from 1841 to 1910. The method employed involves the technique of reverse projection, using a characteristic model life table, which is defined for each county by its registered childhood mortality. Adjustments are made for the effects of non-stationarity and net migration. The variation in under-registration across counties is shown to be of considerable magnitude, and a particularly interesting pattern of under-registration and over-registration emerges for the counties of the London, England region. In 1841-50, the degree of under-registration in London was very close to that of England and Wales as a whole. The same is the case for 1851-60. However, by 1861-70 the calculated adjustment factor for the county of London indicates an apparent over-registration of births.

The article discusses various issues related to a Sheffield, England, commercial house in the mid-eighteenth century. Economist R.E. Leader's comment on the commercial development of Sheffield in the eighteenth century, that aforetime, there were no merchants to undertake the useful task of distribution and to place manufacturers in direct communication with distant or foreign markets until the 1770's when factors were blossoming out into merchants and in 1774 there were nine firms so described, on the face of it was well founded. The growing need for imported raw materials and for export markets for the lead and manufactured ironware of the region was largely in the hands of Hull, England, merchant houses. The domination of that seaport over its large hinterland, which has been emphasized in a recent study, inhibited Sheffield-based merchants from competing in the overseas and to some extent also, in the coastal trade for their products and raw materials. Partly by invoking the legal privilege of the port to prevent competition and partly by offering matchless resources of expertise and commercial capital, the merchants in the great seaports hindered or crushed the aspirations of inland merchants. Hull grew as the demand for its services in exporting metals and metal goods, woolens etc. and importing a great variety of complementary materials, developed in the eighteenth century.

The article discusses various issues related to the rise and decline of the early English copper industry. England and Wales produced more than 6,000 tons of copper a year in the middle of the eighteenth century and half the world's copper in the early nineteenth century. The existence of copper mines was either known or strongly suspected in the middle ages but there is no record of their successful exploitation before the 1560's. The early English copper industry was not a natural phenomenon and filled no major gap in the British economy of the time. It was in essence a mining speculation, which failed; it was planted and sustained by the efforts of a German mining firm and continued by the optimism and perhaps public spirit of a small group of investors and merchants. It achieved moderate success thanks to the exceptional technical and mercantile competence, despite all the natural disadvantages and the pressure of foreign competition. It petered out with the disappearance of the unusual talents that had maintained it. Finally it began to revive when conditions had turned against European producers of copper and when improved smelting techniques and the steam pump, invented in Cornwall, England, helped to upgrade the relative poverty of the British copper mines.

The article focuses on the railways and economic growth in England and Wales. The article refers from the book "New Economic History," by Gary Hawke written in and about the United Kingdom. Several chapters in the book are devoted to the developments of input and output measures, and these are used to compute an index of total factor productivity for the years 1840-1890. The pricing policy of railroads is studied, estimates of the iron-demand generated in construction calculated, the cyclical impact of railroad expenditures described, and possible benefits external to the railroad users discussed. The heart of the book is the calculation of the social savings generated by British railroads over the period 1840-1870, with particular attention paid to the year 1865. The savings in resources attributable to shifting from one mode to another then depends upon the elasticity of the demand for transport services, the cost per ton-mile of shipping by non-railroad means (canals, roads, etc.) and the cost per ton-mile of shipping by railroads.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century London was no longer the only centre for the wholesale manufacture of boots and shoes. By that time the production of ready-made footwear had developed at Northampton and more recently at Stafford, Kettering, Wellingborough, and Daventry, where in each case it was conducted by one or two enterprises. The rise of wholesale manufacturing was not accompanied by the appearance of typically large enterprises but a handful of firms each employed several hundred people in 1851, the majority of whom were outworkers.' Improvements in communications and greater urbanization explain the growth of certain centres where boot and shoe production became localized, as an expanding market encouraged specialization of function and by region. In the middle fifties there were signs that some classes of workers were becoming scarce, and this fact, taken together with a strike for higher piece rates and the subsequent introduction of closing machinery, fiercely resisted by shoemakers in Northampton and Stafford, suggested that the character and chronology of the first phase of mechanization in the footwear industry can be explained: by labor shortage, a situation which was beginning to affect other sectors of the economy in the 1850's.

Business correspondence is one of the few historical sources to provide an explicit statement of commercial policy, and an analysis of the grounds upon which such policies were formulated. All too often policies of firms or industries have to be deduced from sources which have only an indirect connection or oblique reference to the problem of policy, and factual gaps are bridged by the assumption that policies are formulated rationally and in accordance with the tenets of economic theory. One excellent source of information about business policy and the organization of marketing is found in the collected correspondence of the firm of M'Connel & Kennedy of Manchester, England, one of the principal cotton spinning firms of the early nineteenth century. It is the purpose of this article to analyze the marketing organization and policy of M'Connel & Kennedy, and to indicate some of the major problems which faced them and determined the nature of their policy. It is further hoped to show that the marketing policy of the firm was an important factor contributing to the considerable success of M'Connel & Kennedy in the cotton industry at a time when so many business ventures failed. It is impossible to assess exactly the extent to which this commercial policy explains the great success of this firm. But the uncertainty of trade suggests that their policy was one likely to be most effective in countering the hazards of commercial life, and it is certain that their marketing organization and selling policy contributed in no small measure to the firm's success.

The article focuses on the railway steamship enterprise. Although the arrival of a railway at a port was usually the prelude to rapid development of the local dockland and eventual interest by the company in harbour improvement or the development of steam shipping, individual circumstances sometimes conspired to delay this. Probably no example is more interesting than that of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Co. at Goole. Because the port was canal-inspired and had, moreover, remained in canal hands, the railway company had ultimately to rest content with playing second fiddle to the Aire & Calder Navigation Company who owned the docks. The canal company, almost in spite of itself, managed to survive an attempt by the North Eastern and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways to acquire or lease it in 1857-8 and found a new vigour in the later years of the century. Despite this setback, the directors of the Lancashire & Yorkshire were determined to make Goole the eastern outlet of their system.

The article forms part of a wider study of the carpet industry in the 19th century. It examines in detail the pace of mechanization of the Kidderminster carpet industry, and to indicate some of the main reasons which lay behind the swift mechanization. It is the aim of this article to study the behavior of both the Kidderminster carpet manufacturers and their employees between 1850 and 1866. In I850, the power loom was unknown in Kidderminster, at the latter date both the power-loom carpet manufacturers and the power-loom carpet weavers had formed associations to protect their interests. In 1850, on the eve of the mechanization of carpet weaving, Kidderminster was a leading carpet manufacturing center in Great Britain. The leading position achieved by Kidderminster had been obtained by concentrating on the production of high-quality carpets. Brussels carpet was the main variety and the same loom wove Wilton carpet, which differed from Brussels only in having cut instead of looped pile.

The course of Great Britain's industrial evolution in the hundred years after 1760 was not determined solely by a score of giants. There were thousands of men, important in their day, who directed the processes of change. Yet they escaped the attention of Victorian enquirers, who held up the select band of pioneering millionaires as shining examples that late nineteenth century industrialists might emulate. But the cumulative effect of their ambitions, enterprise and innovations was of key significance in launching Great Britain into its first phase of industrialism. For a study of a family that have hitherto failed to secure a single mention in any of the books, and yet whose impact and example were notable in one of the main centers of activity, the Rhodes in Leeds provide a good illustration. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the master-dyer had been to a large extent independent of the cloth merchant. Gradually however, the merchant, in seeking greater quality control and closer supervision in the finishing processes, began his first tentative steps towards combining the several stages of manufacture.

The purpose of this article is to redress the balance in some degree through a study of Liverpool's timber trade during the first half of the nineteenth century. Timber became a commodity of national importance during this period, not merely because of the increased demands of the expanding home economy, but because the trade mirrored many of the country's commercial problems. In Liverpool the importing of timber and the owning of ships were closely connected. Though between 1820 and 1850, the general tendency in commerce, was for importing and shipowning to become increasingly separate functions, a growing number of the merchants who figured amongst Liverpool's leading timber importers were also shipowners. Timber was imported into Liverpool both for local and for inland consumption. Locally, importers sold to wholesalers who, in turn, sold to consumers, but also acted as retailers themselves, selling directly to the more important Liverpool builders and cabinetmakers. The first half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence and consolidation of the timber trade as one of the leading sectors of Liverpool's commerce. The timber merchant not only retained his function of selling but also expanded the scope of his activities, building up large vertically integrated businesses through moving backward into shipping and lumbering.