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This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Japanese Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Tokyo, Japan on December 6, 1964, including "The Free Amino Groups in Sound and Carious Dentin," "Clinical and Experimental Study of the Effect of Mouth Breathing Upon the Oral Mucous Membrane," and "The Biological Observation on Periodontal Disease."

The article presents information on the papers presented at a round table at the 1949 Annual Conference of the Milbank Memorial Fund held in November 16 to 17, 1949. The publication titled "Modernization Programs in Relation to Human Resources and Population Problems" are grouped under three categories. The first category discusses aims and methods of selected programs of modernization such as Liberian Foundation, Point Four and UN Technical Assistance. The second and third category highlights the problems in the development and utilization of human resources and Japan as a case study in modernization, respectively.

This article presents information related to sociology as of April 1, 1950. The Committee of the American Sociological Society on Contributed Papers for the 1950 annual meeting consists of Robert E. L. Fans, chairman; and A. B. Hollingshead and T. C. McCormick. Papers submitted for consideration should be sent not later than June 1, 1950. Recently elected officers of the Pacific Sociological Society for 1950 are: President, Leonard Bloom; Vice-president, Southern Division, Ernest Greenwood; Vice-president, Central Division, Carlo Lastrucci; Vice-president, Northern Division, Joseph Bachelder; and Members of the Advisory Council, Robert O'Brien and Paul Wallin. Gwynne Nettler continues as secretary-treasurer. The Society's annual meeting will be held in Seattle, Washington, during April 21-22, 1950. The Twenty- second annual meeting of the Japan Sociological Society was held in Tokyo, Japan, during October 15-16, 1949. The meeting was attended by more than 250 members. Fifty-two reports were given on various aspects of social theory and social research, and three public lectures on the topic, "The Population Problem in Japan."

The study of human organization in industrial groupings is a favorite of contemporary sociology. Most of the studies, however, have confined their attention to modern, highly rationalized plants; few have been concerned with the institutions of a pre-rationalized stage of those transitional between these extremes. This neglect appears to reflect the near disappearance of the latter type of institution from the Western World. Yet in Japan, notwithstanding the rapid development of rationalized industry after the Restoration of 1868, such instances remain here and there even today. In this article the writer presents some observations on the life of iron working communities in Shimane Prefecture, Japan, where certain characteristics of a pre-rationalized industrial organization have remained until quite recently, as of April 1, 1950. The more important of these characteristics may be summarized as follows; the persistence of a traditional method of iron smelting, the origin of which is associated with a myth; and the existence of a special dependency relationship between the workmen and the owner of a smeltery and a hereditary occupational system.

This article looks back at the statistical problems on the relationship between the demographic and economic expansion of Japan. The data relating to the number of population cannot be used as it stands for measuring the population increase in Japan since the last century. During the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth centuries, neither the demographic, nor the political and economic expansion beyond national frontiers, were part of Japan's national program. There is no evidence pointing to a definite upward trend in population during that period. Population was kept down by rudimentary, but efficient and peaceful, checks. There are strong reasons, however, to believe that it was appreciably higher than suggested by official records. We know little of the trend of population in the decades preceding the Meiji restoration in 1868, but it follows that the increase in the nineteenth century was possibly less than commonly accepted hiherto. All the evidence points to a remarkable, but neither unique or inexplicable, increase of population since the Meiji restoration. The improvements made gradually in statistical recording, call, however, for extreme caution when endeavoring to measure and to explain this increase, at least as regards the earlier Meiji period.

Tsukisoi are sub-professional nurses who, in private psychiatric hospitals in Japan, are assigned on a one-to-one basis to patients. The tsukisoi cares for the patient continuously throughout his hospitalization. The work of this role group and its place in the social structure of the hospital are described. Correspondences are drawn between the behavior of the tsukisoi in her technical role and the behavior exhibited in more general roles, such as that of mother, in Japanese culture. The position of the tsukisoi in the power structure of the hospital is seen in relation to the structure of power groupings in organizations such as the Japanese company or factory. Some of the wider sociological and psychodynamic implications of the role of the tsukisoi are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established the existence of a high positive association between the extent of urbanization, as measured by proportion of total population in administratively defined cities, and industrial development. The concentration of urban population, as reflected in the proportion of urban population in metropolitan areas, fails to show as close a relationship to industrial development. It is hypothesized that metropolitanization is strongly influenced by the structure of the industrialization process, and not only by industrialization as such. As a test of the hypothesis, Japanese industrial organization and employment patterns are analyzed in terms of their influences upon metropolitan structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the size of firm, worker earnings, and human capital in Japan. The problems that result when the homogenous labor input of labor market theory models contradicts the more nuanced findings of empirical research. Alleged interfirm wage differentials are adjusted according to labor quality to find if labor cost per unit is truly differentiated. The work of Leonard W. Weiss on the wage structure in the United States is briefly discussed. The methods and results of the study are presented, and it is concluded that no significant differences exist between large and small Japanese firm labor costs, respective of quality.

The article presents a study on permanent employment of Japanese blue-collar workers conducted in 1965-1966 in Japanese firms. The essence of a permanent employment system is present in any industrial society. All enterprises attempt to reduce employee turnover and its attendant costs, especially if investment in specific training of individuals is significant. Workers also have economic and psychological stakes in their employment. Labor market arrangements must guarantee some degree of employment tenure if they are successfully to motivate employees. The Japanese labor market can best be understood if its similarities to the labor markets of other industrialized nations are examined along with its distinctive characteristics. Few social practices in postwar Japan have so caught the attention of American social scientists, as has the practice of permanent employment. Permanent employment generally means that an employee enters a large firm after school graduation receives in-company training and remains an employee in the same company until the retirement age of fifty-five. It is a pattern limited primarily to male employees.

The article discusses the impact of the International Labor Organization (ILO) on the state of labor unions and labor relations in Japan in 1969. While it is still difficult to say whether there has been overall gain or loss, some firm changes or trends are centralization of power in national unions, growth of a professional union-paid leadership, perhaps greater administrative efficiency and less militancy. In light of these unanticipated repercussions of the ratification of Convention No. 87, the author suggests the need for a reconsideration of ILO intervention in national labor relations systems.

The article examines the sub-minimum characteristics of ragpickers in Ants' Villa in the waterfront of Tokyo Bay, Japan. A ragpicker is a person who picks up garbage for a living. The Villa was a former antiaircraft artillery base during World War II. The area was covered by tall grasses after the war which provided hiding places for ragpickers. A lumber mill was erected in the area but was destroyed by a typhoon. The wrecked building then became a shelter for the ragpickers. The article then examines the implications of the plight of the ragpickers to the antipoverty measures being implemented in developed countries.

The article discusses the developments in the economic condition and wage structure of Japan since World War II. The prewar labor market of the country was characterized by a dual wage structure, one for large and small firms. Wage differentials, developed from the end of the Taisho period to the beginning of the Showa period, has been carried over almost intact into the postwar period. The pattern of employment also appears to have changed from immediate post-World War I years to pre-World War II period. Consequence of the demand-supply pattern in the labor market brought about by economic recovery, growth, and a decrease in the rate of population increase and participation rate is also discussed.

This article focuses on debate and arguments on the decision of the Japanese government to ratify the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No. 87. The convention deals with associational freedom of employees in the country. The debate focused on government unions, because unions in the private sector operate under labor law which provides them substantially with freedoms which bring them into conformance with the ILO's Conventions on freedom of association. In order to ratify Convention No. 87, it was necessary to amend the laws covering government labor relations. Japanese labor functions under three sets of labor relations laws covering workers in: (1) private employment, (2) public corporations, and (3) direct public employment.

The basic assumption of this article is that national wage structures can be characterized according to the degree by which they approximate the competitive norm of wage uniformity. Using the interfirm differential as a measure of wage uniformity, the author tests the hypothesis that the differential will tend to be relatively narrow in those countries where the typical union wage agreement covers a large proportion of wage and salary earners. Experience in postwar Japan, where unions typically have been organized on a single-firm or establishment basis, is analyzed and compared with recent wage experience in the United States and several European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various research papers published in the previous issue of the journal " International Migration Review". "A note on the Surnames of Immigrant Officials in Nara Japan," by Cornelius J. Kiley. The use of names to indicate an ascribed alien status and its implications are explored for seventh and eighth century Japan. "Professional Immigrants: Do They Move On?," by B. S. Chansarkar. Semi and unskilled migrant workers in Britain are unlikely to return to their countries of origin. This article reviews the situation with regard to skilled and professional migrants and suggests that they return home or move on to other countries. "Racial Discrimination and White-collar Workers in Britain," by R. Jowell and P. Prescott-Clarke, collects data on job discrimination against Asian immigrants, West Indians and Cypriots in white-collar employment within four areas of high immigrant concentration: Nottingham-Derby-Leicester, Reading- Windsor-Slough, Birmingham-Wolver-hampton and Greater London.

The presentation concerns the utility of conceptualizing the structural changes associated with modern economic development as functional alternatives. The concept is corn pared to other approaches represented as historicism, convergence, and structural modeling with environmental effects. The advantages of the functional alternative conceptualization are demonstrated through comparison of selected employment characteristics in Japan and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses family structure and industrialization in Japan. Modern Japan displays ail the major characteristics of an urbanized and industrialized nation. Well over one-half of her total population resides in localities administratively defined as urban; two-thirds of her economically active males are employed in nonagricultural pursuits. Indeed, numerous social, economic, and political indices justify placing her at a level of development comparable to that of leading urban-industrialized nations of the West. Yet the social organization supporting Japan's urban-industrialism reveals foci markedly different from those found in the West. Traces of feudal-agrarian modes of organization and motivation are still strong in such areas as employer-employee relations, handicraft production, and law enforcement. From this viewpoint, Japan represents the paradox of a highly industrialized society whose social organization contains viable elements characteristic of the peasant-agrarian social system.

The article discusses the relationship the enamel defects of permanent teeth to the retention of deciduous tooth fragments. A study was conducted using 174 boys and 168 girls from families suspected of inbreeding in Nagasaki, Japan. Their teeth were tested for enamel defects such as hypoplasia or opacity. Hypoplasia was found in 56% of participants and opacity in 18%.

The articles presents a study that examines dental eruption, stature, and the weight of school children living in Hiroshima, Japan. A broad study on the health of children in the area revealed that there was increase in all three areas between the years of 1951 and 1959. A chart comparing children in Japan to those in other countries is included.

The article presents information on industrialization, urbanization, migration, and economic transition in Japan during 1920-1940. In 1920, nearly 49% of Japan's men were in agriculture, forestry and fishing, and 42% in industry, trade and transportation. Economic transformation resulted in rapid urbanization. In 1920, 8% of the total population was in the six great cities of Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe, which increased to 34% in 1940. Regarding economic transition in Japan, there was a direct transition from a subsistence agrarian economy to an industrial urban economy. Also, the Japanese migrated to maintain the agricultural population.

This article presents information on various developments in the field of sociology and science in several countries. The annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science will be held in Cleveland, Ohio on December 26-30, 1950. Sessions will be devoted to the principal fields of science, including social science. A group of persons interested in the study of American Civilization has formed a committee to investigate the possibility of establishing a national society. Carl Bode of the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, is serving as secretary of the sponsoring committee. The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, announces a vacancy in the position of Professor of Sociology. Applicant will be expected to carry on his teaching eventually in Hebrew. Remuneration is in accordance with the salary and pension schedule of the Hebrew University. The journal "Japan Planned Parenthood Quarterly," is published by the Japan Birth-Control Institute, the quarterly is edited by Kageyas Wat Amano and Fumiko Yamaguchi Amano, both of whom received medical as well as other training in the United States.

The article throws light on the wartime manpower controls in Japan. It has been states that it is hard to compare the totalitarianism of the U.S. and Japan. The strategic bombing on the home islands had a devastating effect on the productivity and morale of the population which was totally independent of the social control system. Granting all these limitations, an attempt will be made to discover parallels and contrasts in the manpower phase of war mobilization as between the U.S. and Japan. Labor unions were prevented from seriously challenging employer dominance through repressive laws and police action. The authorities realized that they would need a more thorough control over national resources, including manpower. The labor force was still largely engaged in normal peacetime pursuits, the bulk of them in agriculture. It was therefore necessary to set up national sanctions which would serve to channel labor into important war industries and to mobilize portions of the labor force not fully utilized and also to try to get more effort and efficiency out of the existing workers.

During the eight years from 1940 to 1947, inclusive, in spite of the war, the population of Japan as now constituted increased by about 8,000,000. About 6,900,000 was due to an excess of births over deaths and 1,100,00 to net immigration. During the two years 1948 and 1949, the increase amounted to about 4,000,000, most of which came from an excess of births over deaths. By the end of 1949, the total number of persons had almost reached the 83,000,000 mark. When it is remembered that the land area of Japan is somewhat smaller than that of California, that only about one-sixth to one-fifth of this area is sufficiently level for farming, and that mineral deposits are relatively unimportant, it is not surprising that many of the Japanese people, and many non-Japanese as well, are concerned regarding the present ratio of the population to its means of support, and the future trend of this ratio. The official statistics which begin during the 1870's show a gradual increase in the crude birth rate from 25 per 1,000 during 1875-79 to 35 during 1920-24, but there is evidence indicating that fertility declined during this period and that the reported rise of the rate was due to the improvement of the basic statistics.

Japan faces a very difficult problem in her effort to become self-supporting under the conditions resulting from her defeat in World War II. It will be impossible to discuss in any detail here the reasons for this conclusion, but it will be necessary to summarize briefly the facts of the situation if this conclusion is to be accepted as reasonable. Japan now consists of only the four main islands and Ryukyu, an area of somewhat less than 148,000 square miles, the numerous smaller islands still belonging to Japan having little economic importance. Before World War II, Japan held Formosa, Korea, and southern Saghalien as colonies. She also held the Kwantung Leased Territory in southern Manchuria. After 1931, Manchuria belonged for all practical purposes in this category, although it was not legally a colony. Before World War II, Japan Proper imported about one-sixth of her food, much of it from Formosa, Korea, and Manchuria. Clearly, the severance of all economic ties with Formosa, Korea, Saghalien, and Manchuria, and the restriction of her fisheries within relatively narrow limits around Japan Proper were bound to reduce the food supply of the Japanese.

The war has brought new realization of the terrible consequences of international anarchy. The bankruptcy of nationalism as a system of world organization is proclaimed on every side. People are exhorted to adopt internationalism as a way of life, as though by an act of will we might create a master for the monster, rampant nationalism, which has perhaps reached its climax in modem Germany and Japan. The long, slow processes of cultural growth are disregarded, and people turn with high hope to the magic of conversion as a solution to their problems. With techniques of control developed by modem research people perhaps can increase somewhat the tempo of change but cultural growth is much more an organic than a mechanical process. They are likely to find the obstetrician's techniques are more effective than those of the inventor. They can do much to guarantee the health of the society which is giving birth to a new one, relieve somewhat the pain and anxiety which accompanies it, and prevent birth trauma but if they hurry the process too much we may produce abortion or those very traumatic experiences we seek to avoid.

Social thought in the broadest sense has never been lacking in Japan, the researches of Japanese scholars have incontestably shown that not only was the mainland heritage of Confucian and like ideologies zealously perpetuated, but those in addition new departures bearing a strictly indigenous stamp were abundant. This holds true for that earlier period when sociologists were open to culture contacts of all sorts, and for the later era of feudal isolation and xenophobia as well. Unfortunately, however, Japanese treatises in this field have not been translated and Occidental scholars have made almost no researches of their own, so that they are compelled to pass over what is undoubtedly a most interesting body of social lore with this bare reference. It is now a commonplace to say that no nation in recorded history underwent so sudden a transition from agrarian feudalism to highly developed industrialism as did Japan after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Keeping at least equal pace with the march of material culture went a host of new ideas from England, Germany, France, and the U.S. that challenged and in many instances overcame the sway of ancient lore and immemorial usage.

1) Consecutive 1.107 patients with central nervous system vascular lesion were studied by means of four vessel angiography in Japan. 2) Complications of this series were rare, 2.8 per cent, mostly from technical failures, death and infection; causes of angiograpbic complication have not occurred. 3) The methods for prevention of cerebral angiographic complications have been discussed. 4) Findings of angiograpby are described; almost fifty per cent of these patients had cerebral arterial sclerosis only. 5) Some differences on finding of cerebral angiography were discovered, between the Japanese, American, and Danish. We have more cases with hemorrhagic diseases, but less cases with occlusive diseases, then the other countries. 6) We found many patients who required the surgical treatment in this series. 7) Shift of basilar artery itself, shift of bifurcation of basilar artery and window formation of vertebral artery with intracranial aneurysm were included in this preliminary report. Presented at the International College of Surgeons, XVI Biennial International Congress, Tokyo, Japan, October 7, 1968. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on several meetings related to the field of sociology held in the U.S. and Japan. The annual meeting of Eastern Sociological Society was held at the Henry Hudson Hotel in New York on April 3-4, 1954. President Ira DeA Reid addressed the group on "The Social Protest: Cue and Catharsis" at the annual dinner. Sections of the meeting included "Methods in Social Research," "Stratification and Occupation," "Social Structure," "Frontiers in Social Theory," and "Studies in Social Problems." The Japan Sociological Society held its 26th annual meeting on October 10-11, 1953, at the Tohoku University of Sendai, in northeastern Japan. Over four hundred sociologists and related scientists were present. Session topics included: Mass Communication and Social Psychology; Fishing Village Problems; Industry and Labor; Education and Crime; Sociological Theory; Rural Society; Population and Urban Society; Family and Marriage; Morals and Religion; and Race and Social Class. The Pacific Coast Sociological Society held its 1954 meeting at the campus of Oregon State College, at Corvallis, Oregon on April 22-23, 1954.