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This paper describes the diagnosis, surgical treatment and resolution of trichobezoars in a Santander Creole sheep from Santander, Colombia. A 2‐month‐old female sheep was presented with bilateral abdominal distention, pain upon abdominal palpation indicating the presence of a spherical and malleable foreign body, absence of ruminal movements, soft and mucoid faeces and the presence of two radiopaque structures indicative of foreign bodies within the rumen. The ultrasound confirmed a marked acoustic shadow at the level of the right middle mesogastric quadrant. To resolve the condition, a rumenotomy was performed: the foreign bodies were extracted and the structure and diagnosis of trichobezoars were confirmed. The recommendation was to improve the nutritional needs of the herd to avoid these digestive disorders. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a diagnosis and surgical treatment of trichobezoars in a Creole sheep from the Department of Santander, Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletin de Geologia is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To revise the medical notions and the historic representations about public health in Santander require to contrast the results of researches did by different historians trough of thesis, books and papers published in local universities journals. This paper proposes a history of public health implicate to surpass the academic studies about of politic and medical-scientific personalities to be assumed as a interdisciplinary and new-institutional process orientated to the analysis of the State politics about institutions, employees and patient care according to the impact of illness (endemic and epidemic) and the pressure by socio-economical groups interested in it. In this way, the sources and uses of the concept "Public Health" are explored, and its begin in Santander with sanitary politics about "leprosy colonies" are described, including medical and hospitalarian changes as consequence of the creation of the Ministry of Public Health and the Social Security Institute, and finally, a review is realized about the academic production that health and socio-humanistic professionals from Santanderan universities did related with this theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insertion of circular economy principles into the essential oil (EO) production chain aims to reduce waste generation and make integral use of harvested plant material. Higher profits from integral use with reduced waste generation contribute to the eventual use of the EO value chain as an alternative to illicit crops in Colombia (mostly coca). In this study, Java-type citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) and palmarosa (C. martinii) plant materials were used in two consecutive processes to obtain EOs and extracts. The residual biomass after EO distillation was subjected to ultrasound-assisted hydroethanolic extraction to afford extracts that contained bioactive compounds. Citronella and palmarosa were distilled with typical EO yields (1.0 ± 0.1% for citronella; 0.41 ± 0.06% for palmarosa; n = 5) either through hydrodistillation assisted by microwave radiation or through steam distillation, and their composition (determined via GC/FID/MS analysis) and physicochemical parameters fell within their ISO standard specifications. The concentration of citronellal, the major compound of citronella oil, was 500 ± 152 mg/g. Geraniol, the main component of palmarosa oil, was found at 900 ± 55 mg/g. The citronella and palmarosa hydroalcoholic extracts (4–11% yield) were analyzed with UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS, which permitted the identification of 30 compounds, mainly C-glycosylated flavones and hydroxycinnamic acids. Both extracts had similar antioxidant activity values, evaluated using the ABTS+● and ORAC assays (110 ± 44 µmol Trolox®/g extract and 1300 ± 141 µmol Trolox®/g extract, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current accelerated process of global warming, forest conservation is becoming more difficult to address in developing countries, where woodlands are often fueling the illegal economy. In Colombia, the issue of narcodeforestation is of great concern, because of the ramification of narcoactivities that are affecting forests, such as agribusinesses and cattle ranching for money laundering. In this study, we use spatially explicit regressions incorporating a factor decomposition of predictors through principal component analysis to understand the impact of coca plantations on global and local-scale deforestation in Colombia. At national level we find a positive and statistically significant relationship between coca crops and deforestation. At the regional level, in two out of four regions, it appears that coca is causing deforestation, especially in the Department of Northern Santander and on the Pacific coast. The spatial models used reveal not only a direct effect but also positive and significant spillover effects, in line with the conjecture that narcodeforestation is not only due to the quest for new areas to expand coca-cultivation, which would determine a loss of forest only in the municipality where coca cultivation increases, but also to the need to launder illegal profits, or create clandestine routes and airplane strips, which can affect forests also in nearby municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales is the property of Universidad Autonoma Chapingo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the main characteristics of the demand for medical consultations in the department of Santander. To do this, performing a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the population that demands the service department as affiliation, gender, age, body others. The data used for the study come primarily from two sources: the individual record or health services (RIPS) and population projections from 2005 to 2020, departmental and municipal total, by sex and five year age groups from the National Bureau of Statistics - DANE. The unit of analysis in this study was the records and not the population, the available information does not allow to focus on the people served. The results indicate a need to incorporate criteria regarding gender, children, and senior citizens in the design of public health policies. The results show that it is necessary to incorporate criteria regarding gender, children, and senior citizens in the design of public health policies. Similarly, it is important to consider the questions of financing of the health network of Santander, considering that in recent years, the pattern of medical consultation indicate greater pressure on the use of the resources allocated in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to understand from a regional perspective the causes of the civil war of 1876-1877 in the Northeastern Colombian Andes. An approximation is made to the urban hierarchy in the current Colombian departments of Santander and Norte de Santander between 1853 and 1875. The conditions leading to conflict and the change in that hierarchy are presented. In addition, intervening players and the location of the events of the war are identified. It concludes that the group that fell in urban hierarchy was the one that started the war and that this hierarchical change was one of the causes of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamorphic pressure and temperature trajectories are generally used as tools to interpret the tectonic history of deformed belts of rocks that record past activity along active plate margins. The pre-Devonian metamorphic sequence of the Silgará Formation forms part of the ancient basement of the central Santander Massif, including pelitic schists, siliceous schists and intercalation of amphibolites accompanied by marble. This metasedimentary unit has been affected by Barrovian type metamorphism under middle-pressure/high-temperature conditions. This paper presents on the relationship of tectonic processes to pressure-temperature paths development. Detailed petrologic analysis of pelites and related rocks has been used to constrain the P-T history of this region in the eastern colombian cordillera. Mineral assemblages and Geothermobarometric calculations indicate metamorphic temperatures and pressures of 400-600 °C and 4.0-6.5 kbar, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the tropical and subtropical regions, there is a large number of species which has not been yet described. The high possibility of extinction makes their inventory a priority. In this paper, 23 diatoms taxa from Andean lotic systems and lentic waterbodies localized in the Departments of Antioquia, Santander and Chocó, Colombia, are analyzed with light and scanning electron microscopy. Each taxon is described and information about environmental characteristic of the sites where they were collected and distribution in Colombia is given. The studied taxa belong to the orders Thalassiosirales (1), Aulacoseirales (1), Fragilariales (4), Cymbellales (7), Achnanthales (2), Naviculales (7), and Thalassiophysales (1). Fifteen of them are recorded for the first time in Colombia and Encyonema jemtlandicum in South America. A comparison with the diatom flora of the Colombian Amazonia showed that there were only three taxa in common to these two equatorial regions probably due to the influence of altitudinal gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population based serological surveys are the gold-standard to quantify dengue (DENV) transmission. The purpose of this study was to estimate the age-specific seroprevalence and the force of infection of DENV in an endemic area of Colombia. Between July and October 2014, we conducted a household based cross-sectional survey among 1.037 individuals aged 2 to 40 years living in 40 randomly selected locations in urban Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia. In addition, we also enrolled 246 indviduals living in rural "veredas". Participants were asked to answer a questionnaire that included demographic, socioeconomic and environmental questions and to provide a 5 ml blood sample. Sera were tested using the IgG indirect ELISA (Panbio) kit to determine past DENV infection. The overall DENV seroprevalence was 70% (95% CI = 67%-71%), but was significantly higher in urban (81%, 95% CI = 78%-83%) as compared to rural (21%, 95% CI = 17%-27%) locations. Age was a major predictor of seropositivity, consistent with endemic circulation of the virus. Using catalytic models we estimated that on average, 12% (95%CI = 11%-13%) of susceptible individuals living in the city are infected by DENV each year. Beyond age, the only predictor of seropositivity in urban locations was prior history of dengue diagnosed by a physician (aPR 1.15, 95% CI = 0.98–1.35). Among participants living in rural settings, those that reported traveling outside of their vereda were more likely to be seropositive (aPR 3.60, 95%CI = 1.54–8.42) as well as those who were born outside of Santander department (aPR = 2.77, 95%CI = 1.20–6.37). These results are consistent with long term endemic circulation of DENV in Piedecuesta, with large heterogeneities between urban and rural areas located just a few kilometers apart. Design of DENV control interventions, including vaccination, will need to consider this fine scale spatial heterogeneity. Author summary: Dengue is the most rapidly expanding arbovirus in the world. Counts of reported dengue cases, as usually reported by surveillance systems, are a poor metric of the underlying transmission because most of the infections are asymptomatic. Population based serological surveys, where the prevalence of antibodies to dengue virus are measured in a random sample of the population, are considered the gold-standard to quantify dengue transmission. In this study, the authors conducted a population based serological survey in urban and rural areas of Piedecuesta, Santander, Colombia. Seropositivity was significantly higher in urban as compared to rural locations. Age was a major predictor of seropositivity, consistent with long-term circulation of the virus in this setting. They estimated that, on average, 12% of susceptible individuals living in urban locations get infected by dengue each year. The only predictor of prior dengue infection in urban inhabitants was self-reported history dengue. In rural locations, traveling regularly outside of their "vereda" (neighborhood) and having been born outside of Santander department were associated with seropositivity. These results show that the Piedecuesta municipality is an endemic area of dengue transmission, with large heterogeneities between urban and rural settings. Control interventions, including vaccination should be targeted at fine spatial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desafíos is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two wild strains of Zymomonas mobilis were isolated (named as ML1 and ML2) from sugar cane molasses obtained from different farms of Santander, Colombia. Initially, selection of the best ethanol-producer strains was carried out using ethanol production parameters obtained with a commercial strain Z. mobilis DSM 3580. Three isolated strains were cultivated in a culture medium containing yeast extract, peptone, glucose and salts, at pH 6 and 32°C with stirring rate of 65 rpm during 62 h. The best results of ethanol production were obtained with the native strain ML1, reaching a maximum ethanol concentration of 79.78 g l. ML1 and ML2 strains were identified as Z. mobilis, according to the morphology, biochemical tests and molecular characterization by PCR of specific DNA sequences from Z. mobilis. Subsequently, the effect of different nitrogen sources on production of ethanol was evaluated. The best results were obtained using urea at a 0.73 g/l. In this case, maximum concentration of ethanol was 83.81 g l, with kinetic parameters of yield of ethanol on biomass (Y = 69.01(g g), maximum volumetric productivity of ethanol (Qp) = 2.28 (g l h), specific productivity of ethanol (q) = 3.54 (h) and specific growth rate (μ) = 0.12 h. Finally, we studied the effect of different culture conditions (pH, temperature, stirring, C/N ratio) with a Placket-Burman′s experimental design. This optimization indicated that the most significant variables were temperature and stirring. In the best culture conditions a significant increase in all variables of response was achieved, reaching a maximum ethanol concentration of 93.55 g l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative research-based technology has been applied for the first time in Colombia to improve the navigability of the Magdalena river in a zone of the city of Barrancabermeja, Department of Santander. The result of installation of the submerged vane technology demonstrated its effectiveness in sediment management and motivated its further use as a solution to problems of erosion, scour and meander evolution, which are common occurrence in the rivers of the country. Since this 1991 installation, more than 18 projects have been completed and the technical effectiveness of the system has been improved. Compared to traditional solutions, the results demonstrate beneficial economic impacts due to shorter execution times, reduction in annual maintenance costs, and diminished environmental impacts. Characteristics of design and construction and results obtained from five projects are described that are representative of the diversity of conditions and difficulties for the application of this technology in Colombia. Lessons learned for adaptation by river management authorities are derived from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]