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This chapter discusses the evolution of the South American pulp and paper industry (PPI), emphasising Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The analysis is mainly based on secondary sources and demonstrates how the industry has evolved from its establishment to its present organization, the development of mechanisms and institutions to support innovation and the political, economic and legal regulations, including environmental regulation and social responsibility. This analysis is justified because of the importance the region has gained in the scenario of PPI worldwide, following a trend of reorganization and expansion of the PPI.

This article contributes to the literature on Islamic institutional history by examining how the discounting of documents in Islamic legal practice constrained the organization of early modern Muslim trade. It is argued that the reliance on literacy, on the one hand, and an Islamic legal framework, on the other, gave early modern Muslim traders a comparative advantage in economic organization, but the lack of faith in paper as documentary evidence in Islamic law posed fundamental constraints to the development of Muslim economies.

PurposeThis paper aims to conceptually argue that China's trade surplus with the USA is good by clarifying its fundamental forces from specific perspective.Design/methodology/approachChina's trade surplus with the USA is simply the result of comparative advantage under the background of international intra‐product specialization. Being the consequence of global resources optimization allocation, China's trade imbalance, including trade surplus with the USA, is certainly a win‐win game in international trade.FindingsThere are strong reasons to believe that China's trade surplus with the USA is beneficial to both China and the USA.Originality/valueThe forces causing China's trade surplus with the USA are complex and multiple different conclusions may be reached from different perspectives. This paper argues that one of the fundamental forces driving China's trade surplus with the USA is international intra‐product specialization, and from this perspective, it can help us understand that China's trade surplus with the USA is good for both nations to some extent.

To date, factor endowments or comparative advantages in the international economy, have been at the centre of explanations for the economic performance of Argentina in the nineteenth century. Historians have focused on the increasing volume of rural exports and the availability of land on the frontier. Yet, the contemporary fiscal and monetary events have been ignored. From the 1820s to the 1860s, the state was mainly financed by issues of inconvertible paper currency. Hence, depreciation and high volatility of the means of payment became a basic feature of the Buenos Aires economy. This article will reassess the expansion of the rural economy in the light of the impact of inflationary finances.

In recent years, issues of aid effectiveness have come centre stage, motivated amongst other factors by the increased emphasis on impact evidenced in particular by the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Improved aid alignment and harmonization (A&H) is seen as vital for enhanced aid effectiveness, as reflected most prominently in the 2005 Paris Declaration. In this context, this Joint Evaluation Paper (JEP) addresses key aspects of donor coordination and harmonization in Bangladesh. The subject of the JEP is the Joint Strategic Framework (JSF) of the four largest aid donors in Bangladesh the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), and Japan. At the time it was started around 2005, the JSF was considered a major step forward in aid A&H, and as such merits serious joint evaluation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the industry sector and the steps that must be undertaken when developing their greenhouse gas (GHG) management plan. Companies that emit less GHG emissions during that time period, over time, will be at a comparative advantage and will be able to sell the difference of emissions avoided as these become carbon credits. Therefore, it will be important for companies to include a GHG management plan as GHG emissions will eventually have an impact in the financial accounting systems of companies. The chapter reviews the steps needed to develop a GHG management plan including choosing a methodology for calculating GHGs, establishing GHG inventories in order to measure any reductions produced, as companies may take measures to reduce such emissions. In order to present the importance of a GHG management plan and illustrate the steps that it takes to develop such a plan, tow case studies are discussed, one of a pulp and paper mill and another of a coal plant and its related coal mine, both located in Slovenia. Furthermore, a well developed GHG management plan ensure companies passing GHG audits, that is necessary in order to get official recognition for GHG emission reductions claimed by any company in an industry sector.

The volume and quality of the scholarship generated of late on the question of the “varieties of capitalism” has been truly outstanding. We now know far more than we ever did about the internal workings of particular national economies, and about the determinants of what Angus Maddison once termed the “proximate” causes of their competitive strengths and weaknesses. That knowledge has come in part from the work of a talented set of comparative political scientists and industrial sociologists, many of whom participate in this collection. It has also come from the work of a set of economists and economic historians with sufficient professional courage and intellectual integrity to operate at (or even beyond) the edge of their notoriously narrow and institutionally blind discipline. But because that knowledge has come from so many sources, and because so much of it has entered the public domain in the form of discrete case studies or collections of relatively disconnected essays, what the subfield now needs, more than anything else, is the consolidation of a set of organizing frameworks and governing concepts designed to go beyond proximate causes to a fuller understanding of the dynamics of competitive advantage. This is why Peter Hall and David Soskice's much-heralded collection of essays, Varieties of Capitalism, is so important a milestone in the development of the subdiscipline of comparative political economy. At long last it gives us what Pepper D. Culpepper calls here an “analytical tool kit” (p. 303): a collection of essays built around the powerful conceptual devices of “comparative institutional advantage” and “institutional complementarities”—concepts deployed to explain “how the institutions structuring the political economy confer comparative advantages on a nation, especially in the sphere of innovation” (p. v).

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of the development of customs-union theory from Viner to date. However, the theory must be meant at least as an aid in interpreting real-world data, some space is devoted to a summary of empirical evidence relating to the gains from European Economic Union. The theory has been confined mainly to a study of the effects of customs unions on welfare rather than, for example, on the level of economic activity, the balance of payments or the rate of inflation. These welfare gains and losses, which are the subject of the theory, may arise from a number of different sources: (1) the specialization of production according to comparative advantage which is the basis of the classical case for the gains from trade; (2) economies of scale; (3) changes in the terms of trade; (4) forced changes in efficiency because of the increased foreign competition; and (5) a change in the rate of economic growth. The theory of customs unions has been almost completely confined to an investigation of (1) above, with some slight attention to (2) and (3), (5) not being dealt with at all, while (4) is ruled out of traditional theory by the assumption that production is carried out by processes which are technically efficient. The earliest customs-union theory was largely embodied in the oral tradition, for it hardly seemed worthwhile to state it explicitly, and was an example of an attempt to produce the former sort of conclusion.

This paper examines the changing nature of pulp and paper trade patterns within the European Community as these producers responded to increasing global competition between the years 1960 and 1985. As the process of internationalization in the industry intensified during the 1980s, specialization in the trade of individual pulp and paper products occurred between member states. Specialization is explained in the theoretical context of competitive advantage, where corporate strategies and government intervention are emphasized, rather than in the traditional neoclassical context of free markets, or comparative advantage. The nature of trade is measured using Grubel and Lloyd's (1975) Bij index.

Financial crises on a world scale cause the emergence of new economic structures and powers. While the financial efficiency of developed countries decreases, developing countries are increasing their positions. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China), which emerged as an alternative economic power after the financial crisis in 2008, started to be known as BRICS countries with the addition of South Africa in 2011 and became an important economic structure. Its economic and demographic strength of thanks and wishing to take part in the active position in the world Turkey is willing to take part in the BRICS. Determination of Turkey's infrastructure sector as competitive with these countries is extremely important. In this study of the important sectoral groups of Turkey Paper and Paper Products and Wood and Wood Products Sector is intended to determine whether a location opposite of how the BRICS countries. Revealed Comparative Advantages approach was used in the study covering the years between 2010-2019. As a result of the study, countries were compared at year level and superior sectoral structures were determined., Dünya ölçeğindeki finansal krizler, yeni ekonomik yapıların ve güçlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Gelişmiş ülkelerin finansal verimliliği düşerken, gelişmekte olan ülkeler konumlarını yükseltmektedir. 2008 yılındaki finansal krizin ardından alternatif bir ekonomik güç olarak ortaya çıkan BRIC (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan ve Çin), 2011 yılında Güney Afrika'nın da eklenmesiyle BRICS ülkeleri olarak bilinmeye başladı ve önemli bir ekonomik yapı haline geldi. Ekonomik ve demografik gücüyle dünyada aktif pozisyonda yer almak isteyen Türkiye, BRICS'e katılmaya isteklidir. Türkiye'nin sektörel yapısının bu ülkelerle rekabet konumunun belirlenmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye Kağıt ve Kağıt Ürünleri ile Ağaç ve Ağaç Ürünleri Sektörünün BRICS ülkelerine karşı nasıl bir konumda olduğunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 2010-2019 yıllarını kapsayan çalışmada Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlükler yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda ülkeler yıl bazında karşılaştırılmış ve üstün sektörel yapılar tespit edilmiştir.