1,365 results
Search Results
2. Combining presumptive color tests, pressure-sensitive adhesive-based collection, and paper spray-mass spectrometry for illicit drug detection.
- Author
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Prunty S, Carmany D, Dhummakupt ES, and Manicke NE
- Subjects
- Substance Abuse Detection methods, Mass Spectrometry methods, Heroin, Cocaine analysis, Central Nervous System Stimulants
- Abstract
Illicit drug trafficking and abuse is a significant public safety and health concern. Color tests are commonly used for drug screening, but their poor specificity results in false positives. This study demonstrates the combination of drug residue collection using pressure-sensitive adhesive paper, on-paper color testing, and post-reaction analysis by paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) on both portable and benchtop ion trap MS. All steps, including residue collection, color testing, and paper spray analysis, were performed on the same piece of paper. Three common color tests were investigated: the cobalt thiocyanate test for cocaine, the Simon test for methamphetamine, and the Marquis test for phenethylamine stimulants and opiates. The detection threshold for color tests ranged from 1.25 to 10 μg on paper. Drug residues were successfully confirmed by paper spray MS at the color test threshold in all cases, except for heroin after reaction with the Marquis reagent, when using the portable MS. In this case, the MS detection threshold was 4-fold higher than the color test threshold. The stability of the color test products was assessed through a time study. Drug residues could be detected by MS at least 24 hours after reaction. A series of realistic samples, including false positives, were analyzed to demonstrate the technique's utility in real-world scenarios. Overall, combining color tests with PS-MS offers a rapid, low-cost method for the collection and analysis of illicit drugs.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Potential of desorption electrospray ionization and paper spray ionization with high-resolution mass spectrometry for the screening of sports doping agents in urine.
- Author
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Bressan C, Seró R, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Moyano E, and Ventura R
- Subjects
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization methods, Diuretics, Signal-To-Noise Ratio, Doping in Sports prevention & control, Central Nervous System Stimulants
- Abstract
In this work, desorption electrospray ionization and paper spray ionization both with high-resolution mass spectrometry (DESI-HRMS and PSI-HRMS) were explored for the fast and direct analysis of stimulants and diuretics in urine samples. The analysis was performed at a resolution of 70 000 FWHM ( m / z 200) using a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer in full scan acquisition mode, detecting stimulants and diuretics in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The most critical parameters affecting the desorption and ionization efficiencies of compounds were optimized, paying particular attention to the optimization of the spray solvent for PSI-HRMS analysis and to the selection of the DESI sample substrate. For stimulants, the PSI-HRMS method performed better than DESI-HRMS, allowing the direct analysis of raw urine samples with better signal-to-noise ratios than DESI. However, results obtained for diuretics were not as satisfactory as we expected. The PSI-HRMS method was applied to the screening of 52 stimulants for doping control purposes, providing satisfactory detectability for most of them at the Minimum Reporting Level (MRL) in less than 2 minutes for each single analysis. Despite the advantages offered by the PSI-HRMS method, in this study is also included a discussion on the limitations observed because of the presence of interference for some compounds.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Detection of mephedrone and its metabolites in fingerprints from a controlled human administration study by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and paper spray-mass spectrometry.
- Author
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Czerwinska J, Jang M, Costa C, Parkin MC, George C, Kicman AT, Bailey MJ, Dargan PI, and Abbate V
- Subjects
- Administration, Inhalation, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage, Central Nervous System Stimulants metabolism, Humans, Male, Methamphetamine administration & dosage, Methamphetamine analysis, Methamphetamine metabolism, Paper, Tandem Mass Spectrometry instrumentation, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Dermatoglyphics, Methamphetamine analogs & derivatives, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods
- Abstract
The use of synthetic stimulants, including designer cathinones, remains a significant concern worldwide. Thus, the detection and identification of synthetic cathinones in biological matrices is of paramount importance for clinical and forensic laboratories. In this study, distribution of mephedrone and its metabolites was investigated in fingerprints. Following a controlled human mephedrone administration (100 mg nasally insufflated), two mass spectrometry-based methods for fingerprint analysis have been evaluated. The samples deposited on triangular pieces of chromatography paper were directly analysed under ambient conditions by paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) while those deposited on glass cover slips were extracted and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS method was 5-6 times more sensitive than PS-MS but required sample preparation and longer analysis time. Mephedrone was detected in 62% and in 38% of all post-administration samples analysed by LC-MS/MS and PS-MS, respectively. Nor-mephedrone was the only metabolite detected in 3.8% of all samples analysed by LC-MS/MS. A large inter- and intra-subject variation was observed for mephedrone which may be due to several factors, such as the applied finger pressure, angle and duration of contact with the deposition surface and inability to control the 'amount' of collected fingerprint deposits. Until these limitations are addressed, we suggest that the sole use of fingerprints can be a useful diagnostic tool in qualitative rather than quantitative analysis, and requires a confirmatory analysis in a different biological matrix.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The most 100 cited papers in addiction research on cannabis, heroin, cocaine and psychostimulants. A bibliometric cross-sectional analysis.
- Author
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Valderrama Zurián JC, Bueno Cañigral FJ, Castelló Cogollos L, and Aleixandre-Benavent R
- Subjects
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, United Kingdom, United States, Bibliometrics, Biomedical Research trends, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Heroin Dependence, Marijuana Abuse
- Abstract
The number of citations a peer-reviewed article receives is often used as a measure of its importance and scientific impact. This paper identifies, describes and categorizes the highly cited papers in addiction research on cannabis, heroin, cocaine and psychostimulants. Highly cited papers were identified in the Web of Science Core Collection database. Several bibliometric indicators were calculated. Social network analysis was applied to draw groups of authors and institutions with the greatest number of collaborations and co-words. The number of citations for the top 100 cited articles ranged from 649 to 4,672. The articles were published in 40 journals. The subject category Substance Abuse included 10 papers. The United States was the most productive country (79 papers), followed by the United Kingdom (9). The main funding institutions were the National Institutes of Health in the United States. The network of collaboration between authors distributes the 352 researchers into 53 groups. The three most cited works address the neural basis of drug craving as an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, the clinical and research uses of the Addiction Severity Index, and the neurocircuitry of addiction. Scientific literature on addictions is widely dispersed both in multidisciplinary and specific journals of neurology, psychiatry and addictions, with relatively few publications providing most of the citations. An ongoing challenge for this field is the concentration of highly cited papers coming from a select number of countries, with the United States being the research hub of the world, with the highest volume of publications and total citations., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Novel Selectivity-Based Forensic Toxicological Validation of a Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Eight Amphetamines in Whole Blood.
- Author
-
Teunissen SF, Fedick PW, Berendsen BJA, Nielen MWF, Eberlin MN, Graham Cooks R, and van Asten AC
- Subjects
- Amphetamine analysis, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis, Humans, Limit of Detection, Paper, Reproducibility of Results, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Amphetamine blood, Central Nervous System Stimulants blood, Forensic Toxicology methods, Mass Spectrometry methods
- Abstract
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify eight individual amphetamines in whole blood in 1.3 min. The method has been optimized and fully validated according to forensic toxicology guidelines, for the quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Additionally, a new concept of intrinsic and application-based selectivity is discussed, featuring increased confidence in the power to discriminate the amphetamines from other chemically similar compounds when applying an ambient mass spectrometric method without chromatographic separation. Accuracy was within ±15% and average precision was better than 15%, and better than 20% at the LLOQ. Detection limits between 15 and 50 ng/mL were obtained using only 12 μL of whole blood. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Direct and rapid quantitation of ephedrines in human urine by paper spray ionization/high resolution mass spectrometry.
- Author
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Jeong ES, Kim KH, Cha E, Kwon OS, Cha S, and Lee J
- Subjects
- Humans, Limit of Detection, Mass Spectrometry economics, Paper, Reproducibility of Results, Substance Abuse Detection economics, Central Nervous System Stimulants urine, Ephedrine analogs & derivatives, Ephedrine urine, Mass Spectrometry methods, Phenylpropanolamine urine, Pseudoephedrine urine, Substance Abuse Detection methods
- Abstract
A rapid and direct paper spray ionization/mass spectrometry (PSI/MS) method was developed for quantitative analysis of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in human urine. This method involves the use of a triangular filter paper and high-resolution mass spectrometry, where the molecular ions of ephedrines were generated by applying high voltage after loading the spray solvent to the paper which urine sample was pre-loaded. Small amounts (2μL) of urine spiked with an internal standard were directly analyzed for ephedrines. The PSI/MS method was validated for linearity, within- and between-run precision, accuracy, and limit of detection. The results showed good linearity (R(2)≥0.9928) and acceptable precision and accuracy. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method was assessed by analyzing a blind urine sample from World Anti-Doping Agency and comparing the measured concentrations with the nominal concentrations. This test resulted in accuracies ranging from 96.4 to 106.1%, indicating that the PSI/MS method has the potential to be an alternative technique for the fast quantitation of ephedrines in doping control analysis., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Response to letter that comments on published paper: The use of stimulant medication to improve neurocognitive and learning outcomes in children diagnosed with brain tumours: A systematic review.
- Author
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Smithson EF, Phillips R, Harvey D, and Morrall M
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Brain Neoplasms physiopathology, Central Nervous System Stimulants therapeutic use, Cognition drug effects, Learning drug effects, Methylphenidate therapeutic use
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The rational use of narcotic analgesics, benzodiazepines and psychostimulants in medical practice. A response to the paper "Prescribing addictive medication".
- Author
-
Nemeroff CB
- Subjects
- Humans, Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage, Benzodiazepines administration & dosage, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage, Drug Prescriptions standards, Substance-Related Disorders etiology
- Published
- 1990
10. [Study of analeptic substances by paper electrophoresis].
- Author
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Pesakhovich IaL
- Subjects
- Electrophoresis, Paper methods, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis
- Published
- 1976
11. Detection of mephedrone and its metabolites in fingerprints from a controlled human administration study by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and paper spray-mass spectrometry
- Author
-
Vincenzo Abbate, Catia Costa, Min Jang, Andrew T. Kicman, Mark C. Parkin, Joanna Czerwinska, Melanie J. Bailey, Claire George, and Paul I. Dargan
- Subjects
Male ,Paper ,Metabolite ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Methamphetamine ,Analytical Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mephedrone ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,Fingerprint ,Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Administration, Inhalation ,Electrochemistry ,medicine ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sample preparation ,Dermatoglyphics ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Spectroscopy ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Chromatography ,010401 analytical chemistry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Substance Abuse Detection ,Paper chromatography ,chemistry ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The use of synthetic stimulants, including designer cathinones, remains a significant concern worldwide. Thus, the detection and identification of synthetic cathinones in biological matrices is of paramount importance for clinical and forensic laboratories. In this study, distribution of mephedrone and its metabolites was investigated in fingerprints. Following a controlled human mephedrone administration (100 mg nasally insufflated), two mass spectrometry-based methods for fingerprint analysis have been evaluated. The samples deposited on triangular pieces of chromatography paper were directly analysed under ambient conditions by paper spray-mass spectrometry (PS-MS) while those deposited on glass cover slips were extracted and analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS method was 5-6 times more sensitive than PS-MS but required sample preparation and longer analysis time. Mephedrone was detected in 62% and in 38% of all post-administration samples analysed by LC-MS/MS and PS-MS, respectively. Nor-mephedrone was the only metabolite detected in 3.8% of all samples analysed by LC-MS/MS. A large inter- and intra-subject variation was observed for mephedrone which may be due to several factors, such as the applied finger pressure, angle and duration of contact with the deposition surface and inability to control the 'amount' of collected fingerprint deposits. Until these limitations are addressed, we suggest that the sole use of fingerprints can be a useful diagnostic tool in qualitative rather than quantitative analysis, and requires a confirmatory analysis in a different biological matrix.
- Published
- 2020
12. Detection of methamphetamine and its main metabolite in fingermarks by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
- Author
-
Zhang T, Chen X, Yang R, and Xu Y
- Subjects
- Adult, Chromatography, Liquid, Female, Glass, Humans, Limit of Detection, Male, Metals, Middle Aged, Paper, Plastics, Reproducibility of Results, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Surface Properties, Wood, Amphetamine analysis, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis, Dermatoglyphics, Methamphetamine analysis, Sweat chemistry
- Abstract
A sensitive and efficient method applying liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of methamphetamine and its main metabolite in fingermark deposits was described. Using this method, good linear relationship of methamphetamine was obtained in the range of 0.005μg to 0.5μg per cotton swab, the limit of detection was 1.5ng per cotton swab, the limit of quantitation was 5.0ng per cotton swab and the average values of recovery ratios were above 70.1%. Moreover, the influence factors for the detection of methamphetamine in fingermarks, such as kinds of substrates, development methods and extraction methods, were all discussed in details. The results showed that good recovery ratios could be obtained on painted wood and smooth substrates surfaces. Development methods in commercial powder could not influence the quality of examination of exogenous drug in latent fingermark. Furthermore, the results indicated that the method mentioned here could be applied in the analysis of forensic trace evidences and samples obtained in clinically addicted cases., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The most 100 cited papers in addiction research on cannabis, heroin, cocaine and psychostimulants. A bibliometric cross-sectional analysis
- Author
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Rafael Aleixandre-Benavent, Juan Carlos Valderrama Zurián, Lourdes Castelló Cogollos, Francisco J. Bueno Cañigral, Generalitat Valenciana, and Ayuntamiento de Valencia
- Subjects
Marijuana Abuse ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Biomedical Research ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Scientific literature ,Bibliometrics ,Toxicology ,Heroin ,Cocaine-Related Disorders ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Psychiatry ,Social network analysis ,media_common ,Pharmacology ,biology ,Heroin Dependence ,Addiction ,Subject (documents) ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,United Kingdom ,United States ,Cited papers ,Substance abuse ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Substance related disorders ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Cannabis ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The number of citations a peer-reviewed article receives is often used as a measure of its importance and scientific impact. This paper identifies, describes and categorizes the highly cited papers in addiction research on cannabis, heroin, cocaine and psychostimulants. Highly cited papers were identified in the Web of Science Core Collection database. Several bibliometric indicators were calculated. Social network analysis was applied to draw groups of authors and institutions with the greatest number of collaborations and co-words. The number of citations for the top 100 cited articles ranged from 649 to 4,672. The articles were published in 40 journals. The subject category Substance Abuse included 10 papers. The United States was the most productive country (79 papers), followed by the United Kingdom (9). The main funding institutions were the National Institutes of Health in the United States. The network of collaboration between authors distributes the 352 researchers into 53 groups. The three most cited works address the neural basis of drug craving as an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, the clinical and research uses of the Addiction Severity Index, and the neurocircuitry of addiction. Scientific literature on addictions is widely dispersed both in multidisciplinary and specific journals of neurology, psychiatry and addictions, with relatively few publications providing most of the citations. An ongoing challenge for this field is the concentration of highly cited papers coming from a select number of countries, with the United States being the research hub of the world, with the highest volume of publications and total citations., This work have been funding by Servicio de Drogodependencias (PMD/UPCCA-València). Concejalía de Sanidad y Consumo. Ajuntament de València.
- Published
- 2021
14. Papers presented at the Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence Symposium on Stimulants and Hallucinogens. June/September, 1984.
- Subjects
- Humans, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Substance-Related Disorders
- Published
- 1986
15. Novel Selectivity-Based Forensic Toxicological Validation of a Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Eight Amphetamines in Whole Blood
- Author
-
Bjorn J.A. Berendsen, Arian C. van Asten, Michel W. F. Nielen, Patrick W. Fedick, R. Graham Cooks, Marcos N. Eberlin, S.F. Teunissen, and Supramolecular Separations (HIMS, FNWI)
- Subjects
Paper ,Monsteradministratie & Coördinatie ,010402 general chemistry ,Mass spectrometry ,Tandem mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Mass Spectrometry ,BU Dierbehandelingsmiddelen ,BU Veterinary Drugs ,Structural Biology ,Limit of Detection ,Validation ,Humans ,Selectivity ,Spectroscopy ,Whole blood ,VLAG ,Detection limit ,Chromatography ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Amphetamines ,Forensic toxicology ,Reproducibility of Results ,Organische Chemie ,Quantitative determination ,0104 chemical sciences ,Substance Abuse Detection ,Chromatographic separation ,Amphetamine ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Paper spray mass spectrometry - Abstract
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify eight individual amphetamines in whole blood in 1.3 min. The method has been optimized and fully validated according to forensic toxicology guidelines, for the quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Additionally, a new concept of intrinsic and application-based selectivity is discussed, featuring increased confidence in the power to discriminate the amphetamines from other chemically similar compounds when applying an ambient mass spectrometric method without chromatographic separation. Accuracy was within ±15% and average precision was better than 15%, and better than 20% at the LLOQ. Detection limits between 15 and 50 ng/mL were obtained using only 12 μL of whole blood. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
- Published
- 2017
16. Direct and rapid quantitation of ephedrines in human urine by paper spray ionization/high resolution mass spectrometry
- Author
-
Eunju Cha, Sangwon Cha, Eun Sook Jeong, Ki Hun Kim, Oh-Seung Kwon, and Jaeick Lee
- Subjects
Paper ,Accuracy and precision ,Phenylpropanolamine ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Analytical chemistry ,Methylephedrine ,Urine ,010402 general chemistry ,Mass spectrometry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Limit of Detection ,Ionization ,Humans ,Ephedrine ,Detection limit ,Chromatography ,Filter paper ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Pseudoephedrine ,0104 chemical sciences ,Substance Abuse Detection ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) - Abstract
A rapid and direct paper spray ionization/mass spectrometry (PSI/MS) method was developed for quantitative analysis of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine in human urine. This method involves the use of a triangular filter paper and high-resolution mass spectrometry, where the molecular ions of ephedrines were generated by applying high voltage after loading the spray solvent to the paper which urine sample was pre-loaded. Small amounts (2μL) of urine spiked with an internal standard were directly analyzed for ephedrines. The PSI/MS method was validated for linearity, within- and between-run precision, accuracy, and limit of detection. The results showed good linearity (R(2)≥0.9928) and acceptable precision and accuracy. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method was assessed by analyzing a blind urine sample from World Anti-Doping Agency and comparing the measured concentrations with the nominal concentrations. This test resulted in accuracies ranging from 96.4 to 106.1%, indicating that the PSI/MS method has the potential to be an alternative technique for the fast quantitation of ephedrines in doping control analysis.
- Published
- 2016
17. The effect of methylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts on cognitive reflection: a field study.
- Author
-
Yechiam E and Zeif D
- Subjects
- Amphetamine therapeutic use, Cognition, Humans, Salts therapeutic use, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Central Nervous System Stimulants therapeutic use, Methylphenidate therapeutic use
- Abstract
Rationale: Methylphenidate (MPH) and mixed D,L-amphetamine salts (MASs; Adderall) were previously found to have unreliable effects on judgment and decision processes., Objective: We predicted that MPH and MASs have a specific effect of reducing heuristic responses, which should lead to increased performance on the cognitive reflection test (CRT). The CRT is considered to be a testbed for heuristic versus deliberative response modes., Methods: We recruited a sample of 15,361 individuals using the Prolific Academic crowdsourcing platform. From this initial pool, our final sample consisted of 294 participants (125 MPH users and 169 MASs users) who conformed to the study criteria and completed the experimental tasks. Tasks were performed on days where participants were either medicated or not, allowing to assess the effect of medication status., Results: There was a strong positive effect of taking MPH on CRT scores (Cohen's d = 0.40) which was not qualified by frequency of MPH usage, ADHD symptoms, and demographic factors. There was also a somewhat weaker effect for MASs (Cohen's d = 0.07). No effects of MPH and MASs were recorded for risk-taking and numeracy., Conclusions: The results indicate that MPH enhances decision-making in tasks where heuristic responses typically bias it., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. An updated review on synthetic cathinones.
- Author
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Soares J, Costa VM, Bastos ML, Carvalho F, and Capela JP
- Subjects
- Alkaloids adverse effects, Alkaloids chemistry, Animals, Catha chemistry, Central Nervous System Stimulants adverse effects, Central Nervous System Stimulants chemistry, Humans, Illicit Drugs adverse effects, Illicit Drugs chemistry, Neurotoxicity Syndromes etiology, Alkaloids pharmacology, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Illicit Drugs pharmacology
- Abstract
Cathinone, the main psychoactive compound found in the plant Catha edulis Forsk. (khat), is a β-keto analogue of amphetamine, sharing not only the phenethylamine structure, but also the amphetamine-like stimulant effects. Synthetic cathinones are derivatives of the naturally occurring cathinone that largely entered the recreational drug market at the end of 2000s. The former "legal status", impressive marketing strategies and their commercial availability, either in the so-called "smartshops" or via the Internet, prompted their large spread, contributing to their increasing popularity in the following years. As their popularity increased, the risks posed for public health became clear, with several reports of intoxications and deaths involving these substances appearing both in the social media and scientific literature. The regulatory measures introduced thereafter to halt these trending drugs of abuse have proved to be of low impact, as a continuous emergence of new non-controlled derivatives keep appearing to replace those prohibited. Users resort to synthetic cathinones due to their psychostimulant properties but are often unaware of the dangers they may incur when using these substances. Therefore, studies aimed at unveiling the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these substances are imperative, as they will provide increased expertise to the clinicians that face this problem on a daily basis. The present work provides a comprehensive review on history and legal status, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and lethality in humans, as well as on the current knowledge of the neurotoxic mechanisms of synthetic cathinones., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Stability of synthetic cathinones in clinical and forensic toxicological analysis-Where are we now?
- Author
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Aldubayyan AA, Castrignanò E, Elliott S, and Abbate V
- Subjects
- Alkaloids blood, Alkaloids metabolism, Alkaloids urine, Animals, Central Nervous System Stimulants blood, Central Nervous System Stimulants metabolism, Central Nervous System Stimulants urine, Drug Monitoring, Drug Storage, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Psychotropic Drugs blood, Psychotropic Drugs metabolism, Psychotropic Drugs urine, Substance Abuse Detection, Alkaloids analysis, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis, Drug Stability, Psychotropic Drugs analysis
- Abstract
Understanding the stability of analyzed drugs in biological samples is a crucial part for an appropriate interpretation of the analytical findings. Synthetic cathinones, as psychoactive stimulants, belong to a major class of new psychoactive substances. As they are subject to several degradation pathways, they are known to clinical and forensic toxicologists as unstable analytes in biological samples. When interpreting analytical data of synthetic cathinones in biological samples, analysts must be aware that the concentration of analytes may not accurately reflect the levels at the time they were acquired owing to many factors. This review provides (i) an overview of the current scientific knowledge on the stability of synthetic cathinones and/or metabolites in various human biological samples with a focus on factors that may deteriorate their stability-such as storage temperature, length of storage, matrix, pH, type of preservatives, concentration of analytes, and the chemistry of the analytes-and (ii) possible solutions on how to avoid such degradation. The PubMed database as well as Google Scholar was thoroughly searched to find published studies on the stability of synthetic cathinones since 2007 by searching specific keywords. A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Synthetic cathinones that carry methylenedioxy or N-pyrrolidine ring showed higher degradation resistance over other substituted groups. Acidification of samples pH plays a crucial role at increasing the stability of cathinones even with analytes that were frequently considered as poorly stable. This review also provides several recommendations for best practice in planning the experimental design, preservation, and storage conditions in order to minimize synthetic cathinones' degradation in human biological samples., (© 2020 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Systematic review of the screening, diagnosis, and management of ADHD in children with epilepsy. Consensus paper of the Task Force on Comorbidities of the ILAE Pediatric Commission
- Author
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Makiko Osawa, Lionel Carmant, J. Helen Cross, Mary Lou Smith, Hans Hartmann, Elaine Wirrell, Michael Patrick Kerr, Marilisa M. Guerreiro, Bruce Hermann, Pauline Samia, Patrick Van Bogaert, David W. Dunn, Kollencheri Puthenveettil Vinayan, Madison M. Berl, Kirsten A. Donald, Stéphane Auvin, Kette D. Valente, Jo M. Wilmshurst, Masao Aihara, and Hideaki Kanemura
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,03 medical and health sciences ,Epilepsy ,0302 clinical medicine ,Childhood absence epilepsy ,030225 pediatrics ,medicine ,Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,business.industry ,Methylphenidate ,Atomoxetine ,Disease Management ,medicine.disease ,Comorbidity ,Cognitive test ,Systematic review ,Neurology ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Anticonvulsants ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Neurology (clinical) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and challenging comorbidity affecting many children with epilepsy. A working group under the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Pediatric Commission identified key questions on the identification and management of ADHD in children with epilepsy. Systematic reviews of the evidence to support approaches to these questions were collated and graded using criteria from the American Academy of Neurology Practice Parameter. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) requirements were followed, with PROSPERO registration (CRD42018094617). No increased risk of ADHD in boys with epilepsy compared to girls with epilepsy was found (Level A). Valproate use in pregnancy is associated with inattentiveness and hyperactivity in offspring (1 class I study), and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are at increased risk of ADHD (Level A). Impact of early seizure onset on development of ADHD was unclear (Level U), but more evident with poor seizure control (Level B). ADHD screening should be performed from 6 years of age, or at diagnosis, and repeated annually (Level U) and reevaluated after change of antiepileptic drug (AED) (Level U). Diagnosis should involve health practitioners with expert training in ADHD (Level U). Use of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire screening tool is supported (Level B). Formal cognitive testing is strongly recommended in children with epilepsy who are struggling at school (Level U). Behavioral problems are more likely with polytherapy than monotherapy (Level C). Valproate can exacerbate attentional issues in children with childhood absence epilepsy (Level A). Methylphenidate is tolerated and effective in children with epilepsy (Level B). Limited evidence supports that atomoxetine is tolerated (Level C). Multidisciplinary involvement in transition and adult ADHD clinics is essential (Level U). In conclusion, although recommendations could be proposed for some of the study questions, this systematic review highlighted the need for more comprehensive and targeted large‐population prospective studies.
- Published
- 2018
21. Abstinence following intermittent methylphenidate exposure dose-dependently modifies brain glucose metabolism in the rat brain.
- Author
-
Arnavut E, Hamilton J, Yao R, Sajjad M, Hadjiargyrou M, Komatsu D, and Thanos PK
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain metabolism, Glucose, Positron-Emission Tomography, Rats, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Methylphenidate metabolism, Methylphenidate pharmacology
- Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a psychostimulant chronically prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additionally, MP users may take breaks from using the medication during "drug holidays," which may include short-term or long-term breaks from medication. The present study utilized fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to analyze the effects of chronic oral MP use and abstinence on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats at two different doses: high dose (HD) and low dose (LD). The schedule of treatment was 3 weeks on-treatment and 1 week off-treatment for a period of 13 weeks, followed by an abstinence period of 4 total weeks. Results showed that chronic MP treatment using this schedule did not lead to significant changes in BGluM when comparing the control to HD MP groups. However, significant activation in BGluM was observed after periods of abstinence between control and HD MP rats in the following brain regions: the trigeminal nucleus, reticular nucleus, inferior olive, lemniscus, mesencephalic reticular formation, inferior colliculus, and several areas of the cerebellum. These brain regions and functional brain circuit play a role in facial sensory function, the auditory pathway, organizing connections between the thalamus and cortex, motor learning, auditory function, control over eye movement, auditory information integration, and both motor and cognitive functions. These results, when considered with previous studies, indicate that MP schedule of use may have differing effects on BGluM. BGluM following long-term MP use was dependent on MP dose and schedule of use in rats. This study was conducted in non-ADHD model rats with the aim to establish an understanding of the effects of MP itself, especially given the growing chronic off-label and prescribed use of MP. Further studies are needed for analysis of the drug's effects on an ADHD model., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2022
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22. Trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003-2019.
- Author
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Man N, Sisson SA, McKetin R, Chrzanowska A, Bruno R, Dietze PM, Price O, Degenhardt L, Gibbs D, Salom C, and Peacock A
- Subjects
- Australia epidemiology, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Seizures, Amphetamine-Related Disorders epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Methamphetamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
- Abstract
Introduction: To describe trends in methamphetamine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019., Methods: Data comprised patterns of use and price from sentinel samples of people who inject drugs and who use MDMA/other illicit stimulants and population-level amphetamine-related police seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, treatment episodes and deaths from approximately 2003 to 2019. Bayesian autoregressive time-series models were analysed for: no change; constant rate of change; and change over time differing in rate after one to three changepoints. Related indicators were analysed post hoc with identical changepoints., Results: The percentage of people who inject drugs reporting weekly use increased from 2010 to 2013 onwards, while use among samples of people who regularly use ecstasy and other illicit stimulants decreased. Seizures and arrests rose steeply from around 2009/10 to 2014/15 and subsequently plateaued. Price increased ($15.9 [95% credible interval, CrI $9.9, $28.9] per point of crystal per year) from around 2009 to 2011, plateauing and then declining from around 2017. Hospitalisation rates increased steeply from around 2009/10 until 2015/16, with a small subsequent decline. Treatment also increased (19.8 episodes [95% CrI 13.2, 27.6] with amphetamines as the principal drug of concern per 100 000 persons per year) from 2010/11 onwards. Deaths involving amphetamines increased (0.285 per 100 000 persons per year) from 2012 until 2016., Discussion and Conclusions: These findings suggest that problematic methamphetamine use and harms escalated from 2010 to 2012 onwards in Australia, with continued demand and a sustained market for methamphetamine. [Correction added on 30 May 2022, after first online publication: In the Abstract under 'Discussion and Conclusions' 'onwards' has been added after … 2010 to 2012]., (© 2022 The Authors. Drug and Alcohol Review published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.)
- Published
- 2022
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23. The potential role of stimulants in treating eating disorders.
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Keshen A, Bartel S, Frank GKW, Svedlund NE, Nunes A, Dixon L, Ali SI, Kaplan AS, Hay P, Touyz S, Romo-Nava F, and McElroy SL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Humans, Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate therapeutic use, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Binge-Eating Disorder chemically induced, Binge-Eating Disorder drug therapy, Bulimia Nervosa drug therapy, Central Nervous System Stimulants therapeutic use
- Abstract
Background: Many individuals with eating disorders remain symptomatic after a course of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; therefore, the development of innovative treatments is essential., Method: To learn more about the current evidence for treating eating disorders with stimulants, we searched for original articles and reviews published up to April 29, 2021 in PubMed and MEDLINE using the following search terms: eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, stimulants, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and phentermine., Results: We propose that stimulant medications represent a novel avenue for future research based on the following: (a) the relationship between eating disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); (b) a neurobiological rationale; and (c) the current (but limited) evidence for stimulants as treatments for some eating disorders. Despite the possible benefits of such medications, there are also risks to consider such as medication misuse, adverse cardiovascular events, and reduction of appetite and pathological weight loss. With those risks in mind, we propose several directions for future research including: (a) randomized controlled trials to study stimulant treatment in those with bulimia nervosa (with guidance on strategies to mitigate risk); (b) examining stimulant treatment in conjunction with psychotherapy; (c) investigating the impact of stimulants on "loss of control" eating in youth with ADHD; and (d) exploring relevant neurobiological mechanisms. We also propose specific directions for exploring mediators and moderators in future clinical trials., Discussion: Although this line of investigation may be viewed as controversial by some in the field, we believe that the topic warrants careful consideration for future research., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2022
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24. Nontraumatic In-Custody Homicidal Deaths in Harris County, Texas (2015-2019): Justification for a Separate Manner of Death Category.
- Author
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Wolf DA
- Subjects
- Adult, Cause of Death, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Police, Texas epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Homicide
- Abstract
Abstract: A subset of in-custody deaths, typically occurring in the precustody phase, arise from a combination of mechanisms, rather than a single anatomically or circumstantially demonstrable cause. This case series examined nontraumatic in-custody deaths that occurred over a 5-year period (2015-2019) in Harris County, Texas. Cases were identified as "in custody" or "during police intervention," with a homicide manner; traumatic causes of death (eg, police shootings) were excluded.Sixteen cases were identified. The median age was 40 years, with an interquartile range of 35 to 50.5 years. All but one were male, and there were 8 (50%) Black, 5 (31%) White, and 1 (6%) Hispanic cases. Intoxicants were detected in all except 1 death that occurred after a prolonged hospitalization; stimulants were identified in 12 (75%). The cause of death for each was descriptive, representing the complex interplay of external forces with physiologic/toxicologic and disease-related mechanisms.This series is used as a backdrop for a discussion regarding the inadequacy of the current 5-category manner of death classification scheme and to suggest an alternative category of manner. This alternative category, specifically "legal intervention," would be most useful for this subset of nontraumatic in-custody deaths but may have applicability for other types of in-custody deaths., Competing Interests: The author reports no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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25. Trends in cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia, 2003-2019.
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Man N, Chrzanowska A, Price O, Bruno R, Dietze PM, Sisson SA, Degenhardt L, Salom C, Morris L, Farrell M, and Peacock A
- Subjects
- Australia epidemiology, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Cocaine adverse effects, Cocaine-Related Disorders epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: This paper aims to describe cocaine use, markets and harms in Australia from 2003 to 2019., Methods: Outcome indicators comprised prevalence of use from triennial household surveys; patterns of use from annual surveys of sentinel samples who use stimulants; and cocaine-related seizures, arrests, hospitalisations, deaths and treatment episodes. Bayesian autoregressive time-series analyses were conducted to estimate trend over time: Model 1, no change; Model 2, constant rate of change; and Model 3, change over time differing in rate after one change point., Results: Past-year population prevalence of use increased over time. The percentage reporting recent use in sentinel samples increased by 6.1% (95% credible interval [CrI
95% ] 1.2%,16.9%; Model 3) per year from around 2017 (48%) until the end of the series (2019: 67%). There was a constant annual increase in number of seizures (count ratio: 1.1, CrI95% 1.1,1.2) and arrests (1.2, CrI95% 1.1,1.2), and percentage reporting cocaine as easy to obtain in the sentinel samples (percent increase 1.2%, CrI95% 0.5%,1.8%; Model 2). Cocaine-related hospitalisation rate increased from 5.1 to 15.6 per 100 000 people from around 2011-2012 to 2017-2018: an annual increase of 1.3 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 0.8,1.8; Model 3). While the death rate was low (0.23 cocaine-related deaths per 100 000 people in 2018; Model 2), treatment episodes increased from 3.2 to 5.9 per 100 000 people from around 2016-2017 to 2017-2018: an annual increase of 2.9 per 100 000 people (CrI95% 1.6,3.7; Model 3)., Discussion and Conclusions: Cocaine use, availability and harm have increased, concentrated in recent years, and accompanied by increased treatment engagement., (© 2021 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs.)- Published
- 2021
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26. Comparison of commercial surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates for the analysis of cocaine.
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Alder R, Xiao L, and Fu S
- Subjects
- Cocaine-Related Disorders metabolism, Humans, Predictive Value of Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis, Cocaine analysis, Cocaine-Related Disorders diagnosis, Saliva chemistry, Spectrum Analysis, Raman, Substance Abuse Detection
- Abstract
The use of illicit drugs across the world causes issues for users, healthcare workers and the public. Therefore, rapid and reliable onsite testing methods to detect these drugs are required. In this study, seven commercial surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates A-G were compared for the analysis of cocaine. These substrates were compared using scanning electron microscopy to study the surface structure and Raman spectroscopy and to determine if there was any enhancement of the cocaine bands. Substrate B provided the best enhancement of known cocaine vibrational bands, allowing the detection down to concentrations of 1 ng/mL in standards and 10 ng/mL extracted from the oral fluid. The results showed that SERS is an ideal method for future rapid onsite analysis of illicit drugs in oral fluid. Commercial SERS substrates were compared for the analysis of cocaine. Substrate B provided the best result and was further tested with lower concentrations and extracts from the oral fluid. The application to oral fluid testing could prove useful for future onsite analysis., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2021
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27. Methylphenidate challenge test in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical effects and their predictors.
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Piacentino D, De Rossi P, Kotzalidis GD, Maniscalco I, Pompili M, Giupponi G, Hiemke C, and Conca A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity physiopathology, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacokinetics, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior drug effects, Male, Methylphenidate pharmacokinetics, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage, Drug Monitoring, Methylphenidate administration & dosage
- Abstract
Objective: Adult and children attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share similar symptoms and responses to drugs such as methylphenidate (MPH). Yet, in Europe, these drugs remain unlicensed for adults. We aimed to assess the effects of an acute MPH challenge on the four dimensions concentration, impulsivity, tension, and general well-being in ADHD adults, and identify predictors of improvement., Methods: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring was performed to measure MPH plasma levels. A Visual Analogue Scale was administered to patients before and after the acute MPH challenge to measure self-reported changes in the four dimensions., Results: After the acute MPH challenge, our 71 patients showed significant improvement in concentration and tension. The MPH challenge dose correlated with lower patients' age, greater side effects, increased concentration (p = .008) and decreased tension (p = .001). At multiple linear regression MPH plasma levels and absence of postdose side effects predicted concentration improvement, MPH plasma levels predicted tension improvement. MPH plasma levels were significantly higher in patients who reported an improvement in concentration, tension, and impulsivity compared to nonimprovers (p's from .001 to .004)., Conclusions: These findings point to the efficacy of MPH challenge in improving concentration and tension in adult ADHD, thus emphasizing the need for a broader treatment access for these patients., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2020
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28. A systematic investigation of forensic hair decontamination procedures and their limitations.
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Mantinieks D, Wright P, Di Rago M, and Gerostamoulos D
- Subjects
- Anesthetics, Local analysis, Central Nervous System Stimulants analysis, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Cocaine analysis, Decontamination methods, Forensic Toxicology methods, Humans, Methamphetamine analysis, Solvents chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods, Anesthetics, Local isolation & purification, Central Nervous System Stimulants isolation & purification, Cocaine isolation & purification, Hair chemistry, Methamphetamine isolation & purification
- Abstract
The effectiveness of decontamination procedures used for the removal of external drug contamination in forensic hair analysis is an ongoing debate. This investigation evaluated wash methods complying with Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) guidelines and their capacity to remove cocaine (COC) and methamphetamine (MA) from artificially contaminated hair. The most effective decontamination method was determined using a systematic approach, involving (1) an initial washing solvent screen, (2) optimization of wash duration, (3) comparison of sequential wash methods, and (4) reanalysis of clinical hair samples. For analysis, hair was subjected to micro-pulverized methanolic extraction prior to quantitation by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Methanol (MeOH) and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6) were the most effective organic and aqueous solvents, respectively, removing 28%-38% of COC and 16%-31% of MA. Wash durations longer than 30-60 minutes did not remove additional amounts, and a more efficient sequential wash method was subsequently developed. Despite this, the interpretation of reportable results relative to the SoHT cut-off levels was unchanged for most clinical hair samples reanalyzed after washing by agitation for 30 minutes with MeOH. These findings highlight the inability of decontamination solvents to completely remove external COC and MA contamination from hair, including wash methods adhering to SoHT guidelines., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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29. ESC study group of sports cardiology position paper on adverse cardiovascular effects of doping in athletes
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Wilhelm Schänzer, Hein Heidbuchel, Nicole M. Panhuyzen-Goedkoop, Luc Vanhees, Fabio Pigozzi, Evangelia Kouidi, Asterios Deligiannis, Hans Bjornstad, and François Carré
- Subjects
Drug ,Narcotics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,GeneralLiterature_INTRODUCTORYANDSURVEY ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ,Sudden cardiac death ,Adrenergic Agents ,Anabolic Agents ,medicine ,Humans ,Myocardial infarction ,Adverse effect ,Intensive care medicine ,Heart, lung and circulation [UMCN 2.1] ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,media_common ,Doping in Sports ,biology ,Athletes ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Hormones ,Substance abuse ,Europe ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Heart failure ,Physical therapy ,Anxiety ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,medicine.symptom ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,human activities - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 50268.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The use of doping substances and methods is extensive not only among elite athletes, but also among amateur and recreational athletes. Many types of drugs are used by athletes to enhance performance, to reduce anxiety, to increase muscle mass, to reduce weight or to mask the use of other drugs during testing. However, the abuse of doping substances and methods has been associated with the occurrence of numerous health side-effects. The adverse effects depend on the type of the consumed drug, as well as the amount and duration of intake and the sensitivity of the body, since there is a large inter-individual variability in responses to a drug. Usually the doses used in sports are much higher than those used for therapeutic purposes and the use of several drugs in combination is frequent, leading to higher risk of side-effects. Among biomedical side-effects of doping, the cardiovascular ones are the most deleterious. Myocardial infarction, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, thrombosis, arrythmogenesis, heart failure and sudden cardiac death have been noted following drug abuse. This paper reviews the literature on the adverse cardiovascular effects after abuse of prohibited substances and methods in athletes, aiming to inform physicians, trainers and athletes and to discourage individuals from using drugs during sports.
- Published
- 2006
30. Blueprint for summative theory assessment in pharmacology - A tool to increase the validity as per the new competency based medical education.
- Author
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Pichholiya, Meenu, Yadav, Arvind Kumar, Gupta, Sangita, Kamlekar, Sandeep Kumar, and Singh, Sakshi
- Subjects
OUTCOME-based education ,SUMMATIVE tests ,PHARMACOLOGY ,PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC agents ,MEDICAL personnel ,CENTRAL nervous system stimulants - Published
- 2021
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31. The rational use of narcotic analgesics, benzodiazepines and psychostimulants in medical practice. A response to the paper 'Prescribing addictive medication'
- Author
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C B, Nemeroff
- Subjects
Analgesics, Opioid ,Benzodiazepines ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Humans ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Drug Prescriptions - Published
- 1990
32. Insular and cingulate attenuation during decision making is associated with future transition to stimulant use disorder.
- Author
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Stewart, Jennifer L., Butt, Mamona, May, April C., Tapert, Susan F., and Paulus, Martin P.
- Subjects
INSULAR cortex ,DECISION making ,STIMULANTS ,CINGULATE cortex ,AMPHETAMINE abuse ,ROCK-paper-scissors (Game) ,COCAINE abuse ,DRUG abuse risk factors ,PSYCHOLOGY of drug abusers ,PATIENTS ,BRAIN ,RADIOGRAPHY ,SUBSTANCE abuse risk factors ,COGNITION ,INTERVIEWING ,LONGITUDINAL method ,MAGNETIC resonance imaging ,PROBABILITY theory ,STATISTICAL hypothesis testing ,TASK performance ,CENTRAL nervous system stimulants - Abstract
Aims To understand processes placing individuals at risk for stimulant (amphetamine and cocaine) use disorder. Design Longitudinal study. Setting University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, CA, USA. Participants Occasional stimulant users (OSU; n = 184) underwent a baseline clinical interview and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session. On the basis of a follow-up clinical interview completed 3 years later, OSU ( n = 147) were then categorized as problem stimulant users (PSU: n = 36; those who developed stimulant use disorders in the interim) or desisted stimulant users (DSU: n = 74; those who stopped using). OSU who did not meet criteria for PSU or DSU ( n = 37) were included in dimensional analyses. Measurements fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast percentage signal change from baseline collected during a Paper-Scissors-Rock task was examined during three decision-making conditions, those resulting in: (1) wins, (2) ties and (3) losses. These data were used as dependent variables in categorical analyses comparing PSU and DSU, as well as dimensional analyses including interim drug use as predictors, controlling for baseline drug use. Findings PSU exhibited lower anterior cingulate, middle insula, superior temporal, inferior parietal, precuneus and cerebellum activation than DSU across all three conditions (significant brain clusters required > 19 neighboring voxels to exceed F
(1,108) = 5.58, P < 0.01 two-tailed; all Cohen's d > 0.83). Higher interim marijuana use was linked to lower pre-central and superior temporal activation during choices resulting in wins (> 19 neighboring voxels to exceed t = 2.61, P < 0.01 two-tailed; R2 change > 0.11). Conclusions Individuals who transition from stimulant use to stimulant use disorder appear to show alterations in neural processing of stimulus valuation and outcome monitoring, patterns also evident in chronic stimulant use disorder. Attenuated anterior cingulate and insular processing may constitute a high-risk neural processing profile, which could be used to calculate risk scores for individuals experimenting with stimulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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33. Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury impairs norepinephrine system function and psychostimulant responsivity.
- Author
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Horvat L, Foschini A, Grinias JP, Waterhouse BD, and Devilbiss DM
- Subjects
- Animals, Male, Female, Rats, Brain Injuries, Traumatic metabolism, Brain Injuries, Traumatic drug therapy, Brain Injuries, Traumatic physiopathology, Locus Coeruleus drug effects, Locus Coeruleus metabolism, Arousal drug effects, Arousal physiology, Microdialysis methods, Norepinephrine metabolism, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex metabolism, Prefrontal Cortex drug effects, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Brain Concussion metabolism, Brain Concussion physiopathology, Brain Concussion drug therapy
- Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex pathophysiological process that results in a variety of neurotransmitter, behavioral, and cognitive deficits. The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system is a critical regulator of arousal levels and higher executive processes affected by TBI including attention, working memory, and decision making. LC-NE axon injury and impaired signaling within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a potential contributor to the neuropsychiatric symptoms after single, moderate to severe TBI. The majority of TBIs are mild, yet long-term cognitive deficits and increased susceptibility for further injury can accumulate after each repetitive mild TBI. As a potential treatment for restoring cognitive function and daytime sleepiness after injury psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (MPH) that increase levels of NE within the PFC, are being prescribed "off-label". The impact of mild and repetitive mild TBI on the LC-NE system remains limited. Therefore, we determined the extent of LC-NE and arousal dysfunction and response to therapeutic doses of MPH in rats following experimentally induced single and repetitive mild TBI. Microdialysis measures of basal NE efflux from the medial PFC and arousal measures were significantly lower after repetitive mild TBI. Females showed higher baseline PFC-NE efflux than males following single and repetitive mild TBI. In response to MPH challenge, males exhibited a blunted PFC-NE response and persistent arousal levels following repetitive mild TBI. These results provide critical insight into the role of catecholamine system dysfunction associated with cognitive deficits following repeated injury, outcome differences between sex/gender, and lack of success of MPH as an adjunctive therapy to improve cognitive function following injury., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2024
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34. Stimulant medications in the management of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa in patients with and without comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review.
- Author
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Vickers ML, Chan HY, Elliott S, Ketheesan S, Ramineni V, Eriksson L, McMahon K, Oddy B, and Scott JG
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Comorbidity, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity complications, Bulimia Nervosa drug therapy, Bulimia Nervosa complications, Anorexia Nervosa drug therapy, Anorexia Nervosa complications, Central Nervous System Stimulants therapeutic use
- Abstract
Objective: People with attentional problems are at increased risk of eating disorders. This paper aimed to systematically review and synthesize the existing evidence on stimulant medication in the management of patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) or anorexia nervosa (AN) with or without comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)., Method: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A protocol for the review was registered with Open Science Framework (OSF) Registry and critical appraisal of the literature was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools., Results: Thirteen articles met inclusion criteria including two quasi-experimental studies, one randomized controlled trial, four case series, and six case reports. 26 cases were included from studies and 32 from case series/reports. Only two cases from a single case report had a diagnosis of AN, while the remainder had BN. Stimulants included methylamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine sulphate and mixed amphetamine salt. In nearly all cases of BN there were reported reductions in eating disorder symptoms. The rates of adverse effects were high and included weight loss, decreased appetite, tachycardia, dry mouth, fatigue, insomnia, restlessness, nausea, bruxism, headache, palpitations, blood pressure changes, irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, and diaphoresis., Conclusion: There is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of stimulant medications to treat symptoms of BN or AN. The authors recommend considering screening patients with BN for ADHD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no financial or personal relationships with people or organizations that have inappropriately influenced this work., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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35. Exploring peripheral biomarkers in psychostimulant use: A systematic review on neurotrophins, stress-related hormones, oxidative stress molecules and genetic factors.
- Author
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Mancusi G, Miuli A, Santorelli M, Cavallotto C, Susini O, Pernaci G, Výborová E, Rosa I, d'Onofrio AM, Camardese G, Pettorruso M, Sensi SL, and Martinotti G
- Subjects
- Humans, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor genetics, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor metabolism, Hydrocortisone metabolism, Biomarkers metabolism, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Nerve Growth Factors genetics, Nerve Growth Factors metabolism, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Oxidative Stress physiology, Substance-Related Disorders genetics
- Abstract
Background: This systematic review aims to comprehensively explore the impact of psychostimulant substances on neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pro-BDNF, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), interleukins, and the role of genetic factors. The study seeks to address existing gaps in the literature by providing a thorough evaluation of neurotrophic and inflammatory system alterations associated with different stages of psychostimulant dependence for a more nuanced understanding of substance use disorder (SUD) neurobiology., Methods: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases following the PRISMA guidelines. The research encompasses 50 studies with a participant pool totaling 6792 individuals using psychostimulant substances., Results: Key findings include diverse impacts of cocaine on BDNF levels, mainly consisting of their significant increase during withdrawal. In contrast, NGF showed an opposite behavior, reducing during withdrawal. Cortisol and DHEAS levels exhibited relevant increases after psychostimulant use, while TBARS showed conflicting results. Genetic investigations predominantly focused on the Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene, revealing associations with susceptibility to stimulant addiction., Conclusions: Neurotrophins and inflammatory molecules play a significant role in the pathophysiological mechanisms following psychostimulant use. A better understanding of their complex interplay could aid clinicians in identifying biomarkers of different disease stages. Moreover, clinical interventions designed to interfere with neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways could possibly lead to craving-modulatory strategies and reduce pathological neuronal and systemic consequences of psychostimulant use., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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36. The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Isfandnia F, El Masri S, Radua J, and Rubia K
- Subjects
- Humans, Memory, Short-Term drug effects, Memory, Short-Term physiology, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity physiopathology, Executive Function drug effects, Executive Function physiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Methylphenidate administration & dosage, Atomoxetine Hydrochloride pharmacology, Atomoxetine Hydrochloride administration & dosage
- Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with executive function deficits that are improved with medications. However, meta-analyses of stimulant effects on cognition have mostly tested single-dose effects, and there is no meta-analysis of non-stimulant effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis tested the clinically more relevant longer-term effects of Methylphenidate (20 studies; minimum 1 week) and Atomoxetine (8 studies; minimum 3 weeks) on reaction time, attention, inhibition, and working memory, searching papers on PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. The meta-analysis of 18 studies in 1667 subjects showed that methylphenidate was superior to placebo in all cognitive domains with small to medium effect sizes (Hedges g of 0.34-0.59). The meta-analysis of atomoxetine included 7 studies in 829 subjects and showed no effects in working memory, but superior effects in the other domains with medium to large effect sizes (Hedge's g of 0.36-0.64). Meta-regression analysis showed no drug differences on cognitive effects. The meta-analyses show for the first time that chronic Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine have comparable effects of improving executive functions in people with ADHD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests KR has received funding from TAKEDA for another project. The other authors have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
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37. [Study of analeptic substances by paper electrophoresis]
- Author
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Ia L, Pesakhovich
- Subjects
Central Nervous System Stimulants ,Electrophoresis, Paper - Published
- 1976
38. The effect of methylphenidate on the dopamine and growth hormone response to exercise in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Author
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Nemet D, Ben-Zaken S, and Eliakim A
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Female, Male, Adolescent, Case-Control Studies, Exercise Test, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Methylphenidate therapeutic use, Exercise, Dopamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage, Human Growth Hormone
- Abstract
Purpose: To assess the growth hormone (GH) and Dopamine (DA) response to exercise in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with and without methylphenidate (MP). We hypothesized that the GH and DA response to the exercise with MP would be siginicantly lower., Methods: Twenty children participated in the study (12 males and 8 females, age range 9-13 years). Ten with ADHD and 10 controls. Participants with ADHD performed an exercise test twice, with and without MP while controls performed one exercise test. Blood samples for GH and DA were collected before, at peak, 30 and 60 min after the end of exercise., Results: Compared to controls, children with ADHD with and without MP, had a significantly lower GH (P < .002) and DA (P < .01) responses to exercise. In participants with ADHD, a significantly greater GH response (p < .04) to exercise was found when MP administered to the children before exercise, yet this response was still significantly lower than controls., Conclusions: GH and DA excretion after an exercise challenge in children with ADHD is impaired. MP slightly attenuates the GH blunted response. This may link ADHD with growth impairment in some children and explain previous findings indicating that the final adult height is usually not compromised in children with ADHD treated with MP. The combined exercise and stimulant treatment therapeutic effects needs to be further explored., Trial Registration Number: NCT00945971., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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39. Long-Term Cardiovascular Risks of Psychostimulant Drugs for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
- Author
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Alexander GC, Moore TJ, and Brass EP
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- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Heart Disease Risk Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Central Nervous System Stimulants adverse effects, Cardiovascular Diseases chemically induced
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Dr Alexander is past chair of FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee and a cofounding principal and equity holder in Stage Analytics. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
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- 2024
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40. Methylphenidate alleviates cognitive dysfunction caused by early manganese exposure: Role of catecholaminergic receptors.
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Beaudin SA, Howard S, Santiago N, Strupp BJ, and Smith DR
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Adolescent, Rats, Animals, Manganese toxicity, Attention, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Methylphenidate therapeutic use, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity chemically induced, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity psychology, Cognitive Dysfunction drug therapy, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology
- Abstract
Environmental manganese (Mn) exposure is associated with impaired attention and psychomotor functioning, as well as impulsivity/hyperactivity in children and adolescents. We have shown previously that developmental Mn exposure can cause these same dysfunctions in a rat model. Methylphenidate (MPH) lessens impairments in attention, impulse control, and psychomotor function in children, but it is unknown whether MPH ameliorates these dysfunctions when induced by developmental Mn exposure. Here, we sought to (1) determine whether oral MPH treatment ameliorates the lasting attention and sensorimotor impairments caused by developmental Mn exposure, and (2) elucidate the mechanism(s) of Mn neurotoxicity and MPH effectiveness. Rats were given 50 mg Mn/kg/d orally over PND 1-21 and assessed as adults in a series of attention, impulse control and sensorimotor tasks during oral MPH treatment (0, 0.5, 1.5, or 3.0 mg/kg/d). Subsequently, selective catecholaminergic receptor antagonists were administered to gain insight into the mechanism(s) of action of Mn and MPH. Developmental Mn exposure caused persistent attention and sensorimotor impairments. MPH treatment at 0.5 mg/kg/d completely ameliorated the Mn attentional dysfunction, whereas the sensorimotor deficits were ameliorated by the 3.0 mg/kg/d MPH dose. Notably, the MPH benefit on attention was only apparent after prolonged treatment, while MPH efficacy for the sensorimotor deficits emerged early in treatment. Selectively antagonizing D1, D2, or α2
A receptors had no effect on the Mn-induced attentional dysfunction or MPH efficacy in this domain. However, antagonism of D2R attenuated the Mn sensorimotor deficits, whereas the efficacy of MPH to ameliorate those deficits was diminished by D1R antagonism. These findings demonstrate that MPH is effective in alleviating the lasting attentional and sensorimotor dysfunction caused by developmental Mn exposure, and they clarify the mechanisms underlying developmental Mn neurotoxicity and MPH efficacy. Given that the cause of attention and psychomotor deficits in children is often unknown, these findings have implications for the treatment of environmentally induced attentional and psychomotor dysfunction in children more broadly., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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41. Clinical manifestations and analytical reports for MDPHP acute intoxication cases.
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Arillotta D, Totti A, Dimitrova A, Croce EB, Di Milia MG, Gambassi F, Gualco B, Pieraccini G, Mannaioni G, and Vaiano F
- Subjects
- Humans, Adolescent, Synthetic Cathinone, Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Liquid, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Rhabdomyolysis
- Abstract
MDPHP is a synthetic cathinone (SC) belonging to α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives. It is a central nervous system stimulant and may induce hallucinations, paranoia, tachycardia, hypertension, chest pain, and rhabdomyolysis. In literature, a few cases of intoxication have been reported. In the present study, 17 cases of MDPHP intake were described including the analytical findings and clinical manifestations. MDPHP was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in blood (range 1.26-73.30 ng/mL) and urine (range 19.31-8769.64 ng/mL) samples. In three cases the presence of α-PHP was observed. In one case, MDPHP was the only detected substance. Concomitant use of MDPHP with other substances, particularly psychostimulants, was common and it was difficult to describe the peculiar clinical characteristics of this SC. Most of the symptoms overlapped those expected, some of them were unusual and all of them particularly severe thus inducing the research of NPS in laboratory tests. We demonstrated the presence of psychiatric, neurological, and respiratory symptoms, as well as the possible presence of rhabdomyolysis and cardiotoxicity associated with the use of MDPHP. ED admissions were also more frequent in patients with addiction problems. In some cases, MDPHP intake required intensive supportive care. A multidisciplinary approach, including specialist consultation, is recommended for patients showing challenging features. Moreover, we demonstrated that the adoption of advanced analytical techniques, i.e., liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, is necessary to detect these molecules. Further studies are needed to understand MDPHP intake patterns and associated symptoms. It is essential to raise awareness in addiction treatment centers and among potential users, especially young people, and chemsex addicted., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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42. Methamphetamine as the most common concomitant substance used with pregabalin misuse.
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Ovat DY, Aslan R, Kirli U, and Akgür SA
- Subjects
- Male, Humans, Female, Pregabalin, Chromatography, Liquid methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods, Amphetamine urine, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Methamphetamine, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine analysis, Central Nervous System Stimulants urine, Hallucinogens analysis, Substance-Related Disorders diagnosis, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology
- Abstract
Background and Aim: Non-medical use of Pregabalin (PGB) is a growing concern in many countries because of the serious consequences associated with their abuse. Judicial cases within the probation system, multiple drug users, and patients in treatment programs administered PGB at higher doses than suggested, commonly without prescription. For this reason, it is important to analyze PGB by adding it to the routine analysis scale in determining whether PGB is used for medical purposes or abuse. In this study, PGB analyzed (single or multiple substance use, concomitant substances) in urine samples of forensic and clinical cases by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of pregabalin-positive cases, the results were evaluated separately from a clinical and forensic perspective., Methods: All urine samples which was admitted to Addiction Toxicology Laboratory from 'drug abuse probation system' (forensic cases, n = 640) and from various departments of our hospital (clinical cases, n = 371) between December 2022 and April 2023. Screening analysis were carried out by immunoassay in total 1011 cases. LC-MS/MS method simultaneously analyzed amphetamine, benzoilecgonine, cocaine, codeine, metamphetamine, morphine, 3,4-metilenedioksi-N-metilamfetamin (MDMA), 11-nor-9-karboksi-Δ9-tetrahidrokannabinol and pregabalin in urine samples. PGB was added to the our routine substance screening analysis scale in December 2022 to detect pregabalin use., Results: PGB was detected in 12.3% of probabition cases and 13.2% of clinical cases. The mean age of PGB positive cases was 26.55 ± 7,52 years old, predominantly males (%85,9). Single PGB was detected in 53.2% of forensic cases (n = 42), and 38.7% of clinical cases (n = 19). The most common substance detected concomitantly with PGB was amphetamine type stimulants (ATSs:amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy/MDMA etc.) (22.8% of forensic cases and 46.9% of clinical cases), followed by concomitant cannabis use (24.1% of forensic cases and 26.5% of clinical cases). Concomitant opioid use was rare (1.3% of forensic cases and 4.1% of clinical cases). Detection of PGB was significantly different across months on which the samples were collected (x
2 = 82.8, df=4, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Inconsistently with previous studies suggesting opioids as the most prevalant substances concominant with PGB, our results showed that stimulants (especially ATSs) were the most prevelant substances concominant with PGB, followed by cannabis. High proportion of PGB detection in probabition cases, frequently as a single substance abuse takes attention. These results suggest that PGB, may be used to avoid legal consequences. It is important for laboratories to be aware that they need to make changes as addition of newly abused substances in their analysis panels, when necessary, as differences between regions and cultures affect substance use patterns., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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43. Longitudinal patterns of use of stimulants and opioids in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous experience cohort, 2005-2019.
- Author
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Rudolph JE, Cepeda JA, Astemborski J, Kirk GD, Mehta SH, German D, and Genberg BL
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Longitudinal Studies, Baltimore epidemiology, Prevalence, Middle Aged, Opioid-Related Disorders epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Drug Overdose epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, HIV Infections epidemiology, Analgesics, Opioid administration & dosage, Substance Abuse, Intravenous epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants administration & dosage
- Abstract
Background: Overdoses involving opioids and stimulants are on the rise, yet few studies have examined longitudinal trends in use of both substances. We sought to describe use and co-use of opioids and stimulants, 2005-2019, in the AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) cohort - a community-based cohort of people with a history of injection drug use living in or near Baltimore, MD., Methods: We included 2083 ALIVE participants, who had at least two visits during the study period. Our outcome was based on self-reported use of opioids and stimulants in the prior 6 months. We estimated prevalence of 4 categories of use (neither stimulants nor opioids, only stimulants, only opioids, stimulants and opioids), using a non-parametric multi-state model, accounting for the competing event of death and weighting for informative loss to follow-up. All analyses were stratified by enrollment cohort, with the main analysis including participants who enrolled prior to 2015 and a sub-analysis including participants who enrolled 2015-2018., Results: In the main analysis, prevalence of using stimulants and opioids decreased from 38 % in 2005 to 12 % 2013 but stabilized from 2014 onwards (13-19 %). The prevalence of using only stimulants (7-11 %) and only opioids (5-10 %) was stable across time. Participants who reported using both were more likely to report homelessness, depression, and other substance use (e.g., marijuana and heavy alcohol use) than participants in the other use categories. On average, 65 % of visits with use of both were followed by a subsequent visit with use of both; of participants transitioning out of using both, 13% transitioned to using neither., Conclusions: While use of stimulants and opioids declined in the cohort through 2013, a meaningful proportion of participants persistently used both. More research is needed to understand and develop strategies to mitigate harms associated with persistent use of both stimulants and opioids., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
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- 2024
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44. Categorical and dimensional aspects of stimulant medication effects in adult patients with ADHD and healthy controls.
- Author
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Thunberg, Per, Reingardt, Maria, Rode, Julia, and Msghina, Mussie
- Subjects
CENTRAL nervous system stimulants ,FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging ,ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder ,NOSOLOGY - Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are categorized on the basis of presence and absence of diagnostic criteria using classification systems such as the international classification of diseases (ICD) and the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (DSM). The research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative provides an alternative dimensional framework for conceptualizing mental disorders. In the present paper, we studied neural and behavioral effects of central stimulant (CS) medication in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls using categorical and dimensional stratifications. AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) was utilized for the later purpose, and participants were classified as "reactive" or "proactive" based on their baseline proactive behavioral index (PBI). Out of the 65 individuals who participated (33 healthy controls and 32 patients with ADHD), 53 were included in the final analysis that consisted of 31 healthy controls and 22 ADHD patients. For the dimensional stratification, a median split of PBI scores divided participants into "reactive" and "proactive" groups irrespective of whether they had ADHD or not. Participants performed AX-CPT in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after CS medication. We found no significant within or between group CS effect when participants were categorically assigned as healthy controls and ADHD patients. For the dimensional stratification, however, CS selectively increased activation in frontoparietal cognitive areas and induced a shift towards proactive control mode in the reactive group, without significantly affecting the proactive group. In conclusion, the neural and behavioral effects of CS were more clear-cut when participants were stratified into dimensional groups rather than diagnostic categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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45. Pramipexole Reduces zif-268 mRNA Expression in Brain Structures involved in the Generation of Harmaline-Induced Tremor
- Author
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Krystyna Ossowska, Jadwiga Wardas, and Barbara Kosmowska
- Subjects
Male ,zif-268 mRNA ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Gene Expression ,In situ hybridization ,Harmaline ,Biochemistry ,Antiparkinson Agents ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Pramipexole ,Tremor ,medicine ,Animals ,Premovement neuronal activity ,RNA, Messenger ,Rats, Wistar ,Early Growth Response Protein 1 ,Original Paper ,Essential tremor ,business.industry ,Brain ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,nervous system diseases ,Rats ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Cerebellar cortex ,Central Nervous System Stimulants ,business ,Neuroscience ,Harmaline-induced tremor ,medicine.drug ,Motor cortex - Abstract
Essential tremor is one of the most common neurological disorders, however, it is not sufficiently controlled with currently available pharmacotherapy. Our recent study has shown that pramipexole, a drug efficient in inhibiting parkinsonian tremor, reduced the harmaline-induced tremor in rats, generally accepted to be a model of essential tremor. The aim of the present study was to investigate brain targets for the tremorolytic effect of pramipexole by determination of the early activity-dependent gene zif-268 mRNA expression. Tremor in rats was induced by harmaline administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg ip. Pramipexole was administered at a low dose of 0.1 mg/kg sc. Tremor was measured by Force Plate Actimeters where four force transducers located below the corners of the plate tracked the animal’s position on a Cartesian plane. The zif-268 mRNA expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization in brain slices. Harmaline induced tremor and increased zif-268 mRNA levels in the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex, ventroanterior/ventrolateral thalamic nuclei and motor cortex. Pramipexole reversed both the harmaline-induced tremor and the increase in zif-268 mRNA expression in the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex and motor cortex. Moreover, the tremor intensity correlated positively with zif-268 mRNA expression in the above structures. The present results seem to suggest that the tremorolytic effect of pramipexole is related to the modulation of the harmaline-increased neuronal activity in the tremor network which includes the inferior olive, cerebellar cortex and motor cortex. Potential mechanisms underlying the above pramipexole action are discussed.
- Published
- 2020
46. Sensorimotor dysfunction due to developmental manganese exposure is less severe in adult female than male rats and partially improved by acute methylphenidate treatment.
- Author
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Beaudin SA, Gorman S, Schilpp N, Woodfin D, Strupp BJ, and Smith DR
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Rats, Animals, Male, Female, Manganese toxicity, Psychomotor Performance, Methylphenidate pharmacology, Central Nervous System Stimulants
- Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported associations between elevated manganese (Mn) exposure and poorer psychomotor performance in children. Our studies in adult male rats have established that this relationship is causal and that prolonged methylphenidate (MPH) treatment is efficacious in treating this area of dysfunction. However, it is unclear if sensitivity to these Mn deficits differs between females and males, and whether existing pharmacological therapies are efficacious in improving sensorimotor dysfunction in females. To address these questions, we used our rat model of childhood environmental Mn exposure and the Montoya staircase test to determine whether 1) there are sex differences in the lasting sensorimotor dysfunction caused by developmental Mn exposure, and 2) MPH treatment is efficacious in ameliorating the sensorimotor deficits in females. Female and male neonates were treated orally with Mn (50 mg Mn/kg/d) from postnatal day 1 to 21 and evaluated for skilled forelimb sensorimotor performance as adults. Subsequently, the efficacy of acute oral MPH treatment (doses of 0, 0.5, and 3.0 mg MPH/kg/d) was assessed in females using a within-subject MPH treatment design. Developmental postnatal Mn exposure produced lasting sensorimotor reaching and grasping deficits that were milder in females than in males. Acute MPH treatment of Mn-exposed females with the 0.5 mg/kg/d dose attenuated the reaching dysfunction without alleviating grasping dysfunction. These findings show sex-based variations in sensitivity to the sensorimotor impairment caused by developmental Mn exposure, and they are consistent with prior studies showing less vulnerability of females to Mn-induced dysfunction in other functional domains, possibly due to the protective effects of estrogen. Given our previous work showing the efficacy of MPH treatment to alleviate Mn-induced inattention, impulsiveness, and sensorimotor dysfunctions in adult male rats, they also highlight the need for further research into sex-based differences in cognitive and behavioral areas of brain function, and the efficacy of therapeutics in treating behavioral dysfunction in females. Supported by NIEHS R01ES028369., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2024
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47. Can exposure to lisdexamfetamine dimesylate from juvenile period to peripubertal compromise male reproductive parameters in adult rats?
- Author
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Stein J, Jorge BC, Nagaoka LT, Reis ACC, Manoel BM, Godoi AR, Fioravante VC, Martinez FE, Pinheiro PFF, Pupo AS, and Arena AC
- Subjects
- Humans, Adult, Child, Adolescent, Male, Rats, Animals, Dextroamphetamine toxicity, Dextroamphetamine therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Rats, Wistar, Semen, Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate toxicity, Central Nervous System Stimulants toxicity
- Abstract
Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a d-amphetamine prodrug used to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents. Due to its action mediated by elevated levels of catecholamines, mainly dopamine and noradrenaline, which influence hormonal regulation and directly affect the gonads, this drug may potentially disrupt reproductive performance. This study evaluated the effects of exposure to LDX from the juvenile to peripubertal period (critical stages of development) on systemic and reproductive toxicity parameters in male rats. Male Wistar rats (23 days old) were treated with 0; 5.2; 8.6 or 12.1 mg/kg/day of LDX from post-natal day (PND) 23 to 53, by gavage. LDX treatment led to reduced daily food and water consumption, as well as a decrease in social behaviors. The day of preputial separation remained unaltered, although the treated animals exhibited reduced weight. At PND 54, the treated animals presented signs of systemic toxicity, evidenced by a reduction in body weight gain, increase in the relative weight of the liver, spleen, and seminal gland, reduction in erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, reduced total protein levels, and disruptions in oxidative parameters. In adulthood, there was an increase in immobile sperm, reduced sperm count, morphometric changes in the testis, and altered oxidative parameters, without compromising male sexual behavior and fertility. These findings showed that LDX-treatment during the juvenile and peripubertal periods induced immediate systemic toxicity and adversely influenced reproductive function in adult life, indicating that caution is necessary when prescribing this drug during the peripubertal phase., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Arielle Arena reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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48. Quantitative determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in sewage and urine by hybrid monolithic column solid-phase microextraction coupled with UPLC-QTRAP MS/MS.
- Author
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Zhao LY, Qin M, Wu GP, Zhou YT, Zhu JX, and Peng H
- Subjects
- Sewage, Solid Phase Microextraction, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods, Amphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants
- Abstract
A needle-solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method based on hybrid monolithic column (HMC) was proposed for simultaneous separation and extraction of seven amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs) (amphetamine, methamphetamine, cathinone, methcathinone, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine), combining with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTRAP MS/MS). Thiol functionalized HMC (T-HMC) showed high extraction efficiency and excellent elution results towards target analytes, among three kinds of single/bi-functionalized HMCs. Various parameters of SPME operation and analytical performance were investigated systematically. The adsorption mechanism of T-HMC to ATSs was also discussed and explained as a mixed mode of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the proposed T-HMC needle-SPME-UPLC-QTRAP MS/MS method was rapid and convenient with good accuracy, low sample consumption, high sensitivity and strong anti-interference ability. This method was successfully applied to quantitative determination of seven trace ATSs in complex sewage and urine samples. In view of abundant types of HMCs, the needle-SPME based on functional HMC also had the potential to selectively separating and enriching other tract new psychoactive substances in complex matrices, and could provide a reliable tool for drug monitoring, especially in applications for forensic analysis and drug abuse., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2024
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49. Pharmacotherapy for ADHD in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of different European guidelines.
- Author
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Van Vyve L, Dierckx B, Lim CG, Danckaerts M, Koch BCP, Häge A, and Banaschewski T
- Subjects
- Child, Adolescent, Humans, Atomoxetine Hydrochloride therapeutic use, Guanfacine therapeutic use, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity diagnosis, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity drug therapy, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity epidemiology, Central Nervous System Stimulants adverse effects, Methylphenidate therapeutic use
- Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder presenting to pediatric services, and pediatricians are often involved in the early assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of children with ADHD. The treatment of ADHD typically involves a multimodal approach that encompasses a combination of psychoeducation, parent/teacher training, psychosocial/psychotherapeutic interventions, and pharmacotherapy. Concerning pharmacotherapy, guidelines vary in drug choice and sequencing, with psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and (lis)dexamfetamine, generally being the favored initial treatment. Alternatives include atomoxetine and guanfacine. Pharmacotherapy has been proven effective, but close follow-up focusing on physical growth, cardiovascular monitoring, and the surveillance of potential side effects including tics, mood fluctuations, and psychotic symptoms, is essential. This paper presents an overview of current pharmacological treatment options for ADHD and explores disparities in treatment guidelines across different European countries. Conclusion: Pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents are effective and generally well-tolerated. Pharmacotherapy for ADHD is always part of a multimodal approach. While there is a considerable consensus among European guidelines on pharmacotherapy for ADHD, notable differences exist, particularly concerning the selection and sequencing of various medications. What is Known: • There is a significant base of evidence for pharmacological treatment for ADHD in children and adolescents. • Pediatricians are often involved in assessment, diagnosis and management of children with ADHD. What is New: • Our overview of different European guidelines reveals significant agreement in the context of pharmacotherapy for ADHD in children and adolescents. • Discrepancies exist primarily in terms of selection and sequencing of different medications., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2024
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50. Application of a bar adsorptive microextraction based methodology for doping control of alkylamine stimulants in urine matrices.
- Author
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Almeida CVP, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF, and Ruivo J
- Subjects
- Solvents, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Doping in Sports, Heptaminol, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Liquid Phase Microextraction
- Abstract
To comply with 'World Anti-Doping Agency' (WADA) guidelines, doping control laboratories must continuously adjust their analytical procedures. Therefore, sample preparation continues to play a critical step in modern analytical strategies, namely by replacing the tedious, time and solvent consuming commonly employed (e.g. liquid-liquid extraction). The present contribution proposes, for the first time in doping control, bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) as an alternative analytical technique for the qualitative determination of six alkyl amine stimulants (AAs; 1,3-dimethylbutylamine, 1,4-dimethylpentylamine, heptaminol, isometheptene, octodrine and tuaminoheptane) in urine matrices followed by derivatization prior to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, operating in the selected ion monitoring mode acquisition (GC-MS(SIM)). After selecting the most selective coating phase, i.e., a mixed-mode reversed phase/strong anion exchange sorbent (P2), assays performed under optimized experimental conditions [microextraction - BAμE(P2), 1 h (1,000 rpm), pH 11, 10 % NaCl; back-extraction - methanol (150 μL), 30 min, under sonication], allowed remarkable recoveries ranging from 48.7 % (heptaminol, 200 ng/mL) to 83.1 % (1,4-dimethylpentylamine, 200 ng/mL). The validation assessment assays of the proposed methodology showed suitable limits of identification (5.0-35.0 ng/mL), appropriate linear dynamic ranges (5.0-200.0 ng/mL) and good determination coefficients (r
2 > 0.9937), as well as excellent selectivity, robustness, accuracy and precision. To check whether the methodology is fit-for-purpose, four previously analysed proficiency urine samples were successfully tested, in which were unequivocally detected and identified some of the target AAs. The present methodology showed to be a remarkable alternative in comparison to other dedicated analytical approaches to screen AAs in urine matrices, since it is cost-effective, user- and eco-friendly, requiring low volume of urine sample (1 mL). The great potential of this analytical technology in doping control lies in a very effective microextraction combined with the minimization of potential interferents, presenting itself as an added value to be applied to other types of substances and complex matrices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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