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The iolinid mite Coccalicus clavatus Willmann, 1952 was collected during a survey from the soil of Gilanegharb, Kermanshah, Iran in 2022. This species was first described in the family Alycidae by Willmann in 1952 and then André and Uusitalo transferred it to the family Iolinidae in 2006, accompanied by transferring species from the genus Paratydaeolus to the genus Coccalicus. Some challenges about species characters of this mite are discussed in this paper and the synonymy of C. lukoschusi and C. clavatus is proposed. The genus consists of 12 species with clavate trichobothria, and is related to various habitats like soil, stored products, under barks, on leaves of different plants, and on birds. They have been reported from Europe, Antarctica and North America and this is the first record of the Coccalicus mites from Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A suicide attempt is a major societal problem because it imposes high costs on societies worldwide. This paper analyses the spatiotemporal clustering of suicide attempt in Kermanshah, Iran from 2006-14. Methods: This study draws on 18,333 individuals (7,234 males and 11,097 females) who attempted suicide across the Kermanshah province. Data was collected from the records of individuals registered in hospitals across the Kermanshah province between 2006 and 2014. Mean Center, Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE), Moran's I and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) in Arc/GIS10.6 software were used for the analysis of the spatial distribution of suicide attempt, while the chi-squared test in SPSS was used to examine the different demographic variables between groups within/outside spatial clusters of suicide. Results: The results show that a total of 18,331 suicide attempts (39.46% male and 60.53% female) were reported between 2006 and 2014 in the Kermanshah province. The spatial pattern of suicide attempts was clustered in 16 clusters (6 high clusters and 10 low clusters) and statistically significant differences were found within and outside the hotspots of suicide attempts. Most hot spots were formed in and around cities. Younger people were at a greater risk. The rate of suicide attempts reduced in illiterate people and increased in people with university degrees. Unmarried people were associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt than was married status for both males and females. Conclusion: The results of this study could help public health practitioners and policymakers in Iran prioritize resources and target efforts for suicide attempt prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic is a severe ongoing health crisisworldwide. Studying the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 can help policymakers develop successful pandemic management plans. This paper focuses on the spatial epidemiology of COVID-19 among different social classes in the Kermanshah metropolis, Iran. This cross-sectional study uses the data of people infected with COVID-19 in the Kermanshah metropolis in 2020, acquired from the official COVID-19 Registry of Kermanshah. The results show that 2013 people were infected with COVID-19 (male = 1164 and female = 849). The mean age of the patients was 45 ± 18.69. The Moran's I show that COVID-19 in different social classes was clustered across the neighbourhoods in the Kermanshah metropolis. The mean ages of men and women were 44.51 ± 18.62 and 45.69 ± 18.76, respectively. Importantly, COVID-19 was highly prevalent in the middle-class groups. Age group comparisons indicate that older people were the most infected in poorer neighbourhoods. In the middle-classtheage group of 0–14 years and in the rich neighbourhoods the age group of 15–64 years were the most exposed to the disease. The findings of this study suggest that older people and lower socioeconomic classes should be prioritised while developing and implementing preventative programs for COVID-19 and similar pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Locations prone to landslides must be identified and mapped to prevent landslide-related damage and casualties. Machine learning approaches have proven effective for such tasks and have thus been widely applied. However, owing to the rapid development of data-driven approaches, deep learning methods that can exhibit enhanced prediction accuracies have not been fully evaluated. Several researchers have compared different methods without optimizing them, whereas others optimized a single method using different algorithms and compared them. In this study, the performances of different fully optimized methods for landslide susceptibility mapping within the landslide-prone Kermanshah province of Iran were compared. The models, i.e., convolutional neural networks (CNNs), deep neural networks (DNNs), and support vector machine (SVM) frameworks were developed using 14 conditioning factors and a landslide inventory containing 110 historical landslide points. The models were optimized to maximize the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), while maintaining their stability. The results showed that the CNN (accuracy = 0.88, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.37220, and AUC = 0.88) outperformed the DNN (accuracy = 0.79, RMSE = 0.40364, and AUC = 0.82) and SVM (accuracy = 0.80, RMSE = 0.42827, and AUC = 0.80) models using the same testing dataset. Moreover, the CNN model exhibiting the highest robustness among the three models, given its smallest AUC difference between the training and testing datasets. Notably, the dataset used in this study had a low spatial accuracy and limited sample points, and thus, the CNN approach can be considered useful for susceptibility assessment in other landslide-prone regions worldwide, particularly areas with poor data quality and quantity. The most important conditioning factors for all models were rainfall and the distances from roads and drainages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the causes of premature deaths in different parts of the world and Iran during the Qajar era was the spread of infectious diseases in the 19th century. Meanwhile, in general, Iran did not have favorable health conditions. Kermanshah, as one of the main highways in the west of the country, the gateway to Mesopotamia and the most important pilgrimage route of Shiite Iran, has been one of the busiest travel, commercial and pilgrimage routes, and hence, was exposed to the spread of various infectious disease The purpose of this research is to investigate the prevalence of infectious diseases in Kermanshah during the Qajar era and its effects on the population change and death. The research method is historical and descriptive-analytical; documentary methods have been used to collect the information. The results and achievements of the research showed that the outbreak of infectious diseases, especially cholera, plague, and typhoid, occurred many times in Kermanshah and was one of the important factors in the significant decrease in the population of this state. The results of this research have shown that the ignorance, illiteracy, and superstition, the low level of medical knowledge, the inappropriate and insecure roads, the poor performance of the king and the local rulers in making appropriate decisions to prevent the spread of such diseases, had a significant impact on the extent of the casualties and the population decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the main barriers to development of organic farming system in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Statistical population in this study consisted of all farmers in Kermanshah province, Iran. Applying stratified random sampling method, 137 farmers were selected as a sample. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed by SPSSWin16 software. Principal component analysis was used as main statistical technique to analyze the data. The results of factor analysis revealed that 4 factors including "Infrastructural", "technical-managerial", "economic-financial" and "educational" explained 42.36 percent of the variance. Results of this study have applications for agriculture development policy- makers for development of organic farming in Iran [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Examining various problems after disasters is important for the affected people. Managing humanitarian aid and donations among the affected people is considered as one of the most important problems after disasters. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the challenges and barriers of humanitarian aid management in 2017 Kermanshah Earthquake.Methods: This study was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018, with qualitative case study design. The population included 21 people including 6 humanitarian aid manager, 6 volunteers, 4 aid workers, and 5 affected people. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and purposeful sampling, which continued until saturating the data. The strategies recommended by Guba were used for evaluating the trustworthiness of the data. The data was analyzed with conventional content analysis method according to method suggested by Graneheim and Lundman.Results: Based on the results, two themes, nine categories, and 19 sub-categories were identified considering the challenges and barriers of humanitarian aid and donors' management during the 2017 Kermanshah Earthquake. The categories included education, command and coordination, communication and information, rules, security, traffic and overcrowding, assessment, providing system, and cultural setting. Also, two themes including managerial and structural barriers were extracted.Conclusion: Adopting an effective management and appropriate policies with respect to humanitarian aid and modifying structural and managerial barriers can improve the performance and management of humanitarian aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that have carcinogenic, cellular mutations and malformation effects. Aflatoxin MR1 Rresists pasteurization, autoclave and the other methods that make foodstuff healthy. This study aims to determine the contents of aflatoxin MR1 Rin raw milk of milk factories in Kermanshah province. Materials and Methods: This research is carried out through the descriptive-cross sectional method. Among the raw milk received by four pasteurized milk factories in Kermanshah, coded by (A, B, C, D) labels, six samples, totally 320 samples (80 samples from each factory), were taken within four seasons. The concentration of aflatoxin M1 was examined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The mean difference was analyzed statistically through t-test using SPSS software. Results: The content of aflatoxin was higher than Codex standard (0.5 µg/l) in 295 samples. The total mean was 1.21, which exceeds two times the Codex standard. The highest and lowest contents of aflatoxin MR1R were observed in "Factory D" in spring and in "Factory A" in autumn, respectively. There was a significant difference between contamination of aflatoxin MR1R and different seasons (p< 0.05). Conclusion: High content of aflatoxin MR1R in raw milk is worrying. Measuring the content of aflatoxin MR1R is essential to reduce the toxin entering the daily food of animals and the other related factors. The considerable difference of aflatoxin M1 content between Factory D and Factory A can be attributed to the amount of the local milk and the industrial milk received by the factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]