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This practitioner inquiry article examines the role that multimodal literacy plays in the organizing of Latinx immigrant youth in the U.S. Co-written by two of the youth who participated in this research, alongside the fellow immigrant activist who designed and carried out the year-long study, this paper analyzes a subset of qualitative data from the research and argues that young Latinx immigrant organizers are organic intellectuals who, as grassroots educators, mobilize their coalitional multimodal literacies to critically examine the common sense, meaning the dominant and taken-for-granted assumptions, of the immigrant rights movement in the U.S., and transform it into one that is inclusive, intergenerational, and challenging of colonial logics that separate oppressed and racialized communities from each other. Implications include conceptualizing socioemotional relational intuition as a component of multimodality and engaging young Latinx immigrants as grassroots educators whose coalitional multimodal literacies envision and enact a decolonial world.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to understand why high-skilled immigrants from a developing country (Colombia) are returning to their home country to create businesses instead of starting up in their host country (Spain). Design/methodology/approach: A case study methodology was used to present the experiences of three high-skilled immigrants. All subjects presented had migrated from Colombia to Spain, held degrees from a Colombian university, had a university background in entrepreneurship and intended to run a business in Colombia instead of in Spain. Findings: This study shows how the expectations of highly-skilled immigrants can influence their decision to return to their home country to set up in business. Because of their skills and international experience, these individuals have good professional prospects in their home countries and a lower tolerance of the barriers and difficulties encountered in the host country than immigrants with other profiles. Research limitations/implications: In exploring the high-skilled immigrants' reasons for returning home, future research should pay more attention to personal motivations and cultural differences. Practical implications: The findings will enable policy makers in developing and developed countries to improve policies for attracting or retaining highly-skilled immigrants or emigrants, especially those with entrepreneurial intentions. Originality/value: In a group of immigrants whose skills and talents could offer considerable added value either to their host country or to their home country, this paper examines some of the key processes that influence their decision of where to locate their entrepreneurial activity. (Contains 2 tables.)

This paper aims to estimate the prevalence of client-perpetrated violence against female sex workers (FSWs) in Bogotá and to understand what structural and environmental factors are associated with such victimization. The project used secondary data from interviews with 2,684 FSWs. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to test for associations with client-perpetrated violence. Findings reveal that factors such as experiencing police harassment and social stigma were positively associated with client-perpetrated violence. Situational factors such as providing services in motels, hotels, on the street, and in cars were also associated with increased odds of becoming a victim of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive Summary: Millions of Venezuelans have fled their country in hopes for a better future outside the political and financial turmoil in their home country. This paper examines the self-reported needs of Venezuelans in the United States and Colombia. Specifically, it looks at perceived discrimination in each country and its effect on the service needs of Venezuelan immigrants. The authors used data from a larger project conducted in October to November 2017 to perform a qualitative content analysis on the specific services that participants and others like them would need following immigration. The sample consisted of 647 Venezuelan immigrant adults who had migrated to the United States (n = 342) or Colombia (n = 305). Its findings indicate statistically significant differences between the two countries. Venezuelan immigrants in the United States were more likely to identity mental health and educational service needs, while those in Colombia were more likely to list access to healthcare, help finding jobs, and food assistance. When looking at perceived discrimination, means scores for discrimination were significantly greater for participants who indicated needing housing services, who indicated needing assistance enrolling children in school and who indicated needing food assistance, compared to participants who did not list those needs. Venezuelans who had experienced greater negative context of reception were less likely to indicate needing mental health services, where 11.9 percent of those who did not perceive a negative context of reception responded that they needed mental health services. Evaluating existing service networks will be essential in working to bridge the gap between the services provided to and requested by Venezuelans. Collaboration between diverse government actors, community-based organizations (CBOs) and other stakeholders can help identify gaps in existing service networks. CBOs can also facilitate communication between Venezuelan immigrants and their new communities, on the need to invest in necessary services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the ongoing, record‐setting migration in the Global South, this paper explores the values, principles and ethical tensions of Venezuelan migrants in the informal economy of Colombia. We found that migrants frequently prefer to stay within the informal economy as a way of preserving their identities, values and principles, rather than adopting those of their new country. This choice sets up ethical tensions for the migrants and their host countries. Our analysis challenges the current policy goals of transitioning migrants from informal to formal economies as a mark of success and inclusion. Instead, we attempt to recognize the migrant voice and their agency capacity through our research using focus groups and applied thematic analysis (ATA) of popular music and narratives. Our findings broaden the understanding of why migrants choose to stay in the informal economy and challenge policy goals that focus on inclusion and integration of migrants into formal economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the impact of a massive skilled labor supply shock on Colombian manufacturing firms' exports, the Venezuelan exodus. We exploit crosssectional and time variability of Venezuelan forced migrants' settlements in Colombian sub-national areas through an enclave instrumental variables approach to account for the selection of immigrants' location. Using yearly customs data from 2013 to 2019, we find that the Venezuelan migration improved Colombian manufacturing firms' export performance, particularly to high-income countries of the OECD located in North America and low-income countries. This effect was stronger for firms that exported less prior to the exodus (2012). Furthermore, using a detailed yearly panel of manufacturing firms from 2013 to 2019 we identify the potential labor market driving mechanism of the trade-creation effect: immigrants lowered exporting firms' blue-collar wages, and allowed them to upgrade their labor force skill composition, namely firms were able to hire workers more compatible with exports to developed destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Confluenze. Rivista di Studi Iberoamericani is the property of Universita di Bologna, Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature e Culture Moderne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the factors that determine survival migrants' intention to stay in their host country, using a survey of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and analysed by means of a binary regression model. A theoretical framework that explains the intention to stay was derived from the theory of return migration and confirmed the importance of both meso‐level and macro‐level factors in migrants' intention to stay. A macroeconomic comparison confirmed that macro‐level factors played a role in the decision to migrate and stay. With respect to meso‐level factors, we found that survival migrants' intentions deviate from those of voluntary migrants since ties to their home country were not significant influences on their intention to stay. In contrast, factors that strengthen or weaken structural integration and ties to the host country were often highly significant, as were factors that influenced survival migrants' knowledge of the host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papel Político is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the results of formative research conducted from January to June 2020 in the Department of Atlántico, Caribbean region of Colombia, whose findings were used as inputs to design the national strategy for comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) outside school – Tírala Plena – including its curriculum. This is within the framework of the multi-country project coordinated by UNFPA and WHO aimed at generating evidence on the role of facilitators in the delivery of CSE in non-school contexts. The research was carried out in four municipalities in northern Colombia, in rural and marginal urban contexts with conditions of vulnerability for the adolescent population, including a strong presence of migrant populations from Venezuela. A total of 150 male and female adolescents ages 10–17 participated in the formative research. Workshops such as patchwork quilt, body mapping and talking maps were used as methods to gather information. The groups were divided by sex and age (10–13 years old and 14–17 years old). Knowledge, attitudes and social norms regarding adolescent pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, and gender-based violence, were identified in adolescents (schooled and not schooled, but with minimal or no access to CSE). All of the above enabled us to establish a set of recommendations for the strengthening of the CSE strategy Tírala plena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand why high-skilled immigrants from a developing country (Colombia) are returning to their home country to create businesses instead of starting up in their host country (Spain). Design/methodology/approach - A case study methodology was used to present the experiences of three high-skilled immigrants. All subjects presented had migrated from Colombia to Spain, held degrees from a Colombian university, had a university background in entrepreneurship and intended to run a business in Colombia instead of in Spain. Findings - This study shows how the expectations of highly-skilled immigrants can influence their decision to return to their home country to set up in business. Because of their skills and international experience, these individuals have good professional prospects in their home countries and a lower tolerance of the barriers and difficulties encountered in the host country than immigrants with other profiles. Research limitations/implications - In exploring the high-skilled immigrants' reasons for returning home, future research should pay more attention to personal motivations and cultural differences. Practical implications - The findings will enable policy makers in developing and developed countries to improve policies for attracting or retaining highly-skilled immigrants or emigrants, especially those with entrepreneurial intentions. Originality/value - In a group of immigrants whose skills and talents could offer considerable added value either to their host country or to their home country, this paper examines some of the key processes that influence their decision of where to locate their entrepreneurial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Encuentros is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Caribe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Two Homelands / Dve Domovini is the property of Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the accuracy of proxy means tests (PMTs) for identifying low-income households among migrant and refugee populations. Specifically, it develops a PMT model based on Colombia’s SISBEN system, and evaluates its ability to identify poverty among recent and established Venezuelan migrants and refugees. It finds that these groups have significantly higher rates of exclusion errors relative to native Colombians, which could prevent them from accessing valuable social services. These findings are robust to a number of specifications, and the issue is not resolved by simply including immigration status within the model. Additionally, occupational downgrading is identified as the most likely mechanism for this effect, as Venezuelan migrants and refugees in Colombia generally have lower returns to education when compared with native Colombians. These results should inspire caution when choosing to use PMTs for targeting, and it is recommended that all policymakers evaluate the accuracy of their PMTs for vulnerable subpopulations prior to implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educación y Humanismo is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper explores the district's public policy of three Latin American capital cities, known for their intercultural population: Buenos Aires, Ciudad de México and Rio de Janeiro. Then it examines those policies in Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia, in order to compare and determine its preparedness or not for hosting the growing immigrating communities in the city. Main purpose is to contribute in defining a migrant integration path, through policy making that promotes intercultural cities in Latin America. It is expected to answer the following questions: Why is an intercultural approach important in the citys planning and which aspects are to be considered? How are the observed cities responding to that approach? How should Bogotá start preparing itself to welcome more immigrants? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Memoria y Sociedad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the wake of the social, economic, and political crisis in their own country, millions of Venezuelans have fled to neighboring Colombia. This study aims to understand how temporary shelters in Colombia meet the needs of Venezuelan newcomers—and why, in many cases, they do not. Using the framework of temporal uncertainty, this article explores how periods of waiting perpetuate a form of violence on migrants which shelters attempt to mitigate. Findings highlight the challenges of shelter work in this context and the obstacles facing one of the largest migrations in the world today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tequendama Falls is perhaps the most striking example of Colombia's diverse natural environment. Created by the Bogotá River, it is a majestic waterfall of 130 meters located in a wooded area of the municipality of Soacha, 32 kilometers southwest of Bogotá. Until the mid-twentieth century it was a popular attraction for both Colombians and foreigners, but after the 1960s, the diversion of the river to generate electricity, as well as its use as a landfill for industrial waste, contaminated the waterfall and devastated its surrounding cloud forest. The object of this work is fivefold: Beginning with a brief review of the development of environmental history of Colombia, it traces the history of the Salto from pre-conquest times to the mid-20th century. It outlines the reasons for its decline; and evaluates the efforts that are being made to restore the site to its former glory. It concludes by placing these efforts within the context of the development of tourism in 21st Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Trilogía is the property of Revista Trilogia, Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Latin American Business Review is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay examines the historically intense flow and reflow of transnational migrants between Venezuela and Colombia from a quantitative point of view and employs concepts suggested by Thomas Nail in his work the Figure of the Migrant. We focus on the regimes of social motion in both countries, the political figures of migrants, and the strategies of expulsion to analyze the social condition of the migrants and their demographic impact. In pursuing the latter goal, we discuss censuses and vital events. We finally discuss, the current migratory flood shaped by decades of Colombian immigration to Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no characterization of resource use in the hospital setting for immigrants in Colombia, we aimed to describe the resource use by Venezuelan immigrants, comparing those enrolled in the national health insurance system with those with and without the ability to pay. Methods: Retrospective review in the billing data system of our Hospital from 2011 to 2020. We collected information for 6,837 hospital episodes associated with 1,022 Venezuelan patients, hospital's billing information for all services rendered was extracted. Results: The mean cost per patient event were 4,595 USD for those without the ability to pay, costing 2.37 times more than a legal resident insured. Care in the ICU, inpatient days, surgery, and OB-GYN department consume most resources provided to vulnerable migrants. Discussion: Enrolment in the national health insurance may allow better access to health services by vulnerable Venezuelan migrants and thus reduce resource use for the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ecuador is a major host country for Colombians fleeing violence and Venezuelans escaping a complex humanitarian crisis, many of whom are pregnant women. Methods: We used national birth registry data (2018–2020) to compare the maternal care and infant outcomes of Venezuelan and Colombian immigrants with Ecuadorian nationals. Results: Venezuelan immigrants had a lower adjusted odds (AOR) for adequate prenatal care (AOR = 0.64;95%CI = 0.62,0.67) but a higher AOR for institutional (AOR = 2.68;95%CI = 1.84,3.93) and C-section delivery (AOR = 1.28;95%CI = 1.23,1.32) and birthing infants who were moderate-late preterm (AOR = 1.12;95%CI = 1.05,1.20), very preterm (AOR = 1.20;95%CI = 1.04,1.40), extremely pre-term (AOR = 1.65;95%CI = 1.27,2.14), low birthweight (LBW) (AOR = 1.11;95%CI = 1.05,1.17), very LBW (AOR = 1.35;95%CI = 1.12,1.62), and extremely LBW (AOR = 1.71;95%CI = 1.36,2.16). Colombians had decreased AORs for adequate prenatal care (AOR = 0.82;95%CI = 0.78,0.87) but increased AORs for institutional (AOR = 2.03;95%CI = 1.19,3.46) and C-section deliveries (AOR = 1.07;95%CI = 1.01,1.13) and birthing infants with moderate-late preterm (AOR = 1.17;95%CI = 1.05,1.30) but not LBW. Discussion: The findings underscore the need to address the causes of adequate prenatal care, excess C-sections, and poorer infant outcomes among refugee and immigrant women, especially Venezuelans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of nature in potentially improving people's health – including immigrant women, who are particularly prone to health challenges – has been highlighted. Success in this public health arena requires an adequate understanding of the target group's current practices and preferences. However, knowledge in this field is lacking, and is nearly non-existent in the Norwegian context. The present study therefore aims to explore practices regarding interactions with nature among immigrant women in Norway. Data were gathered through individual interviews with 14 immigrant women from Iran (2), Poland (2), Palestine, Afghanistan, Congo, Kenya, Thailand, Russia, Portugal, Latvia, Colombia, and Bulgaria. The qualitative content analysis revealed a relatively comprehensive and mixed use of natural environments, which took place in three distinct types of locales: 1) local natural environments, e.g. neighboring wooded areas, sites by the water, playing fields, and school yards; 2) domestic natural environments, e.g. indoor and garden plants; and 3) distant natural environments, e.g. mountains and fjords requiring driving and often overnight visit. Nature outings often included passive recreational pursuits, such as eating a meal and enjoying the scenery, with a few close friends or family members. Walking emerged as a common local nature-based physical activity. Study findings also portray a complex 'image of nature' among the women, reflecting their valuing of both more managed and more pristine nature. Findings therefore suggest that future public health practices targeting immigrant women may apply a broad definition of 'interaction with nature', incorporating various geographical locales as well as types of nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the perceptions of the Venezuelan immigrant population in Medellín, Colombia, regarding their employment, working and health conditions (physical, mental and psychosocial). A qualitative study was conducted (focused ethnography perspective). Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with 31 Venezuelans and 12 key informants from different social organisations that work with the immigrant population. A narrative content analysis was carried out (Atlas.Ti 8.0 software). The migratory process for Venezuelans is caused for political, economical and social aspects in Venezuela and Colombia is offered as the first destination for labour establishing. Access to the labour market is limited to certain occupations, in many cases in the informal economy. Participants referring low salaries, working long hours and reduced social benefits. Occupational risks are evidenced by low experience in the labour market. Some health problems are perceived, and a good part of the interviewed population referred to signs and symptoms related to mental health problems. Barriers to access health and social protection services were found. Finally, future expectations depend on their adaptation to Colombia, the improvement of social conditions in Venezuela or having chances of improving their social and living conditions in another country. A high labour and social vulnerability were found in Venezuelan participants that impact on physical and mental health. Political and strategies from a public health perspective are required and the implementation of systems for monitoring and evaluating the labour and health situation in the working immigrant population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last six years, Colombia has received an exceptionally high number of incoming people on the move, fleeing from neighbouring Venezuela, including around 1 million Venezuelan nationals in an irregular situation.1 Against this unique and challenging background, this article aims to ascertain the extent to which the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Colombia and that of United Nations' human rights treaty bodies and InterAmerican institutions are synergetic and supportive of the idea that the right to health must be equitably accessible for irregular migrants and subgroups of the same. The case law of this Court provides useful insights into both the difficulties of implementing 'beyond minimalist' approaches to the rights of irregular migrants in a middle-income country and the unusually influential but selective role of international human rights law and the comments of treaty bodies in its findings. For this case study, I also systematise applicable arguments of UN and InterAmerican human rights law and demonstrate that they are normative frameworks capable of pitching the right to health of irregular migrants beyond access to urgent treatment by integrating arguments based on core rights and vulnerability into a primary health care approach to public health that 'brings promotion and prevention, cure and care together'.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how multiple, interrelated violence(s) shape the ways in which migrants relate to democratic politics transnationally. It takes as a departing point the literature on violent democracies and violent pluralism in the Latin American context, and more specifically the situation in Colombia, where democratic institutions coexist with plural violence(s). Following on from studies of migrant transnational politics, the analysis focuses on the Colombian diaspora and how migrants coming from violent democracies engage politically with the home country. Based on extensive research with Colombian migrants in Europe since the mid-90s, the article shows how despite different motivations for migrating, origin-country violence plays a significant role in the lives of many Colombians abroad. It then explores how violence influences migrants' transnational politics. Migrating from a context of pervasive violence(s) can affect migrants' sense of transnational belonging as well as increase mistrust and indifference towards formal democratic processes. However, the situation in the home country, together with being exposed to different conditions in the host society, can also motivate migrants to participate transnationally in initiatives to end the violence, thus increasing cooperation and trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the lives of migrants is a growing field. However, studies in this area have been conducted mainly in wealthy countries, with municipalities that are capable of supporting migrants or refugees. There is less evidence from middle‐income host countries and how ICTs can help migrants in their resettlement efforts. To address this gap, this study examines ICT access and the use of e‐government services by Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and compares this group with short‐ and long‐term residents of Bogotá. The descriptive analysis of the data reveals that, after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, foreign migrants are less likely to own ICT devices compared to short‐ and long‐term residents, but over time do acquire ICT access. In addition, Venezuelan migrants are less likely to use e‐government services than their local peers even after controlling for demographic characteristics and internet access, with the exception of address registration. The results indicate that ICT access is not a sufficient condition for migrants to access e‐government services and there is a need for policy coordination to reduce bureaucratic "red tape" that may diminish migrants' likelihood of accessing to e‐government services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia hosts one of the largest forced migrant populations in the world, with 1.7 million Venezuelans living there by November 2020. Since 2017, the Colombian government has provided temporary protection to more than 700,000 Venezuelans. We examine the effectiveness of this effort for labour market integration and access to education and health care. We find that temporary status has succeeded in providing legal protections to many migrants, and in providing some access to the labour market and basic education and health care. It may not advance long‐term mobility within the labour market or access to preventative or specialized health care. Implementation problems may also limit access in practice to basic education and health care. Perhaps most importantly, there have been no attempts in more than two years to provide temporary protection to migrants who entered the country irregularly, so a majority of Venezuelan nationals in Colombia now lack legal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants' choice of settlement in a new country can play a fundamental role in their socio-economic integration. This is especially relevant if there are important gaps among these locations in terms of significant factors such as job opportunities, quality of health service, among others. This research presents a methodology to perform a recommended geographic redistribution of immigrants to improve their chances of socio-economic integration. The proposed methodology adapts a data-driven algorithm developed by the Immigration Policy Lab at Stanford University to allocate immigrants based on a socio-economic integration outcome across available locations. We extend their approach to study the immigration process between two developing countries. Specifically, we focus on the case of the arrival of immigrants from Venezuela to Colombia. We consider the absorptive capacity of locations in Colombia and include the health and education needs of immigrants in our analysis. From the application in the Venezuelan-Colombian context, we find that the proposed redistribution increases the probability that immigrants access formal employment by more than 50%. Furthermore, we identify variables associated with immigrants' formal employment and discuss specific strategies to improve the probability of success of vulnerable immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The perception that immigrants represent a burden to national health systems can hinder the development of policies for their inclusion in health coverage. In order to inform the development of such policies, data on the healthcare needs and healthcare spending for immigrants is required. The objective of this article is to compare the clinical characteristics and healthcare‐related expenditures of Venezuelan immigrants and non‐migrants living with HIV in Colombia. We analysed data from the Colombian High‐cost Diseases Fund from February 1, 2018 to January 31, 2019, identifying the hospital and non‐hospital expenditures per patient for Venezuelan immigrants and non‐migrant patients, in both the state‐subsidised and the contributory coverage schemes. We employed binomial negative regression models to compare expenditures between the two groups. In the contributory scheme, the average annual per‐capita expenditure for immigrants was USD $ 859.07 (SD: ± $793.37) for non‐hospital care. For non‐migrants, the average costs were 1,796.53. In the state‐subsidised scheme expenditures were higher on average, but still lower for immigrants than for non‐migrants. After adjusting by clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, non‐hospital per capita expenditures were lower for immigrants as compared with non‐migrants (25,37% lower in the state‐subsidised scheme, and 33,75% lower in the contributory scheme). Hospital expenditures were also lower, but the small sample size limited analysis. To conclude, Venezuelan immigrants living with HIV do not represent a major economic burden to the health system in Colombia. Further studies are required in order to understand if the lower healthcare expenditures of this population are the result of limitations in healthcare access, of clinical characteristics that were not assessed in this study, or of other unmeasured aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) affects vulnerable populations. Immigrants have contributed to the increased incidence of TB. In this population, TB has some common characteristics that can lead to increased resistance to anti-TB drugs and undesired outcomes. In Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, an increase in TB cases has been observed in immigrants. Our objective is to describe the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the immigrant population of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive study of 101 patients with a clinical and microbiological diagnosis of TB was carried out in the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia from December 2017 to December 2018. The clinical spectrum and sensitivity profile of M. tuberculosis to first-line anti-TB drugs were characterized by phenotypic tests and molecular markers of resistance. Confidence intervals were calculated for the estimates. Statistical significance was considered at P ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 101 patients were analyzed. 8.91% (95% CI: 4.16-16.24%) of the study population were immigrants. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) occurred more frequently among immigrants than in the native population (44.44%; 95% CI 13.70-78.80% vs. 4.49%; 95% CI 1.24-11.11%; P = 0.002). The immigrants also had a higher frequency of cases with resistance (15.22 vs. 44.44%; P = 0.051) and undesired outcomes, such as therapeutic failure (8.70% vs. 33.33%; P = 0.001) and death (4.35% vs. 44.44%; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Immigrant TB patients were more likely to present particular clinical characteristics, such as HIV coinfection, malnutrition, constitutional manifestations, extrapulmonary spread, the presence of caverns, and undesired outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined motivations for migration to the United States (US) among 482 Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants' most common reason for migration was to improve their financial situation (49%), followed by sexual migration in order to affirm their sexual orientation (40%). Fewer endorsed sexual migration motivated by avoiding persecution due to being gay (13%). We conducted further analyses among 276 participants who migrated after age 15 and were HIV-negative at the time of migration. We hypothesized that sexual migration would be associated with greater likelihood of HIV acquisition post-migration. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis indicated that sexual migration motivated by avoiding persecution due to being gay was associated with increased odds of contracting HIV after arrival in the US whereas sexual migration to lead a gay life was not. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing the negative impact of anti-gay discrimination in countries of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, northern Chile has received a large number of immigrants attracted mainly by mining and related services. The last population census revealed that 70.5 % of foreigners in Chile came from South America, and were mainly Peruvians (30.5 %), Argentines (16.8 %), and Colombians (8.1 %). The aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe the social well-being levels reported by Colombian and Peruvian immigrants in northern Chile, as well as their connection to socio-demographic and relational factors. The Spanish version of the Scale of Social Well-being (Keyes in Soc Psychol Q 61:121-140, 1998) was administered to 431 men and women over 18 years old, with a minimum residence of 6 months in the city of Antofagasta. The highest-rated aspect was Social Contribution, and the lowest-rated aspect was Social Acceptance. The relational variables that show statistically significant differences in both populations relate to who the subject lives with, the degree of contact that the subject has with people from Chile, and the subject's relationship status. There are no differences that indicate a higher level of social well-being in one population more than the other; however, it appears that the Peruvian population has a greater perception of Social Coherence, while Colombians show a greater perception of Social Contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on minority youth has established the value of coethnic spaces for safe ethnic identity exploration, research has seldom examined how youth in these spaces draw ethnic boundaries or offered appropriate frameworks addressing boundary-setting. This study uses Berry’s acculturation framework to explore ethnic boundary-setting within a Colombian immigrant youth dance program in the US. Seven members participated in a multi-year qualitative study that triangulated surveys, interviews, and responses to a hypothetical multicultural dilemma that ‘positioned’ Colombian participants as part of an in-group on the basis of their ethnicity. Specifically, it explores the strategies they employed to deal with the dilemma and the role context played in those strategies. With findings that reveal how youth incorporate the arguments found in mainstream immigration debates to justify integration, segregation, and exclusion of non-Colombians, this study argues that to understand strategies employed, it is necessary to examine local, national, and transnational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The literature on the adaptation of international migrant populations to host societies has consistently relied on comparative studies among natives, voluntary migrants and/or forced migrants. Although this approach has been widely used due to the availability of comparative data in countries of destination, it has been rarely used in the study of internally displaced populations and their adaptation to predominantly urban host communities. This article provides a comparative analysis of the labour adaptation of internally displaced persons into formal and informal labour markets. It uses data from an experimental census collected in a municipality with high prevalence of internally displaced persons located in the metropolitan area of Bogotá, Colombia. Results from the analysis indicate that internally displaced persons are more likely to be unemployed and more likely to be employed in the informal sector of the economy relative to non-migrants and voluntary migrants. In addition, the probability of employment in the formal sector for the internally displaced decreases over time. The analysis also incorporates gender differences in household composition and household headship across groups with diverse migration experiences. The findings indicate the need for public policies that improve the employment opportunities of the internally displaced populations and other vulnerable populations in urban areas of resettlement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The article discusses international protection considerations in relation to asylum-seekers and refugees from Colombia. The increase in internal displacement and refugee movements to neighboring countries and abroad have been attributed to the worsening of the Colombian conflict in the past three years. According to the Colombian Commission of Jurists (CCJ), approximately 1,500 civilians were killed amidst the armed conflict from October 2000 to March 2001. An overview of the political, social, economic and humanitarian situation in the country is presented.

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