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The paper transposes aspects of the histography of Fernand Braudel to the exploration of planning. It explores the extent to which different time scales, dominated by a longue durée perspective, reveal different facets of the history of planning and of how it operates. Lesser time scales focus on specific events while long perspectives bring to light durable aspects of planning, such as those relating to its embeddedness within fundamental relations between the state and the market economy. The paper contends that planning history and theory are largely shaped by a middle-scale histography, focussed on the succession of periods in the evolution of planning and on how they mark its progression. It proposes to counterbalance this historical perspective with a long-term historical lens highlighting persistent dimensions of planning, many referring to the fundamentals of its political economy. The paper argues that a full understanding of planning requires a consideration of different historical scales. The object of study is Downtown Toronto planning and development since 1945. A medium time scale identifies three distinct phases in Downtown Toronto history over this period, while a long-term perspective reveals how this district evolved with remarkable consistency into an expanded and diversified downtown during these years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injuries have become devastating and often under-recognized public health concerns. In Canada, injuries are the leading cause of potential years of life lost before the age of 65. The geographical patterns of injury, however, are evident both over space and time, suggesting the possibility of spatial optimization of policies at the neighborhood scale to mitigate injury risk, foster prevention, and control within metropolitan regions. In this paper, Canada's National Ambulatory Care Reporting System is used to assess unintentional and intentional injuries for Toronto between 2004 and 2010, exploring the spatial relations of injury throughout the city, together with Wellbeing Toronto data. Corroborating with these findings, spatial autocorrelations at global and local levels are performed for the reported over 1.7 million injuries. The sub-categorization for Toronto's neighborhood further distills the most vulnerable communities throughout the city, registering a robust spatial profile throughout. Individual neighborhoods pave the need for distinct policy profiles for injury prevention. This brings one of the main novelties of this contribution. A comparison of the three regression models is carried out. The findings suggest that the performance of spatial regression models is significantly stronger, showing evidence that spatial regressions should be used for injury research. Wellbeing Toronto data performs reasonably well in assessing unintentional injuries, morbidity, and falls. Less so to understand the dynamics of intentional injuries. The results enable a framework to allow tailor-made injury prevention initiatives at the neighborhood level as a vital source for planning and participatory decision making in the medical field in developed cities such as Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates on sex work in Canada have focused on its criminal aspects, its harms, and the 'nuisance' it posits for communities. Not much attention has been devoted to more subtle forms of regulation that take place in other juridical spaces, such as the legal apparatus of municipalities. A growing number of cities are restricting sex work and using micro-regulation to police, constrain and control the activities and lives sex workers.1 Municipal bylaws are used by local governments to suppress sex work and prosecute sex workers. By 'micro-regulation' I mean the devious introduction of a myriad of rules that strictly constrain the range of activities that can take place in massage parlours, effectively creating barriers to sex work, even though municipalities do not have the power to prohibit the offering of sexual services. This paper aims to alleviate a lacuna in the research and literature on sex work in the juridical space of the municipality. I wish to bring attention specifically to the plight of Asian sex workers employed in massage parlours in the city of Toronto, whose voices and struggles are ignored and go unnoticed.2 My data was collected during a practice-based research study conducted in Toronto in 2014. My findings will show that municipal bylaws create barriers to the practice of sex work in the context of holistic centres, barriers that push sex work underground, endangering sex workers and exacerbating their stigmatization and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the characteristics of areas with numerous group homes (residential care facilities) that cater to a variety of user groups. An overview of patterns of locational concentration precedes the results of an ecological analysts for the Minor Planning Districts of the City of Toronto. The pattern of ecological correlates among the three group home types analyzed supports results obtained elsewhere, but cautions against referring ecological associations Identified for one sort of facility to other facility types. The conclusion questions the suitability of present areas of locational concentration of group homes as host environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of British Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we examine the management of human-double-crested cormorant conflicts in urban nature areas using the Leslie Street Spit in Toronto, Ontario as our focal study area. We examine the management perspectives of various stakeholders and how they shift over time in response to site ecology and stakeholder input. We categorize management perspectives on a spectrum from complete human domination to near absence of human intention. Two broad management categories emerge from this framework: interventionist and laissez-faire. Interventionists recognized need for management of cormorants, laissez-faire argued for no management of a cormorant colony that has deforested 24% of the site through their nesting activities. We conclude that for urban nature areas, particularly those with a unique, rare, or contentious ecology, a hands-off, laissez-faire management approach is not conducive to improving human-nature relations. Rather, for urban nature sites nature management must promote a respectable balance between human and non-human life, for the long-term benefit of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ethnic diversity in Canadian cities has been accompanied by rapid growth in the number of ethnocultural newspapers serving immigrant, ethnic and racialized communities. What role do these newspapers play in shaping how different groups see each other? This study examines how three ethnic newspapers published in the Greater Toronto Area portray residents other than their target audiences. Data are presented on the extent to which other groups are covered in the news and the nature of that news coverage. The results suggest that the Korean, Russian and Punjabi-language publications examined in the study paint only a limited picture of diversity in one of the world's most diverse metropolitan areas. In the case of the Korean-language newspaper, there is also some limited evidence of stereotyping of the Black community. Suggestions are offered on how ethnic news outlets with small editorial teams and limited financial resources can introduce greater diversity into their news reporting without compromising coverage of their own communities. Training options and strategies to help address challenges associated with reporting on diversity are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This article examines the post-migration changes in reading practices of Spanish-speaking readers in the U.S. and Canada, with a goal of translating the findings into practical guidelines for librarians who engage with Spanish speakers in different types of libraries. Design/methodology/approach. The article draws on a subset of data from the larger bilingual, self-administered, qualitative survey conducted in two large urban areas (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and New York City, NY, USA). These data are used to develop a practice framework by translating the generated empirical knowledge into concrete applications that can benefit librarians who engage Spanish speaking readers. Findings. The study analyzes the changed (or unchanged) amount of leisure reading, the various ways of accessing reading materials, alterations and evolution in reading content, and the choice of language preferred for reading different types of leisure materials. Originality. Reader studies, such as this one, are essential for facilitating the practice of reading experience (RE) librarianship in all types of libraries (public, academic, and special,) because they look beyond information needs and programming ideas into the soul of the people in their real-life circumstances, connecting librarians and readers on a deeper humanistic and cultural level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toronto is conventionally considered quite unlike “American cities.” This article does not fundamentally challenge this convention, but does suggest that differences between Toronto and American cities may be overdrawn and that Toronto may have more American elements than is generally recognized. The evidence presented in this study comes from three episodes in Toronto’s postwar planning history: creation of an ambitious postwar master plan in 1943–44, formation of metropolitan government and planning in the mid-1950s, and the design and construction of the iconic suburban neighborhood of Don Mills also in the 1950s. All three show strong American planning connections. The article then offers some reasons why these American planning ideas did not produce an “American city,” and concludes by challenging the view that it is due to Canada having a fundamentally different urban culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Air quality is a major concern for the public; therefore, the reliability of accurate models in predicting the air quality is of a major interest. In this study, a Gaussian air dispersion model, known as the Air dispersion model for Road Sources in Urban areaS (ARSUS), was developed to predict the ground level concentrations for a contaminant of interest. It was demonstrated that this model could be used successfully in place of or in conjunction with ambient air monitoring stations in determining the local Air Quality Index (AQI). The ARSUS model was validated against the US EPA ISC3 model before it was used to conduct two studies in this investigation. These two studies simulated weekday morning rush-hour tailpipe emissions of CO and predicted ground level concentrations. The first study used the ARSUS model to predict ground level concentrations of CO from the tailpipe emissions for roads and highways located in the vicinity of the Toronto West ambient air monitoring station. The second study involved an expansion of the domain to predict ground level concentrations of CO from tailpipe emissions from highways in the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The predicted concentrations were then compared to the data collected from the Toronto West ambient air monitoring station. The results of the ARSUS model indicated that the air quality in the immediate vicinity of roads or highways is highly impacted by the tailpipe emissions. Higher concentrations were observed for the areas adjacent to the road and highway sources. The tailpipe emissions of CO from highways had a higher contribution to the local air quality. The predicted ground level concentrations from the ARSUS model under-predicted when compared to the observed data from the monitoring station; however, despite this, the predictive model is viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an exploration of the ways that gay men negotiated and created urban spaces in 1950s Toronto. A significant part of this everyday encounter was the proliferation of tabloid journalism that exploited and mapped out transgressive domains of same-sex erotics for its readers. Using a variety of sources, such as oral histories, government documents, and these local newspaper tabloids, the author traces the contours of same-sex urban spaces, their conceptual and geographical linkages, and their relationship to the larger society within which they are set. Ultimately, the author shows how the securing of these spaces was deeply implicated in existing class and gender hierarchies that simultaneously served as places of resistance and domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the interactions among capitalism, urban culture, and gay/lesbian historiography, using data from early-20th-century Toronto, Ontario. Reasons for capitalism's low profile within gay/lesbian historiography; Intersection of economic and racial dynamics in gay/lesbian history.

Reports on a study that identified the challenges posed by large immigrant populations for the governments of eleven Greater Toronto Area municipalities. Strategies those challenges are addressed by municipal agencies that provided nine local services; Variety of ways the agencies ware trying to accommodate their multicultural clienteles.

Presents a study that estimated the urban metabolism of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario. Background on the use of urban metabolism analyses in quantifying the overall fluxes of energy, water and wastes into an urban region; Analysis of inputs to the GTA urban ecosystem; Results and implications.

Reports on a study that examined and compared the responses of six municipalities in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario to the challenges of global economic changes. Transfer to the municipal governments of administrative and financial responsibilities for local services; Tendency for municipalities to compete with each other for economic advantage.

Public policy objectives concerning urban population distribution often are achieved through residential land use regulation. Control over population distribution also can be exerted indirectly through the ,;election of employment sites. If population policy goals can be expressed as a target for each zone of the urban area. then it is possible to determine that spatial distribution of employment for which population distribution comes as close as possible to these targets. Using the matrix structure of the Garin-Lowry urban development model, a goal program is derived which determines the basic employment distribution which minimizes deviations from desired zonal populations for Metropolitan Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the debate on the concentration of social services facilities within North American cities. Application of the location quotient and the coefficient of localization to data on adult services, children's services and psychiatric group homes in Toronto, Ontario; Demonstration of a high degree of localization in all three categories; Placement policies to relieve certain areas of the inner city of the social and economic pressures.