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2. Adapting Pedagogy to Cultural Context. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0070-2109
- Author
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RTI International, Jukes, Matthew C. H., Sitabkhan, Yasmin, and Tibenda, Jovina J.
- Abstract
This paper argues that many pedagogical reform efforts falter because they fail to consider the cultural context of teacher and student behavior. Little guidance exists on how to adapt teaching practices to be compatible with culturally influenced behaviors and beliefs. We present evidence from three studies conducted as part of a large basic education program in Tanzania showing that some teaching activities are less effective or not well implemented because of culturally influenced behaviors in the classroom, namely children's lack of confidence to speak up in class; a commitment to togetherness, fairness, and cooperation; avoidance of embarrassment; and age-graded authority. We propose ways teaching activities can be adapted to take these behaviors into account while still adhering to fundamental principles of effective learning, including student participation in their own learning, teaching at the right level, and monitoring students as a basis for adjusting instruction. Such adaptations may be made most effective by engaging teachers in co-creation of teaching activities.
- Published
- 2021
3. Effectiveness of Teachers' Guides in the Global South: Scripting, Learning Outcomes, and Classroom Utilization. Occasional Paper. RTI Press Publication OP-0053-1805
- Author
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RTI International, Piper, Benjamin, Sitabkhan, Yasmin, Mejía, Jessica, and Betts, Kellie
- Abstract
This report presents the results of RTI International Education's study on teachers' guides across 13 countries and 19 projects. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine how teachers' guides across the projects differ and find substantial variation in the design and structure of the documents. We develop a scripting index so that the scripting levels of the guides can be compared across projects. The impact results of the programs that use teachers' guides show significant impacts on learning outcomes, associated with approximately an additional half year of learning, showing that structured teachers' guides contribute to improved learning outcomes. During observations, we find that teachers make a variety of changes in their classroom instruction from how the guides are written, showing that the utilization of structured teachers' guides do not create robotic teachers unable to use their own professional skills to teach children. Unfortunately, many changes that teachers make reduce the amount of group work and interactivity that was described in the guides, suggesting that programs should encourage teachers to more heavily utilize the instructional routines designed in the guide. The report includes a set of research-based guidelines that material developers can use to develop teachers' guides that will support effective instructional practices and help improve learning outcomes. The key takeaway from the report is that structured teachers' guides improve learning outcomes, but that overly scripted teachers' guides are somewhat less effective than simplified teachers' guides that give specific guidance to the teacher but are not written word for word for each lesson in the guide.
- Published
- 2018
4. Disability and Inclusive Education: Stocktake of Education Sector Plans and GPE-Funded Grants. Working Paper #3
- Author
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Global Partnership for Education (GPE)
- Abstract
This report was commissioned by the Global Partnership for Education's Secretariat to take stock of how disability and inclusive education are in included in education sector plans (ESPs) in 51 countries, including GPE-funded programs, such as education sector program implementation grants (ESPIGs), program documents (PADs), implementation progress reports (IPRs) Education Sector Analysis (ESA), if applicable, and other relevant GPE program documents. Moreover, a plethora of key international reports and monitoring reports was reviewed. This report documents progress and highlights the need to step up support to GPE partner countries on disability and inclusive education, to improve consideration of issues around disability and inclusion in education sector analysis and sector planning processes to better promote the achievement of GPE 2020 strategic goal 2, and to fulfill the transformative vision of Agenda 2030. This means ensuring that girls and boys with disabilities are not only able to access their right to a quality education in a nurturing environment, but also, through education, become empowered to participate fully in society, and enjoy full realization of their rights and capabilities. [This report was written with Louise Banham and Eleni Papakosta.]
- Published
- 2018
5. From Paper and Pencil to Mobile Phone Photo Note-Taking among Tanzanian University Students: Extent, Motives and Impact on Learning
- Author
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Mfaume, Hamisi, Bilinga, Margareth, and Mgaya, Rose
- Abstract
This study examined the extent, motives and impact of mobile phone photo note-taking on students' learning at Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE) in Tanzania. It employed the mixed methods approach. A sample of 310 respondents was drawn using a multi stage sampling technique which involved stratified random sampling at the first stage and convenient sampling at the second stage. Questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain data for the study. The findings revealed that mobile photo note-taking was a common practice at DUCE. The time consuming nature of handwritten notes, Speedy lecturing, easy access to notes, peer and technological influence were claimed to be the motives behind students' fondness to the practice. It was also revealed that the distraction of concentration, impairment of handwriting skills and speed, poor attendance to the lecture sessions, and distortion of students' ability to compose and organize their own work were the impact of the practice. The study recommends that the University should create better teaching and learning environment to allow university students to use variables and multiple note-taking methods for best results underlying each method.
- Published
- 2018
6. Recruiting, Retaining, and Retraining Secondary School Teachers and Principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. Secondary Education in Africa (SEIA) Thematic Study #4. GEC Working Paper Series 2005/#3
- Author
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Academy for Educational Development, AED Global Education Center, Mulkeen, Aidan, Chapman, David W., and DeJaeghere, Joan G.
- Abstract
Expanding and rethinking the nature of secondary education in Sub-Saharan African countries, traditionally reserved for elites and few others, are becoming crucial to successful individual and national participation in the global economy. As governments and donors turn their attention increasingly to secondary education, policies are being established to create more widely accessible, more relevant, and higher quality secondary education. This presents a particular challenge, since secondary education sub-systems are unlikely to be infused with large amounts of additional funding in the near future. Improving the quality of secondary education, therefore, must include policies that use current resources creatively and more effectively. Teachers and principals are the most expensive and, possibly, the most critical components in establishing quality in education systems. New and more effective approaches to the preparation, deployment, utilization, compensation, and conditions of service for teachers, accompanied by more effective school leadership, are therefore needed to achieve higher standards of secondary education in Africa. This study used an extensive literature review and subsequent field studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Tanzania, and Uganda to identify current trends, challenges, and opportunities in the recruitment, retention, and retraining of secondary teachers and principals in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study also suggests ways of attracting teachers to the profession, retaining teachers and principals in the profession, and providing support to strengthen teachers' and principals' effectiveness. Insufficient data and information that differentiate lower and upper secondary education is a limitation of the study, especially in the context of the present growing interest in the lower or junior secondary level. There is a similar dearth of information in the literature on secondary principals and on gender issues as they relate to secondary teachers and principals. The findings of the study and the recommendations are intended to provide policymakers and other stakeholders with material for policy development and for the development of strategies for increasing the quality and effectiveness of secondary teachers and principals. (Contains 17 tables and 9 figures.) [This paper was written with Elizabeth Leu and Karen Bryner. It was prepared for the World Bank through the Academy for Educational Development and funded by the Irish Trust Fund.]
- Published
- 2005
7. Women and Literacy Development in the Third World. Papers Presented at an International Seminar on Women and Literacy Development--Constraints and Prospects (Linkoping, Sweden, August 1991).
- Author
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Linkoping Univ. (Sweden). Dept. of Education and Psychology. and Malmquist, Eve
- Abstract
Organized to focus world-wide public attention on the massive gender inequalities in many areas of the world, a seminar entitled "Women and Literacy Development--Constraints and Prospects" was held in Sweden during August 1991. This book presents conference papers by female literacy experts from 12 developing nations (three in Latin America, five in Africa, three in Asia, and one in the South Pacific Region) on the literacy situation for girls and women in their respective countries. Papers in the book are: (1) "Women and Literacy Development in the Third World: A Rapsodic Overview" (Eve Malmquist); (2) "Women and Literacy Development in India" (Anita Dighe); (3) "Women and Literacy Development in Pakistan" (Neelam Hussain); (4) "Flowers in Bloom: An Account of Women and Literacy Development in Thailand" (Kasama Varavarn); (5) "Women and Literacy Development in the South Pacific Region" (Barbara Moore); (6) "Illiterate Rural Women In Egypt: Their Educational Needs and Problems: A Case Study" (Nadia Gamal El-Din); (7) "Women and Literacy Development in Botswana: Some Implementation Strategies" (Kgomotso D. Motlotle); (8) "Women and Literacy Development in East Africa with Particular Reference to Tanzania" (Mary Rusimbi); (9) "Women and Literacy Development in Mozambique" (Teresa Veloso); (10) "Women and Literacy Development: A Zimbabwean Perspective" (Maseabata E. Tsosane and John A. Marks); (11) "Women and Literacy Development in Mexico" (Geraldine Novelo Oppenheim); (12) "A Post-Literacy Project with the Women of the Indian Community of San Lorenzo, Colombia" (Mirvan Zuniga); (13) "Gender Subordination and Literacy in Brazil" (Fulvia Rosemberg); (14) "Women and Literacy: Summary of Discussions at the International Linkoping Seminar" (Ulla-Britt Persson and Neelam Hussain); and (15) "Concluding Remarks, Suggestions and Recommendations" (Eve Malmquist). (RS)
- Published
- 1992
8. Vocational Education and Training in Tanzania and Zimbabwe in the Context of Economic Reform. Education Research Paper.
- Author
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Department for International Development, London (England)., Bennell, Paul, Bendera, Shane, Kanyenze, Godfrey, Kimambo, Emrode, Kiwia, Sixtus, Mbiriyakura, Tichafa, Mukyanuzi, Faustin, Munetsi, N., Muzulu, Jo, Parsalaw, Willy, and Temu, John
- Abstract
Developments in vocational education and training (VET) in Tanzania and Zimbabwe since the 1980s were examined in the context of economic reform. Formal VET provision in each country's public and private sectors was reviewed, and case studies of one firm in each country's manufacturing and tourism industries were conducted. The research identified important changes in Tanzania's and Zimbabwe's VET systems since the start of economic reforms. Tanzania's fiscal crisis has forced public sector training institutions to commercialize their training activities. Although Tanzania has made very significant progress in adjusting its VET system to meet the major skill requirements of a rapidly liberalizing economy, economic liberalization has not resulted in the creation of an effective and efficient demand-driven VET system in either Tanzania or Zimbabwe. Unlike the situation in Tanzania, the government in Zimbabwe has not relinquished its tight control over the VET system. Public sector VET there remains supply-driven because of government control of training resources, little involvement of key stakeholders, and massive social demand for postsecondary VET. The following are among the actions required in both countries: (1) create a properly functioning national training agency whose governance and planning structures can respond to the training needs of their main economic sectors; (2) accelerate the pace of organizational reform among public sector training institutions; (3) reform the existing VET qualification and accreditation systems; and (4) establish a coherent strategy for VET for the poor and disadvantaged. (Sixty-eight tables/figures are included. Contains 10 references.) (MN)
- Published
- 1999
9. Cost Sharing in Education: Public Finance, School and Household Perspectives. Education Research Paper.
- Author
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Department for International Development, London (England). and Penrose, Perran
- Abstract
This report examines cost sharing, a term that combines the concepts of direct-cost recovery and indirect contributions from pupils, their parents, and sponsors. Such contributions may be voluntary, quasi-compulsory, or even compulsory. For the study reported here, cost sharing is used when the subject under discussion is not restricted to user-fee issues. The approach of the study was quantitative, but important cultural and sociological aspects were also considered. The report is primarily concerned with putting together a modest body of evidence on education expenditures by governments and households and with exploring the implications the evidence has for the central questions that need to be asked to develop and sustain government-expenditure policies. The report is presented in five chapters. Following an introduction, chapter 2 outlines the principles of cost sharing and explores the key issues that underpin cost-sharing policies. The next two chapters consist of case studies of specific countries: Ghana and Tanzania. These chapters are not self-contained and each complements the other. The last chapter summarizes the issues surrounding cost sharing and draws some policy conclusions. (Contains approximately 105 references.) (RJM)
- Published
- 1998
10. Promoting Girls' Education in Africa: The Design and Implementation of Policy Interventions. Education Research Paper.
- Author
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Department for International Development, London (England)., Swainson, N., Bendera, S., Gordon, R., and Kadzamira, E.
- Abstract
This report presents research findings about the intellectual, political, and organizational processes that have shaped government and donor policies and projects concerned with promoting the education of women and girls in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The study seeks to assess the extent to which gender interventions in education have been donor driven. The growing concern about large and persistent gender inequalities in education has led to the development of a number of initiatives on the part of multilateral and bilateral aid agencies aimed at encouraging the participation of women and girls in education. Despite this concern, efforts to reduce gender inequalities on the part of both governments and donor agencies have been uneven and policy interventions have evolved in a piecemeal fashion. In order to explore the reasons for the limited progress that has been made in improving girls' education in most developing countries, this study focuses on policy formulation and implementation with respect to girls' education in the three low income African countries. (Contains approximately 180 references.) (BT)
- Published
- 1998
11. Public and Private Secondary Education in Developing Countries: A Comparative Study. World Bank Discussion Papers No. 309.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Lockheed, Marlaine E.
- Abstract
This monograph summarizes the results of a World Bank research project that compared private and public secondary school costs and achievement in five developing countries--Columbia, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, Tanzania, and Thailand. All the case studies address the question: Would a high school student, selected at random from the general student population, perform better in a public or private school? In the absence of experimental data, the studies compare students' performance on standardized tests in a cross-section of public and private schools. Student background, motivation, innate ability, and prior performance are controlled through the use of various statistical techniques. The report also compares the costs of public and private schools. The principal findings include: (1) although students in private schools come from more privileged families than those in public schools, on average, there is a significant overlap between the two groups; (2) with student background and selection bias held constant, students in private schools out-perform students in public schools on a variety of achievement tests; (3) unit costs of private schools are lower than those of public schools; and (4) private schools are organized for greater school-level decision making and emphasis on enhancing student achievement; this seems to affect the mix of inputs that private versus public schools choose. Implications for policy include: (1) over-restrictive regulations on private schools may be suppressing an efficient way to provide education; (2) in some cases, governments could encourage greater private sector participation in education; and (3) public schools could emulate at least some of the teaching and administrative practices of their private counterparts. Contains numerous tables throughout the document and 66 references. (EH)
- Published
- 1995
12. Cost-Effectiveness of Management Training in the Informal Sector. Discussion Paper No. 101.
- Author
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International Labour Office, Geneva (Switzerland). and Nubler, Irmgard
- Abstract
A research project in the Ivory Coast, Kenya, and Tanzania evaluated the cost effectiveness of management training seminars for women entrepreneurs in the informal sector. Women, a large and growing part of entrepreneurs, had less access to needed resources, skills, and information than men. Reasons for failure to study the cost effectiveness and efficiency of development assistance included lack of clear concepts, methodologies, and standards. Grassroots management training seminars were conducted for businesswomen operating established informal sector businesses. In each country, 40 businesswomen were selected; some were assigned to a control group. A set of indicators was developed to measure benefits. Levels of criteria considered in evaluating outcomes were reaction, learning, behavioral, and result. Impact of the training program was assessed by applying this set of indicators and comparing pre- and postseminar values. Findings indicated that participants appreciated acquisition of management skills, had a more favorable attitude toward learning and the importance of management know-how to improve business, and acquired cognitive skills. Behavioral changes were reflected in the application of acquired skills and knowledge through business expansion by at least one-third of participants in each country. They improved or stabilized their businesses. Benefits to participants exceeded costs in all three countries. (Appendixes include 29 references, a summary of seminar content, and data tables.) (YLB)
- Published
- 1992
13. Implementing Educational Policies in Tanzania. World Bank Discussion Papers No. 86. Africa Technical Department Series.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. and Galabawa, C. J.
- Abstract
Of the three East African British colonies (Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania), Tanzania was the least well off at the time of independence in 1961. At that time, only 16,691 students were enrolled in secondary schools, and all general education at higher levels was provided outside the country. Thus, the goals of post-independence educational policy were the distribution and equalization of educational opportunities and the expansion of the system at all levels, including the attainment of universal primary education. This report reviews the initial evolution and implementation of educational policies through government (5-year development plans. From 1969-1978, the Education for Self-Reliance (ESR) program became the basis for all major educational policy changes. The final section of the report evaluates the implementation and success of educational policies and finds that the emphasis on achieving universal primary education has led to a system where there are secondary school places for only 4 percent of primary school graduates. The author reviews the financial and macroeconomic circumstances, educational theories and internal and external efficiency criteria that inform the debate about educational quality and ESR, which stressed that education should help to promote a socialist transformation of society, and which emphasized preparation for rural and community life over theoretical knowledge, particularly at the primary level. The report finds that some policy objectives were contradictory and that, in the short run, quantitative and efficiency objectives have been incompatible. (Author)
- Published
- 1990
14. The Place of Evaluation in the Tanzanian System of Education. IIEP Seminar Paper 6.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). International Inst. for Educational Planning. and Kinunda, M. J.
- Abstract
Tanzanians feel that their educational system, inherited from the colonial past was mainly serving the interests of the elite and inducing in them attitudes of superiority and of disdain for manual occupations and skills. Tanzania's new educational policy demands that the educational effort be directed at the needs of the society, the nation and of the majority of the pupils: that the school be integrated with the community; and that it also identify itself with current national struggles. Furthermore, the policy requires that values such as cooperation, respect for human dignity and equality be inculcated in the students; and that education be integrated with production-that is, schools should be economic, as well as educational communities. Evaluation is regarded as an integral part of curriculum development, particularly at Tanzania's current stage of development when the philosophy, the concept, the purpose; and the content of education is radically different from the previous system. The results of evaluation are essential to determining the effectiveness of (1) instructional materials and methods in achieving specified objectives; (2) teacher education programs; (3) integrating school and community; (4) integrating education and production; and (5) assessing the impact of educational programs on popular attitudes toward education and social policy. (MV)
- Published
- 1975
15. Experience in Tanzania in Identifying and Satisfying Local Needs in Education. IIEP Seminar Paper: 14.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). International Inst. for Educational Planning. and Kinunda, M. J.
- Abstract
Tanzania inherited a basically illiterate population that is largely rural. Hence, Tanzania is according top priority to rural development. Education is a vital input but its impact depends not only on the quality and relevance of the education given but also on its interaction with complementary inputs in agriculture, small-scale industry, irrigation, health, nutrition, and other aspects of family life. The functional literacy campaign and other educational programs for adults are intended to provide the kinds of basic skills and knowledge needed by the local community. Formal education is linked to nonformal and informal education in community education centers. Decentralization of control and power provides the platform for proper coordination and effective and intensive utilization of local personnel, finances, and materials. (Author/IRT)
- Published
- 1975
16. The Relative Effectiveness of Private and Public Schools: Evidence from Two Developing Countries. Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 60.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Cox, Donald
- Abstract
Fiscal constraints have limited education budgets in developing countries. Increases necessary to expand access to highly subsidized and publicly provided education have not been forthcoming. Another concern is that education is being inadequately and inefficiently provided by the public sector. This study is an inquiry into the nature of the achievement differential between public and private schools in Colombia and Tanzania. It questions the extent to which the differential in academic achievement can be attributed to student characteristics rather than school inputs, attempts to estimate the quality differences between the public and private secondary schools in these two countries, as measured by student performance on the achievement tests (ACATESTs). Estimated sample-selection effects suggest that Colombian students sort themselves by type of institution, public or private; but Tanzanian students are selected by a hierarchical mechanism, with the lowest-scoring students entering private institutions. These effects are consistent with the different institutional frameworks for educational choice in these two countries. For each country, however, private schools offer an achievement advantage. By standardizing for differences in student and school attributes, private school students have higher achievement test scores. (Author/NL)
- Published
- 1989
17. From paper and pencil to mobile phone photo note-taking among Tanzanian university students: Extent, motives and impact on learning.
- Author
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Mfaume, Hamisi, Bilinga, Margareth, and Mgaya, Rose
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,NOTETAKING - Abstract
This study examined the extent, motives and impact of mobile phone photo note-taking on students' learning at Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE) in Tanzania. It employed the mixed methods approach. A sample of 310 respondents was drawn using a multi stage sampling technique which involved stratified random sampling at the first stage and convenient sampling at the second stage. Questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain data for the study. The findings revealed that mobile photo note-taking was a common practice at DUCE. The time consuming nature of handwritten notes, Speedy lecturing, easy access to notes, peer and technological influence were claimed to be the motives behind students' fondness to the practice. It was also revealed that the distraction of concentration, impairment of handwriting skills and speed, poor attendance to the lecture sessions, and distortion of students' ability to compose and organize their own work were the impact of the practice. The study recommends that the University should create better teaching and learning environment to allow university students to use variables and multiple note-taking methods for best results underlying each method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
18. Public Spheres, Personal Papers, Pedagogical Practices: Ruth First's Academic Postings to/ from Dar es Salaam and Maputo.
- Author
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Harlow, Barbara
- Subjects
PEDAGOGICAL content knowledge - Abstract
The article presents consideration of Ruth First's works during her final year at the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and Universidade Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo, Mozambique (UEM). It states that, this consideration has been done with reference to her own biographical trajectory. It also states that reconsideration of her work has been given just because of her own views on public spheres, personal papers and pedagogical practices.
- Published
- 2010
19. PCR targeting Plasmodium mitochondrial genome of DNA extracted from dried blood on filter paper compared to whole blood.
- Author
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Strøm, Gro E. A., Moyo, Sabrina, Fataki, Maulidi, Langeland, Nina, and Blomberg, Bjørn
- Subjects
- *
MALARIA diagnosis , *MITOCHONDRIAL DNA , *DIAGNOSTIC use of polymerase chain reaction , *DRIED blood spot testing , *PLASMODIUM falciparum - Abstract
Background: Monitoring mortality and morbidity attributable to malaria is paramount to achieve elimination of malaria. Diagnosis of malaria is challenging and PCR is a reliable method for identifying malaria with high sensitivity. However, blood specimen collection and transport can be challenging and obtaining dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper by finger-prick may have advantages over collecting whole blood by venepuncture. Methods: DBS and whole blood were collected from febrile children admitted at the general paediatric wards at a referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. DNA extracted from whole blood and from DBS was tested with a genus-specific PCR targeting the mitochondrial Plasmodium genome. Positive samples by PCR of DNA from whole blood were tested with speciesspecific PCR targeting the 18S rRNA locus, or sequencing if species-specific PCR was negative. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and thin blood smear microscopy was carried out on all patients where remnant whole blood and a blood slide, respectively, were available. Results: Positivity of PCR was 24.5 (78/319) and 11.2% (52/442) by whole blood and DBS, respectively. All samples positive on DBS were also positive on Plasmodium falciparum species-specific PCR. All RDT positive cases were also positive by DBS PCR. All but three cases with positive blood slides were also positive by DBS. Conclusions: In this study, PCR for malaria mitochondrial DNA extracted from whole blood was more sensitive than from DBS. However, DBS are a practical alternative to whole blood and detected approximately the same number of cases as RDTs and, therefore, remain relevant for research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Interventions That Increase Enrolment of Women in Higher Education: The University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Author
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Kilango, Nasero Charles, Qin, Yu Hai, Nyoni, Watende Pius, and Senguo, Richard Allen
- Abstract
Gender equality and equity has long been a focus area in Tanzanian government, encouraging the increased recruitment of female students in to higher education. This article investigates the effectiveness of affirmative action policy interventions that introduced and designed to increase female students' enrolment at the University of Dar es Salaam. The study based on the data obtained from University of Dar es Salaam records and report, documentary of key policies, online articles, publications and ministry of higher education website. Using the case of the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) was justified by, is the oldest and largest institution of higher education in Tanzania that has a large in terms population and offers a verity of disciplines in both science and Humanities. The findings from this study reveal that affirmative action policy interventions have positive effect towards increasing recruitment female students at the University of Dar es salaam. However the date shows that the number of female students is still low in Sciences and Engineering disciplines compared to that of their male peers. This suggests that men dominated all specializations in the faculty of science.
- Published
- 2017
21. Replacing paper data collection forms with electronic data entry in the field: findings from a study of community-acquired bloodstream infections in Pemba, Zanzibar.
- Subjects
- *
ACQUISITION of data , *ELECTRONIC health records , *PUBLIC health surveillance , *COMMUNITY-acquired infections , *POCKET computers , *CASE studies , *PATIENT selection , *VISIBLE record computers - Abstract
The article presents a report on experiences with paper- and personal digital assistant (PDA)-based data collection, during a study of community-acquired bloodstream infections in Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania. It is concluded that electronic data collection has several merits and has the potential to replace paper-based data collection. As stated, direct data entry using an electronic device is gaining popularity and has been able to replace the paper-based data entry system in several studies. The background, methods, results, and conclusions of the report, are discussed in detail.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) accurately detects malaria DNA from filter paper blood samples of low density parasitaemias.
- Author
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Aydin-Schmidt B, Xu W, González IJ, Polley SD, Bell D, Shakely D, Msellem MI, Björkman A, and Mårtensson A
- Subjects
- DNA Primers genetics, DNA, Protozoan blood, Humans, Limit of Detection, Malaria genetics, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Tanzania, DNA, Protozoan isolation & purification, Malaria blood, Malaria diagnosis, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques methods
- Abstract
Background: Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) provides an opportunity for improved, field-friendly detection of malaria infections in endemic areas. However data on the diagnostic accuracy of LAMP for active case detection, particularly low-density parasitaemias, are lacking. We therefore evaluated the performance of a new LAMP kit compared with PCR using DNA from filter paper blood spots., Methods and Findings: Samples from 865 fever patients and 465 asymptomatic individuals collected in Zanzibar were analysed for Pan (all species) and Pf (P. falciparum) DNA with the Loopamp MALARIA Pan/Pf kit. Samples were amplified at 65°C for 40 minutes in a real-time turbidimeter and results were compared with nested PCR. Samples with discordant results between LAMP and nested PCR were analysed with real-time PCR. The real-time PCR corrected nested PCR result was defined as gold standard. Among the 117 (13.5%) PCR detected P. falciparum infections from fever patients (mean parasite density 7491/µL, range 6-782,400) 115, 115 and 111 were positive by Pan-LAMP, Pf-LAMP and nested PCR, respectively. The sensitivities were 98.3% (95%CI 94-99.8) for both Pan and Pf-LAMP. Among the 54 (11.6%) PCR positive samples from asymptomatic individuals (mean parasite density 10/µL, range 0-4972) Pf-LAMP had a sensitivity of 92.7% (95%CI 80.1-98.5) for detection of the 41 P. falciparum infections. Pan-LAMP had sensitivities of 97% (95%CI 84.2-99.9) and 76.9% (95%CI 46.2-95) for detection of P. falciparum and P. malariae, respectively. The specificities for both Pan and Pf-LAMP were 100% (95%CI 99.1-100) in both study groups., Conclusion: Both components of the Loopamp MALARIA Pan/Pf detection kit revealed high diagnostic accuracy for parasite detection among fever patients and importantly also among asymptomatic individuals of low parasite densities from minute blood volumes preserved on filter paper. These data support LAMPs potential role for improved detection of low-density malaria infections in pre-elimination settings.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Methodological Leeway and Obstacles in Qualitative Research: Reflections on Procedural and Practical Issues in Tanzania.
- Author
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Telaky, Said Nuhu and Mwanyoka, Iddi
- Subjects
QUALITATIVE research ,RESEARCH personnel ,RESEARCH methodology - Abstract
Despite being subject to criticism, qualitative research methodology remains a unique and valuable approach in collecting rich and informative data. However, this may vary from one context to another and researchers understanding of the context. Grounded on the decolonization notion of qualitative research, this paper explains leeways and obstacles in conducting research, reflecting upon the procedural and practical aspects that represent the reality in Tanzania based on two cases. Our paper emphasizes that it is essential to understand and capture the real-world reflective of the voices of the population whom the study targets, which may be easier for local/native researchers. This is because the local/native researchers may be able to explain the research processes and findings in consideration of the socio-cultural settings and political environment. The paper acknowledges that qualitative research requires patience and time, which may have financial implications. It also acknowledges that some populations are facing research fatigue exacerbated by inadequate research dissemination plans. Understanding the context of the study area or topic and applying appropriate methodological approaches to overcome obstacles and gather required adequate and relevant information is thus of importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. From papers to practices: district level priority setting processes and criteria for family planning, maternal, newborn and child health interventions in Tanzania.
- Author
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Chitama D, Baltussen R, Ketting E, Kamazima S, Nswilla A, and Mujinja PG
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Health Services trends, Primary Health Care trends, Tanzania, Young Adult, Child Welfare trends, Health Priorities trends, Health Promotion trends, Infant Welfare trends, Maternal Welfare trends, Maternal-Child Health Centers trends
- Abstract
Background: Successful priority setting is increasingly known to be an important aspect in achieving better family planning, maternal, newborn and child health (FMNCH) outcomes in developing countries. However, far too little attention has been paid to capturing and analysing the priority setting processes and criteria for FMNCH at district level. This paper seeks to capture and analyse the priority setting processes and criteria for FMNCH at district level in Tanzania. Specifically, we assess the FMNCH actor's engagement and understanding, the criteria used in decision making and the way criteria are identified, the information or evidence and tools used to prioritize FMNCH interventions at district level in Tanzania., Methods: We conducted an exploratory study mixing both qualitative and quantitative methods to capture and analyse the priority setting for FMNCH at district level, and identify the criteria for priority setting. We purposively sampled the participants to be included in the study. We collected the data using the nominal group technique (NGT), in-depth interviews (IDIs) with key informants and documentary review. We analysed the collected data using both content analysis for qualitative data and correlation analysis for quantitative data., Results: We found a number of shortfalls in the district's priority setting processes and criteria which may lead to inefficient and unfair priority setting decisions in FMNCH. In addition, participants identified the priority setting criteria and established the perceived relative importance of the identified criteria. However, we noted differences exist in judging the relative importance attached to the criteria by different stakeholders in the districts., Conclusions: In Tanzania, FMNCH contents in both general development policies and sector policies are well articulated. However, the current priority setting process for FMNCH at district levels are wanting in several aspects rendering the priority setting process for FMNCH inefficient and unfair (or unsuccessful). To improve district level priority setting process for the FMNCH interventions, we recommend a fundamental revision of the current FMNCH interventions priority setting process. The improvement strategy should utilize rigorous research methods combining both normative and empirical methods to further analyze and correct past problems at the same time use the good practices to improve the current priority setting process for FMNCH interventions. The suggested improvements might give room for efficient and fair (or successful) priority setting process for FMNCH interventions.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Responses from the Field
- Author
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Civille, John, Beckman, Mary, and Green, Brian M.
- Abstract
This article offers responses from various authors to the article "Incarnational immersion-based learning in cultural contexts: A charity model," by Dr. John Trokan (2005.) Mount St. Joseph's program on incarnational immersion-based learning, as described in the article by Dr. John Trokan, will have the participating students' eyes opened to the richness and complexity of spiritual, social, political, and economic issues among peoples of different culture. Civille shares that in his classes, he uses films and case studies to give the students some sense of seeing the world through the eyes of others. But he believes nothing compares to the firsthand experience of living in another culture and experiencing with the people their joys and hopes, their anxieties and fears. Mount St. Joseph College should be commended for its program. As Beckman reads Trokan's essay, she indeed also sees differences between the community-based learning efforts at Mount St. Joseph and her school's own. She attempts to allow Trokan's words to help her rethink what they do. For Green, the Trokan article tells the story of one particular program at one particular school. It shows a willingness that needs to be replicated at other universities and Catholic schools around the country to engage our students' faith formation by creating meaning. It shows that there is an ever increasing awareness to bring students back into relationships and service to others for the common good.
- Published
- 2005
26. Community Participation in Urban Land and Housing Delivery: Evidence from Kerala (India) and Dar es Salaam (Tanzania).
- Author
-
Oates, Lucy, Datey, Abhijit, Sudmant, Andrew, Gillard, Ross, and Gouldson, Andy
- Subjects
HOUSING ,COMMUNITY involvement ,URBAN poor ,HOUSING policy ,COMMUNITY housing ,CITIES & towns ,CIVIL society - Abstract
Current approaches to the provision of shelter, largely driven by national governments and/or the commercial private sector, continue to fall short of what is needed to reduce housing deficits. The number of people without access to adequate housing continues to grow, especially in cities of the Global South. Increasing attention is being paid to alternative models for organizing land and housing delivery, such as those led by, or at least including, civil society. In this paper, we consider two national land and housing programs—the 20,000 Plots Project in Tanzania, and Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) in India—alongside community-led housing initiatives from each country. We explore the extent to which community participation in housing delivery can have social and environmental advantages when compared to 'business as usual' methods and find that, given appropriate state support, community-based, and civil society actors (including organizations of the urban poor) have significant potential to contribute to acquiring land, building homes and improving the quality of life of vulnerable segments of the population. This paper echoes calls for community-led housing to become a recognized part of formal housing policy whilst emphasizing the need for theoretical refinement of the process so as to prevent it from being captured by prevailing market-led narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. From papers to practices: district level priority setting processes and criteria for family planning, maternal, newborn and child health interventions in Tanzania.
- Subjects
- *
FAMILY planning , *CHILDREN'S health , *MATERNAL health services , *NEWBORN infants - Abstract
The article presents a study focusing on district level priority setting processes and criteria for family planning, maternal, newborn and child health (FMNCH) interventions in Tanzania. It states that the improvement strategy should use research methods to further analyze and correct past problems at the same time by using the good practices to improve the current priority setting process for FMNCH interventions.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Evaluation of the sensitivity of microfilter paper assays in an anthropological study: results of samples from Cameroon and Tanzania.
- Author
-
Aebischer ML, Martorana MC, Costa F, Battaggia C, Madera A, Destito D, Machera F, Bailly C, and Angeloni P
- Subjects
- Adult, Cameroon, Gene Frequency genetics, Genetic Variation genetics, HIV Antibodies analysis, HIV Seroprevalence, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens analysis, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Tanzania, ABO Blood-Group System genetics, Blood Specimen Collection methods, Blood Stains, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Genetics, Population, Hemoglobin, Sickle genetics
- Abstract
Microfilter absorbed whole blood samples from 223 Tanzanian babies and 189 adults from Cameroon have been examined. Blood specimens are difficult to obtain from African suburban and rural areas, and lack of storage and transportation facilities can prevent the collection of samples. We evaluated some microassays employing whole blood collected on filter paper. This method is a well established technique in neonatal screening for endocrinometabolic diseases. We also developed microassays for whole dried blood spots to type AB0 blood groups and HIV disease using commercial reagents. Phenotype and gene frequencies for AB0 and hemoglobin systems as well as our results concerning the typings of thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are reported.
- Published
- 1990
29. Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Tanzania: assessing gender mainstreaming on paper and in practice.
- Author
-
Nyamhanga, Tumaini, Frumence, Gasto, and Simba, Daudi
- Subjects
HIV prevention ,GENDER inequality ,GENDER identity ,ANTIRETROVIRAL agents ,HIV-positive persons ,HIV infection transmission ,VERTICAL transmission (Communicable diseases) ,COUNSELING ,MEDICAL care ,MEDICAL protocols ,SEXISM ,PREVENTION - Abstract
Although gender mainstreaming has been long recognized as a strategy for addressing gender inequalities and associated negative health outcomes; its implementation has remained a challenge, even in the area of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Despite recognition of gender in Tanzania's political arena and prioritization of PMTCT by the health sector, there is very little information on how well gender has been mainstreamed into National PMTCT guidelines and organizational practices at service delivery level. Using a case study methodology, we combined document review with key informant interviews to assess gender mainstreaming in PMTCT on paper and in practice in Tanzania. We reviewed PMTCT policy/strategy documents using the WHO's Gender Responsive Assessment Scale (GRAS). The scale differentiates between level 1 (gender unequal), 2 (gender blind), 3 (gender sensitive), 4 (gender specific), and 5 (gender transformative). Key informant interviews were also conducted with 26 leaders purposively sampled from three government health facilities in Mwanza city to understand their practices. The gender responsiveness of PMTCT policy/strategy documents varies, with some being at GRAS level 3 (gender sensitive) and others at GRAS level 4 (gender specific). Those which are gender sensitive indicate gender awareness, but no remedial action is developed; while those which are gender specific go beyond indicating how gender may hinder PMTCT to highlighting remedial measures, such as the promotion of couple counselling and testing for HIV. In addition, interviews on organizational processes and practices suggested that there has been little attention to the holistic integration of gender in the delivery of PMTCT services. The study has revealed limited integration of gender concerns in PMTCT policy documents. Similarly, health facility leader responses indicate perspectives and practices that pay little attention to the holistic integration of gender in the delivery PMTCT services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM ON HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES: A RESEARCH IN BANKING SECTOR.
- Author
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Bhatia, Anchal and Nangia, Richa
- Subjects
PERSONNEL management information storage & retrieval systems ,BANKING industry ,PERSONNEL management ,DIGITAL technology - Abstract
Organizations have to constantly monitor the changes around their internal and external environment in order to compete and maintain the business interests due to the pressure and brutal competitive conditions of technetronic age posed by globalization and Digital Revolution. Human Resources Information System (HRIS) has become an important feature of Human Resource Management (HRM) in the emerging economies including Tanzania. The system has been adopted by several organizations but evaluation of its contribution to organization performance is rarely undertaken. In this paper, we report on the usefulness associated with the Human Resources Information System (HRIS) in banking sector. This study reviews literature and provides a scholarly background to the study by including some contributions given by various researchers as well as different fields were taken into consideration with regards to online mobile adoption. 15 articles from 1996 to 2023 were extracted through systematic procedure of search, also exclusion and inclusion criteria were adopted for the study. Results were found that the HRIS has the potential to enhance the speed and quality of decision making and the realisation of the HR strategy, thereby enhancing organizational effectiveness. After reviewing the literature various benefits of using human resource information system in the banks are found such as data integration, one-time updation, Access to any number of people and accurate data. This paper also provides different suggestions for effective implementation of human resource information system to various managers, employees working in banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Screening of malaria infections in human blood samples with varying parasite densities and anaemic conditions using AI-Powered mid-infrared spectroscopy.
- Author
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Mshani, Issa H., Jackson, Frank M., Mwanga, Rehema Y., Kweyamba, Prisca A., Mwanga, Emmanuel P., Tambwe, Mgeni M., Hofer, Lorenz M., Siria, Doreen J., González-Jiménez, Mario, Wynne, Klaas, Moore, Sarah J., Okumu, Fredros, Babayan, Simon A., and Baldini, Francesco
- Subjects
MID-infrared spectroscopy ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,MALARIA ,MEDICAL screening ,BLOOD sampling - Abstract
Background: Effective testing for malaria, including the detection of infections at very low densities, is vital for the successful elimination of the disease. Unfortunately, existing methods are either inexpensive but poorly sensitive or sensitive but costly. Recent studies have shown that mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with machine learning (MIRs-ML) has potential for rapidly detecting malaria infections but requires further evaluation on diverse samples representative of natural infections in endemic areas. The aim of this study was, therefore, to demonstrate a simple AI-powered, reagent-free, and user-friendly approach that uses mid-infrared spectra from dried blood spots to accurately detect malaria infections across varying parasite densities and anaemic conditions. Methods: Plasmodium falciparum strains NF54 and FCR3 were cultured and mixed with blood from 70 malaria-free individuals to create various malaria parasitaemia and anaemic conditions. Blood dilutions produced three haematocrit ratios (50%, 25%, 12.5%) and five parasitaemia levels (6%, 0.1%, 0.002%, 0.00003%, 0%). Dried blood spots were prepared on Whatman
™ filter papers and scanned using attenuated total reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) for machine-learning analysis. Three classifiers were trained on an 80%/20% split of 4655 spectra: (I) high contrast (6% parasitaemia vs. negative), (II) low contrast (0.00003% vs. negative) and (III) all concentrations (all positive levels vs. negative). The classifiers were validated with unseen datasets to detect malaria at various parasitaemia levels and anaemic conditions. Additionally, these classifiers were tested on samples from a population survey in malaria-endemic villages of southeastern Tanzania. Results: The AI classifiers attained over 90% accuracy in detecting malaria infections as low as one parasite per microlitre of blood, a sensitivity unattainable by conventional RDTs and microscopy. These laboratory-developed classifiers seamlessly transitioned to field applicability, achieving over 80% accuracy in predicting natural P. falciparum infections in blood samples collected during the field survey. Crucially, the performance remained unaffected by various levels of anaemia, a common complication in malaria patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the AI-driven mid-infrared spectroscopy approach holds promise as a simplified, sensitive and cost-effective method for malaria screening, consistently performing well despite variations in parasite densities and anaemic conditions. The technique simply involves scanning dried blood spots with a desktop mid-infrared scanner and analysing the spectra using pre-trained AI classifiers, making it readily adaptable to field conditions in low-resource settings. In this study, the approach was successfully adapted to field use, effectively predicting natural malaria infections in blood samples from a population-level survey in Tanzania. With additional field trials and validation, this technique could significantly enhance malaria surveillance and contribute to accelerating malaria elimination efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The perceived benefits and effectiveness of patient feedback systems in strengthening patient-provider relationships in Rural Tanzania.
- Author
-
Isangula, Kahabi, Pallangyo, Eunice S., and Ndirangu-Mugo, Eunice
- Subjects
PERCEIVED benefit ,PATIENT-professional relations ,HEALTH services administrators ,MEDICAL personnel ,RURAL health services - Abstract
Introduction: Patient feedback system (PFS) forms an important entry point for the medical personnel and healthcare administrators to identify healthcare service delivery gaps and develop responsive interventions. This may foster patient trust consequently increasing healthcare-seeking, engagement in decision, continuity, and satisfaction. However, research on the PFS in rural primary healthcare settings appears limited. Objective: The paper examines the perceived role and effectiveness of PFS in improving therapeutic relationships building on the recent research on patient-provider relationships in rural Tanzania. Methods: The paper examines the findings of qualitative descriptive research conducted in the Shinyanga Region which employed a human-centred design (HCD) approach to co-create an intervention package for improving nurse-client relationships between January and September 2022. The study used semi-structured interviews in Swahili to first explore drivers of poor provider-patient relationships with purposefully selected providers, patients, and administrators. The findings guided the co-designing of an intervention package in subsequent HCD steps. Interviews were concurrently translated and transcribed, then systematically coded to facilitate the development of themes using a deductive thematic analysis approach. Results: PFS emerged as one of the key themes in the deductive analysis when examining factors shaping provider–client relationships. The PFS theme was characterized by three major subthemes, which included perceived benefits, availability and accessibility, and perceived effectiveness. The perceived benefits of PFS cited by most participants included: reducing patients' confusion around the complaints process, promoting patients' positivity towards providers and hospitals, and reducing tensions between patients and providers. Suggestion boxes (SBs) were the most frequently cited PFS, but there were widespread concerns and disagreements among participants about their accessibility and effectiveness. Despite the providers (nurses) and administrators describing SBs as widely available, they stated that they had not received feedback or complaints from patients for a very long time. In contrast, most patients stated that SBs were either unavailable or ineffective in many facilities, with concerns about non-user friendliness and lack of responsiveness as the main issues when discussing effectiveness. Conclusion: Despite the many benefits of PFS in improving healthcare service quality, their availability, user-friendliness, and responsiveness still pose challenges. A call is made to providers, health administrators and researchers to prioritize the PFS as both a useful entry point to reducing tensions in therapeutic relationships and, a tool for improving patient service uptake, continuity of care and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Do surveys with paper and electronic devices differ in quality and cost? Experience from the Rufiji Health and demographic surveillance system in Tanzania.
- Author
-
Mukasa, Oscar, Mushi, Hildegalda P., Maire, Nicolas, Ross, Amanda, and de Savigny, Don
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRONIC health records , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *INTERVIEWING , *MEDICAL errors , *MEDICAL personnel , *SURVEYS , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Background: Data entry at the point of collection using mobile electronic devices may make data-handling processes more efficient and cost-effective, but there is little literature to document and quantify gains, especially for longitudinal surveillance systems. Objective: To examine the potential of mobile electronic devices compared with paper-based tools in health data collection. Methods: Using data from 961 households from the Rufiji Household and Demographic Survey in Tanzania, the quality and costs of data collected on paper forms and electronic devices were compared. We also documented, using qualitative approaches, field workers, whom we called ‘enumerators’, and households’ members on the use of both methods. Existing administrative records were combined with logistics expenditure measured directly from comparison households to approximate annual costs per 1,000 households surveyed. Results: Errors were detected in 17% (166) of households for the paper records and 2% (15) for the electronic records (p < 0.001). There were differences in the types of errors (p = 0.03). Of the errors occurring, a higher proportion were due to accuracy in paper surveys (79%, 95% CI: 72%, 86%) compared with electronic surveys (58%, 95% CI: 29%, 87%). Errors in electronic surveys were more likely to be related to completeness (32%, 95% CI 12%, 56%) than in paper surveys (11%, 95% CI: 7%, 17%).The median duration of the interviews (‘enumeration’), per household was 9.4 minutes (90% central range 6.4, 12.2) for paper and 8.3 (6.1, 12.0) for electronic surveys (p = 0.001). Surveys using electronic tools, compared with paper-based tools, were less costly by 28% for recurrent and 19% for total costs. Although there were technical problems with electronic devices, there was good acceptance of both methods by enumerators and members of the community. Conclusions: Our findings support the use of mobile electronic devices for large-scale longitudinal surveys in resource-limited settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Factors to determine the adoption of online teaching in Tanzania's Universities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Author
-
Anasel, Mackfallen G. and Swai, Idda L.
- Subjects
ONLINE education ,COVID-19 pandemic ,VIRTUAL classrooms ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,COMMUNICATION infrastructure - Abstract
Background: Face to face mode of delivery has been a standard method of teaching courses in the majority of African Universities Tanzania included. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the closure of all schools and universities worldwide; therefore, face-to-face teaching is no longer the only appropriate and feasible teaching method. This requires changes in the teaching method with the remarkable rise of e-learning, whereby teaching must be undertaken remotely and on digital platforms. Objective: The main objective of this study is to determine the perceived factors that hinder the adoption of online teaching in Tanzanian universities. Method: A mixed method dominated by a quantitative approach was used to answer the research questions. A total of 173 academic and ICT staff from nineteen universities in Tanzania participated in this study. Descriptive statistics (univariate analysis) and binary logistic regression were applied to analyse the frequency and compare the mean to describe the characteristics of respondents and determine the factors influencing the academic staff to have an online course. This was followed by content analysis to analyse the academic staff's proposed adaptation to online classes. Results: The findings indicated that the main hindrances to online teaching are lack of capacity; knowledge on how to conduct online courses; knowledge and technological factors; environmental factors; staff attitudes towards delivering online courses, and years spent using eLearning. The academic staff proposed improving ICT infrastructure and strengthening the capacity of academic staff to provide online courses. Conclusion: The study concludes that most academic staff are willing to adopt online teaching while suggesting improving the organisational and individual factors to enhance online education. The paper recommends that the university use freely available online teaching tools and platforms while simultaneously focusing on addressing the corporate and individual factors identified in this paper to enhance online teaching, which is mandatory in response to lockdown measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. COMPLIANCE OF LARGE-SCALE MINING COMPANIES TO REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE MINING: A CASE OF BUZWAGI GOLD MINE, KAHAMA DISTRICT, TANZANIA.
- Author
-
MALIGANYA, Willy and BENGESI, Kenneth M. K.
- Subjects
MINERAL industries ,STATISTICAL sampling ,PUBLICATIONS ,DATA analysis - Abstract
The mining sector in most developing countries including Tanzania has become an important sector for the economy. However, the sector still faces many challenges to realize its full potential. This paper assesses whether mining companies complied with the regulatory framework of the mining sector based on community perspectives in Kahama District. A total of 215 households were sampled for the study based on Bailey’s method using a sampling per cent of 9.3%. Within villages, respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaire, focus group discussions, observations and document reviews. While content analysis was used to analyse primary qualitative data, factor analysis was employed to reduce variables which were then analyzed to find extent of compliance of large-scale mining companies with regulatory framework for sustainable mining, and documentary review was used to analyse secondary data. The findings show that consultation for views on issues, publication of anticipated effects and benefits in communities were positively attained by the mining companies. However, mining companies’ operations to a large extent have negatively affected the qualities of water, soil, air and use of the available resources within operation areas. The paper concludes that although large mining companies are required in Tanzania, addressing the existing challenges would lead to achieving sustainable mining practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Advancing genetic testing for neurological disorders in Tanzania: importance, challenges, and strategies for implementation.
- Author
-
Alimohamed, Mohamed Zahir, Siima, Angela Augustine, and Manji, Mohamed
- Subjects
NEUROLOGICAL disorders ,GENETIC testing ,DIAGNOSTIC services ,ROUTINE diagnostic tests ,MOLECULAR diagnosis ,MIDDLE-income countries - Abstract
This manuscript discusses the critical need for advancing genetic testing capabilities for neurological disorders (NDs) in Tanzania, emphasizing the importance, challenges, and strategies for implementation. Neurological disorders, often caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, disproportionately affect low and middle-income countries like Tanzania. Patients with neurogenetic diagnoses in Tanzania face substantial obstacles, including lack of trust in medical professionals, stigmatization, and limited access to proper care. The manuscript underscores the infancy of genetic testing implementation for NDs in Tanzania, citing challenges such as high costs, limited availability, and the absence of routine testing in diagnostic procedures. The paper recommends establishing well-characterized cohorts, conducting a nationwide emergency census survey, and enhancing diagnostic services and healthcare financing. The paper stresses on the importance of collaboration, research, public awareness, and advocacy to address the challenges posed by NDs in Tanzania. The manuscript proposes a comprehensive plan, including training and capacity building in molecular diagnosis and bioinformatics, to establish genetic testing capabilities and reduce the burden of NDs in the country. Overall, the manuscript calls for a collaborative effort involving government support, stakeholder engagement, and international partnerships to advance genetic testing and improve healthcare outcomes for individuals with neurological disorders in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Human–Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) Conflict in the Tarangire Ecosystem, Tanzania.
- Author
-
Raycraft, Justin
- Subjects
SPOTTED hyena ,WILDLIFE conservation ,EXTERNALITIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL management - Abstract
Interactions between people and large carnivores on shared landscapes can have harmful social and ecological consequences. Human–carnivore coexistence depends on an assemblage of sociological factors including effective management institutions that address the social costs of carnivore conservation and promote tolerance toward wildlife. In East Africa, large carnivores are particularly troublesome for herders who depend on livestock for subsistence and wellbeing. This paper provides an overview of human–hyena conflict in the Tarangire ecosystem of northern Tanzania. It presents descriptive results from a questionnaire survey (n = 1076) administered as part of an anthropological study (2019–2020; 2022; 2023) of human–wildlife interactions across twelve villages inhabited by Maasai agropastoralists. The survey instrument was designed through community-based participatory research methods to convey herder concerns about the impacts of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) on the livestock economy. Based on the perceptions and local ecological knowledge of Maasai interlocutors, the paper provides an overview of the spatial and temporal patterns of human–hyena interactions. Perceived frequencies of hyena attacks on kraaled livestock were unevenly distributed geographically, with those homesteads surrounding Manyara Ranch most heavily affected. Based on herder-reported livestock losses, the costs of depredation by spotted hyenas across the study area were estimated at approximately USD 904.84 per household per year. Most homesteads lacked fortified bomas and would benefit from the provision of lights and fencing materials to improve kraal structures. The paper's central finding is that spotted hyenas represent a pressing, everyday concern for local pastoralists. Unsurprisingly, herders despise hyenas and are intolerant of sharing landscapes with them. For carnivore conservation outside protected areas to thrive in Tanzania, conservationists and policy makers must engage more meaningfully with the lived experiences of local herders who bear the brunt of conservation costs on their livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Examining the Impact of Tanzania's Language Policy in Education on Promoting the Chinese Language in Tanzania.
- Author
-
Kambaya, Charles Aniseti and Xiao Hong
- Subjects
CHINESE language ,LANGUAGE policy ,EDUCATION policy ,LANGUAGE & languages - Abstract
This paper examines the impact of Tanzania’s language policy on the promotion of the Chinese language within Tanzania. The objective is to delve into the evolution of Tanzania’s language policy across different eras, understand the factors influencing language policy in Tanzania, and analyze how the present Tanzanian language policy affects the dissemination of the Chinese language. The results reveal that Tanzania’s current language policy has both positive and negative effects on the promotion of the Chinese language within the country. Based on the research findings, the authors propose strategies to further enhance the teaching of the Chinese language in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Lower extremity injuries secondary to road traffic accidents in East Africa: A systematic review.
- Author
-
Ayotte, Steven, Dravid, Avi V., Mahmoud, Mattia A., Baldwin, Keith D., and Sheth, Neil P.
- Subjects
LEG injuries ,INJURY risk factors ,PREVENTION of injury ,ONLINE information services ,MOTOR vehicles ,TRAFFIC accidents ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,EFFECT sizes (Statistics) ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,WOUNDS & injuries ,MEDLINE - Abstract
Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in East Africa. Lower extremity (LE) injuries are especially debilitating, negatively impacting quality of life and employment prospects. This systematic review characterizes the proportion of LE injuries due to RTAs in four members of the East African Community: Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Methods: Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and PubMed were queried for studies from 2010 to 2022 providing information on lower extremity injuries caused by RTAs in the countries of interest. Proportions of RTA-related LE injuries were extracted from eligible papers. Study quality and bias were assessed using the framework for systematic reviews established by Zaza et al.1 Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria--four for Kenya, two for Uganda, and one for Tanzania; however, no eligible studies were found for Rwanda. The proportion of RTA-related injuries affecting the lower extremities ranged from 0.39 to 0.49. In patients presenting with LE injuries, RTAs were the most frequent cause, representing more than 70% of cases in the examined studies. Motorcycle accidents were not more likely to cause LE injuries, but they were the most significant contributor to the overall LE injury burden due to their prevalence. Conclusions: With urbanization and the increased adoption of low-cost motorcycles, RTAs will continue to pose a public health challenge. Investments in traffic enforcement and physical infrastructure will alleviate the risks to both motorists and pedestrians. In addition to primary prevention, there is a significant need for improvements in emergency care and surgical capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Development of Railway Information System to Improve Railway Data Aggregation and Analysis in Tanzania.
- Author
-
Adam, Kitoi E., Dida, Mussa Ally, and Nyambo, Devotha G.
- Subjects
INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,DATA analysis ,WEB-based user interfaces ,JOINT use of railroad facilities ,MIXED methods research ,MOBILE apps ,RAILROAD management - Abstract
For more than three decades, railway transportation in Tanzania has been in an on-and-off state even though a railway network exists. This is due to damaged tracks, a lack of proper management, and railway operational information. Recently, the Tanzanian government made efforts to revive railway transportation by reopening a few train routes and constructing a new and improved railway network. Even with revived operations, the digitalization process of railway data is still at a low pace as most data is populated in excel sheets for analysis; the major source of data being paper-based. With the use of a mixed research method, this paper provides an information system in the form of mobile and web applications, which provide a platform for populating railway data through the web application accessible to the railway corporation and disseminating railway information to the public through the mobile application. With these platforms, data aggregation and analysis have been made easier and more understandable than the use of excel sheets alone. The results show great possibilities for increased use of digital techniques such as web mapping, which contribute to higher data accuracy and better visualization of railway information that can be disseminated to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Electronic Journal of Information System in Developing Countries (2014-2021): A Bibliometric Study.
- Author
-
Akbar, Azeem, Gulzar, Ayesha, Siddique, Nadeem, and Khan, Muhammad Ajmal
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC journals ,KEYWORDS ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,DEVELOPING countries ,BIBLIOMETRICS - Abstract
Electronic Journal of Information System in Developing Countries (EJISDC) has already published a bibliometric study from 2000-2013, and this study is a further continuation of the pervious study from 2014-2021. The data retrieved from the Scopus database was analyzed through VOS viewer, biblioshiny, Microsoft Excel, and MS Access. This bibliometric study found the different aspects of the EJISDC, i.e., document types, publishing trends, authorship patterns, most productive countries, prolific authors, organizations, frequently used keywords, and country collaboration during 2014-21. The result found that total 346 publications having 1513 citation and most of the documents type was published research articles. The maximum publication was 51 in 2017 and received 313 citations in 2014. Authorship patterns showed that two author patterns produce maximum publications (142) with 666 citations. Heeks was the most prolific author in terms of paper publication (8 papers). South Africa and the University of Cape Town are at the top of the list to produce maximum articles during 2014-21. ICT4D was the most used keyword by the authors, and Tanzania is the top country to collaborate with other countries. Results for this study showed that the publications trend had been changed during 2014-21. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
42. Volunteering for a job: Creativity and Tanzanian youth
- Author
-
Cutright, Chelsea
- Published
- 2024
43. Gender politics and politics in gender in Iringa District (Tanzania).
- Author
-
Mignanti, Cecilia
- Subjects
PRACTICAL politics ,HISTORICAL analysis ,FEMINISM ,RURAL geography ,GENDER ,WOMEN'S roles - Abstract
The paper deals with gender politics in Tanzania through a social, historical and literary perspective. This analysis is the result of a two months fieldwork based in the rural area of the Iringa region, where I collected data related to genderbased issues expressed by women and girls of several ages and generations thanks to the collaboration with two NGO's that operate in the area, namely the Tanzanian PSBF and the Italian CEFA. Through a historical analysis, this paper sheds the light on the women's active participation in the liberation movements since pre-colonial time in Tanganyika and then Tanzania, presenting the path of several women's struggles that contributed to the ideation of the gender politics of today. Nowadays, patriarchal oppression is strictly bounded to globalization and cashbased economy. These topics are analysed in the Swahili literal repertoire and discussed by the contemporary African feminist movements that will be presented above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
44. TEACHER PERFORMANCE IN TANZANIA: DISCOVERING THE INFLUENCE OF SALARY AS A MOTIVATIONAL CATALYST - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.
- Author
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KAMBUGA, Yusuph Maulid
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TEACHERS' salaries ,PERFORMANCE ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,META-analysis - Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between teachers' salaries and their performance in Tanzania. The study highlights the importance of teachers and their role in shaping future generations. However, the low salary levels of teachers have resulted in low motivation, high turnover, and low performance. The review methodology involved a systematic search of electronic databases using keywords related to Tanzania, teacher salaries, teacher performance, motivation, turnover, and job satisfaction through publish or perish software. Databases such as Semantic Scholar, ERIC, Science Direct, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2023. The study used established inclusion and exclusion criteria, and sixteen studies met the criteria, including three quantitative, eight mixed-method, and five qualitative studies. The findings reliably showed that low salaries negatively affect teacher performance worldwide. Teachers receiving low salaries are less motivated, have lower job satisfaction, and are more likely to engage in absenteeism and moonlighting. Moreover, low salaries lead to a brain drain of highly qualified teachers from the public education system to private schools or other professions. The study highlights the importance of addressing the issue of low salaries for teachers in Tanzania to improve teacher performance and the quality of education. The findings showed the role of policymakers, educators, and stakeholders, underscoring the need for a policy addressing the issue of low teacher salaries to improve the quality of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
45. "...We never considered it important...": a qualitative study on perceived barriers on use of non-pharmacological methods in management of labour pain by nurse-midwives in eastern Tanzania.
- Author
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Mwakawanga, Dorkasi L., Sirili, Nathanael, Chikwala, Victor Z., and Mselle, Lilian T.
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NURSES ,QUALITATIVE research ,RESEARCH funding ,MIDWIVES ,CONTENT analysis ,LABOR pain (Obstetrics) ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,NURSING ,PAIN management ,ALTERNATIVE medicine ,NURSES' attitudes ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,RESEARCH ,PROFESSIONAL competence - Abstract
Background: A significant number of women experience labour without effective pain management and thus suffer from unbearable labour pain to the extent they term labour as the most agonizing event in their lives. Unresolved labour pain can lead to stress, fear, and confusion, which may compromise placental perfusion and lead to birth asphyxia. Although various pharmacological and non-pharmacological labour pain management methods exist, the use of non-pharmacological methods (NPMs) to manage labour pain has remained low in low-resource settings. This paper explored the barriers for using NPMs to manage labour pain by nurse-midwives in eastern Tanzania. Methods: We conducted an exploratory qualitative study with 18 nurse-midwives purposefully recruited from the labour wards of two selected district hospitals in eastern Tanzania. Qualitative content analysis guided the data analysis. Results: Two categories illustrating barriers to using NPMs were generated: individual-level and institutional-level barriers. Individual-level barriers include (i) limited competencies of nurse-midwives on the use of NPMs for managing labour pain, (ii) inadequate exposure to labour pain management practices, (iii) misconceptions about labour pain relief, and (iv) a lack of opportunities for knowledge acquisition. The institutional barriers include (i) a critical staff shortage amidst many clients and (ii) an unfavourable healthcare facility environment. Conclusion: The implementation of NPMs for labour pain management by nurse-midwives in eastern Tanzania faces several institutional and individual barriers. We recommend addressing both supply- and demand-side barriers. Strengthening nurse midwives' competencies in NPMs adoption and use and improving the facility environment to ensure privacy during labour can be a starting point for addressing supply-side issues. We recommend dispelling myths and misconceptions through health promotion education to address demand-side barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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46. The Ugandan sickle Pan-African research consortium registry: design, development, and lessons.
- Author
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Nsubuga, Mike, Mutegeki, Henry, Jjingo, Daudi, Munube, Deogratias, Namazzi, Ruth, Opoka, Robert, Kasirye, Philip, Ndeezi, Grace, Hume, Heather, Mupere, Ezekiel, Kebirungi, Grace, Birungi, Isaac, Morrice, Jack, Jonas, Mario, Nembaware, Victoria, Wonkam, Ambroise, Makani, Julie, and Kiguli, Sarah
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MEDICAL registries ,CONSORTIA ,SICKLE cell anemia ,TRAUMA registries ,RESOURCE-limited settings ,PUBLIC hospitals ,DATA dictionaries - Abstract
Background: Sub-Saharan Africa bears the highest burden of sickle cell disease (SCD) globally with Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda being the most affected countries. Uganda reports approximately 20,000 SCD births annually, constituting 6.67% of reported global SCD births. Despite this, there is a paucity of comprehensive data on SCD from the African continent. SCD registries offer a promising avenue for conducting prospective studies, elucidating disease severity patterns, and evaluating the intricate interplay of social, environmental, and genetic factors. This paper describes the establishment of the Sickle Pan Africa Research Consortium (SPARCo) Uganda registry, encompassing its design, development, data collection, and key insights learned, aligning with collaborative efforts in Nigeria, Tanzania, and Ghana SPARCo registries. Methods: The registry was created using pre-existing case report forms harmonized from the SPARCo data dictionary and ontology to fit Uganda clinical needs. The case report forms were developed with SCD data elements of interest including demographics, consent, baseline, clinical, laboratory and others. That data was then parsed into a customized REDCap database, configured to suit the optimized ontologies and support retrieval aggregations and analyses. Patients were enrolled from one national referral and three regional referral hospitals in Uganda. Results: A nationwide electronic patient-consented registry for SCD was established from four regional hospitals. A total of 5,655 patients were enrolled from Mulago National Referral Hospital (58%), Jinja Regional Referral (14.4%), Mbale Regional Referral (16.9%), and Lira Regional Referral (10.7%) hospitals between June 2022 and October 2023. Conclusion: Uganda has been able to develop a SCD registry consistent with data from Tanzania, Nigeria and Ghana. Our findings demonstrate that it's feasible to develop longitudinal SCD registries in sub-Saharan Africa. These registries will be crucial for facilitating a range of studies, including the analysis of SCD clinical phenotypes and patient outcomes, newborn screening, and evaluation of hydroxyurea use, among others. This initiative underscores the potential for developing comprehensive disease registries in resource-limited settings, fostering collaborative, data-driven research efforts aimed at addressing the multifaceted challenges of SCD in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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47. ‘<italic>Nyungu</italic>’: an indigenous healing practice for decolonising the global health measures of COVID-19 in Tanzania.
- Author
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Mutebi, Simon
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH self-care , *COVID-19 pandemic , *WORLD health , *AFRICAN traditional medicine , *DECOLONIZATION , *HEALING - Abstract
During the COVID-19 outbreak – a paradigmatic global health challenge – multiple African countries, including Tanzania, mobilised indigenous forms of healing as both preventive and curative measures to curb the pandemic. However, despite this effort to curtail the crisis, the place of indigenous medical knowledge in decolonising global health interventions remains unexamined. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Tanzania, as well as political speeches and newspaper sources, this paper examines how the government, under the late President John Pombe Magufuli, responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper demonstrates that the late Magufuli’s approach to the pandemic, and especially the mobilisation of local practices of self-care like steaming with
nyungu , stirred debates on decolonising global health and the role of African traditional medicines in the COVID-19 pandemic response. Building on scholarship regarding the efforts to promote indigenous healing knowledge in postcolonial states in Africa, I argue that colonial history and postcolonial political positionings towards this history were the ‘cause’ for Magufuli’s resistance towards global health interventions of COVID-19 in Tanzania. This draws our attention to the possibility of new thinking when it comes to how global health, colonialism, national politics, and local practices of self-care likenyungu , interact with one another in contemporary Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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48. Infection prevention and control of highly infectious pathogens in resource-limited countries: an experience from Marburg viral disease outbreak in Kagera Region - Tanzania.
- Author
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Kinyenje, Erick, Hokororo, Joseph, Ngowi, Ruth, Kiremeji, Michael, Mnunga, Elice, Samwel, Angela, Sylvanus, Erasto, Mnken, Emmanuel, Yango, Missana, Mtalika, Mikidadi, Mmbaga, Vida, Saitoti, Noel, Malecha, Alex, Kundy, Faith, Rwabilimbo, Martin, Kaniki, Issessanda, Mwisomba, Godwin, Charles, Erica, Mughanga, Patrick, and Kitambi, Mary
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RESOURCE-limited settings ,INFECTION prevention ,VIRUS diseases ,INFECTION control ,DISEASE outbreaks - Abstract
Marburg viral disease (MVD) is a highly infectious disease with a case fatality rate of up to 90%, particularly impacting resource-limited countries where implementing Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures is challenging. This paper shares the experience of how Tanzania has improved its capacity to prevent and control highly infectious diseases, and how this capacity was utilized during the outbreak of the MVD disease that occurred for the first time in the country in 2023. In 2016 and the subsequent years, Tanzania conducted self and external assessments that revealed limited IPC capacity in responding to highly infectious diseases. To address these gaps, initiatives were undertaken, including the enhancement of IPC readiness through the development and dissemination of guidelines, assessments of healthcare facilities, supportive supervision and mentorship, procurement of supplies, and the renovation or construction of environments to bolster IPC implementation. The official confirmation and declaration of MVD on March 21, 2023, came after five patients had already died of the disease. MVD primarily spreads through contact and presents with severe symptoms, which make patient care and prevention challenging, especially in resource-limited settings. However, with the use of a trained workforce; IPC rapid needs assessment was conducted, identifying specific gaps. Based on the results; mentorship programs were carried out, specific policies and guidelines were developed, security measures were enhanced, all burial activities in the area were supervised, and both patients and staff were monitored across all facilities. By the end of the outbreak response on June 1, 2023, a total of 212 contacts had been identified, with the addition of only three deaths. Invasive procedures like dialysis and Manual Vacuum Aspiration prevented some deaths in infected patients, procedures previously discouraged. In summary, this experience underscores the critical importance of strict adherence to IPC practices in controlling highly infectious diseases. Recommendations for low-income countries include motivating healthcare providers and improving working conditions to enhance commitment in challenging environments. This report offers valuable insights and practical interventions for preparing for and addressing highly infectious disease outbreaks through implementation of IPC measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Entomological survey of sibling species in the Anopheles funestus group in Tanzania confirms the role of Anopheles parensis as a secondary malaria vector.
- Author
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Mapua, Salum Abdallah, Samb, Badara, Nambunga, Ismail Hassan, Mkandawile, Gustav, Bwanaly, Hamis, Kaindoa, Emmanuel Wilson, Odero, Joel Ouma, Masalu, John Paliga, Kahamba, Najat Feruz, Hape, Emmanuel Elirehema, Govella, Nicodem James, Okumu, Fredros Oketch, and Tripet, Frederic
- Subjects
PYRETHROIDS ,ANOPHELES ,MALARIA ,ANOPHELES gambiae ,DNA primers ,RIBOSOMAL DNA ,INSECT traps - Abstract
Background: Malaria transmission in Tanzania is driven by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group. The latter includes An. funestus s.s., an anthropophilic vector, which is now strongly resistant to public health insecticides, and several sibling species, which remain largely understudied despite their potential as secondary vectors. This paper provides the initial results of a cross-country study of the species composition, distribution and malaria transmission potential of members of the Anopheles funestus group in Tanzania. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected inside homes in 12 regions across Tanzania between 2018 and 2022 using Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and Prokopack aspirators. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting the noncoding internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) were used to identify sibling species in the An. funestus group and presence of Plasmodium infections, respectively. Where DNA fragments failed to amplify during PCR, we sequenced the ITS2 region to identify any polymorphisms. Results: The following sibling species of the An. funestus group were found across Tanzania: An. funestus s.s. (50.3%), An. parensis (11.4%), An. rivulorum (1.1%), An. leesoni (0.3%). Sequencing of the ITS2 region in the nonamplified samples showed that polymorphisms at the priming sites of standard species-specific primers obstructed PCR amplification, although the ITS2 sequences closely matched those of An. funestus s.s., barring these polymorphisms. Of the 914 samples tested for Plasmodium infections, 11 An. funestus s.s. (1.2%), and 2 An. parensis (0.2%) individuals were confirmed positive for P. falciparum. The highest malaria transmission intensities [entomological inoculation rate (EIR)] contributed by the Funestus group were in the north-western region [108.3 infectious bites/person/year (ib/p/y)] and the south-eastern region (72.2 ib/p/y). Conclusions: Whereas An. funestus s.s. is the dominant malaria vector in the Funestus group in Tanzania, this survey confirms the occurrence of Plasmodium-infected An. parensis, an observation previously made in at least two other occasions in the country. The findings indicate the need to better understand the ecology and vectorial capacity of this and other secondary malaria vectors in the region to improve malaria control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Universities with standards but not standard universities: students and academics reflection of university operating standards in Tanzania.
- Author
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William, Yohana
- Subjects
COLLEGE students ,HONESTY ,HIGHER education ,EDUCATIONAL quality - Abstract
Quality of teaching and learning in higher education is explained by the teaching and learning milieus through which academic staff and students interact. Subsequently, governments across the globe have been establishing standards that aim at improving the teaching and learning milieus in universities as part of the efforts to facilitate the provision of quality university education that address national and global needs and contexts simultaneously. This paper draws evidence from the quantitative data gauging the reflection and experiences of academic staff and students regarding the extent to which milieus for the provision of education in post-1995 universities reflect the goals of the standards established to govern the operation of universities in Tanzania. Overall, the study found dissatisfactions from both academic staff and students regarding the extent to which the teaching and learning milieus in post-1995 universities in Tanzania reflect the standards. This poor reflection may have negative impacts on the realisation of the goals the standards intend to achieve. The study therefore underscores the need for the government to plan, design and enforce the appropriate standards that would have notable impacts on the academic experiences of academic staff and students and subsequently provision of education for national and global needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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