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This paper investigates the differentiated educational ideologies projected during the Japanese colonial era by comparing the Japanese language textbooks used by Korean and Japanese primary students at that time. By comparing the texts and images in "Kokugotokuhon" (Japanese language textbooks for Korean students) and "Shougakutokuhon" (Japanese language textbooks for Japanese students) with critical discourse analysis (CDA) in analysis of texts and visual image analysis (VIA) for images, this paper verifies the differentiated educational ideologies that Japanese colonial authorities presented to Korean students. There were three findings that were featured in the Japanese language textbooks for Korean students that were absent from the textbooks for Japanese students. Firstly, depictions of physical labour and helping parents after school and late at night were present only in the textbooks for Koreans. Secondly, Japanese nationalism with an Emperor-centred ideology was emphasised in the Japanese language textbooks used by Koreans. Thirdly, the textbooks encouraged Korean students to practise war-like games and drills. The results from this study suggest that differentiated education was provided to Korean students during the Japanese colonial era via the contents of the Japanese language textbooks, which projected the colonial ideologies of the Japanese government. Korean students were being educated to become Japanese colonial subjects.

The concept of educationalization refers to the government's tendency to impose heavy responsibilities to solve social problems on the school system. In this paper, after briefly reviewing the concept of educationalization, I will show that it is a ubiquitous phenomenon in contemporary Japan through three cases. This will prove that school reforms intended to fix social problems are poorly resourced and powerless to change schools in general. This stagnation is due to (1) immature professionalism in educators, (2) loss of motivation for "conspicuous consumption", and (3) the absence of ideals, beliefs, and values to be expressed in school reform. Elsewhere, another series of school reforms are much favored, well-funded and powerful in Japan. After posing anti-ijime policies as the best example, I describe and analyze the background of this type by introducing the concept of "officialization of school problems". Strongly supported by school consumers, it has successfully received a hegemonic position. However, under the hegemony the relation between school and environment is over-simplified by the logic of neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism. After comparing both types, we find a modest utility of educationalization: it could interrupt the perpetuation of hegemonic ideologies and make it possible to see the outer world in its complicated reality.

This paper explores how Japan employed language education to justify Japanese imperial surveillance practices by examining the depiction of policemen and military police officers in Japanese language textbooks used by Korean primary students during the colonial period under Japanese rule. The analysis of the Japanese language textbooks used during this period uncovered the colonial educational goals and ideologies presented to Korean students, the ideal colonial citizens desired by the ruling system, and colonial aims furthered. This study investigates the ideologies presented in the textbooks using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Visual Image Analysis (VIA) by analyzing eight textbooks that were used in Japan and Korea. Both images and texts relating to Japanese government officials in the textbooks for Koreans from the colonial era are analyzed. The study reveals that the textbooks positioned Korean students to accept and integrate Japanese ideologies and attempted to indoctrinate Koreans into believing that the Japanese government officials were kind and cooperative, while also maximizing their authority over the colonized in their portrayal. The portrayal of government officials in the textbooks further reinforced this by showing the colonized having to display good behavior to authority figures, while not conveying any negative images of the government officials.

This paper spotlights the twelve slogans of the Olympic Games in order to critically analyze the ideologies underlying the discourse. By taking the principles of critical discourse analysis (CDA) and Halliday's (1994) systemic-functional grammar (SFG) as analytical tools, the paper endeavours to reveal the ideology that predominates in the ruling class and that may impinge on the ways in which the slogans are constructed and elucidated. Furthermore, the images of the host countries manifested in the slogans and their attitude towards and enthusiasm for the Olympic Games are construed. Last but not least, with the rapid development of political and economic globalization, the enhanced call for friendliness and harmony is clearly shown in the linguistic structures of these slogans by analyzing them diachronically.

The term "globalization" does more than represent a set of material (and ideological) processes that have impacts on education and schooling. Additionally, "globalization" operates as a conceptual lens or set of interventions, which is significantly impacting academic discourses in Education and in other disciplines. Not only has "Globalization and Education" (G&E) emerged as a new, trans-disciplinary field of Educational Studies, insights from this field and globalization studies more directly have impacted many other fields of Education. This paper summarizes major impacts of globalization on education and maps out a "first-wave" G&E discourse by analyzing a small set of key texts published around the turn of the century. The paper distills key uses of globalization from this "first-wave" G&E and more recent correctives to clarify the potential applications for--and implications of the "lens" of--globalization for educational scholarship. (Contains 9 footnotes.)

One important task in internationalizing Japanese education is educating Japanese citizens to become "global citizens." This paper is a philosophical analysis of how Global Education deals with the problem of cultural-moral difference (moral conflict that arises between different cultures). The usual approaches taken in Global Education and Kokusai Rikai Kyôiku are a mix of cultural relativism and moral anti-relativism. Teachers often take one of the following strategies to dismiss cultural-moral difference: utilitarianism, absolutized human rights, rational justification, or "two-layer" approaches (suggested by Will Kymlicka). But these fail to balance the need for both openness to the other and moral engagement. As an alternative, I discuss Watsuji Tetsurô's search for moral unity in the empty dynamic of individualization and harmonization that is then expressed as culture. This unity is sought through a "hermeneutics of moral action," which considers how people are emplaced in multiple relational contexts in space and time. I sketch how this can be applied through a class on "Ethics across Cultural Difference." This alternative (Buddhist-Confucian) approach thus suggests a second sense of internationalizing Japanese education--using Japanese traditional theories to provide solutions for a global problem.

Tobin's work has been groundbreaking. Famously, he and his team put together a sophisticated comparative study of three ways of doing pre-school--in Japan, China, and the United States (1989). As such, this study has precedents in anthropology. What is unique in Tobin's work is that he got people from one place to comment on what they saw people from "other" places do, including what these Others said about Them. This is not only a study about cultural difference but, more significantly, a study about what might be called "meta-culture" or "meta-ideology," culture "about" culture, ideology "about" ideology. In this article, the author analyzes Tobin's study and shares his personal views on the results of Tobin's study.

Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata is an educational method related to teaching of written expression for children that was pioneered in elementary school education settings throughout the 1920s and 1930s, and which was widely adopted in Japan in the 1930s. It is a unique method developed in Japan that uses both school and non-school resources, not only in written expression education, but also as a foundation for intellectual training and character building. Using this method, children and young people craft written compositions using material from their own lives, which they then share with others. From an international perspective, it has been noted that the Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata movement shares features with the type of pragmatism advocated by Charles Sanders Peirce in the USA beginning in the 1870s. It is also relevant to note there are similarities between the literacy education practices of Paulo Freire, who developed critical pedagogy in Brazil, and aspects of the "living, working academic ability" found in Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata. The aim of this paper is to clarify the ideology of Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata and identify the features of its practice. In this process, a number of points will be examined. These are (1) the relationship with Japan's education system; (2) the establishment and sphere of pedagogic action of Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata; (3) the realism of Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata; (4) the collectivism of Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata; and (5) whether or not Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata can be classified as education. In particular, the ideology of Seikatsu-Tsuzurikata and the features related to its practice will be highlighted through an examination of the background leading to its establishment, facts regarding the realism of the thoughts and actions of one of the primary originators Tadayoshi Sasaoka (1897-1937), and collectivism as practiced by Tsuzurikata teachers. (Contains 1 note.)

After the establishment of the Convention of the Rights of the Child, the implementation of the Convention became the obligation of the government of each country and the responsibility of every society. However, in reality, many infringements on the rights of children, both visible and invisible, exist not only due to starvation, insecurity and warfare in developing countries, but also as a result of poverty in many of highly developed countries. In this paper I will first discuss the state of children in the world briefly according to UNICEF reports, and then the situation of children in Japan according to NGO's and Citizens' reports. Secondly, I would like to comment on the development of the ideas of "discovery of childhood", and children's rights from modern age to the Convention. Thirdly, I will construct the contents of the rights of children in the global age, reconsidering the relationship between human rights, children's rights and children's human rights. A Child is a human being. A child is a child, not miniature adult. A Child is growing being. Thus, the right to live, to develop, to express views, to learn and to require and receive education are the cores of the rights of children. The fulfillment of children's rights involves the fundamental basis of human rights. In conclusion, a child has to be respected as a human being, to be heard and to be responded to. We must widen our perspective beyond the frontier of one country. Peace and living-together in harmony with nature will be the prerequisite conditions for protecting children and for implementation of the Convention. (Contains 1 note.)

A study demonstrates the existence of a wartime register in Japanese newspaper journalism and characterizes its major linguistic and stylistic features. Special emphasis is placed on the aspect of modality as related to point of view. Modality expresses the mode within which the propositional content of a sentence is presented as certain, reliable, or authoritative, and it functions to regulate interpersonal relations in a language community. Point of view indicates a particular way of conceptualizing and refers to world-view or ideology. In relation to, or as a part of, modal functions, these issues are considered: point of view; certainty and probability; deontic and epistemic modality; and the use of classical style. To demonstrate the special features of modality in the wartime register, a diachronic comparison is made with texts from peacetime discourse. Contains 36 references. (Author/MSE)

This paper presents a duoethnographic study into the effects of native-speakerism on the professional lives of two English language teachers, one "native", and one "non-native speaker" of English. The goal of the study was to build on and extend existing research on the topic of native-speakerism by investigating, through dialogic interaction, the complex ways in which this ideology can influence the lives and career trajectories of individual language teachers. We show that the effects of native-speakerism can vary greatly from person to person based on not only their "native" or "non-native" positioning, but also on geography, teaching context and personal disposition.

The focus of this paper is on Japanese philosophy of education in the post-war period. We begin with a historical account, concentrating on developments in ideas and their interrelation with policy, and then go on to discuss aspects of the contemporary scene. Central to our concerns here are the ways in which there has been an impoverishment of the public and private realms, especially with the collusion of private and national interests under the sway of neo-liberal and neo-conservative ideologies. We conclude our discussion by identifying some current trends in Japanese philosophy of education, highlighting ways in which new developments in the subject may lay the way for restoring and enhancing the relationship between the private and the public.

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The restructuring of Japan's iron and steel industry between 1919 and 1934 sees a shift from the "entrepreneurial" mode of exchange to that of "mercantile." In this context, the paper considers the use of moral persuasion exercised by government to convince business to restructure the industry to achieve greater aggregate efficiency. Particular attention is given to what we call the "moral imperative" argument. This form of moral persuasion derived its strength and legitimacy from national aspirations embedded in such goals as fukoku kyohei or shokusan kogyo. Apart from Yawata, the government- owned and -operated integrated producer, the industry was largely divided between iron and steel producers. It is thus that government came to the negotiation table not only mandated to realize the industry7 s greater efficiency, but also was decidedly the most efficient producer. As our analysis shows, despite this, business resisted for much of the period in question. It was only when business' financial calculations turned in favor amalgamation that this was achieved and a new mode of exchange emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses language policy behind the spread of Japanese among Japanese linguistic majorities and Japanese colonial subjects. The period discussed stretches from 1868, the year of the Meiji restoration, until 1945, when Japan withdrew from all its colonies. Policies in four polities are discussed: Ainu Mosir (Hokkaidō), the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan and Korea. In Japan, modernization included aspects of colonialism and colonialist features of modernization. Hence, the policies for spreading Japanese are found to be similar, if not identical, but the policy effects differ. Japanese modernization and colonization are best discussed in connection with each other. This paper discusses the language repertoires that emerged as a consequence of Japanese language spread in the four polities studied, the limits of language policy and planning, and the limits of imagining communities on the basis of language. This allows for some general conclusions about Japan's present-day problems with indigenous minorities and its Asian neighbours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preoccupation of critical IPE theory with the global neo-liberal programme of deregulation and restructuring tends to hide the emergence of alternative patterns of regulation in different sites of global transformation. Currently, Japanese capitalism projects on a regional plane, concepts of regulation that negate neo-liberal discourse. The contours of the regionalization of Japan's state and economy are taking shape in the form of tightly coordinated production networks, administrative guidance of investment patterns, and a regional division of labour. The paper traces the roots of Japan's regulation strategy for the Asian region to a historical logic of ideological, political and institutional responses of Japanese capitalism to structural change in the world order. At three successive moments in the history of Japanese capitalism, the strategic competence, conscious compromises and 'sense of direction' of administrators played a critical role. It is contended that an account of the history of this intellectual stratum in the process of social differentiation will not only shed light on the persistence of Japan's enigmatic political culture, but also clarify the absence of liberal ideas in Japanese concepts of regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myanmar or 'Burma' is a country which has a long history of colonialism by foreign powers. Before Myanmar achieved its independence in 1948, it was ruled by two prominent foreign powers that are Britain and Japan. Both countries had created the political scene of Myanmar. After achieving independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar became an independent country that practiced the democracy ideology under the ruled of General Aung Sann. However, its democracy system faced problems when a coup d'état happened in 1962. Since that year, the efforts to regain the democracy system in Myanmar faced a lot of obstacles. Thus, this paper will explain the process of democracy development since 1948 until the present days of Myanmar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic began in December 2019 and severely influenced society. In response, the Japanese government declared a state of emergency on 7th April in seven prefectures. The study conducted an immediate survey on 8th April to record the response of the general public to the first emergency status due to epidemics. The study hypothesized that personality traits, moral foundation, and political ideology can influence people's mentality, cognition, and behavior toward COVID-19. Based on a nationwide dataset of 1856 respondents (male = 56.3%, Mage = 46.7, emergency regions = 49.9%), the study found that personality, morality, and ideology altered mental health status and motivated behaviors toward COVID-19. Neuroticism and avoiding harm involved cognition and behavior through various means. The study also found significant differences among demographic groups. Results are informative and contributive to the governance and management of, and aid for, individual responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning is the property of Universidad de La Sabana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores categorization processes of people (identities) and language (linguistic varieties) in interactions between L1 (first language) and L2 (second language) speakers of Japanese and the language ideologies behind them. Utilizing Conversation Analysis (CA) in combination with Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA), the present study focuses on how participants apply these categories to self and other where identities and language ideologies emerge in the sequences of ordinary conversations. The study also illuminates how the participants react to such ideologies, which is rarely documented in previous studies of L2 Japanese interactions. It is controversial to use CA and MCA as methodologies for inquiries into ideology due to different epistemological and theoretical frameworks. Yet, joining the emerging trend of CA studies that address ideological issues, this study will also demonstrate the compatibility between them. Methodological integration of CA and MCA has been proposed since the 1970s, but has started to be adopted only recently. Because few studies employ this combination in the area of language ideologies, it serves as a novel analytic tool in this body of research. Thus, this study makes a methodological contribution to the study of language ideologies, illustrating the production of language ideologies and reactions to it as participants' accomplishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why does the Kyoto mechanism fail again? Is oil more than energy? Is this a construct that architectures the world currently known to and permitted for us? "No one governs innocently" - de Beauvoir noted in her 1947's The Ethics of Ambiguity… I open my piece by reflecting upon the recent revolts that have swept through the Middle East and North Africa. He fears little democratic headway will be made in the region in the face of the much larger geopolitical imperative to maintain the "hydrocarbon status quo" and to it related confrontational nostalgia. For their own very specific reasons, which author delineates herein, each of the world's major military and economic powers has little motivation to alter its present energy mix by embracing technological, political and socio-economic alternatives to fossil-fuels. The one possible exception is Japan, a country with scant indigenous hydrocarbon resources and a growing number of energy-related problems. This fact, for me, indicates Asia and its Far East as a probable zone of the new/Green-tech excellence in the decade to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the much hyped 'rise of Asia' translating into global public good? The leading Asian powers, China, India and Japan, demand a greater share of the decision-making and leadership of global institutions. Yet, they seem to have been more preoccupied with enhancing their national power and status than contributing to global governance, including the management of global challenges. This is partly explained by a realpolitik outlook and ideology, and the legacies of India's and China's historical identification with the 'Third World' bloc. Another key factor is the continuing regional legitimacy deficit of the Asian powers. This article suggests that the Asian powers should increase their participation in and contribution to regional cooperation as a stepping stone to a more meaningful contribution to global governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on Japan's war art. It states how war has been the subject of art from ancient periods to the present times. The author introduces issues and problems with the production of war art and also focuses on its after-war history. She informs that Japan's artists produced propaganda war paintings, which mediated Japan's militarist ideology and provided justifications for what was called the Great East Asian War.

Seattle's Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition and International Potlatch provide windows to the construction of a "cosmopolitan" urban ethos in the early twentieth century. Noting the ways this idea embraced Japan and the city's Japanese residents while serving white elites' pursuit of urban and commercial advantage, the essay also comments on the space between cosmopolitan ideology and the persistence of anti-Japanese prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the questions relating to gender ideology, examining conversations with Okinawan villagers from the Serene Spirit Village, Japan, during 1994-1995, on the subject of religious leadership and activism. Indication that the villagers use a variety of sociological discursive techniques in terms of gender ideologies; Description of the village; Analysis of the Okinawan culture; Exploration of the relationship between sex and gender.

Starting from the perspective that national cinema is not a neutral concept, but rather a film expression with ideological implications, in this article I will argue that what should be analysed in films is not what connects them to certain nations, but with certain ideologies. Rather than claiming the national nature of a film, it is more accurate to identify for instance elements of a national ideology underlying the film. It can be more enriching to analyse different film trends that are based on their connections with different ideologies, thus stressing their political nature, rather than highlighting cultural or geographical features in order to determine the supposedly natural outline of national cinemas. From this point of view, I consider the Japanese New Wave cinema of the 1960s and early 1970s to be a reflection of Japan's coetaneous New Left ideology. In order to illustrate this political reading of the Japanese New Wave, I focus on the analysis of a paradigmatic film: Eros + Massacre (Erosu purasu Gyakusatsu 1969), directed by Yoshida Kijū. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]