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This paper methodically investigates the influence of inclusive income growth on city size, examining it through the dual lenses of "income" and "distribution." The analysis leverages meticulously collected panel data encompassing 276 Chinese cities at the prefecture level and above, spanning the period from 2005 to 2019. Theoretical analysis indicates that the effect of city size expansion on per capita income adheres to a 'U'-shaped trajectory, while its influence on the urban-rural income gap manifests an 'inverted U' pattern. Moreover, the inclusive income growth stemming from city size demonstrates notable heterogeneity across various geographic locations and city hierarchies. The findings reveal that human capital serves as the primary mechanism through which city size influences inclusive income growth. After decomposing the income inclusiveness index, it becomes evident that the expansion of city size exerts a more potent direct driving effect on the income of urban residents. On the one hand, city size expansion directly increases rural residents' income levels by improving labor productivity. On the other hand, it facilitates leapfrog income development by inducing the rural labor force to move to cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented expansion and development of high-speed rail (HSR) in China provides a unique opportunity and a new way of thinking for addressing the problem of urban-rural wealth disparities. In this paper, I examine the impact of the introduction of HSRs on the income disparity between urban and rural residents in China. Using panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2018, in this paper I employ the double-difference method to assess the impact of HSR on the income gap between urban and rural populations and the mechanism of its action; furthermore, I explore the influence of HSR on urban residents' per capita disposable income and rural residents' per capita net income, as well as the impact of HSR on the flow of elements such as labor and capital. My research findings reveal that the introduction of HSR has greatly widened the income gap between urban and rural residents; however, there is heterogeneity between different East, Central, and West regions, as well as between different levels of cities. A further mechanism study finds that HSR lowers farmers' per capita net income, raises urban residents' per capita disposable income, and widens the urban/rural income gap via mechanisms such as facilitating the interregional mobility of labor and capital factors. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively assess the economic effects brought about by HSR, strengthen the construction of urban-rural transport networks, and improve support for rural areas, so as to promote the coordinated development of inter-regional and urban-rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the connection between measures of a U.S. metropolitan area's new urban crisis (i.e., unaffordable housing, economic inequality, and residential segregation) and its year-over-year employment change in the period immediately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that measures of the new urban crisis did not generally have a statistically significant association with year-over-year employment change between January and September of 2020, which captures the period before COVID-19 and the beginning of the pandemic (e.g., shutdown). The severity of a region's economic segregation and inequality, however, are associated with higher rates of employment decline in the early recovery months of October to December of 2020. These findings suggest that places that rate worse for indicators of the new urban crisis were less able to recover from the negative economic shocks related to COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a new service system of finance, inclusive finance emphasizes on better meeting the needs of people's livelihood at a reasonable and affordable cost. Inclusive finance can effectively solve the problems existing in the process of high-quality economic development by promoting regional coordinated development and narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas. Firstly, this paper constructs the inclusive financial development level measurement index system and high-quality economic development measurement index system, uses these two index systems to measure the development of inclusive finance and high-quality economy of the Yangtze River Delta in China from 2010 to 2019, and then empirically analyzes the impact of Inclusive Finance on high-quality economic development in the Yangtze River Delta by using the panel threshold model. The results show that the inclusive financial development level and high-quality economic development level of cities under the jurisdiction of the Yangtze River Delta have increased steadily year by year, but the development level differentiation among different cities is obvious. Inclusive finance has a threshold effect on high-quality economic development. When the inclusive finance index is lower than 0.358, inclusive finance is not conducive to high-quality economic development. When the inclusive financial development index is between 0.358 and 0.522, inclusive finance promotes high-quality economic development, but the effect is weak. When the inclusive financial development index is greater than 0.522, inclusive finance can significantly promote high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential segregation gained a new momentum after the turn of the new century. The pace of urbanization that has been observed over the last two decades has been proceeding hand in hand with the increasing residential segregation in large cities and metropolitan areas. The international literature is flourishing with studies on residential segregation. This paper investigates residential segregation trends in the Metropolitan Region of Attica during the period 2004-2019. The analysis is based on a database combining individual household data from the EU-SILC, as well as data from official national sources. The paper applies the Dissimilarity Index for measuring residential segregation trends based on occupation, education and living conditions, before, during and after the economic crisis. We also use the Gini index for comparing income inequality with residential segregation trends. Our analysis shows that between 2004 and 2019, residential segregation intensified between the top and bottom socio-economic groups, whilst an inclusive trend has been recorded between middle-class groups and the other two categories. The results do not suggest any similar patterns between residential segregation and income inequality. The evidence derived from this study is relevant to public policy, inclusive growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is an emerging nation with a nonuniform development where the growth is focused on some specific cities and districts, as a result there is serious economic inequalities across the country. Despite the poverty in Peru has declined in the last decades, there is still poor districts in risk to become extremely poor, even in its capital, Lima. In this context, it is relevant to study the incidence of extreme poverty at district levels. In this paper, we propose to estimate the quantiles of the incidence of extreme poverty of districts in Lima by using spatial quantile models based on the Kumaraswamy distribution and spatial random effects for areal data. Furthermore, in order to deal with spatial confounding random effects we used the Spatial Orthogonal Centroid "K"orrection approach. Bayesian inference for these hierarchical models is conveniently performed based on the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method. Our modeling is flexible and able to describe the quantiles of incidence of extreme poverty in Lima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the causal impact of the European Union (EU) cohesion policy, aimed at reducing the regional divide within the EU, on interpersonal income inequality in receiving areas. We leverage a severe contraction of financing, which took place in an Italian region in 2007, and adopt a difference‐in‐discontinuity empirical design to show that the Gini index (of income) at the municipality level goes down because of the end of the policy. The improvement is due to the move of top earners towards the centre of the distribution. The reduction in the Gini indicator is confirmed even if we resort to a region‐level analysis. Our results suggest that from a policy perspective, reducing spatial inequality might come with the cost of worsening inequality across individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are increasingly looking to nature-based solutions to not only tackle climate change, and biodiversity loss, reconnect people with nature but also make just transitions to sustainability. However, some scholars argue that normative framings that drive the implementation of NBS continue to reinforce hegemonism and neoliberalise nature. Furthermore, while cities increasingly foreground climate adaptation and green growth actions in social and economic inequality considerations, the drive for growth and profit can lead to issues of inequality being side-stepped or even reinforced. Consequently, normative framings can lead to uneven distribution of the benefits of NBS, but also, opportunities to engage in fair and just participatory processes are missed. This has led to calls for the framing of NBS to be revised to support social change by moving away from hegemonic framings to focus on a more inclusive, collaborative, and interconnected framework. However, few papers have examined how the pattern of interaction between governance, and participatory engagement relates to equitable, democratic and diversity considerations that are needed to transition to just cities through NBS and how this pattern relates to the beneficiaries of NBS and the quality of life outcomes in cities. Drawing on statistical relational methods to analyse data published in the Urban Audit and Urban Nature Atlas, this paper unpacks the interplay between different types of governance, participation and citizen involvement, and the beneficiaries of NBS and relate to different social and economic conditions that influence quality of life in cities. • City-citizen interactions that characterise NBS hinder transitions to just cities. • Governance and management of NBS frequently exclude disadvantaged groups. • Quality of life outcomes rarely relate to city-citizen interactions. • Just NBS must discourage socially exclusive governance processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to verify if the urban population of the municipalities of the northern border of Mexico has higher incomes than those of other municipalities in the country, while suffering worse living conditions; that is what some authors have called "border development paradox". To verify this issue, proportions were compared based on multidimensional poverty data from Coneval for the period 2008-2020, and more municipalities and population were considered than in any previous research. The results show that urban residents of the northern border have higher incomes, but also better access to services and less social deprivation. These results--which contradict some previous research, but confirm others--are maintained throughout the entire period analyzed and with different territorial groups. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no evidence of said paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper used the Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) model, with crosssection and panel data and spatial controls, to analyze the influence of spatial phenomena on inequality and economic growth in Brazilian municipalities between 1980-2010. The results indicated that reducing spatial heterogeneity (e.g.: differences in culture, preferences and natural resources) helps to combat inequalities, while the absence of spatial spillovers (from trade, technological diffusion and migration, for instance) tends to worsen it. Ignoring these spatial effects would result in underestimations of the rate of income convergence and overestimates about the returns on physical capital and human capital. Finally, being close to a "central place", as in the case of state capitals, seems to facilitate the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of income shapes the structure and organisation of cities and its understanding has broad societal implications. Despite an abundant literature, many issues remain unclear. In particular, all definitions of segregation are implicitely tied to a single indicator, usually rely on an ambiguous definition of income classes, without any consensus on how to define neighbourhoods and to deal with the polycentric organization of large cities. In this paper, we address all these questions within a unique conceptual framework. We avoid the challenge of providing a direct definition of segregation and instead start from a definition of what segregation is not. This naturally leads to the measure of representation that is able to identify locations where categories are over- or underrepresented. From there, we provide a new measure of exposure that discriminates between situations where categories co-locate or repel one another. We then use this feature to provide an unambiguous, parameter-free method to find meaningful breaks in the income distribution, thus defining classes. Applied to the 2014 American Community Survey, we find 3 emerging classes—low, middle and higher income—out of the original 16 income categories. The higher-income households are proportionally more present in larger cities, while lower-income households are not, invalidating the idea of an increased social polarisation. Finally, using the density—and not the distance to a center which is meaningless in polycentric cities—we find that the richer class is overrepresented in high density zones, especially for larger cities. This suggests that density is a relevant factor for understanding the income structure of cities and might explain some of the differences observed between US and European cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between illiteracy and poverty and its counterpart link between education and earnings has well-established foundations in both theories of human capital and poverty. There is also a consensus in terms of the disparity in educational achievement that exists between males and females, emanating from education biases between boys and girls. Boys are considered to be more important in many sections of societies in Africa. In order to deal with the unequal distribution in incomes between males and females, females have to be on a par with males in terms of the prerequisite requirements of the consequential occupations that are linked with education levels. Equality can therefore only be achieved if the derived demand of education is not skewed towards boys but remains equally available to both sexes. The fact that the preferences between boys and girls exist calls for an investigation into why anyone, especially a parent of a girl and a boy, would ever prefer one child over another based on their gender. There are a number of reasons that may influence the perception of a parent or a head of household to be biased toward a particular gender. The study uses data collected from the South Eastern Region of Malawi, among rural and urban heads of households on the determinants of the perception of girl education. A number of questions were asked regarding the head of household's perceptions toward girls' education. Cross-tabulations were conducted with chi-square tests on the household characteristics in order to ascertain the characteristics that are associated with people's perception of girl education. The results indicated a difference between male and female-headed households and between rural and urban areas, with the urban households showing no preference between a boy child and a girl child. Male, rural heads of households were found to be against girl education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of common prosperity include harmonious relationships between humans and the environment, as well as sustainable economic and social growth. The process of achieving common prosperity will necessarily have an impact on carbon emissions. In this article, panel statistics collected from 30 Chinese provinces and cities between the years 2006 and 2020 are utilized to assess the level of common prosperity and the intensity of carbon emissions in China. Then the SDM model is applied to explore the effects of the common prosperity level on the intensity of carbon emissions. The findings reveal that: (i) The common prosperity level in China has shown an increasing tendency. Between 2006 and 2020, the mean level of common prosperity increased from 0.254 to 0.486. From the regional perspective, eastern China has seen greater levels of common prosperity than central China, while central China has experienced greater levels of common prosperity than western China; regional disparities in the degree of common prosperity are substantial among Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2020; the common prosperity level is relatively high in economically developed provinces and relatively low in economically backward provinces. (ii) China's carbon emission intensity shows a continuous downward tendency. The annual average intensity of China's carbon emissions decreased from 4.458 in 2006 to 2.234 in 2020. From the regional perspective, the three main regions' carbon emission intensity likewise exhibits a decline in tendency between 2006 and 2020; still, western China continues to have the greatest carbon emission intensity, following central China, while eastern China has the smallest; however, certain provinces, notably Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, continue to have high carbon emission intensity. (iii) China's common prosperity level and carbon emission intensity both exhibit positive spatial autocorrelation at a 1% significant level under the adjacency matrix. The spatial agglomeration effect is significant, and adjacent provinces can affect each other. (iv) The SDM (Spatial Durbin Model) model test with fixed effects finds that the increase in the level of common prosperity suppresses the intensity of carbon emissions in the local area and neighboring regions. (v) The mediating effects model indicates that the process of common prosperity suppresses carbon emission intensity through high-quality economic development, narrowing the income disparity, and the development of a sharing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of outsourcing on employment and unemployment and income distribution in an economy with Harris-Todaro type unemployment. This is because both wages and jobs are important concerns for an economy that engages in outsourcing and consequently experiences widespread unemployment. The main findings of this paper are as follows: (i) If the outsourced factor is not produced domestically, outsourcing increases the rural wage rate (and the expected urban wage rate) and decreases the unemployed-to-employed ratio in the urban area, and it may increase unemployment in the home country. (ii) If the outsourced factor is produced domestically, outsourcing may decrease the rural wage rate (and the expected urban wage rate), and may increase the unemployed-to-employed ratio in the urban area if the rural wage rate is not sensitive to the employment in the rural sectors.JEL Classification: F18, F23, J31, O18 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Physical access to food may affect diet and thus obesity rates. We build upon existing work to better understand how socio-economic characteristics of locations are associated with childhood overweight. Design: Using cross-sectional design and publicly available data, the study specifically compares rural and urban areas, including interactions of distance from supermarkets with income and population density. Setting: We examine cross-sectional associations with obesity prevalence both in the national scale and across urban and rural areas differing in household wealth. Participants: Children in reception class (aged 4–5) from all state-maintained schools in England taking part in the National Child Measurement Programme (n 6772). Results: Income was the main predictor of childhood obesity (adj. R-sq=.316, p<.001), whereas distance played only a marginal role (adj. R-sq=.01, p<.001). In urban areas, distance and density correlate with obesity directly and conditionally. Urban children were slightly more obese, but the opposite was true for children in affluent areas. Association between income poverty and obesity rates was stronger in urban areas (7·59 %) than rural areas (4·95 %), the former which also showed stronger association between distance and obesity. Conclusions: Obesogenic environments present heightened risks in deprived urban and affluent rural areas. The results have potential value for policy making as for planning and targeting of services for vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the urban income distribution and the urban hierarchy-equality hypothesis. This article makes several contributions to the knowledge of urban income distribution. First, it develops a theoretical framework for separating the effects of urban size and level of development. Second, it provides a theoretical basis, as well as empirical justification, for the hypothesis that level of development (as measured by urban income level) bears a non-linear relationship to urban income inequality, becoming negative at high levels of income. This paper makes the point that the urban hierarchy-equality hypothesis is partly supported but that the conclusion hinges on the choice of in equality measure. Virtually all previous research on urban income distribution uses the Gini coefficient as the measure of income inequality. This paper uses three measures to test the sensitivity of conclusions to the choice of inequality measure: the Gini coefficient, the incidence of poverty, and the percentile index.

This paper proposes a method to characterize residential segregation patterns along three dimensions: intensity, separation, and scale. These dimensions designate respectively the over-representation of a group in segregated regions, the proportion of people from that group living in these regions, and the spatial extent of these regions. We apply the method to all Dutch municipalities, to study segregation along migration background. Our results demonstrate that no single segregation pattern prevails in the Netherlands: Dutch municipalities express very diverse combinations of intensity, separation, and scale. We then explore the relation between segregation patterns and municipality characteristics. We show that segregation intensity and separation associate with municipality size, income inequality, and share of the group of interest in the municipality population. Moreover, the scale of segregation is highly correlated with municipality size, suggesting a proportional relation. • We propose a three-dimensional characterization of residential segregation patterns • Intensity designates the over-representation of a group in segregated regions • Separation designates the share of the group population living in segregated regions • Scale designates the spatial extent of segregated regions • In our Dutch case study, scale correlates highly with municipality size [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slovakia is a suitable object for the study of income inequalities. The dynamic development of the country in recent years has significantly changed the social situation of its inhabitants. This development made visible the already considerable inequalities of income and wealth at the regional level (rich West and poor East), between the city and the countryside (richer cities and poorer lagging countryside), but also among the considerably wealthy elite and marginalised populations. This contribution has three objectives. The first is to capture the development of income inequality and poverty in Slovakia, the second is to capture the distribution of income at different geographic scales, and the third is to identify low-income regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and inequalities are two of the major policy themes of our time, intersecting in large cities where social and economic inequalities are particularly pronounced. Large scale street-level images are a source of city-wide visual information and allow for comparative analyses of multiple cities. Computer vision methods based on deep learning applied to street images have been shown to successfully measure inequalities in socioeconomic and environmental features, yet existing work has been within specific geographies and have not looked at how visual environments compare across different cities and countries. In this study, we aim to apply existing methods to understand whether, and to what extent, poor and wealthy groups live in visually similar neighborhoods across cities and countries. We present novel insights on similarity of neighborhoods using street-level images and deep learning methods. We analyzed 7.2 million images from 12 cities in five high-income countries, home to more than 85 million people: Auckland (New Zealand), Sydney (Australia), Toronto and Vancouver (Canada), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. (United States of America), and London (United Kingdom). Visual features associated with neighborhood disadvantage are more distinct and unique to each city than those associated with affluence. For example, from what is visible from street images, high density poor neighborhoods located near the city center (e.g., in London) are visually distinct from poor suburban neighborhoods characterized by lower density and lower accessibility (e.g., in Atlanta). This suggests that differences between two cities is also driven by historical factors, policies, and local geography. Our results also have implications for image-based measures of inequality in cities especially when trained on data from cities that are visually distinct from target cities. We showed that these are more prone to errors for disadvantaged areas especially when transferring across cities, suggesting more attention needs to be paid to improving methods for capturing heterogeneity in poor environment across cities around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Paris Agreement and 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are the two most important global governance agendas, in practice they have been implemented in isolation. This calls for the need to focus on the potential policy synergies between emission reduction policies and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper therefore aims to explore whether the emissions trading scheme (ETS) policy—one of the most effective ways to fulfill the target determined by the Paris Agreement, would facilitate reducing income inequality (SDG10). By combining a difference-in-difference estimation and propensity score matching technique based on a balanced panel dataset for 31 Chinese provinces from 2010 to 2018, we quantify the impact of ETS policy on income inequality between urban and rural areas in China. The results demonstrate that compared with the regions without ETS, the Theil index between rural and urban areas with ETS decreased by 0.018 on average in China. In addition, the ETS would perform better in regions with low urbanization level and high coal dependence. Hence it is vital to speed up the establishment of a unified ETS market in China. This is particularly true for inner underdeveloped regions in China. These findings proven to be robust according to a series of tests challenge the view that SDG 10 has the least relevance to climate action and suggest rethinking the effectiveness and applicability of ETS. Therefore, our research can not only serve as a reference for the development of ETS in China and elsewhere, but also inform decision makers who are seeking for policy synergies between the Paris Agreement and SDGs. [Display omitted] • We quantify for the first time the impact of ETS on urban-rural income inequality. • We make joint use of DID model and PSM technique with data for 31 Chinese provinces. • Overall the ETS exerts a mitigation effect of 0.009 on urban-rural income inequality. • The ETS performs better in low urbanization level and high coal-dependent pilots. • The ETS generates policy synergies between the Paris Agreement and SDG 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie III, Historia Medieval is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has generally been linked to higher wages, but evidence remains sparse on the overall effects of FDI on average wages, the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labour, and inter‐industry heterogeneity. We address these issues for Mexican municipalities and industries for a period of increasing FDI and sectoral change that saw growing wage inequality. By combining two non‐experimental techniques we find that FDI in Mexico was associated with higher wages, mostly for skilled workers—but also for unskilled ones—and a widening gap between them. Effects vary both between and within industries depending on location, and they either wax or wane when the initial or incremental effects are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For social scientists, developing an empirical connection between the physical appearance of a city and the behavior and health of its inhabitants has proved challenging due to a lack of data on urban appearance. Can we use computers to quantify urban appearance from street-level imagery? We describe Streetscore: a computer vision algorithm that measures the perceived safety of streetscapes. Using Streetscore to evaluate 19 American cities, we find that the average perceived safety has a strong positive correlation with population density and household income; and the variation in perceived safety has a strong positive correlation with income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CS is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CS is the property of Rafael Silva Vega and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Political institutions are an essential component to explain income variation. Brazilian municipalities are characterized by a great contrast in the colonization process and its impacts on the current income level and distribution, and other development aspects. This study analyzes the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between institutional quality and the municipalities' economic development. We use a spatial moving window method applied to weighted regressions—Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). We find evidence that good institutions increase income and other variables related to economic development. In addition, the institutional quality influence on economic development measures is distinct across the Brazilian regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wealth ownership is a critical component of economic well-being, and wealth in early adulthood provides important clues about the trajectories along which individuals move throughout their lives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we find an association between growing up rural and adult wealth that varies across the components of wealth. We also find that growing up rural has unique implications for young adult wealth ownership that differ from growing up in other geographic regions, particularly in urban areas. Our results highlight an important outcome that is conditioned by growing up rural and underscores the importance of context for understanding how families save and accumulate wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Chinese General Social Survey database (2010–2015), this article explores the relationship between income inequality and residents' subjective well-being from the perspective of inequality of opportunity and inequality of effort. We find that inequality of opportunity has a negative impact on subjective well-being in China, where inequality of effort has a positive impact. Our empirical results are robust for changing the inequality indicators. In the sub-sample studies, consistent conclusions are obtained in rural areas, whereas in urban areas only inequality of effort has a significant impact. The results of mechanism study show that inequality of opportunity decreases residents' sense of fairness, and inequality of effort increases residents' sense of fairness, thus affecting their subjective well-being. The results of this study provide a good response to the inconclusive research findings on the impact of income inequality on subjective well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a geographic analysis of the contribution of public housing to income segregation in France from 1999 to 2015. The analysis is conducted with several segregation indices and at different geographic scales. Surprisingly, it appears that while home tenure (public vs. private housing) segregation has been decreasing, income segregation has been rising. With segregation decomposition techniques, we provide evidence that this is partly due to an increasing concentration of low-income households in public housing, which cancels out the effect of the spatial dispersion of public housing. Indeed, while public housing has become more homogeneously distributed geographically, which should help to reduce income segregation, the distribution of income within public (and private) housing has changed: households living in public housing were poorer in 2015 than in 1999. We also provide evidence of a sorting effect--the process of allocating public housing that is not random-- so that the richest neighborhoods or municipalities receive wealthier- than-average public tenants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research on cities starts with a spatial equilibrium condition: workers and firms are assumed to be indifferent across space. This condition implies that research on cities is different from research on countries, and that work on places within countries needs to consider population, income, and housing prices simultaneously. Housing supply elasticity will determine whether urban success reveals itself in the form of more people or higher incomes. Urban economists generally accept the existence of agglomeration economies, which exist when productivity rises with density, but estimating the magnitude of those economies is difficult. Some manufacturing firms cluster to reduce the costs of moving goods, but this force no longer appears to be important in driving urban success. Instead, modern cities are far more dependent on the role that density can play in speeding the flow of ideas. Finally, urban economics has some insights to offer related topics such as growth theory, national income accounts, public economics, and housing prices. (JEL R11, R23, R31, R32) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban-rural disparity is a common phenomenon in most developing economies. In particular, this disparity is strengthened by the household registration (Hukou) system in China. Chinese economy, as well as its income inequality, rose dramatically in last decades. Most researches show that urban-rural disparity is an important source of income inequality. In this paper we study the impact of this disparity on innovation through the demand for quality goods. For simplicity, we assume that there are two types of consumers: rich people living in the urban and poor people living in the rural area. The income distribution is measured by the population share of the poor and the relative income of the poor. The larger the income difference between the rural and the urban area, the more individuals migrate to the city in order to improve their income. Firms first invent quality goods, and then produce them in an oligopolistic market. Rich consumers have a higher willingness to pay for the better quality than the poor. Hence, the firms' profit depends on the income distribution of consumers. We focus on the separating equilibrium, where goods of different qualities are sold to different consumers. In this equilibrium, a lower relative income of the poor is good for innovation, while a larger population share of the poor is bad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The question about how to choose the best recycling policy is particularly relevant in developing countries. On the one hand, many of these countries have no national waste management strategies, with recycling programs emerging as an independent initiative financed by municipalities, mostly in urban areas. On the other hand, the municipal budget tends to be linked to the wealth of their inhabitants. Consequently, an efficient municipal resources allocation policy to support recycling programs is especially crucial for the most vulnerable population, often located in rural areas. In this paper, we address the problem of optimal allocation of resources for the adoption of a recycling program by municipalities located in both urban and rural areas of a developing country, determining the best combination between two options: increasing and redistributing existing resources. Our research methods involve comprehensive data collection and mathematical modelling, adopting a logistic regression model proposed in the literature, formulating a non-linear optimisation model, and implementing a resolution method. In addition, recycling policies with equivalent results are described and analysed, discussing their political feasibility and economic efficiency. To illustrate our proposal, the case of Chilean municipalities is considered. Chile is a country from the Global South that belongs to the OECD and can be therefore compared to other documented cases. Although no official national data is available, we were able to collect figures by requesting information from every municipality in the country. The obtained results show an important lack of resources at the national level in MSWM, especially affecting rural areas. In this context, equivalent recycling policies with combined options could better favour rural municipalities. However, the average probability for the adoption of a recycling program by municipalities, although shows slight increases, is not enough for a substantial change towards a more sustainable waste management model. Our results illustrate the gap between urban and rural municipalities, the need to inject important funds into the system as a whole, and open the question of whether a more direct 'command and control' policy is required instead of just trusting the individual initiative of each municipality, even if more resources are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the association of economic and demographic variables in the Canadian urban system from 1951 to 1971. The methodology involves a correlation analysis of selected variables with the 46 largest urban areas and Metropolitan Areas as units of analysis. The results indicate a lack of association between demographic and economic variables. Wage level and average value added are not associated with fertility, mortality, or age structure. The percentage of the labour force engaged in manufacturing industries is not associated with demographic variables. The only fruitful and consistent association appears to be that of the General Fertility Rate and the Gini index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important and growing interest among scholars is the examination of the relationship of the size distribution of income to city size. Such information is critical to the development of urban growth policies and to understanding of living costs, poverty, and public expenditures in urban areas. In this paper a unified model is developed that is applied to 1960 and 1970 observations on 715 smaller cities that are removed from these larger economic areas in the mideastern United States with 1970 populations exceeding 2,500. The results of the analysis indicate that each hypothesis must be modified for the size range of cities being examined. The analysis also reveals an interaction of the hypotheses which is useful in developing a priori arguments of the observed relationship between income inequality and city size. Researchers believe that these results will provide direction for future theoretical paradigms explaining the relationship of the size distribution of income to city size. To investigate the relationships between income inequality and the alternative hypotheses, separate variables are constructed and specified for each hypothesis. These are used along with several control variables generally found as being significant determinants of inequality in other studies.

In March 2017, the Province of Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY Province) has poverty line of IDR 374,009, percentage of poor people (13.03%) and Gini index (0.432) above the national average (IDR 374,478; 10.64%; 0.393). The result of happiness index in 2017 shows the position of DIY Province (72.93%) is above average of national happiness index (70.69%). Scatterplot between happiness index and percentage of poor people in Indonesia in 2017 shows that DIY Province is on first quadrant. This marks the high level of happiness along with high percentage of poor people. Small area estimation method developed by Elbers et al (known as ELL method) is used to determine spatial characteristics of poverty and happiness profiles in DIY Province. This study used village census data (Podes) 2018; Susenas March 2017 and SPTK 2017 as survey data. There are twenty three household variables and another five variables that are significant to poverty and happiness models at urban and rural provincial level. Rural regency areas dominates high poverty profile (FGT0 0.0491 – 0.1076), low happiness profile (FTG0 0.0087 – 0.0124), and inequality of happiness profile (Gini index 0.0847 – 0.0923). Urban regency areas dominates low poverty profile (FTG0 0.0082 – 0.0491), high happiness profile (FTG0 0 – 0.0087), and perfect equality of both income (Gini index 0.3048 – 0.3604) and happiness profiles (Gini index 0.0624 – 0.0847). Yogyakarta City has happiest and wealthies profiles, whereas Gunung Kidul regency urban area has perfect equality of both income and happiness profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segregation is a central concept in the debate on urban issues, bothin scientific literature and in society in general. The process of globalisation is particularly expected to increase polarisation and segregation in cities, resulting in the emergence of 'ghettos` or - as they are called in the Netherlands - 'income neighbourhoods`. This paper tries to judge the situation in Dutch cities by studying changes over time; by looking at segregation within cities as well as betweencities and the wider metropolitan area; and by comparing socio-economic differences with socio-cultural and socio-demographic characteristics. The analysis shows that the empirical facts are quite differentfrom the ongoing debate. It establishes that socio-economic segregation is more moderate than segregation with respect to the other two dimensions. Contrary to suggestions from the vernacular debate, segregation within cities is scarcely increasing, but between cities and the surrounding area it is rising with respect to all three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of urbanization entails social improvements with the consequential better quality-of-life for urban residents. However, in many low-income and some middle-income countries, urbanization conveys inequality and exclusion, creating cities and dwellings characterized by poverty, overcrowded conditions, poor housing, severe pollution, and absence of basic services such as water and sanitation. Slums in large cities often have an absence of schools, transportation, health centers, recreational facilities, and other such amenities. Additionally, the persistence of certain conditions, such as poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and high population turnover, contributes to a lowered ability of individuals and communities to control crime, vandalism, and violence. The social vulnerability in health is not a 'natural' or predefined condition but occurs because of the unequal social context that surrounds the daily life of the disadvantaged, and often, socially excluded groups. Social exclusion of individuals and groups is a major threat to development, whether to the community social cohesion and economic prosperity or to the individual self-realization through lack of recognition and acceptance, powerlessness, economic vulnerability, ill health, diminished life experiences, and limited life prospects. In contrast, social inclusion is seen to be vital to the material, psychosocial, and political aspects of empowerment that underpin social well-being and equitable health. Successful experiences of cooperation and networking between slum-based organizations, grassroots groups, local and international NGOs, and city government are important mechanisms that can be replicated in urban settings of different low- and middle-income countries. With increasing urbanization, it is imperative to design health programs for the urban poor that take full advantage of the social resources and resourcefulness of their own communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonised microdata show a Gini coefficient for per capita total income of 45.3% in China (2002) and 33.6% in Russia (2003). A much larger urban to rural income gap in combination with a much smaller proportion of people living in urban areas in China are important reasons for this cross-country difference in inequality. Wage is a more non-equalising income source in China than in Russia. While Russian public transfers reduce income inequality, Chinese public transfers increase income inequality. Cross-country differences in the process of transition are also found to be significant. A relatively large non-agriculture self-employment sector is non-equalising in rural China, but is also narrowing the urban to rural income gap. In contrast to the many cross-country differences revealed, we report income inequality among urban residents in China and in urban Russia to be very similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the growing body of research on the economic incorporation of immigrants by considering the relative wages of immigrants, the adult children of immigrants, and the U.S.-born children of U.S. parentage. By disaggregating these three groups racially, comparing entire wage distributions, and comparing the immigrant cities of New York and Los Angeles with the United States overall, it presents a perspective on the complicated contexts of the intergenerational progress of immigrants. In addition to comparing the groups' relative positions in 1990 and 2000, the article decomposes relative wages such that differences in the educational composition of groups can be isolated from residual wage inequality. This research is of interest because consideration of the U.S.-born or educated children of immigrants invokes questions of social mobility and the persistence of ethnic inequality more generally. The article also contributes to a theoretical debate over place and immigrants' progress by examining the second generation, for whom residence in immigrant cities is often theorized as detrimental to economic incorporation. Finally, it introduces a substantial analysis of local wage structures to questions of immigrants' intergenerational economic progress to a much greater extent than has previously been the case. The results suggest that prospects for immigrants' economic incorporation are geographically specific and should be assessed across multiple generations as a result of the continuing contexts of racial wage inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the reasons behind the rapid increase of urban poverty and income inequality in Argentina during the period from 1991 to 2001. There has been a renewed and growing concern about increasing income inequality and poverty and their negative implications for both economic growth and social peace. During the nineteen-nineties, several Latin American countries witnessed an impressive process of market-friendly reforms, centered on the privatization of a large proportion of the state-owned firms, as well as commercial and financial liberalization and fiscal and monetary discipline. However, income inequality in the region, the highest in the world, was not reduced, and it even increased in many cases, as in Mexico and Argentina.

The article focuses on the estimates and implications of spatial price differences in China. Price indices are standard statistical data that are constructed by statistical authorities across all countries. The key price index often is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). China’s National Bureau of Statistics publishes a number of official price indices, including national and provincial CPIs, as well as separate CPIs for rural and urban areas at both the national and the provincial level. These price indices allow a comparison of the changes in the level of consumer prices over time across different localities but do not permit a comparison of absolute price levels between different localities at a given point in time.

This article attempts to generate a new understanding of economic change and household responses in Mexico. It reflects on the changing conditions of survival and reproduction among the Mexican urban working poor in a socioeconomic context of diminishing income-generating opportunities. The author argues that rising poverty has had serious effects on dimensions (beyond economic) of the lives of the poor—in particular, the erosion of the capacity of the poor to maintain networks of social exchange. The author strongly argues in favor f diachronic analyses of economic transformation and their impact on household dynamics to capture social and family processes that are not fully understood by synchronic views of household lie and livelihoods. The diachronic view allowed the author to show the limits of the strategies of survival and the inadequate explanation resulting from views that uncritically assume the endlessness of resources in the hands of the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study performs a multilevel analysis of public trust in local government. We develop and test competing hypotheses about the contextual and individual-level sources of local political trust. The results show that citizens' trust in local government is shaped not only by individual-level factors but also by city-level factors such as income inequality, ideological polarization, political institutions, racial fractionalization, and size of population. Cross-level analysis further indicates that the effects of race on local political trust are conditioned by cities' systems of political representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]