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As acetonitrile is a widely used solvent for the chemical industry, the recovery of acetonitrile from acetonitrile wastewater is significant for both industrial cost reduction and environmental protection. In this article, a simple, low‐energy, and low‐cost strategy is proposed for the effective separation of acetonitrile from high‐concentration acetonitrile wastewater. The approach is based on a sequential combination of two steps: salt‐induced phase separation and hydrophobic filtration. The acetonitrile wastewater was first induced to split into two phases by salt, that is, the acetonitrile‐rich phase and the water‐rich phase, then the above two phases were poured into the hydrophobic filter paper funnel for the separation. It was shown that NaCl is a suitable salting‐out reagent, and that hydrophobic filter papers—obtained from modification by butyltrichlorosilane and octyltrichlorosilane were the optimal choice for hydrophobic filtration. The salt‐induced phase separation process is able to increase the volume fraction of acetonitrile in the acetonitrile‐rich phase up to 92%. The acetonitrile‐rich phase can pass through the hydrophobic filter paper, whereas the water‐rich phase was intercepted. The hydrophobic filter paper retained strong hydrophobicity and high acetonitrile‐separating capacity after 3 months storage, or upon immersion in acetonitrile‐water mixtures for 12 h, or applied for 25 consecutive separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesarean delivery rates are rapidly increasing in Southeastern Europe (to more than 60%), North Africa (with a rate as high as 72% in Egypt), and in urban areas in Southern Africa (a rate of over 50% in Lagos, Nigeria). Data on the background to these increases are scarce, but likely to include poor birthing facilities in general hospitals, convenience for the doctor, private medicine, fear of litigation, socioeconomic status, shortage of midwives and nurses, and disappearance of vaginal instrumental deliveries. Options to reverse cesarean delivery trends are discussed. In this context there is a need to be better informed about how women are being counseled regarding vaginal or cesarean delivery. The long-term consequences in subsequent pregnancies for mothers and children may well be largely ignored, while these risks are highest in LMICs where higher birth numbers are desired. FIGO has begun discussions with obstetric and gynecologic societies, healthcare bodies, and governments in several countries discussed in this article, to find ways to lower the cesarean delivery rate. The requests came from the countries themselves, which may prove beneficial in helping advance progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesarean delivery rates are rapidly increasing in Southeastern Europe (to more than 60%), North Africa (with a rate as high as 72% in Egypt), and in urban areas in Southern Africa (a rate of over 50% in Lagos, Nigeria). Data on the background to these increases are scarce, but likely to include poor birthing facilities in general hospitals, convenience for the doctor, private medicine, fear of litigation, socioeconomic status, shortage of midwives and nurses, and disappearance of vaginal instrumental deliveries. Options to reverse cesarean delivery trends are discussed. In this context there is a need to be better informed about how women are being counseled regarding vaginal or cesarean delivery. The long‐term consequences in subsequent pregnancies for mothers and children may well be largely ignored, while these risks are highest in LMICs where higher birth numbers are desired. FIGO has begun discussions with obstetric and gynecologic societies, healthcare bodies, and governments in several countries discussed in this article, to find ways to lower the cesarean delivery rate. The requests came from the countries themselves, which may prove beneficial in helping advance progress. Synopsis: Cesarean delivery rates are rapidly increasing in southeastern Europe, North Africa, and in urban areas in Southern Africa, prompting a time for reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Conclusion: b Although combination of TACE and ablation therapy is an important option for patients with larger, multifocal HCC, upfront laparoscopic ablation may be considered for these patients. B Method: b ESRF patients underwent elective ventral hernia suture (SR) and Permacol mesh repair (PR) from January 2012 to January 2022 at Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong were retrospectively reviewed. EARLY EXPERIENCE OF FISTULA LASER CLOSURE (FILAC) IN LOW TYPE FISTULA IN ANO (FIA) NMY Cheng, K Futaba, S Chu, SF Hon, SSM Ng Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR B Aim: b Many existing surgical techniques are used to treat fistula-in-ano (FIA) with known troubling complications such as frequent recurrence, pain, sepsis or incontinence. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the results of patients with initially unresectable HCC who received post-TACE ablation and patients who received upfront laparoscopic ablation in Princess Margaret Hospital in the period between 2018 and 2022. [Extracted from the article]

Most methodologies to measure the moisture‐induced deformation (hygro‐expansion) of paper microconstituents, including fibres and interfibre bonds, are low resolution or time‐consuming. Hence, here, a novel method is proposed and validated to measure high‐resolution full‐field strain maps of paper microconstituents during hygro‐expansion, based on environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). To this end, a novel climate stage enables accurate control of the relative humidity (RH) near the specimen in the ESEM from 0%–100%. The fibre surface, which is decorated a priori with a microparticle pattern, is captured during RH change. Subsequently, correlating the fibre surface using a dedicated global digital image correlation algorithm enables high‐resolution hygro‐expansion strain maps. Method optimisation involved performing contrast enhancement, scan‐correction to reduce ESEM artefacts and a background correction, resulting in a strain resolution of 6·10−4. Method validation revealed that the fibres' crystallinity is affected by the electron beam, even for minimal invasive electron beam settings. Interestingly, however, the fibres consistently exhibit conventional hygro‐expansion behaviour during the drying slopes. Using the optimised procedure, hygro‐expansion characterisation of two interfibre bonds and four interfibre bond cross‐sections revealed the competition between the low longitudinal and large transverse fibre hygro‐expansion in the bonded area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and foldable paper‐based thermoelectric generators (PTEGs) have drawn industrial attention due to the wide applications in heat energy harvesting and sensing. Herein, optimization of the output performances of flexible and hybrid inorganic–organic PTEGs fabricated on stationery paper substrates from poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and graphite as p‐type and n‐type materials, respectively, is presented. By choosing simplistic processes such as polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐treated graphite pencil traces and brush‐painted PEDOT:PSS films, robust and sustainable PTEG devices are fabricated. It is first time shown that different qualities of stationery papers can have significant impact on the output performance of PTEGs, attributed to their variance in substrate roughness. Thus, output powers of ≈1.93 and ≈0.68 nW for ΔT = 70 K are obtained for TE generators prepared from emery and office paper legs (four‐pair assembled on Kapton), respectively, suggesting emery paper to have significant better performance. Transient flexibility and fatigue of each device type are also tested where emery paper–based PTEG appears to be more robust. A detail comparison of the device performances on the different types of paper substrates are exclusively presented experimentally and thereafter computationally validated by COMSOL modeling to predictably control and enhance the output performance of reported PTEGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partial discharge in the converter transformer will cause the carbonization of the insulating paper. The high concentration of free carbon particles generated from the insulating paper during the operation of the converter transformer will cause partial discharge, which will aggravate the insulation performance deterioration. For the bi‐directional interaction of carbon particles and partial discharge, the mechanism of insulating paper carbonization caused by partial discharge and the effect of carbon particles on the dielectric strength of oil paper are studied. In this paper, we construct a simulation system of amorphous cellulose to study the carbonization mechanism of insulating paper from the microscopic level. Furthermore, we build a DC voltage experimental platform to carry out partial discharge damage tests of oil‐paper insulation models and to measure the changes in the breakdown voltage with different carbon particle concentrations and diameters. The results show that partial discharge speeds up the cleavage rate of cellulose, generates low molecular hydrocarbon gas and water molecules, and the carbon atoms rearrange into PAH‐like molecules with aliphatic side chains. The surface of the insulating paper will carbonize, then form free carbon particles after peeling off. Afterward, the carbon particles in insulating oil accumulate in the high electric field area and attach to the insulating paper, which will cause electric field distortion and reduce the dielectric strength of oil‐paper insulation. With the increase of carbon particle concentration and diameter, the breakdown voltage of oil‐paper insulation decreases gradually. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS‐MS) is an ambient ionization technique that allows for rapid and direct mass spectrometry analysis for a wide range of chemical compounds due to its portability, little to no sample preparation, and cost‐effective materials. As applications with this technique continue to expand, the identification and discrimination of bacteria at the strain level remain a promising avenue for researchers. Although studies in the past demonstrated the applicability of PS‐MS to discriminate bacteria at the strain level, no one has reported the strain‐level differentiation of actinobacteria without using solvent for PS‐MS. Hence, this study demonstrates that optimization of PS‐MS permits the investigation and differentiation of the metabolic profiles of actinobacteria without the need for solvents, diminishing the potential for sample contamination and consequently increasing the versatility of this technique. In doing so, strains of actinobacteria (CAAT P5–21, CAAT P5–16, CAAT 8–25, CAAT P8–92, and CAAT P11–13) were grown and transferred to produce a crude growth medium. The supernatant was used for the PS‐MS analyses using a Thermo Scientific LTQ mass spectrometer. Multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA), was employed to chemically distinguish the strains of bacteria. As a result, each strain of actinobacteria could be visually differentiated based on their metabolic profile. These findings demonstrate the practicability of using a liquid medium as an alternative to many other organic solvents when analyzing bacteria, making PS‐MS a crucial addition to a microbiologist's research toolkit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The cost‐effective strategy of using paper‐based materials as alternatives to plastics can aid in reducing environmental stress. Herein, a novel green low‐carbon paper‐based food‐packaging composite was synthesised: curcumin microcapsule‐polyvinyl alcohol/beeswax/chitosan (CURM‐PVA/BW/CS) composite papers. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction results confirmed that curcumin was successfully encased and adhered to the paper. The water vapour permeability and oxygen transmission rate of the composite papers were 42.28 g (m2·d)−1 and 3.41 cm3 (m2·d·atm)−1, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of paper was 93.53%, and the mechanical properties were effectively improved by adding natural antioxidants to the coating. Finally, cakes were packaged in the biodegradable 1%CURM‐PVA/BW/CS papers exhibited optimal preservation during the storage period, based on the characterisation of the cake peroxide value, acid value and microbiological count. Overall, the CURM‐PVA/BW/CS paper showed great potential for food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is vital for the reduction of the environmental impact of the aviation industry while decreasing the dependence of the USA on foreign petroleum fuels. To date, SAF, especially from cellulosic feedstocks, have struggled to overcome two barriers: (1) meeting price parity with their petroleum counterparts and (2) the large capital investment required for industrial‐scale biorefineries. Repurposing of industrial facilities has been suggested as a means of addressing both challenges. In this study we look at the financial impact of manufacturing SAF using three repurposing value levels. To demonstrate the application of this methodology, we examine case studies based on a wood‐based alcohol‐to‐jet process. Each level evaluated assumes a different portion of the existing facility is useable. The impact on capital costs and minimum fuel selling price is estimated for generalized case studies as well as for specific case studies spread across multiple regions of the USA. The best economic outcomes are achieved when large‐scale facilities have both inside and outside battery limit assets that can be repurposed. The geospatially explicit variables that have the largest economic impact are feedstock price, feedstock composition, and industrial natural gas price. However, the scale and value of repurposing both outweigh the geospatial variables within reasonable limits. Of the locations studied, the lowest minimum selling price (MSP) of $1.16/L was calculated at the Washington facility, a nearly 19% reduction from a matching scaled greenfield facility, a result of existing equipment and infrastructure reducing total capital investment by one‐third and plentiful feedstock. © 2022 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin devices are rapidly developing for skin‐compatible medical applications and wearable electronics. Powering skin‐interfaced electronics requires thin and lightweight energy storage devices, where solution‐processing enables scalable fabrication. To attain such devices, a sequential deposition is employed to achieve all spray‐coated symmetric microsupercapacitors (μSCs) on ultrathin parylene C substrates, where both electrode and gel electrolyte are based on the cheap and abundant biopolymer, cellulose. The optimized spraying procedure allows an overall device thickness of ≈11 µm to be obtained with a 40% active material volume fraction and a resulting volumetric capacitance of 7 F cm−3. Long‐term operation capability (90% of capacitance retention after 104 cycles) and mechanical robustness are achieved (1000 cycles, capacitance retention of 98%) under extreme bending (rolling) conditions. Finite element analysis is utilized to simulate stresses and strains in real‐sized μSCs under different bending conditions. Moreover, an organic electrochromic display is printed and powered with two serially connected μ‐SCs as an example of a wearable, skin‐integrated, fully organic electronic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight fungal strains (F1–F8) isolate from the sediment core and degraded wood of the Pulp and Paper Mill effluent and Phanerochaete chrysosporium are tested for different cellulolytic (CMcase, FPase, Xylanases) and lignolytic (lignin peroxidase) enzyme activity in pulp. F‐3 (Cryptococcus neoformans) strain shows higher enzyme activity compare to other fungi isolated from effluent. Weight loss, cellulose loss, and organic carbon contents are found maximum in F‐3 (C. neoformans) strain. Reducing sugar, protein content, and color removing potential are also higher in C. neoformans. The culture extract of F‐3 strain grows in presence of pulp fractionated into five protein fractions has indicated two fractions of molecular weight, 38,000 and 40,000 Da, having lignin peroxidase activity. Lignin peroxidase has optimum activity at pH 2–3 and temperature 20–30 °C, maximum activity at 6–48 mM veratryl alcohol concentration and 256 mM H2O2, however, sodium azide inhibits the enzyme activity. Different metals (CoCl2, HgSO4, CaCl2, SnCl2, FeSO4, CuSO4, and ZnSO4) also affect the lignin peroxidase activity. Characterization study is performed for significant analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vigilant animals detect and respond to threats in the environment, often changing posture and movement patterns. Vigilance is modulated not only by predators but also by conspecific threats. In social animals, precisely how conspecific threats alter vigilance behavior over time is relevant to long‐standing hypotheses about social plasticity. We report persistent effects of a simulated conspecific challenge on behavior of wild northern paper wasp foundresses, Polistes fuscatus. During the founding phase of the colony cycle, conspecific wasps can usurp nests from the resident foundress, representing a severe threat. We used automated tracking to monitor the movement and posture of P. fuscatus foundresses in response to simulated intrusions. Wasps displayed increased movement, greater bilateral wing extension, and reduced antennal separation after the threat was removed. These changes were not observed after presentation with a wooden dowel. By rapidly adjusting individual behavior after fending off an intruder, paper wasp foundresses might invest in surveillance of potential threats, even when such threats are no longer immediately present. The prolonged vigilance‐like behavioral state observed here is relevant to plasticity of social recognition processes in paper wasps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aramid chopped fibers/polyphenylene sulfide (ACFs/PPS) composite paper exhibits great potential for application in several cutting‐edge areas because of their excellent comprehensive properties. However, the mechanism underlying thermal aging and the role it plays in the performance of ACF/PPS composite paper remain poorly characterized. Herein, we studied the change in the chemical structure of ACFs/PPS composite paper during thermal oxidative aging and investigated the correlation between the evolution of chromophore/auxochrome groups and the development of color appearance in the ACFs/PPS composite paper. Using the color space theory, we established a correlation model among the degrees of thermal aging, the evolution of color appearance, and the changes in the mechanical properties of ACFs/PPS composite paper. On the basis of this model, the degree of aging and the corresponding mechanical strength of ACFs/PPS composite paper under different conditions could be rapidly received by estimating the change in color factor only. This study sheds new light on elucidates and provides a method for the study of polymer thermal oxidative aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy‐impregnated paper transformer bushings are prone to water absorption due to the presence of water‐attracting moieties in the cellulose chemical structure and epoxy resin, leading to moisture‐induced insulation defects. To understand the mechanism of moisture's impact on epoxy‐impregnated paper, this study developed a testing platform that integrated moisture diffusion, adsorption, and dielectric properties of insulating materials. Insulation specimens made of epoxy resin and epoxy‐impregnated paper were prepared and their water diffusion characteristics were investigated using the Fick diffusion model and the Langmuir model, respectively. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer equation was used to examine the vacuum vapour adsorption characteristics of the materials, providing a theoretical foundation for examining the form of water present within them. The dielectric response of materials with varying moisture levels was then tested to study the effect of water on the dielectric spectrum curve. Using the Extended Derivative Method, the characteristic frequency reflecting the water content of the epoxy‐impregnated paper was extracted. The results demonstrate that 0.01‐Hz characteristic frequency provides superior accuracy for moisture assessment in epoxy resins compared to 50 Hz, and extracting and fitting the relaxation peak characteristic frequency in epoxy‐impregnated paper moisture evaluation yields higher accuracy than using tan δ at the power frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs in the drug supply pose serious threats to public health. Much of these compounds enter the United States through shipping routes. Here we provide a method for fentanyl screening and analysis that utilizes pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) lined paper to recover drug residues from parcel‐related surfaces. The paper used is commercially available repositionable notes (also called post‐it or sticky notes). From this paper, mass spectra were obtained by paper spray‐mass spectrometry (PS‐MS), where PSA paper served as both a sampling and analysis substrate. Seven fentanyl‐related compounds were analyzed: fentanyl, 4‐anilino‐N‐phenethylpiperidine (4‐ANPP), N,1‐diphenethyl‐N‐phenylpiperidin‐4‐amine (phenethyl‐4‐ANPP), valerylfentanyl, 4‐fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (4‐FIBF), carfentanil, and p‐fluorofentanyl. These compounds were recovered by PSA paper and identified by PS‐MS from packaging tape and plastic at 50 ng and from cardboard and shipping labels at 100 ng. The impact of cutting agents on PS‐MS analysis of fentanyl analogs was explored. No trends of analyte suppression were found at high concentrations of the cutting agents caffeine, diphenhydramine, and lidocaine when recovered from surfaces. A cartridge that required no precise cutting of PSA paper prior to sampling or analysis was evaluated for use in PS‐MS for fentanyl screening. Recovery and detection of fentanyl from plastic sheeting was demonstrated with this cut‐free cartridge. The cut‐free cartridge showed somewhat less consistency and lower analyte signal than the standard cartridge, but performance was suitable for potential screening applications. In combining PSA surface sampling with PS‐MS for drug screening, both sampling and detection of fentanyl‐related compounds is simple, rapid, and low‐cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As some of the psychoanalytic world still struggles to give due weight to psychosocial factors in our patients' difficulties, Rustin presents us with both a straightforwardly sensible and a subtle awareness of the complexity of the interactions between a child's internal world and their external world. As I embarked on reading this selection of past papers by Margaret Rustin, I set about it in the way I have often used in book reviews - copying particularly inspiring or insightful phrases into a document so I could refer to them or quote them in the review to come. Finding a Way to the Child: Selected Clinical Papers 1983-2021 Margaret Rustin. [Extracted from the article]

This ENETS guidance paper aims to provide practical advice to clinicians for the diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of functioning syndromes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NET). A NET‐associated functioning syndrome is defined by the presence of a clinical syndrome combined with biochemical evidence of inappropriately elevated hormonal levels. Different hormonal syndromes can be encountered in pancreatic NET patients, including insulinoma, gastrinoma as well as the rare glucagonoma, VIPoma, ACTHoma, PTHrPoma, carcinoid syndrome, calcitoninoma, GHRHoma and somatostatinoma. The recommendations provided in this paper focus on the biochemical, genetic and imaging work‐up as well as therapeutic management of the individual hormonal syndromes in well‐differentiated, grade 1‐3, functioning NET with the primary tumour originating in the pancreas, and for specific subtypes also in the duodenum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present guidance paper was to update the previous ENETS guidelines on well‐differentiated gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), providing practical guidance for specialists in the diagnosis and management of gastroduodenal NETs. Type II gastric NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and functioning duodenal NETs are not covered, since they will be discussed in other ENETS guidance papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tablet‐based technology has become a conduit for the administration of curriculum‐based measurement (CBM) tools. Using tablets to administer CBM probes has many advantages; however, little is known about how students perform on CBMs when administered via a tablet. The current investigation compared digits correct per minute obtained from 44 third‐grade students on CBM addition fluency probes administered via three different modalities. Students completed the probes using traditional paper and pencil, a tablet using their fingers to write the answer, or a tablet application using a keyboard to type the answer. A within‐subjects group design showed students performed significantly better on the tablet when using their finger to write the answer, even though most students (58%) indicated this was their least preferred modality. The discussion focuses on the implications for educators and the use of different CBM modalities for interindividual and intraindividual comparisons. Practitioner points: Third‐grade students responded to math facts faster when writing with their fingers on an iPad, even compared to paper and pencil.The results are inconsistent with other studies that found students were faster when using paper and pencil.Finally, most third‐grade students preferred answering addition facts with a pencil on paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax printing is one of the most widely used techniques to print hydrophobic barriers on hydrophilic microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (µPADs) based on its simplicity, speed, and low cost, allowing large‐scale production. Nonetheless, its function is just passive, without any action on fluids. Thus, this work proposes multifunctional hydrophobic composites based on conductive graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) integrated into the wax matrix to allow a dual role of barrier and heater, the latter being required in a large variety of temperature‐sensitive reactions and microfluidic applications. The effect of GNP weight content on the physicochemical properties of the wax, printed wax, and generated heating are evaluated. Wax prints with mechanical stability and adequate impregnation through the paper are obtained after post‐thermal curing. With respect to the functional response, controlled temperatures ranging from room temperature to ≈107 °C can be achieved after just 10 s. Two proofs of concept are presented involving thermochromic inks, specific printed systems designs, and low‐power batteries. The benefits of µPADs allied to the increased functionality and performance of the developed waxes, hold great promise to meet the requirements for a next generation of versatile, effective, and accurate µPADs for an increasing number of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: Web‐based references form an integral part of academic culture and literature, as well as scientific communication.The preservation of web‐based references that are cited in‐text or in reference lists of academic papers is essential to ensure the integrity of knowledge preservation.When access or links to web‐based resources and references disappear, or if they are dysfunctional, these phenomena are collectively referred to as reference rot.Even though reference rot degrades the integrity of information in academic papers, no industry‐wide solutions currently exist.Given its prominence, we propose the Internet Archive as a possible solution to address reference rot, but also note its weaknesses and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible optoelectronic devices have attracted enormous attention as an essential component in next‐generation wearable devices. To meet the trend of biocompatibility, flexibility and low cost, paper‐based optoelectronic devices have become compelling candidates. Moreover, 2D organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites have been extensively studied for the application in flexible optoelectronic devices owing to their long‐term moisture stability, optoelectronic tunability, and multiple quantum well (MQW) structures. Herein, the paper‐based flexible optoelectronic devices are designed by spin‐coating PEDOT:PSS and (iso‐BA)2MAn‐1PbnI3n+1 (n ≥ 1) on regular filter paper with responsivity of 2.62 mA W−1 and response time (τrise/τdecay) of 0.81/0.18 s at 35% relative humidity (RH). Furthermore, the responsivity may be increased by 250% within the humidity range from 35% to 90%, and remains above 92% of the initial value after measured for 1800 s at 60% RH. This work can pave the way for further studies about the humidity effect on perovskites for next‐generation green wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2022 Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND) Review in England has proposed changes to the way in which SENCos are trained before working in English schools. Although the DfE collects data relating to the demographics of all teachers, the 2022 SEND Review Green Paper does not draw on this to support or inform the changes being proposed. A Freedom of Information request was made to the DfE, from which actual data could be acquired, with breakdowns by age, gender, qualifications and leadership status. The data describe a teacher who is still more likely to be female and approaching the middle of their career. Most SENCos are still on the class teacher pay scale rather than the leadership scale, with a minority holding a Master's‐level qualification. The DfE does not have an accurate overview of how many teachers hold the current SENCo qualification. The article provides a number of recommendations to policymakers based on the data provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment of ultra‐thin lithium metal anode with high loading cathode is the key to realizing high‐energy‐density rechargeable lithium batteries. Ultra‐thin lithium foils are routinely loaded on a copper substrate in batteries, however, the close contact of these two metals causes galvanic corrosion in the presence of electrolyte, which results in irreversible consumption of lithium and decomposition of electrolyte. Herein, a lightweight and highly conductive flexible graphite paper (GP) is applied to replace Cu foil as the current collector for lithium metal anode. It is demonstrated that the application of GP prevents galvanic corrosion and maintains intimate and steady contact between Li foil and GP current collector during cycling, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the battery. A 1.08 Ah pouch cell assembled with Li@GP anode and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode exhibits a long lifetime of 240 cycles with a capacity retention of 91.6% under limited Li, high cathode loading and lean electrolyte conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and sensitive detection of tetracycline (TC) in the aquatic environment is important for the environmental ecosystem and human health. Herein, we presented on the first attempt to construct a fast‐responding gating system by using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐loaded functional RNA superstructures (HRP@3D RNA). Proteins were directly loaded into 3D RNA by the rolling circle transcription (RCT) reaction. We found that the specificity of aptamer‐ligand interaction could serve as a triggered manner to release the loaded HRP from 3D RNA. The above general scheme showed a few minutes of rapid release kinetics. According to the controlled‐release mechanism, we designed a disposable origami paper‐based analytical device (doPAD) coupled with HRP@3D RNA for colorimetric detection of TC. This doPAD can realize target recognition and signal readout by taking advantage of the unique spatial control advantages of 3D origami, thus generating a signal of color change that is positively related to the concentration of TC. This doPAD achieved the quantitative analysis of TC with a limit of detection of 10 nM within 41 min. We envision that the platform will be widely used in the field of environmental monitoring and biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful practical implementation of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) requires developing affordable electrode structures that promote efficient electrical communication with microbes. Recent efforts have centered on immobilizing bacteria with organic semiconducting polymers on electrodes via electrochemical methods. This approach creates a fixed biocomposite that takes advantage of the increased electrode's electroactive surface area (EASA). Here, it is demonstrated that a biocomposite comprising the water‐soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte CPE‐K and electrogenic Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 can self‐assemble with carbon paper electrodes, thereby increasing its biocurrent extraction by ≈6‐fold over control biofilms. A ≈1.5‐fold increment in biocurrent extraction is obtained for the biocomposite on carbon paper relative to the biocurrent extracted from gold‐coated counterparts. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the biocomposite stabilized with the carbon paper more quickly than atop flat gold electrodes. Cross‐sectional images show that the biocomposite infiltrates inhomogeneously into the porous carbon structure. Despite an incomplete penetration, the biocomposite can take advantage of the large EASA of the electrode via long‐range electron transport. These results show that previous success on gold electrode platforms can be improved when using more commercially viable and easily manipulated electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The burgeoning concern of N‐nitrosamine (NAM) contamination found in various pharmaceutical compositions has increased the demand for rapid and reliable screening methods to better assess the breadth of the problem. These carcinogenic compounds are also found in food, water, and soil, and they have been used in poison‐related homicides. Methods: A combination of complementary, ambient ionization methods, paper spray ionization (PSI) and filter cone spray ionization (FCSI)‐mass spectrometry (MS), was characterized towards trace‐level residue screening of select NAMs (e.g., N‐nitrosodimethylamine, N‐nitrosodiethylamine, N‐nitrosodibutylamine) directly from complex and problematic matrices of interest, including prescription and over‐the‐counter tablets, drinking water, soil, and consumable goods. Spectral data for analyte confirmation and detection limit studies were collected using a Thermo LCQ Fleet ion trap mass spectrometer. Results: PSI‐MS and FCSI‐MS readily produced mass spectral data marked by their simplicity (e.g., predominantly protonated molecular ions observed) and congruence with traditional electrospray ionization mass spectra in under 2 min. per sample. Both methods proved robust to the complex matrices tested, yielding ion signatures for target NAMs, as well as active pharmaceutical ingredients for analyzed tablets, flavorants inherent to food products, etc. Low part‐per‐million detection limits were observed but were shown dependent on sample composition. Conclusions: PSI‐MS and FCSI‐MS were successful in detecting trace‐level NAMS in complex liquid‐ and solid‐phase matrices with little to no prior preparation. This work suggests that these methodologies can provide a means for assessing problematic pharmaceutical adulterants/degradants for expedited quality control, as well as enhancing environmental stewardship efforts and forensic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This Good Practice Paper provides recommendations for the diagnosis, risk stratification and management of the monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). It describes the recently recognised entity of the monoclonal gammopathy of clinical significance (MGCS), and recommends how it should be managed. The potential for targeted population screening for MGUS is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the paper‐containing 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) and 100% nitrogen (modified atmosphere packaging, MAP) were used to treat plums during logistics process of e‐commerce (about 24 h). Quality changes of plums were analysed during shelf life at 25 °C and 4 °C for 6 and 12 days, respectively. Results showed that compared with control, 1‐MCP, MAP and 1‐MCP + MAP decreased respiration rate and ethylene production, maintained lower weight loss, higher green (a*) and firmness, maintained titratable acidity (TA) and ascorbic acid (ASA) content, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and maintained peroxidase (POD) activity. The quality of 1‐MCP + MAP group was the best, followed by the 1‐MCP group and MAP group. Overall, the combination of 1‐MCP with MAP treatments in the logistics process of e‐commerce has potential prospects for application to maintain the shelf life quality of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) is one of the world's most consumed medicinal plants for treating depression and psychiatric disorders. Counterfeiting can occur in the medicinal plant trade, either due to the lack of active ingredients or the addition of substances not mentioned on the labels, often without therapeutic value or even harmful to health. Hence, 43 samples of St. John's wort commercially acquired in different Brazilian regions and other countries were analyzed by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS‐MS) and modeled by principal component analysis. Hence, samples (plants, capsules, and tablets) were extracted with ethanol in a solid–liquid extraction. For the first time, PS‐MS analysis allowed the detection of counterfeit H. perforatum samples containing active principles typical of other plants, such as Ageratum conyzoides and Senna spectabilis. About 52.3% of the samples were considered adulterated for having at least one of these two species in their composition. Furthermore, out of 35 samples produced in Brazil, only 13 were deemed authentic, having only H. perforatum. Therefore, there is a clear need to improve these drugs' quality control in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human–machine interaction will be revolutionarily different in the future Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Many displays will be adopted onto electronic devices to enhance human–device communication, even under a very bright sunlight ambience. Thus, power consumption and sunlight visibility are important attributes for this application. Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have the inherent advantages of ultra‐low power consumption and high sunlight visibility, which are perfectly suitable for IoT applications. The low power consumption resulted from the balance of viscosity, gravity, and other complicated forces involved in the electrophoretic dispersion. This force balance is generally termed "bistability," meaning the particle‐packing can be stable without external power at black and white image states. However, good bistability implies a slow image updating rate, significantly degrades users' experience. In this work, a 3D network structure that undergoes disruption and reorganization with the particles' movement is utilized in the electrophoretic ink dispersion. Dynamic viscosity modulation enables the bistable and fast‐response dual‐working modes. The newly developed design can increase the response speed of EPDs by a factor of 2.38, simultaneously maintaining the bistability. The electronic ink with this reversible network provides a promising solution for the future video‐rate e‐paper displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters are widely used as components of industrial and consumer products including paper and cardboard packaging materials in contact with food or human skin. Being endocrine‐disrupting chemicals, phthalic acid esters have a negative effect on human health and must be controlled in pulp and paper products. In the present study, supercritical fluid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry in combination with pressurized liquid extraction was proposed for phthalic acid esters determination in such objects. Octadecyl stationary phase with non‐endcapped silanol groups ensured rapid (4 min) separation of the 10 priority phthalic acid esters in isocratic elution mode and allowed for effective elimination of interferences from the trace impurities of phthalic acid esters in the mobile phase. The attained limits of quantitation are in the range of 0.7–10 μg/L in extracts and 0.02–0.3 μg/g in paper and cardboard samples. The developed method is distinguished by analysis rapidity, easy sample preparation procedure, high selectivity, low susceptibility to mobile phase contamination with analytes, low cost, and environmental friendliness due to the use of carbon dioxide as a main component of the mobile phase. The method was successfully tested on real samples of toilet paper and food packaging paper and cardboard in which eight analytes were found at the levels of 0.03–43.5 μg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halochromic azo dyes have versatile applications, including sensing and anti‐counterfeiting, due to their reversible color‐changing properties. In this work we investigated the structure‐dependent halochromism of azo compound (E)‐4‐((2‐hydroxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonamide (HDBS) and explore its potential applications using experimental and theoretical approaches. Different spectroscopic techniques confirm the structural change in the dye as a consequence of tautomerism reaction upon changing pH (7 to 13). The stable form of hydrazone is isolated and characterized. Based on the spectroscopic characterization, it is concluded that the azo form exists at pH ≤ 9, whereas the hydrazone form at highly alkaline pH. To understand the origin of the absorption peaks, the stability, and tautomerism in water, DFT and TD‐DFT calculations are performed. A reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental observations enabled us to unravel the structure‐dependent halochromism. Further, we have shown that HDBS‐coated paper can be a real‐time visual sensor to monitor fish freshness and for anti‐counterfeiting ink. It changes colors with pH shifts, alerts consumers about the status of food. Additionally, erasable paper strip reduces paper waste and chemical pollution. The findings presented in this work provide a promising avenue for the development of halochromic azo compounds with potential applications in sensing and anti‐counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages with digital urban futures prospectively, departing from most existing geographical work that has tended to explore the future retrospectively. I do so by first discussing a methodology that is sensitive to the meanings and significations of the future as well as future‐making as an active process, or as 'practised'. I argue that such an orientation is necessary to challenge the established view of the future as an endpoint or as a priori in social and cultural geography and, correspondingly, invite a more processual and emergent understanding of the future as multiple, never complete and always becoming. Using the example of Singapore's Smart Nation initiative, I then show how this methodological approach can be employed to study the way urban dwellers encounter, engage and evaluate possible futures in their everyday spaces and lives. Focusing on futures prospectively is significant insofar as it directs attention to their relationality and open‐endedness, which, in turn, provides the latitude to consider and construct different forms of futures. Beyond the methodological contribution, this paper offers an epistemological intervention that not only unpicks how knowledge about the future is currently produced in the literature but also multiplies our ways of studying futurity and future‐making. This paper engages with digital urban futures prospectively, departing from most existing work that has tended to explore the future retrospectively. Using the example of the E‐Payments programme in Singapore, I show how a prospective methodological approach can be employed to study the way urban dwellers encounter, engage and evaluate possible futures in their everyday spaces and lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional Al‐air batteries are not suitable as portable power devices due to their complicated water management and bulky system. To resolve this issue, the fiber paper‐ and cotton cloth‐based Al‐air batteries were proposed, which exploited the capillary force from the paper (FP) and cotton cloth (CC) to deliver the solutions and eliminated the external pump. The physical features of the FP and CC were gained including the surface morphologies, surface elementary analysis, liquid absorption and flow rates. CC owned larger liquid absorption and faster flow rate due to its hierarchically woven‐spun fiber structure, compared to the randomly oriented fibers of the FP, although the surface of the CC demonstrated lower O/C ratio than that of the FP. So, the performance of the CC‐based Al‐air battery was largely higher than that of the FP‐based battery. The performance of the CC‐based Al‐air battery was optimal at 1.0 M NaOH electrolyte and the anode‐to‐cathode surface area ratio of 1 : 4, with the peak power density of 14.95±0.28 mW cm−2, and the maximum current density of 36.61±0.54 mA cm−2. To apply the CC‐based Al‐air battery, the two‐battery pack connected in series was assembled to drive a timer and light 9 LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the author's second bibliography on process capability indices (PCIs) and contains approximately 1080 journal papers and books for the period 2010–2021. The related literature is classified into six major categories, namely, books, review/overview papers, theory‐ and method‐related papers, special applications, software packages, and papers omitted in the author's previous bibliography. Theory‐ and method‐related papers are further classified into univariate, multivariate, and functional PCI‐related papers. Special applications include acceptance sampling, control charts, supplier selection, and tolerance design and other optimizations. The present bibliography consists of two parts. Part I contains books, review/overview papers, and univariate PCI‐related papers, while Part II includes multivariate and functional PCI‐related papers, special applications, software packages, and papers omitted in the author's previous bibliography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second part of the bibliography on process capability indices (PCIs) for the period 2010–2021, and includes multivariate and functional PCI‐related papers, special applications, software packages, and papers omitted in the author's previous bibliography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural colors are recognized as environmentally friendly colors compared with traditional pigments and dyes. However, their structural substrates are usually made of polymers or solid materials that are difficult to decompose naturally. Finding high‐performance bio‐degradable substrates is essential to protect the environment. Transparent wood paper is a competitive candidate because of its excellent biodegradability, high transparency, and strength. Here, it is firstly demonstrated that structural color prints can be fabricated monolithically on transparent wood paper. By mimicking the color generation structures in nature, nanostructures are imprinted on the surface of delignified wood and exhibit diverse structural colors. Three basic colors of red, green, and blue are demonstrated, and the colors can be continuously tuned by the periodicity and observation angle. Vivid color prints can be realized on the transparent wood paper by structural design. The structural colored transparent wood paper is flexible and bendable, and colors will not fade after 12‐month exposure to natural sunshine. Furthermore, the structural color prints on transparent wood paper are biodegradable and can be discarded directly after use. Both the structural colored relief and the transparent wood are eco‐friendly, opening a new door to next‐generation paper‐based disposable, sustainable, and green optical/photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The XY model of oil‐paper insulation connects the dielectric properties of oil, paper and oil‐paper system. Its equivalent circuit is the basis of the application of dielectric response technology in the state diagnosis of transformer oil‐paper insulation. To better apply the XY model to the study of the dielectric properties of oil‐paper insulation, the dielectric properties of the coaxial oil‐paper insulation system built in the laboratory, XY model and its equivalent circuits are compared. Then an improved circuit of XY model which can reflect the properties of the oil‐paper insulation more truly is proposed. The results show that there is no difference between the XY model and the coaxial model, and both can well characterize the oil‐paper insulation system. The two equivalent circuits of XY model, "Series to Parallel" circuit and "Parallel to Series" circuit, ignore the current tangential component and the electric field distortion in oil‐paper insulation, respectively, resulting in deviations from the XY model. By introducing a new branch C*XY, the improved circuit can reflect the tangential current and electric field distortion in oil‐paper insulation, which can be completely equivalent to XY model. In addition, there is a characteristic frequency point in the oil‐paper insulation system, where the dielectric loss factor tan δ of oil, paper and oil‐paper system are the same. There is no difference between the XY model and its two equivalent circuits at this point. The characteristic frequency is determined by the dielectric properties of oil and paper, and not affected by the insulation structure. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrically conducting composite paper is prepared by incorporating the cellulosic pulp extracted mechano‐chemically from a bamboo species, Arundinaria falcata, locally called Nigalo, with different amounts of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The raw and processed fibers as well as the composite papers with MWCNTs are examined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The four‐probe method is utilized to quantify the conductivity of the nanocomposite paper. The FTIR study reveals the removal of non‐cellulosic components of plant fibers such as hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin, etc. during the chemical treatment. XRD analysis shows that the crystallinity of raw fiber increases from 56% to 63% after bleaching. The POM imaging of different samples also indicates an increase in the smoothness of the particle morphology, a decrease in particle size, and removal of lignin during the chemical treatment as suggested by the FTIR study. The composite paper comprising 5 and 10 wt% of MWCNT shows exceptionally high bulk conductivity of 1.56 and 6.27 S cm−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean research currently relies heavily on bulky bioelectronic tags and sensory telemetry networks for data collection. Therefore, in this study, a compact and flexible waterproof bioelectronic tag with a kirigami (paper cutting)‐based design for underwater conductivity, temperature, depth, and strain sensing is designed and evaluated. Unlike invasive bioelectronic tags, the kirigami bioelectronic tag can be attached to robotic fish or aquatic animals without harming the host. The kirigami‐based design facilitates excellent stretchability and reduces stress within the sensor, thus inhibiting crosstalk induced by movement during multimodal sensing. A working bioelectronic tag is fabricated and tested. Notably, the performance of the kirigami sensors shows very little degradation even after >1000 stretching cycles. Specifically, the multimodal bioelectronic tag demonstrates a wide working pressure range of 0–5.0 MPa, and the kirigami design effectively suppresses signal coupling. The kirigami‐based bioelectronic tag is applied to a robotic dolphin and underwater environmental parameters and detailed movement parameters, such as swing angle, swing frequency, and typical gestures are detected simultaneously with high sensitivity and accuracy. Therefore, the device can be applied to a broad range of applications in various fields such as behavioral biology, ocean informatics, and underwater robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) has progressively increased in several regions around the world but has yet to be evaluated in Northern Ireland (NI). CHT screening programme was introduced in NI in 1980 and has had a relatively unchanged protocol since its inception. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of CHT in NI from 1981 to 2020 and to explore possible contributing factors to any changes seen over the 40‐year period. Design: This was a retrospective database review of children diagnosed with CHT in NI between 1981 and 2020. Data was collected from the patients' medical (paper and electronic) records, including epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological features as well as outcomes at 3 years. Results: Of 800,404 new‐borns who were screened for CHT in NI between January 1981 and March 2020, 471 were diagnosed with CHT. There was a steady and significant increase in incidence of CHT over time with an incidence of 26 cases per 100,000 livebirths in 1981 versus 71 cases per 100,000 in 2019 (p <.001). Of these 471, 77 new‐borns (16%) were born preterm. The incidence of CHT was observed twice as much in female compared to male new‐borns. Diagnostic imaging including radioisotope uptake and thyroid ultrasound scans were performed in 143 cases (30%). Of these, 101 (70%) cases had thyroid dysgenesis and 42 (30%) cases had thyroid dyshormonogenesis. There were 293 (62%) of 471 patients had confirmed permanent CHT, and 90 patients (19%) had transient CHT. Over that period at least 95% of the population were recorded as having United Kingdom/Ireland as country of birth. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a nearly tripling of the CHT incidence observed over the last 40 years. This is against a background of a relatively stable population demographics. Future research should focus on the underlying cause(s) of this condition which may include changing environmental exposures in utero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Industrial Ecology has awarded the 2022 Graedel Prizes for the best papers in the field. This year, two prizes were awarded in the junior first author category. The winning papers focused on topics such as urban industrial ecology, metal flows, and the impact of micro- and nano-sized plastics. The winning papers were praised for their professional merit, contribution, and presentation quality. The authors of the winning papers were recognized for their high-quality research and the potential impact of their work in their respective fields. [Extracted from the article]

Anticounterfeiting of goods is an urgent need both for luxury and cheap everyday life products. Their identification is usually based on overt technologies as printed codes, easy to produce but to be cloned as well. In this work, a standard QR‐code printed on office paper but hidden by a plasmonic multilayer system is exploited. The covert label is then protected by a peculiar reading mechanism, which is only possible in specific illumination conditions. The overall photonic structure consisting of the metal –insulator –metal –insulator, the printed random QR code and the paper substrate results in a strong physical unclonable function (PUF) that provides a multi‐level identification and authentication of goods ensuring uniqueness of nominally quasi‐identical tags and resistance to tampering/cloning attacks. The proposed paper‐based camouflage physical unclonable function (PC‐PUF) can be easily fabricated by low cost and large area techniques paving the way for an easy integration in an industrial supply‐chain as tags devoted to protect consumer merchandises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is the gold standard for infectious disease diagnostics. Currently NAATs are mainly limited to centralized laboratories, while paper‐based antigen tests are used for rapid home‐based diagnostics. DNA extraction, the initial sample preparation step in NAATs, remains a bottleneck that hinders its development toward home‐based kits. This step requires the use of compounds detrimental to the enzymes in downstream DNA amplification. Here, this work overcomes this bottleneck by immobilizing the enzyme achromopeptidase (ACP) on nitrocellulose, to both store and enable the separation of the enzymes from the other steps. This work provides proof‐of‐concept that immobilized ACP is effective at lysis and release of amplifiable DNA from gram‐positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and enables the use of the lysate directly for DNA amplification, without the need for heat deactivation of the enzyme. This sample preparation method requires only incubation at 37 °C and mild agitation, which allows to implement it with fully disposable and affordable equipment. Consequently, this work enables to combine the paper‐based DNA extraction method with the isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) followed by lateral flow detection to demonstrate a sample‐to‐answer NAAT packaged as an instrument free self‐test kit expanding the capabilities of home‐testing beyond antigen tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how using a paper versus mobile calendar influences everyday planning and plan fulfillment behavior. Consumers are rapidly moving from paper to mobile calendars for convenience, but this research shows that doing so may lead individuals to be less successful in effectively developing and implementing their plans. In three studies, we demonstrate that compared with mobile calendar users, paper calendar users develop higher-quality plans and are more successful in plan fulfillment. We provide evidence that this happens because paper calendar users take a broader, big-picture perspective during planning, which also leads to higher-quality plan development and a greater likelihood of plan fulfillment. When mobile calendar users use a mode that also provides a broader perspective, their plan quality increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we successfully construct the 3D biocompatible graphene through crosslinking 2D graphene nanosheet onto carbon fiber paper with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) as anode of the alcohol biofuel cell. Compared with the bioanode without 3D graphene, the current density and output power of PDDA‐graphene‐ADH bioanode is increased by 23 % and 41 % at a high concentration of ethanol at pH 8.9, suggesting the stabilization role of graphene in enzyme loading. The study provides us a deep analysis on structures and performances of the bioanode incl. electrochemistry, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, and atomic force microscopy images, which is significant to develop the new methods to construct 3D porous electrodes in energy conversion device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluidic membranes consisting of 2D materials and polymers are considered promising candidates for harvesting osmotic energy from river estuaries owing to their unique ion channels. However, micron‐scale polymer chains agglomerate in the nanochannels, resulting in steric hindrance and affection ion transport. Herein, a nanofluidic membrane is designed from MXene and xylan nanoparticles that are derived from paper‐mill waste. The demonstrated membrane reinforced by paper‐mill waste has the characteristics of green, low‐cost, and outstanding performance in mechanical properties and surface‐charge‐governed ionic transport. The MXene/carboxmethyl xylan (CMX) membrane demonstrates a high surface charge (ζ‐potential of −44.3 mV) and 12 times higher strength (284.96 MPa) than the pristine MXene membrane. The resulting membrane shows intriguing features of high surface charge, high ion selectivity, and reduced steric hindrance, enabling it high osmotic energy generation performance. A potential of the nanofluidic membrane is ≈109 mV, the corresponding current of up to 2.73 µA, and the output power density of 14.52 mW m−2 are obtained under a 1000‐fold salt concentration gradient. As the electrolyte pH increases, the power density reaches 56.54 mW m−2. This works demonstrate that CMX nanoparticles can effectively enhance the properties of the nanofluidic membrane and provide a promising strategy to design high‐performance nanofluidic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at developing an easily implementable method for on‐site analysis to detect urea adulteration in feed ingredients, a simple and inexpensive paper strip for urea detection via colorimetric assay is herein presented. The paper strip can be simply fabricated by immobilizing urease with bromothymol blue (BTB) as a pH indicator on cellulose fiber. Upon dipping the paper strip into the target sample, the release of ammonia during the reaction between urea in the sample and urease on the paper strip causes a pH change that results in the development of a blue color, thus indicating the presence of urea. A semiquantitative detection method was developed on the basis of the color change on the paper strip, which can be detected by naked eyes and compared with a color chart made by spiking urea at concentrations varying from 0.10% to 1.0% (w/w) in animal protein and fishmeal samples. Moreover, quantitative data were obtained by taking a picture with a smartphone camera and measuring the color intensity using ImageJ software. A comparison between BTB and phenol red as pH indicators revealed that the former afforded better results in terms of resolution. Under optimal conditions, good linear responses of blue intensity were obtained in a concentration range of 0.10%–1.0% (w/w). The recovery was determined to range between 98.1% and 118.3% with a relative standard deviation of <5%. The developed paper strip assay was applied to determine urea in animal protein and fishmeal, finding good agreement with the official AOAC method (No. 967.07). The present paper strip is rapid and requires neither sophisticated devices nor skilled personnel, allowing its use by quality controllers for the routine on‐site detection of the urea adulteration of raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]