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The article presents information on two research papers published in the November 1987 issue of "International Social Science Journal," on the topic of universality and diversity in the social sciences. One basic tenet of science is its universality. Though heavily influenced by cultural, ideological and socio-economic variables of the societies in which they are practiced, the social sciences must none the less respect universality, at least aim towards it if they are to claim scientific status. One of the papers, discusses the need in the Third World to reinforce the indigenous character of the social sciences. Indian sociologist Yogesh Atal, has identified four tendencies in the efforts of indigenization of the social sciences in Asia. First, teaching in the national language and use of local materials; second, research carried out by nationals; thirdly definition of research priorities; and fourthly theoretical and methodological orientation. The debate between universality and diversity goes far beyond the field of social science. It relates to the crises of modernity. The problems of universality and relativity of values, of individual liberty and life in community and solidarity cannot he avoided and must be resolved.

This paper presents social science understandings of successful aging for a broad audience in multidisciplinary gerontology in Asia–Oceania.The international literature on social science aspects of successful aging is reviewed with a focus on Asia and social improvement.New positive approaches to aging research are identifying opportunities for maintaining capacities and well-being over the life course. Successful aging, productive aging, and active aging are key concepts. Increasing life expectancy and fertility control are major social achievements that underpin population aging as the mainstream social transformation facing the world. Asia will be at the forefront of this change and the consequences will vary greatly between cultures, nations, and subgroups within them. Older people generally maintain good quality of life and the capacity to‘age well’ is influenced by life-long maturation and emotional, social, and economic resources. Good health can be enhanced through positive actions such as physical activity, good nutrition, and not smoking. Mental capacities can also be improved and maintained throughout old age. In advanced old age, the‘fourth age’, the focus turns to ameliorating the effects of loss and to maintaining dignity.The social sciences contribute knowledge useful for improving life experiences for older people and aging societies. Population aging is central to national economic development. Public policy and individual action concerning aging can benefit all age groups. To better inform these developments it is important to address the serious shortfall of social science research on aging in the Asia–Oceania region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]