24 results
Search Results
2. The Relationship between Income and Children's Outcomes: A Synthesis of Canadian Evidence.
- Author
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McEwen, Annie and Stewart, Jennifer M.
- Subjects
SOCIAL policy ,INCOME ,INCOME inequality ,PUBLIC welfare ,INCOME maintenance programs ,AGE & income ,CHILD development ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Transferring income to families with children has long been a basic Canadian social policy. Though motivated by a range of goals, a central expectation has been that higher family income will lead to better child outcomes, especially in low-income families. This paper presents a synthesis of Canadian research estimating the effect of household income on measures of child development and well-being. While child outcomes and socioeconomic status (SES) are highly correlated, the effect of income on child outcomes, controlling for other SES factors, is found to be statistically significant but of much smaller magnitude than correlation alone indicates. The paper also discusses key theoretical and methodological issues in this area of research, identifies areas for future research, and draws implications for public policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Opting or Not Opting to Share Income Tax Information with the Census: Does It Affect Research Findings?
- Author
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Brochu, Pierre, Morin, Louis-Philippe, and Billette, Jean-Michel
- Subjects
INCOME tax ,INCOME inequality ,INCOME ,WAGES ,CENSUS ,CONSENT (Law) ,EQUALITY - Abstract
This paper examines the implication of the decision to give 2006 Census respondents the option of letting Statistics Canada access their income tax files rather than answering income-related questions directly. We find that giving respondents the option to share their income tax files (or not) adds a confounding factor when it comes to measuring family-income inequality, particularly for the bottom tail of the distribution. The consent decision does not, however, materially affect the estimation of standard wage equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Changing Effects of Community Characteristics on Volunteering in Canada.
- Author
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SMITH, ALEXANDER
- Subjects
VOLUNTEER service ,INCOME inequality ,IMMIGRANTS ,COMMUNITIES ,POPULATION - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Redistributional Impact of Canada's Employment Insurance Program, 1992-2002.
- Author
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Finnie, Ross and Irvine, Ian
- Subjects
INCOME maintenance programs ,UNEMPLOYMENT insurance ,INCOME inequality ,TRANSFER payments ,PUBLIC spending ,PUBLIC welfare policy ,PUBLIC welfare ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
For a decade or so starting in the early 1990s, Canada's major income support programs underwent substantial reform. Meanwhile, the economy first lingered in a deep recession and then recovered with a period of strong growth. This paper focuses on how the distributional impact of Employment Insurance (EI) evolved during this period. We find that EI was strongly redistributive throughout the whole period with respect to the earnings of individuals, and somewhat less so for family income. But we also show that the distribution of benefits and contributions changed substantially over time, becoming less redistributive. Somewhat counter-intuitively, both the benefit and contribution sides of the program are shown to be redistributive, even though the contribution structure is regressive. These findings are relevant in the current context, as the economy struggles with a combination of high unemployment and fiscal pressures on government spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. ‘Inequality is the root of social evil,’ or Maybe Not? Two Stories about Inequality and Public Policy.
- Author
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CORAK, MILES
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,GOVERNMENT policy ,CANADIAN economy, 1945- ,GINI coefficient ,MIDDLE class ,ECONOMIC equilibrium ,FAMILIES ,INCOME - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Income Inequality and Health Trajectories from Mid-Life to Later Life: Are Canadian and American Differences Widening?
- Author
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McDaniel, Susan A. and Gazso, Amber
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,HEALTH of middle-aged persons ,HEALTH of older people ,PUBLIC welfare policy - Abstract
Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Canadian Inequality: Recent Developments and Policy Options.
- Author
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Fortin, Nicole, Green, David A., Lemieux, Thomas, Milligan, Kevin, and Riddell, W. Craig
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,WAGES ,MINIMUM wage ,EARNED income ,DISPOSABLE income ,WOMEN'S wages ,MEN'S wages - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Socioeconomic Status and the Use of Medicines in the Ontario Public Drug Program.
- Author
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Allin, Sara and Laporte, Audrey
- Subjects
PHARMACEUTICAL policy ,PHARMACEUTICAL services insurance ,INCOME inequality ,COST shifting ,HEALTH insurance ,PUBLIC welfare ,DEMOGRAPHY ,PROVINCIAL governments - Abstract
Residents of Ontario aged 65 years and older are covered by a provincially funded prescription drug program. The aim of this paper is to assess the extent of inequity in prescription drug use for people eligible for Ontario Drug Benefit coverage, and to explore the different possible explanations for inequities. The analyses draw on the Canadian Community Health Survey from 2005, which is linked to pharmacy and Ontario Health Insurance Plan claims data. We model the number of therapeutically different prescription drugs and the total expenditures on medications on a set of health, demographic, and socioeconomic indicators, and we calculate the concentration index of income-related inequality in medicine use. The results show that low-income individuals who have enrolled in the reduced cost-sharing program on average use more medications than those with higher income, even after adjusting for a comprehensive set of health and demographic variables. While Ontario's public drug program appears to have ensured access to medications for low-income seniors, the results of this study raise concerns about the potential inappropriateness of medication use and point to a gap in drug policy in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Toward Disentangling Policy Implications of Economic and Demographic Changes in Canada's Aging Population.
- Author
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McDaniel, Susan A.
- Subjects
- *
AGING , *JOB performance , *INCOME inequality , *DEMOGRAPHIC surveys , *PENSIONS , *RETIREMENT planning - Abstract
Demographic change and policy reorientation are often conflated with economic and social changes in anticipating the social and policy implications of demographic aging. In this paper, an attempt is made to begin to disentangle these factors to gain a clearer sense of the implications of population aging for social and policy responses. Analyzed here are selected socio-economic changes that intervene in the connection of demographic aging to policy, such as actual working patterns by age, education to work timing, retirement patterns, productivity shifts, pension investment shifts, policy changes such as the move toward economic liberalism and away from redistribution and social protection, changing family patterns, and shifts among generations in terms of wealth inequality. These are related to shifts in demographic age structures. Data which are more illustrative than the analytical focus of the paper, come largely from various Statistics Canada sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Consumption and Income Inequality: The Case of Atlantic Canada from 1969-1996.
- Author
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Dhawan-Biswal, Urvashi
- Subjects
- *
EQUALITY , *CONSUMPTION (Economics) , *INCOME inequality - Abstract
In this paper we re-examine inequality in Canada with a comprehensive look at inequality trends in Atlantic Canada during the period 1969 to 1996. We use consumption expenditure as a measure of family well-being and compare it with the income-based measures of well-being. The results of this study reveal the following: (a) consumption distribution is more equal than the income distribution; (b) inequality trends are sensitive to how family resources are measured; (c) consumption inequality in Atlantic Canada fluctuated considerably until the mid-1980s; and (d) tax and transfer policies have played an important role in reducing income disparities in Atlantic Canada as well as in the rest of Canada. Overall, consumption inequality has continually been lower in Atlantic Canada in comparison to the rest of Canada. The paper also examines the role of key socio-demographic factors using a decomposition methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Short-Run Household, Industrial, and Labour Impacts of the Quebec Carbon Market.
- Author
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BARRINGTON-LEIGH, CHRISTOPHER, TUCKER, BRONWEN, and LARA, JOAQUIN KRITZ
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,EMISSIONS trading ,INCOME inequality ,POLLUTION & economics ,QUEBECOIS politics & government ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Quebec Convergence and Canadian Life Satisfaction, 1985-2008.
- Author
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Barrington-Leigh, Christopher P.
- Subjects
SATISFACTION -- Social aspects ,INCOME ,SURVEYS ,SATISFACTION ,SUBJECTIVE well-being (Psychology) ,STATISTICAL research ,FRENCH-speaking people ,INCOME inequality ,PUBLIC goods ,SUICIDE ,SOCIAL conditions in Canada ,CANADIAN history, 1945- ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
Self-reported life satisfaction is increasingly measured in government and private surveys around the world. In Canada, life satisfaction questions have not been asked in a consistent manner over time, but the accumulated set of data since 1985, along with recent surveys with repeated structure, now facilitates an analysis of regional changes. Those two and a half decades reveal a significant increase in life satisfaction in the province of Quebec as compared with the rest of Canada. The scale of this increase in well-being is comparable to the imputed effect of more than a trebling of mean household income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Taxes, Transfers, and Canadian Income Inequality.
- Author
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FRENETTE, MARC, GREEN, DAVID A., and MILLIGAN, KEVIN
- Subjects
- *
FISCAL policy , *TAX laws , *REGRESSION analysis , *INCOME & employment theory ,CANADIAN economy - Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the relationship between the substantial changes in tax and transfer programs and the movements in after-tax income inequality over the 1980s and 1990s. We show that in the 1980s, tax and transfer programs became more redistributive, offsetting substantial increases in market income inequality. In the 1990s, the tax and transfer system stopped undoing the increases in market income inequality, leading after-tax income inequality to rise. Even so, tax and transfer programs were more redistributive in 2000 than in the 1980s. Much of the changes occurred at the provincial level, with social assistance payments first increasing (in the late 1980s) then decreasing (in the late 1990s) and with surtaxes on high-income earners being first imposed and subsequently removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Increasing Male Earnings Inequality in Canada and the United States, 1981-1997: The Role of Hours Changes versus Wage Changes.
- Author
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Johnson, Susan and Kuhn, Peter
- Subjects
- *
WAGES , *INCOME , *INCOME inequality , *SKILLED labor - Abstract
This paper looks at changes in hourly wages and hours worked per week of prime-age males in different skill groups (measured by earnings quintile) in the United States and Canada from 1981 to 1997. The analysis reveals that increases in hourly wage inequality are primarily responsible for increases in weekly earnings inequality in both countries. Increases in the dispersion of hours worked per week play a more important part in explaining the increase in earnings inequality in Canada than in the United States. High-skill workers experienced increases in earnings growth due to increases in hours and, at least for the US, increases in wages. In contrast, low-skill workers experienced declines in earnings growth due to decreases in wages and hours. This evidence is consistent with a skill-biased demand shock. In Canada a larger percentage of the reduction in earnings of low-skill workers is accounted for by declining hours. This evidence suggests a higher degree of downward wage rigidity in Canada than in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Preferences for the Distribution of Incomes in Modern Societies: The Enduring Influence of Social Class and Economic Context.
- Author
-
Andersen, Robert and Yaish, Meir
- Subjects
SOCIAL surveys ,INCOME inequality ,PUBLIC opinion ,SOCIAL classes ,CANADIAN economy - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Big Tax Data and Economic Analysis: Effects of Personal Income Tax Reassessments and Delayed Tax Filing.
- Author
-
MESSACAR, DEREK
- Subjects
INCOME tax ,ECONOMIC research ,BIG data ,PUBLIC records ,TAXATION statistics ,CHARTS, diagrams, etc. - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The Evolution of Hourly Compensation in Canada between 1980 and 2010.
- Author
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DUCLOS, JEAN-YVES and PELLERIN, MATHIEU
- Subjects
WAGES ,WAGE differentials ,INCOME inequality ,EQUALITY ,CANADIAN economy, 1945- ,CENSUS - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The Gender Wage Gap in the Canadian Provinces, 1997-2014.
- Author
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SCHIRLE, TAMMY
- Subjects
CANADIAN provinces ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,WOMEN employees ,PRIVATE sector ,WOMEN ,SOCIAL conditions of women ,WAGE differentials ,INCOME inequality ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Implications of Public Policy Change Models for Addressing Income-Related Health Inequalities.
- Author
-
BRYANT, TOBA
- Subjects
HEALTH equity ,SOCIAL policy ,PUBLIC health & economics ,POLITICAL participation ,QUALITY of life - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Income Inequality and Popular Support for Redistributive Policies in Canada, 1993-2008.
- Author
-
Sealey, Anthony and Andersen, Robert
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,PUBLIC support ,CANADIAN elections ,CANADIANS ,ECONOMICS & politics ,SOCIAL policy ,POLITICAL culture ,PUBLIC opinion ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) - Abstract
Using Canadian Election Study data, we explore the relationship between income inequality and popular support for redistribution in Canada between 1993 and 2008. We demonstrate that the relationship between inequality and attitudes toward redistribution tends to be positive within provinces but negative across them. We argue that two markedly different mechanisms explain this discrepancy. First, within any particular political and economic context, people are more likely to benefit from redistribution, and hence support it, when inequality is high. Second, both inequality and attitudes toward redistribution are affected by characteristics unique to provincial political cultures, which results in attitudes toward redistribution having a different baseline depending on the province. We end with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The Effectiveness and Distributional Effects of the Tax Credit for Public Transit.
- Author
-
Chandler, Vincent
- Subjects
TAX credits ,PUBLIC transit ridership ,LOCAL transit passes ,INCOME inequality ,TRANSPORTATION policy - Abstract
This article studies the impact of a non-refundable tax credit for public transit introduced in July 2006 in Canada. I find no evidence that this tax credit increased the number of trips made using public transit. There is, however, some suggestive evidence that it did induce commuters to purchase monthly passes. Finally, the article discusses the distributional effect of this tax credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Closing the 49th Parallel: An Unexplored Episode in Canadian Economic and Political History.
- Author
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Davies, James B. and Winer, Stanley L.
- Subjects
IMMIGRATION law ,FREE trade laws ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,TAXATION ,LABOR market -- Law & legislation ,BORDER crossing ,CANADA-United States relations ,CANADIAN economy, 1945- ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
We draw attention to, and begin to consider the implications of, the severe restrictions on emigration by Canadians to the United States introduced under the US Immigration Act of 1965. These restrictions came into effect in 1968 and lasted until mobility began to increase to some extent under the free trade agreements in the early 1990s. This is an unusual episode in Canadian history, the implications of which for the Canadian economy and for Canadian public policy appear to have received little attention. We assemble evidence that suggests that the near closing of the border led toward uncoupling of Canadian and US labour markets and to a decrease in the elasticity of labour supply in Canada. Implications for Canadian fiscal policy of a decline in labour elasticity are then derived using a model of equilibrium fiscal structure. We show that these predictions, including heavier taxation of labour income and an increase in the overall size of the public sector, are consistent with what occurred over the two decades after the near closing of the US border, as well as with the partial reopening following the free trade agreements. The analysis continues by acknowledging additional factors that determine the structure and size of the public sector, and by considering the near closing of the border in a broader historical context. We conclude with a prediction about the future course of Canada-US migration policy that follows from our analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. A New View of the Male/Female Pay Gap.
- Author
-
Baker, Michael and Drolet, Marie
- Subjects
INCOME inequality ,CANADIAN economy, 1991- ,WOMEN employees ,WAGE theory ,LABOR market ,ECONOMIC conditions of women - Abstract
We construct a new time series on the Canadian female/male pay ratio. The new series is based on wage data rather than the earnings data that have been used in the past. Wages more closely correspond to the price of labour, while earnings combine information on the price of labour with information on decisions of how much to work. Our results reveal significant differences between the wage- and earnings-based series. Most importantly, the wage series reveals that women have continued to make progress over the last 15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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