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Marine Natural Products (MNPs) isolated from samples collected in Colombia have been an object of study since the early 1980's; however, this information is neither integrated nor compiled. This systematic review describes the articles published in scientific journals up to December 2019. 173 papers met the inclusion criteria of focusing on MNPs obtained from specimens collected from Colombian seas; all original papers written in English, Portuguese or Spanish. The selected papers were mostly authored by researchers from Colombian groups, with low interaction amongst themselves. 99.4% of the papers studied samples collected from the Caribbean Sea; 183 species were studied, mainly sponges and octocorals. In this study, 1,690 compounds (238 new ones) were reviewed, mainly diterpenes and sterol derivatives. Of the selected papers, 76.8% measured various biological activities, including antibiotic (34%) and anticancer (30%). These papers were published in 51 journals (74.6% were international). In conclusion, scientific work on natural marine products of Colombian origin has incremented over time. The most relevant opportunities to address and fill existing gaps comprise: exploring Pacific Ocean organisms and several of the misrepresented taxa; promoting strong interactions amongst the MNPs research groups, and accordingly with other areas of knowledge; and having the productive sector participate in MNPs research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is one of the most inequal countries in Latin America, which at the same time, is the most inequal region of the world. Even though this situation is discouraging it is not new, the difference lays on the importance that this situation has been taken in the political agenda in the nation, awakening multiple expectative between the citizens who has been the eternal losers: the poor. This paper focuses on the challenges that the new government of Gustavo Petro faces in matter of the inequality and poverty that affects over the half of the population in Colombia, at the same time provides a context of the Colombian case in the conjuncture of global and regional socioeconomic changes that incident on the chances of fulfill structural transformations at the social policy. Although this research acknowledges a large spectrum of inequalities existing in the territory (gender, generational, ethnic, racial) it focusses on the income inequality. This analysis takes place based on the data of specialized sources on the subject and the monitoring fluctuations of inequality in Colombia in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses the contents published in digital media during the 2014 presidential election in Colombia in order to identify the informative impartiality and factuality of the digital press. The paper is based on the Interpretive-Hermeneutic methodology and provides a case study and a content analysis of the web articles published between May 25 and June 15 of 2014 by El Tiempo and El Espectador newspapers. The findings show the use of one informative source alone and the limitation of testimonies to personal opinions of politicians, prioritization of content about politicians and campaign events rather than an analysis and a presentation of the government plan, and a strong presence of peacerelated topics and support for the presidential reelection. It is possible to conclude that the discursive resources of both newspapers reduced the written narrative and prioritized the use of images and videos establishing news that, even though broaden the format in terms of information, simplify and modify the informative elements related to the fact-event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objetive of this paper is to determine the enabling conditions for exercising participatory budgets in Bogotá. An analysis of the citizen participation regulatory framework in Colombia is introduced in order to understand the existent conditions for the execution of democratic budgets. After, a diagnostic of the main national and international citizen participation programs is completed using Arnstein’s “participatory ladder”, highlighting the failures in promoting citizen participation and in the development of participatory budgets. Finally, the last chapter presents a proposal to synthetize conditions that will enable the development of citizen budgets as well as the lessons learnt from international and national cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to answer the question regarding the existence of a general trend in Catatumbo in terms of a cause and effect relationship between the previous presence of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), and a low or high level of votes for The Fuerza Alternativa Revolucionaria del Común (Farc) in the legislative elections of 2018. This paper applies a quantitative methodology with documentary research and a triangulation with secondary sources. The findings of this research show that in spite of the existence of a political cluster for the new party, formed by San Calixto, Hacari, Teorama and El Tarra, the dispute over the control of this territory among armed groups entails a threat for the social and political reincorporation process of the demobilized guerrilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary tourism is an emerging field of human geography and cultural history that rediscovers the most significant spaces in each territory through the narrative representations about them. Based on an investigation, the paper shows the results of source criticism and discourse analysis of two hundred literary works that focus on the territory of Santander (Colombia) during the first half of the twentieth century. It demonstrates that the construction of the imaginary of "Santanderness" is associated with a vast literary tradition and the creation of new identity and collective recreation spaces such as the Chicamocha National Park (Panachi). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the importance of strategic planning applied to Colombian mining. This research was performed the literature review and case studies of countries that have implemented a method that seeks continuous improvement of processes and making sound decisions mining companies based on factors that were not taken into account previously. We selected two investigations, one applied to surface mining and underground mining other, showing significant progress in using strategic planning as a means to an ongoing development. Each case is unique but can be applied anywhere in the world depending on the characteristics of the areas where the project will take place, also emphasizes the current framework of strategic planning and trends that this methodology presents a future in mining Colombia where intervention is necessary to achieve ideological and procedural significant development within the industries of the continent, it shows the lack of new methodologies and best in business investment from the country's mining mining institutions to mining companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research was to adapt a methodology for inventory and assessment of Geological Heritage applied to the Andean region of Colombia on the northwest of the country, specifically in the town of Santa Fe de Antioquia. The methodology is adapted to the current state of knowledge of the Geological Heritage and Geodiversity in Colombia. Within this research the selection of the study area, the definition of work scale, the literature review, the definition of parameters for valuation, development of inventories, valuation, mapping and final use of the Geological Heritage and geodiversity were included; furthermore determination of the intrinsic value of the Points of Geological Interest Points (GIP). Scores ranging from one to five depending on the case, with five being the highest degree of importance and value, and one the lowest. The investigation classifies and designates relevance and category through the diagnosis and assessment of five points; Volcanic ash Recent Deposits, Laterites Santa Fe de Antioquia, La Tunala Creek and Viewpoint Spider, which resulted in four with a score greater than or equal to three. This paper allows to enhance the natural, scientific and tourist potential of Santa Fe de Antioquia and recommended that the methodology may apply to other GIP in the Colombian Andes with the aim of promoting environmental management and sustainable development principles for the country [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained from using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to analyse tooth enamel found at the Aguazuque archaeological site (Cundinamarca, Colombia), located on the savannah near Bogota at 4° 37' North and 74°17' West. It was presumed that the tooth enamel came from a collective burial consisting of 23 people, involving men, women and children. The tooth enamel was irradiated with gamma rays and the resulting free radicals were measured using an electron spin resonance (ESR) X-band spectrometer to obtain a signal intensity compared to absorbed doses curve. Fitting this curve allowed the mean archaeological dose accumulated in the enamel during the period that it was buried to be estimated, giving a 2.10 ± 0.14 Gy value. ROSY software was used for estimating age, giving a mean 3,256 ± 190y before present (BP) age. These results highlight EPR's potential when using the quaternary ancient ruins dating technique in Colombia and its use with other kinds of samples like stalagmites, calcite, mollusc shells and reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]