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The paper offers literature review of the three suggested approaches that answer the question of ancient Egyptian meter. These theories reflect the constant contradictions between the dominant European Imperial languages of the 19 century (German - French - English). The paper also investigates the religious motivations that prompt Euro-American scholars to compare ancient Egyptian with Biblical texts. The rediscovered thematic affinities formed the main objective of these studies in order to restore historical hypothesizes that approve the legitimacy of several Biblical thoughts. Moving beyond the theoretical parameters of Eurocentric modernity, this paper argues that medieval Arabic literary criticism can be used as a foundation for understanding the literary nature of ancient Egyptian literary devices in order to recognize the various internal forces of the ancient Egyptian literary reproductions. Premodern Arabic poetics, represented in the theory of balāghah (literally 'eloquence' and roughly 'poetics'), can offer the ideal path to take advantage of the linguistic affinities between the two languages in the realm of literary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In logic, Aristotelian diagrams are almost always assumed to be closed under negation, and are thus highly symmetric in nature. In linguistics, by contrast, these diagrams are used to study lexicalization, which is notoriously not closed under negation, thus yielding more asymmetric diagrams. This paper studies the interplay between logical symmetry and linguistic asymmetry in Aristotelian diagrams. I discuss two major symmetric Aristotelian diagrams, viz. the square and the hexagon of opposition, and show how linguistic considerations yield various asymmetric versions of these diagrams. I then discuss a pentagon of opposition, which occupies an uneasy position between the square and the hexagon. Although this pentagon belongs neither to the symmetric realm of logic nor to the asymmetric realm of linguistics, it occurs several times in the literature. The oldest known occurrence can be found in the cosmological work of the 14th-century author Nicole Oresme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common in discourse surrounding Québécois and Puerto Rican nationalism to discuss both regions in terms of their linguistic marginality to Anglo-majorities found in Canada and the USA, respectively. As two areas faced with the common American task of inventing a national identity in displaced settings in the New World, English becomes an easy "other" against which the French Quebecker and Spanish Puerto Rican may define themselves. However, language becomes a problematic means of definition when considered in relation to its intrinsically Old World origins. This paper reexamines Quebec and Puerto Rican nationalism from a larger New World perspective that focuses on the role of American landscapes and settings in conjunction with the traditional linguistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to offer a profound analysis of the interrelations between smart city components connecting the cornerstones of the triple helix. The triple helix model has emerged as a reference framework for the analysis of knowledge-based innovation systems, and relates the multiple and reciprocal relationships between the three main agencies in the process of knowledge creation and capitalization: university, industry and government. This analysis of the triple helix will be augmented using the Analytic Network Process to model, cluster and begin measuring the performance of smart cities. The model obtained allows interactions and feedbacks within and between clusters, providing a process to derive ratio scales priorities from elements. This offers a more truthful and realistic representation for supporting policy-making. The application of this model is still to be developed, but a full list of indicators, available at urban level, has been identified and selected from literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Taking its point of departure in Roman Jakobson's model of the linguistic functions from his 1958 (1960) “Closing Statement” on “Linguistics and Poetics”, the paper raises a discussion of a neglected paradox or discrepancy in Jakobson's poetics, namely the fact that the model he used to describe and distinguish the poetic function of language was based on spoken language, where as most of his examples were all taken from literary, i.e. written texts. This paradox highlights a general problem in Jakobson's poetics – its strong orientation towards the phonetic or acoustic aspects of language as well as its relative lack of interest or sensibility to a fundamental, aesthetic feature of literature, namely that it is not a speech act but a scriptural and visual act, consisting of letters and other graphic signs written down on either paper or a screen. The examples are drawn from early 20th century avant-garde literature, Futurism and Dadaism, that is a material closely related to Jakobson's formative or – as he himself also called them – “futurist years” as a young linguist in Moscow and Prague. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This critical review accomplished two main tasks: first, the article provides scope for identifying the most common conceptions of moral competence in the scientific literature, as well as the different ways to measure this type of competence. Having moral judgment is the most popular element of moral competence, but the literature introduces many other elements. The review also shows there is a plethora of ways to measure moral competence, either in standardized tests providing scores or other non-standardized tests. As a second task, the article reflects critically on the general use of the idea of moral competence. Results suggest that this idea functions as what philosopher Bernard Williams would have called a thin ethical concept. Thin concepts are not problematic in and of themselves if they are used as linguistic shorthand, however, there may be shortcomings in the literature on moral competence because the idea is not rooted in more substantive views or theories in a way that is both clear and coherent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There appears to be no consensus as yet on the meaning of the term "world" in "world literature". Over the last few years, "world" has indeed been the object of a multitude of responses and readings, which markedly vary according to researchers' academic backgrounds and theoretical vantage points. How then is the "world" of "world literature" to be apprehended? Combining linguistics-informed and close-reading methods, the present essay seeks to shed light on a notional issue that has especially divided world and postcolonial literary scholars in recent times. More precisely, it will be argued that "world" in the phrase "world literature" has begun to undergo a linguistic process of re-semanticization, whereby this lexical item has come to encode, and be imbued with, values central to the postcolonial agenda – thus providing the postcolonial cause with fresh impetus in the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

British publishing of contemporary poetry in translation is largely, though not exclusively, concerned with presenting poets to a British readership for the first time: much of this readership must be 'recruited" through the reliability of a publishing "brand name." This pattern sits inside the wider UK pattern of publishing and reading relatively small amounts of literature in translation. Nor is it readily accorded a high profile. For example, in the Saturday Guardian, a national broadsheet with a circulation of half a million, the "Review" (a forty-page books supplement)for 14/2/04 looked at no works in translation. These kinds of figures speak for themselves. UK book culture is notoriously monoglot: there is certainly international writing, but for historical and also linguistic reasons (the end of empire was succeeded by the empire of language) it is dominated by international writing in English: from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, the Carribean, Australia and New Zealand, the US and Canada. Each of these regions contributes big-hitting novelists to the British publishing scene. Faced with these cultural continuities, which are daily reinforced by popular culture in the Anglophone world, it may seem almost impossible for the unfamiliar, highly characteristic and specific literary culture of a country like Slovakia, to get a hearing in the UK. The paper deals with paradoxes and dilemmas that raise from such an enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of summaries of contents of various published collections of articles and papers is presented. They include "Iter philologicum. Festschrift fur Helmut Keipert zum 65. Geburtstag. Die Welt der Slaven-Sammelbande, Band 28," edited by Daniel Buncic and Nikolaos Trunte and "Slavistische Linguistik 2004/2005: Referate des XXX. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Klagenfurt, 13.-17. September 2004, und Referate des XXXI. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Freudenstadt, 19.-23. September 2005. Slavistische Beitrage, 453," edited by Tilman Berger, Jochen Raecke and Tilmann Reuther.

The right to communicate includes the right to “freedom of opinion and expression” and rights and freedoms “without distinction of … language”. The 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a time to celebrate and reflect on communication as a human right, particularly with respect to Article 19 and its relationship to national and international conventions, declarations, policies and practices. This review profiles articles from the special issue of International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology (volume 20, issue 1) addressing communication rights from four perspectives: (1) communication rights of all people; (2) communication rights of people with communication disabilities; (3) communication rights of children and (4) communication rights relating to language. Divergent perspectives from across the globe are considered. First-hand accounts of people whose right to communicate is compromised/upheld are included and perspectives are provided from people with expertise and advocacy roles in speech-language pathology, audiology, linguistics, education, media, literature and law, including members of the International Communication Project. Three steps are outlined to support communication rights: acknowledge people – adjust the communication style – take time to listen. Future advocacy for communication rights could be informed by replicating processes used to generate the Yogyakarta Principles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the right to freedom of opinion and expression. UN Resolution A/RES/61/266 called upon Member States “to promote the preservation and protection of all languages used by peoples of the world”. This resolution has particular relevance for minority language groups where mother tongue – so vital to self-expression – is primarily a spoken medium, often ascribed low status. With few fluent readers and writers, and a consequent dearth of written resources, a vicious circle develops and linguistic and cultural heritage erodes. Not all governments are vigilant with appropriate policies and funding. Even in a community like Shetland, where there is no class connotation associated with speaking Shetlandic, the proportion of fluent dialect speakers is now relatively small. It therefore falls to the writer to create resources for children, to help stem the tide. Engaging in translation can also help raise the status ofdialectand pinpoint the somewhat arbitrary distinction betweendialectandlanguage. There are many problems in publishing in minority tongues; for example, uneconomic print runs, language authenticity versus contemporaneity, standardisation of orthography and the trend to “exotic-ise” dialect in mainstream literature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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As museums argue their case for sustainable funding in an increasingly challenging economic climate, the requirement to prove their value will be rigorous. But the concept of value is an evolving one and developing an evidence base is a challenging task. This article examines the concept of value as an emerging phenomenon, how we describe the value of museums and what evidence we have to support our claims. It uses recent literature and research in the UK and Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparison of scores from linguistically different tests is a twofold matter: the adaptation of tests and the comparison of scores. These 2 aspects of measurement invariance intersect at the need to guarantee the psychometric equivalence between the original and adapted versions. In this study, the authors examined comparability in 2 stages. First, they conducted a thorough study of progressive factorial variance through which they defined an anchor test. Second, they defined an observed score-equated function to establish equivalences between the original test and the adapted test; they used a design of common item nonequivalent groups for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bibliography of the work of Lloyd Davis, including the books "Early Modern English Lives: Autobiography and Self-Representation," and "Guise and Disguise: Rhetoric and Characterization in the English Renaissance," is presented.

The article discusses the significance of linguistic research for literary empowerment of Khoesaan languages in Namibia. It focuses on the direct influence that recent linguistic research has had on laying foundations for the development of written forms of some of these languages. The linguistic insights gained during the research for these dissertations, from which emanated an innovative hypothesis on the underlying syntax, formed the foundation not only for the didactic language primer but also for university courses.

Discusses how aglossostomography, in the literary work, turns to asomastomography. Tale of whether the speaking mouth outlives the tongue or whether the tongue survives the speaking body; Ways in which the tongue can pass away and still persist; Possibility that what is called language might be nothing more than a being that outlasts itself.

Of the more than three hundred critical works on Mphahlele's monumental literary work, none to the best of my knowledge gives insights into the (socio) linguistic aspects of his writings in their context of production, that is life at home and in exile. This article, which adds to the mainly thematic and aesthetic critical reviews of his &oeliguvre, is a linguistic (forms) and sociolinguistic (functions) analysis of two of his autobiographical novels, Down Second Avenue and The Wanderers, written respectively almost entirely at home and altogether in exile. Like many of his African contemporaries, Mphahlele uses 'hybrid' forms of English in both novels, to introduce or maintain an authentic flavour of, or keep his work closer to, its surroundings. He, however, introduces significant differences between the two novels in the use of sociolinguistic and pragmatic devices, such as code-mixing, styleswitching, and the nativization of speech functions, to underscore the richness of the multi-setting world in which his autobiography evolves, and, thus, reflect the 'local' and 'global' characters of the socio-political settings of each novel. Arguing that the understanding of Mphahlele's outstanding literary mountain is incomplete without an in-depth critical sociolinguistic analysis of the whole of his literary work, I suggest that my analysis, tentative though it may be, may set an agenda for future and more comprehensive studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]