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Thermal comfort is usually calculated using discrete point measurements. This procedure is not suitable to study thermal comfort for inhabited areas with rugged terrains where climate gradient is high. The wide availability of remote sensing data and GIS tools has revolutionized data management, processing, and visualization. The present paper implemented digital elevation data, GIS tools, and a computational algorithm to generate spatially continuous maps of climatological elements which were employed to derive thermal comfort levels across Jordan. Results show detailed information of the spatial distribution of the degree of thermal comfort in winter and summer across the country which cannot be resolved using discrete point measurements. It is shown that most mountainous areas in the country, where most urban centers are situated, experience "slightly warm" to "warm" indoor apparent temperatures in summer in 50% of the diurnal cycle. The Jordan Valley and the desert experience high indoor apparent temperatures in summer with warm and hot conditions for the most part of the diurnal cycle. Cold conditions prevail over most parts of the country in winter, with the heating degree days ranging from 2200 in the southern mountains to values close to zero near the Dead Sea area. Mountainous and desert areas experience cold or very cold conditions in more than 75% of the diurnal cycle. The presented procedure demonstrated that the very low levels of ambient vapor pressure is an important atmospheric forcing contributing to the widespread cold conditions prevailing over the desert areas in winter. The efficiency of direct evaporative cooling systems to achieve thermal comfort in the various parts of the country is investigated. The procedure presented can be used over regional scales with different levels of spatial resolutions for a wide range of climatological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the prevalence of ambiguous citizenship policies that say one thing in law and another in implementing regulations, few studies have focused on systematically studying this type of implementation gap, particularly in contexts beyond North America and Europe. This largely has remained the case despite research on discursive policy gaps, which occur between a policy's stated objectives and its laws, efficacy gaps, which describe when a policy's outcomes fail to meet its goals, and compliance gaps, which reflect disparities between a state's commitments to international law and its corresponding domestic policies. How can we advance conceptualizations of law-regulation implementation gaps? This paper proposes one approach by focusing on the content of domestic laws, on the one hand, and the content of related implementing regulations, on the other. When law-regulation discrepancies occur, they illustrate the agency of senior officials in writing this intentional ambiguity into different levels of legislation, challenging assumptions about institutional weakness and lower-level bureaucratic discretion as chief drivers of implementation gaps. The paper illustrates this concept by analyzing discrepancies between Jordan's nationality and passports laws and their related implementing regulations, particularly regarding Gaza refugees' access to passports, investors' access to nationality, and Palestinian-Jordanians' subjection to nationality withdrawals. These diverse cases of intentional ambiguity demonstrate that such gaps can serve to partially exclude or include a group and can occur with noncitizen and citizen as well as more or less vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The involvement of the private sector in fostering sustainable development is propelled by significant advancements in commercial and industrial spheres. However, despite these advancements, there is a noticeable decline in corporate social responsibility, attributed to various factors such as scepticism among owners or board members regarding sustainability concepts and the perceived high costs associated with adopting sustainable technologies. This paper endeavours to investigate the relationship between community responsiveness and the extent of businesses' commitment to sustainability in the context of Jordan. Utilizing a mixed methods approach comprising interviews and a comprehensive questionnaire, data was collected from a sample of two hundred and ten members of the Jordan community through an online platform. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis including descriptive and regression analyses as well as relevant correlations. Encouragingly, the findings of this study reveal a robust association between individuals' social consciousness and their support for businesses and organizations operating within the Jordan community. Future research endeavours could further explore additional influential factors. The conclusions drawn from this research hold potential significance as they may provide valuable insights for incentivizing businesses to enhance their effectiveness and efficiency in cultivating a genuine societal commitment to sustainability, thereby contributing to scholarly discourse on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the moderating role of corporate governance on the relationship between earnings management and debt level in capital structure. The paper used a hypothesis-testing research approach to gather data from the annual reports of 13 industrial companies listed on Palestine Exchange and 25 Jordanian companies listed on Amman Stock Exchange from 2013 to 2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed, along with correlation analysis to evaluate linear relationships between variables. The fixed and random effect regressions were utilized to develop the research model. In the case of Palestinian manufacturing firms, the results revealed that Earnings Management (EM) had a significant negative impact on debt level. According to the moderating role of Corporate Governance (CG), larger boards and the existence of female members on the board of directors causes an increase in the high-leverage impact of EM, whereas CEO duality mitigates the high-leverage impact. However, in the case of Jordanian manufacturing firms, EM showed an insignificant impact on debt level. Regarding the moderating role of CG, it was proved that the presence of female members on the board of directors increased the firm's reliance on debt financing as a result of EM practices, while institutional investors mitigate the effect of EM on debt financing, leading to a decrease in reliance on debt. The findings of this research are suitable for the regulators while formulating policies on the Corporate Governance and the Impact of Earnings Management on Capital Structure. These findings have guided the policymakers that they should enhance their focus on Palestine and Jordan companies to test Corporate Governance Moderates the Impact of Earnings Management on Capital Structure. This study is also helpful for the new researcher while investigating this area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jordan Valley's territorial extent is defined for this study as an elongated stretch of border area, located west of Jordan's boundary with the West Bank, Palestine. This region along with the West Bank was conquered by the Israeli Army during the June 1967 War and has been held by Israel since. Almost 88% of its 200,000 Palestinian population then living in the region were expelled and turned overnight into refugees in Jordan and elsewhere. In the subsequent 56 years since, the region, declared by Israel as a highly militarized zone, has often been discursively publicized as the front line of Israel's eastern defense. This paper seeks to refute such a notion that indirectly gave Israel justification to subject the remaining Palestinian inhabitants residing there (currently numbering ca. 60,000) to a harsh discriminatory regimen of surveillance and control under military occupation. At the same time, the Israeli government has over decades privileged the ca. 10,000 incoming Jewish settlers, now living in some 30 Israeli Jewish settlements in the Jordan Valley. Employing a grounded theory approach in our study provided an opportunity for the local Palestinians to have their voices heard, shedding needed analytical light on their difficult situation on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refugee crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic continue to negatively impact access to education, and especially disproportionately affect underserved communities. Apart from access, such communities experience additional barriers including inadequate classroom infrastructure and suitable localization of such infrastructure. This paper aims to provide an analytical framework to identify the most suitable locations for mobile classrooms for underserved communities, thereby mitigating the lack of access to equitable education for underserved communities. To construct the analytical framework, we conduct a critical literature review to conceptualize the educational needs of underserved communities. Next, we proposed parameters that may be applicable for determining locationally metrics that match the educational needs of underserved communities. On this basis, we explore tools and methods applicable for suitability analysis and developed a geo-information framework that integrates an analytical hierarchy process tool to prioritize parameters decision-makers can apply to identify optimal areas to locate classroom infrastructure. This framework was applied to a use case of determining suitable location areas for an innovative mobile classroom (EDUBox) in Jordan. Using the framework, we demonstrate its applicability by identifying appropriate locations adapted to the tertiary and vocational education needs of underserved persons including refugee communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic health records provide a vast amount of text health data written by physicians as patient clinical notes. The world health organization released the international classification of diseases version 10 (ICD-10) system to monitor and analyze clinical notes. ICD-10 is system physicians and other healthcare providers use to classify and code all diagnoses and symptom records in conjunction with hospital care. Therefore, the data can be easily stored, retrieved, and analyzed for decision-making. In order to address the problem, this paper introduces a system to classify the clinical notes to ICD-10 codes. This paper examines 7541 clinical notes collected from a health institute in Jordan and annotated by ICD-10's coders. In addition, the research uses another outsource dataset to augment the actual dataset. The research presented many approaches, such as the baseline and pipeline models. The Baseline model employed several methods like Word2vec embedding for representing the text. The model structure also involves long-short-term memory a convolutional neural network, and two fully-connected layers. The second Pipeline approach adopts the transformer model, such as Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), which is pre-trained on a similar health domain. The Pipeline model builds on two BERT models. The first model classifies the category codes representing the first three characters of ICD-10. The second BERT model uses the outputs from the general BERT model (first model) as input for the special BERT (second model) to classify the clinical notes into total codes of ICD-10. Moreover, Baseline and Pipeline models applied the Focal loss function to eliminate the imbalanced classes. However, The Pipeline model demonstrates a significant performance by evaluating it over the F1 score, recall, precision, and accuracy metric, which are 92.5%, 84.9%, 91.8%, and 84.97%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of needy-students who cannot afford their university fees has become a phenomenon in countries like Jordan. Thus, supporting such students by establishing a reliable cloud-based platform for collecting donations from wealthy people is a very noble action. Such donations will enable needy-students to continue their education to up their development, reduce their poverty, improve their health, scale-up their gender equality, promote peace across their communities, enhance stability in their societies, and enrich the field of cloud-based services development. This paper proposes a new cloud-based platform that aims at connecting donors with needy-students in a very discrete way that preserves and honors the privacy and confidentiality of their information. We claim that our proposed cloud-based platform depicts a unique novelty that can be easily anticipated from the perspectives of its status as a cloud-based donations and financial support services platform; its ability to interconnect its users privately and confidentially; and its ability to easily verify the credentials of its users and confirm their eligibility to receive financial support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in refugee numbers is an increasingly important concern globally. Many countries in different regions have been accommodating refugees by providing temporary shelters made from ineffective and inadequate materials to provide thermal comfort for refugees. However, the shelters provided are often inadequate solutions for shelter and neglect the social and cultural diversity of the refugees. Socio-cultural norms, practices and values are rarely considered in the design of shelters and this has an adverse impact on how refugees live in these spaces. Using insights from the Al Baqa'a refugee camp in Jordan as a case study, this paper uses a mixed-method approach to explore how the challenges of inadequate shelter has consequently led refugees to self-organize and create new socio-cultural spaces to adapt to the place. The findings suggest that historically, Al Baqa'a camp has reorganized by users due to social needs and climate challenges. When the camp was created in 1967, the inadequacy of the housing and infrastructure to provide comfort influenced refugees to self-organize and create adaptive spaces of comfort. However, over the decades, these spaces have evolved into spaces of enterprise, belonging and memory of their homeland. Therefore, this paper argues that refugee shelter design should have an integrated consideration of the climatic elements and the social and cultural aspects of refugees. The paper concludes with lessons learned drawn from the evidence to act as guideline for the consideration of official humanitarian organizations in other camps and local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Φ n (k) (x) be the kth derivative of the nth cyclotomic polynomial. We are interested in the values Φ n (k) (1) for fixed positive integers n. D. H. Lehmer proved that Φ n (k) (1) / Φ n (1) is a polynomial of the Euler totient function ϕ (n) and the Jordan totient functions and gave its explicit formula. In this paper, we give a quick proof that Φ n (k) (1) / Φ n (1) is a polynomial of them without giving the explicit form. In the final section, we deduce some curious congruences: 2 Φ n (3) (1) is divisible by ϕ (n) - 2 . Moreover, if k is greater than 1, then Φ n (2 k + 1) (1) is divisible by ϕ (n) - 2 k . The proof depends on a new combinatorial identity for general self-reciprocal polynomials over Z , which gives rise to a formula that expresses the value Φ n (k) (1) as a Z -linear combination of the coefficients in the minimal polynomial of 2 cos (2 π / n) - 2 . As a supplement, we show the monotonic increasing property of Φ n (x) on [ 1 , ∞) in two ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applicability of the four-parameter (4P) kappa distribution to fit the annual maximum (AM) and the peak over threshold (POT) extreme precipitation series in the Amman Zarqa Basin (AZB), Jordan, is assessed. This paper presents a practical, easy-to-implement, yet accurate method in light of the method of L-moments for parameter estimation of 4P kappa. Based on the results from the data analysis of daily precipitation records during a period that exceeded 50 years at 23 weather stations, the 4P kappa distribution can fit the precipitation extremes for both the AM and POT series for each weather station well. The 4P kappa distribution can be employed in place of its three-parameter distributions typically selected for simulating precipitation extremes (i.e., generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized logistic (GLO) distribution for AM series, and generalized Pareto (GP) distribution for POT series). The bootstrap resampling for performance evaluation beyond the dataset length shows that the 4P kappa distribution outperforms its three special cases (GLO, GEV, and GP distributions) in the context of modeling the AM and POT series for all sampling sizes. Additionally, in representing the distribution's upper right tail quantile estimations, the 4P kappa distribution performed better and, in some circumstances, was comparable to its three special cases (GLO, GEV, and GP distributions). The outcomes of this study and the method employed should lay the groundwork for wider implementation of the 4P kappa distribution in hydrological and climate science applications, as well as in other disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the notion of (additive) local multiplier on the ring of matrices over an arbitrary unital associative ring is introduced and investigated. It is proved that every local left multiplier on the matrix ring over a division ring is a left multiplier. Also, in the present paper, the notion of (additive) local Jordan multiplier on a Jordan ring of symmetric matrices is introduced and investigated. It is proved that every local Jordan multiplier on the Jordan ring of symmetric matrices over the field of rational numbers is a Jordan multiplier. Also corollaries of these results are proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity in Jordan is becoming more severe with time, which resulted in an indispensable need for economic innovative approaches to maximize the utilization of nonconventional water resources through reuse options. Within the framework of the current study, a novel vertical flow constructed wetland system was implemented for greywater treatment in four different rural areas in Jordan. In this paper, the primary objective was to develop a regression-based nonlinear model to predict BOD effluent concentration from the proposed system. The model obeyed the first-order kinetics and found to provide an efficient tool in predicting the effluent BOD value as exemplified by an R2 of 0.78. Moreover, a cost analysis was carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. The economic results revealed a NPV range of 295–1209 JOD (420–1730$), IRR range of 6–10.7%, and a payback period range of 8.8–15.5 years. The average calculated costs of greywater treatment using the VFCWs were found to be 0.391 (USD/m3 treated) and 0.672 (USD/kg BOD removed). Finally, the energy saving from using the proposed system was quantified and an estimate of 70 JOD (100$)/year household was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiDAR is considered as an effective technology for digitizing the real scene at a very high-resolution and in a short time. However, the resolution of the LiDAR is not sufficient to identify and evaluate the façade surface features like edges and cracks. Generally, photographs provide a better interpretation of the linear characteristics. The complementary benefits of each allow exploring valuable spatial information with different surface detail levels. The paper introduces a flexible image-based approach for linear feature extraction from LiDAR point cloud. Initially, the algorithm converts the point clouds into a structured depth image to reduce the complexity and computation time. Using transformation matrix and camera calibration parameters, the visible point clouds are perceptively projected into color image space using co-linearity equations. The result depth channel is sampled with the interpolation process and added to the color channels to compute (RGBD) layers. The edges and linear features of the surface are initially extracted using the optical 2D imagery and subsequently, each pixel of the linear features can be projected directly into 3D space. Due to the various acquisition positions of the laser and color images, the issue of occlusion is resolved using the visibility algorithm. Applying the methodology, experimental results from the Treasury Monument of Jordan's ancient Petra City, indicate that the developed approach provides adequate contour points for better interpretation and quantification of weathering processes and dangerous cracking. 3D Modeling these features can also reduce data size, facilitating surface inspection and analysis with simpler models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ring R is called reversible if for a , b ∈ R , a b = 0 implies b a = 0 . These rings play an important role in the study of noncommutative ring theory. Kafkas et al. (Algebra Discrete Math. 12 (2011) 72–84) generalized the notion of reversible rings to central reversible rings. In this paper, we extend the notion of central reversibility of rings to ring endomorphisms. We investigate various properties of these rings and answer relevant questions that arise naturally in the process of development of these rings, and as a consequence many new results related to central reversible rings are also obtained as corollaries to our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigation of Greenhouse gases deals with measures to reduce the vulnerability of a certain sector to climate change through minimizing net emissions. In this paper, mitigation scenarios aimed at reducing Jordan methane emissions from sewage treatment plants and sanitary landfill sites were proposed and investigated. In the case of sewage treatment plants, As-Samra plant (the largest in Jordan) was selected for this mitigation study. Two scenarios (I and II) were proposed, the first was to expand the plant by the year 2005 using waste stabilization ponds the current treatment technology, and the second scenario involved switching the treatment technology to activated sludge type when the expansion starts in the year 2005. For sanitary landfills, the proposed mitigation scenario was the construction of two biogas plants, each with a processing capacity of 1,000 tons of solid waste per day at Rusaifeh and Akaider—the two largest landfills in Jordan at the beginning of the year 2005. For As-Samra plant, the cumulative reduction in methane emissions by the year 2030 was calculated to be 49 and 146 Gg under mitigation scenarios I and II, respectively. On the other hand, the biogas plant scenario reduces the methane emissions at each landfill by 28.1 Gg annually. The total emission reduction from both landfills in the life span (25 years) of the biogas plants will be about 1,406 Gg CH4. In addition, this scenario generates electricity at a cost of 4.6 cents per kWh, which is less than the Jordan electric long-run marginal cost of generation at 5.5 cents/kWh. Moreover, annual savings of US$4.65 million will be achieved by the replacement of fuel oil with the generated biogas. The mitigation scenarios presented in this paper include measures that positively contribute to the national development of Jordan in addition to considerable reduction in methane emission.. This forms a win–win situation that favors the adoption of investigated mitigation scenarios by the decision-makers of the waste sector in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study intends to examine the impact of internal control of non-financial reporting-related weakness on the audit fees of corporations. To pursue the research objectives, two research questions are formalized: (i) How does internal control over non-financial reporting-related weakness (ICWN-FR) affect audit fees (ADF)?; (ii) What is the effect of external audit size on the link between ICWN-FR and ADF ?. Multiple regression models with 82 listed Jordanian companies from 2014 to 2020 used as the study sample reveal the following findings. Our findings underscore the importance of considering the characteristics of the audit firm when analyzing the relationship between ICWN-FR and audit fees. Companies audited by Big 4 firms may face greater scrutiny and potentially higher fees for ICWN-FR compared to those audited by non-Big 4 firms. While prior studies have explored various factors influencing audit fees and the impact of internal controls on audit costs, this research uniquely delves into the differential effects observed when companies are audited by different categories of audit firms. The study accentuates the significance of impeccable internal controls within non-financial reporting procedures and their far-reaching consequences on audit fees, thereby highlighting the imperative for corporations to give precedence to augmenting their internal control mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a method for solving diagnosis and estimation problems based on the Jordan canonical form. The problems of constructing diagnostic observers, virtual sensors, and interval and sliding-mode observers are considered. Algorithms for solving these problems are designed for both linear and nonlinear systems in the presence of exogenous disturbances and measurement noise. It is shown that in some cases, the use of the Jordan canonical form reduces the complexity of the observers and sensors and simplifies the procedure for their synthesis compared with the identification canonical form. This is illustrated by a practical example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme event magnitude and frequency are prerequisites for accurately designing and managing various water infrastructure systems. This paper studies precipitation extremes in the Amman Zara Basin (AZB) using daily precipitation records from 24 weather stations during a period that exceeds 50 years. Two extreme precipitation series (the annual maximum (AM) and the peak over threshold (POT)), four generalized probability distributions (generalized extreme value (GEV), generalized Pareto (GP), generalized lognormal (GLN), and generalized logistic (GLO)) and the L moment method for distribution parameter estimation are used. A mix of increasing and decreasing trends is observed at different stations for both the AM and POT series over the study period. Since the POT series considers up to the fifth largest precipitation in some years, in contrast to the AM series, and skips the largest precipitation in the AM series in other years, the trend analysis results for the POT series differ slightly from those for the AM series. According to the goodness-of-fit (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and L moment diagram), the probability distributions GEV, GLN, and GLO can better fit the AM series, with no unique distribution among them consistently ranking the best for all stations, while the POT series is better fitted by the GP distribution. The calculated extreme precipitation amounts of the AM series are up to 18% greater than those of the POT series for the same return period. Additionally, the AM series can describe extreme precipitation events better than the POT series based on relative error calculations. The 50- and 100-year extreme precipitation events occurred more frequently in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let Mn(C) denote the algebra of all n × n complex matrices, and fix a nonzero vector x0 in Cn. For any matrix T ∈Mn(C), let σT (x0) denote the local spectrum of T at x0. Given three scalars μ, ν and ξ simultaneously nonzero, we study maps ϕ on Mn(C) satisfying σμSTS+νTS+ξST (x0) = σμϕ(S)ϕ(T)ϕ(S)+νϕ(T)ϕ(S)+ξϕ(S)ϕ(T)(x0) for all S, T ∈Mn(C). Our main result extends and unifies the main results of several papers on maps on Mn(C) preserving the local spectrum of different products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Academic integrity is the expectation that members of the academic community, including researchers, teachers, and students, to act with accuracy, honesty, fairness, responsibility, and respect. Academic integrity is an issue of critical importance to academic institutions and has been gaining increasing interest among scholars in the last few years. While contravening academic integrity is known as academic misconduct, cheating is one type of academic misconduct and is generally defined as "any action that dishonestly or unfairly violates rules of research or education. Case study: The case study presented in this paper describes the elements of academic misconduct in three Middle Eastern countries (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan). Four categories of factors were analyzed, namely personal, cultural traits, contextual, and institutional. Moreover, a comparison of factors of misconduct is conducted in the three countries in order to examine how different learning environments and cultures can affect academic cheating. The study also investigates the role of teachers and administration system in enforcing integrity policy in educational institutes. Discussion and evaluation: An evaluation of the main causes of cheating and plagiarism among students in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Jordan is conducted by analyzing students' response to a 20 questions survey. The nonparametric Dunn's statistical analysis is performed to compare the variance and frequency of factors that may affect academic integrity. The significant results are reported in terms of the Krushal F statistic and p-value < 0.05. The evaluation was a useful process that demonstrated the main factors affecting academic integrity in the three countries. Conclusion: Survey results show that the role of individual social-demographic and culture factors are significant for predicting misconduct in Saudi Arabia and Egypt but not in Jordan. Most students blamed their misconduct on laziness and willingness to achieve higher education performance. Students are more likely to cheat and plagiarize because they lack the ability or information to tackle assignments. Results illustrate that the cultural impact can be a significant factor in academic misconduct. Integrity policies and the level, at which they have been applied, have a large impact on student attitudes towards cheating and their academic misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research intends to demonstrate the potential integration of large language models (LLMs) in accounting practices in Jordan. It is a mixed methods study that employs semi-structured interviews and content analysis of published financial reports. A total of 13 semi-structured interviews are conducted with various accounting professionals, such as accountant, financial analyst, financial controller, auditor, tax consultant, and finance manager. In addition, the study includes a thorough content analysis of financial reports, which reveals a compelling pattern highlighting the distinct narrative content richness prevalent across financial, industrial, and service sectors. The results emphasize the need for sector-specific adaptation, suggesting a paradigm shift in financial reporting practices. This study represents the initial empirical exploration in Jordan. It serves as a bridge between theory and application, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for accounting professionals. Ultimately, the study envisions a future where LLMs significantly enrich financial reporting practices across diverse sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric cardiomyopathies are mostly attributed to variants in sarcomere-related genes. Unfortunately, the genetic architecture of pediatric cardiomyopathies has never been previously studied in Jordan. We sought to uncover the genetic landscape of 14 patients from nine families with several subtypes of pediatric cardiomyopathies in Jordan using Exome sequencing (ES). Our investigation identified pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in seven out of nine families (77.8%), clustering in sarcomere-related genes. Surprisingly, phenocopies of sarcomere-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathies were evident in probands with glycogen storage disorder and mitochondrial-related disease. Our study underscored the significance of streamlining ES or expanding cardiomyopathy-related gene panels to identify plausible phenocopies of sarcomere-related cardiomyopathies. Our findings also pointed out the need for genetic testing in patients with cardiomyopathy and their at-risk family members. This can potentially lead to better management strategies, enabling early interventions, and ultimately enhancing their prognosis. Finally, our findings provide an initial contribution to the currently absent knowledge about the molecular underpinnings of cardiomyopathies in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses and compares around 650 years of mosaic mortar production spanning the Roman, late Roman and Umayyad periods, at Gerasa/Jerash in Jordan, offering a better understanding of composition, structural features, and manufacturing processes. It assesses the value of optical and electron microscopy examination of morphological and textural features, pore structure using MIP, and composition studies using EDX, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy. The study indicated high density lime adhesive was used compared to other mortars. Wood was used as a fuel when producing the lime and natural fibres were incorporated when manufacturing mortars. Aggregates were primarily calcitic with a small proportion of silica-based aggregates. Key outcomes of the study conclude that early Roman mortars were of highest quality, which was demonstrated through the careful selection of materials including different stone for lime and tesserae, and differences between layers. Late Roman mortars used the same slaked lime plus fibres and charcoal. Mortars dating from the Umayyad period also had the same higher lime content than late Roman, but higher porosity with fibres and charcoal. In general, the mortars showed slight differences in content and aggregate; different stone for lime and tesserae. The research attests to underlying traditions as well as changes in mortar mixes and methods according to context and time. The resulting data is contextualized within local and regional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this groundbreaking study, we explore the behavioral determinants critical to the acceptance and effective utilization of Jordan's digital tax platform among taxpayers. Utilizing an unprecedented combination of frameworks from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Social Capital Theory (SCT), and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), this study pioneers a unique integrated approach. Data gathered through questionnaires across Jordan's multiple governorates lay the groundwork for this analysis. Employing the sophisticated Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) within SPSS, our results uncover the profound impact of both social factors (trust, subjective norms) and technological attributes (perceived ease, utility), as conceptualized in TAM, SCT, and TRA. This research is distinct in its focus on Jordan, providing new insights into the nexus of tax compliance and technology adoption, a relatively uncharted area in existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the interest grew in research on measuring the “quality of life” (QOL) in cities. This interest comes from the success QOL measurement achieved in understanding communities’ needs, tracking changes in different aspects of life and assessing the most desired types of future development among citizens. This research highlights the importance of measuring QOL in Jordan. It examines the opportunity and applicability of carrying out QOL measurement studies in Amman, the capital city. It outlines different scopes, visions and approaches that can be used to study and measure QOL and the most suitable mechanism that can work firmly. A professional top–bottom approach was used for that. Thirty-three experts with different backgrounds were interviewed in order to determine the appropriate scopes and visions for studying QOL, define the most significant aspects affecting QOL in Amman, and define the appropriate domains to be studied. Results were analyzed, limitations were defined and the final set of representative domains was stated. Domains were ranked according to their relevance and the important -underneath- aspects were defined in the form of models, each representing a certain domain. The paper attempts by the end to set the stage for setting up criteria for measuring QOL in Amman and to open the way for future QOL research to take place in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1870 Jordan proved that the composition factors of two composition series of a group are the same. Almost 20 years later Hölder (1889) was able to extend this result by showing that the factor groups, which are quotient groups corresponding to the composition factors, are isomorphic. This result, nowadays called the Jordan-Hölder Theorem, is one of the fundamental theorems in the theory of groups. The fact that Jordan, who was working in the framework of substitution groups, was able to prove only a part of this theorem is often used to emphasize the importance and even the necessity of the abstract conception of groups, which was employed by Hölder. However, as a little-known paper from 1873 reveals, Jordan had all the necessary ingredients to prove the Jordan-Hölder Theorem at his disposal (namely, composition series, quotient groups, and isomorphisms), and he also noted a connection between composition factors and corresponding quotient groups. Thus, I argue that the answer to the question posed in the title is “Yes.” It was not the lack of the abstract notion of groups which prevented Jordan from proving the Jordan-Hölder Theorem, but the fact that he did not ask the right research question that would have led him to this result. In addition, I suggest some reasons why this has been overlooked in the historiography of algebra, and I argue that, by hiding computational and cognitive complexities, abstraction has important pragmatic advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a feasibility study of utilizing an on-grid photovoltaic (PV) system for electrification of Cedars hotel located in Amman in Jordan as a case study. The PV system has been designed, keeping in view the required electrical load and energy available from the sun in Jordan. The actual energy consumption of the hotel is estimated (444 MWh/year) for the design and simulation of the on-grid PV system using Photovoltaic Geographical Information System software (PVGIS) and photovoltaic software (PVsyst). The results showed that PV system required 912 panels distributed over 12 inverters, with a required area of 1757.3 m2. In addition, the on-grid PV system produced a total yearly energy of 541 MWh, with an average performance ratio of 0.828. The economic study for the proposed PV system showed that the system's payback period was 4.1 year. Moreover, life cycle savings (LCS) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) analysis have been carried out. The LCS and LCOE of the system were found to be $51,493 and $0.0199 /kWh, respectively. Therefore, installing a proposed on-grid PV system on the Cedars hotel will save $38,718/year. It is concluded that an on-grid PV system is a technically and economically viable technology for the electrification of residential hotel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the cosquares of complex matrices and are similar and there is a unimodular number in the spectrum of the cosquares, then and are not necessarily congruent. Assume that such an eigenvalue is unique. In this case, so far, one could verify the congruence of and by using a rational algorithm only in two situations: (1) the eigenvalue is simple or semi-simple; (2)there is only one Jordan block associated with in the Jordan form of the cosquares. We propose a rational algorithm for checking congruence in the case where two Jordan blocks of the same order are associated with . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having established itself as a heritage discourse, planetary gentrification is being studied in terms of how it operates in the Global South. This study focuses on the case of Abdali Amman, a significant mixed-use neighbourhood in Jordan that has experienced numerous mega-gentrification initiatives. According to Bourdieu's theories of the state and dispositional practices, this study critically evaluates urban gentrification practices. In terms of gentrification governance, which takes place in two adjacent 'state' and 'civic' zones inside the Abdali district, this study analyses the interactions between transnational and state actors and the intragovernmental (state-municipality) governance system. Gentrification in Amman is connected to the revitalisation of historic sites, is a matter of urban governance, and operates from the transnational sphere along national and local lines. Furthermore, gentrification is caught in a desire/resistance paradox with calls for legitimacy and recognition. As a country in the Global South, Jordan has welcomed capitalist urbanisation. Gentrification is articulated within a flux between deterritorialisation/reterritorialisation, producing a form of 'heritage gentrification' in which history and national heritage are sacrificed through a process of satellite gentrification that is rooted in generative cultural transformation and governed by decentralised power structures. Introducing a Western blueprint of planetary gentrification through narrow gates into non-Western environments is a prevailing challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban expansion within Greater Irbid Municipality (GIM) witnessed an extraordinary rise, expanding approximately ninefold between 1967 and 2020. Recent trends revealed a shift in urban growth towards southern and eastern regions. These dynamics carry critical implications for urban planners and environmental managers, urging a comprehensive understanding of the driving factors behind this expansion to anticipate future challenges. Employing logistic regression (LR) and geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) analyses using remote sensing data and GIS, spatially variant coefficients for driving factors emerged, illuminating the evolving landscape of urban development drivers within GIM. Yarmouk University historically promoted urban expansion, but recent proximity to Yarmouk University and JUST University, coupled with higher existing building percentages, inhibited further urbanization. The analysis also revealed that elevation and slope had negligible impacts on urban expansion. These findings underline the evolving dynamics of urban development drivers within the study region. The local perspective depicted significant spatial disparities in coefficients, highlighting variations in magnitude and direction. GWLR emerged as a more robust methodology, effectively capturing regional variations and enhancing model reliability. These findings hold immense value for informing current and future urban planning practices in Greater Irbid Municipality. Proactively addressing identified challenges and understanding the intricate dynamics of urban expansion can assist Irbid in shaping a sustainable and resilient future, avoiding potential pitfalls in its urban development endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to identify the factors that influence senior management for adopting blockchain technology in the banking industry in general and Islamic banking in particular. Furthermore, the research addressed the moderating role of technological turbulence as it holds a significant hindering role. This study employed the analytical approach, and the data were collected through questionnaires distributed to several senior management employees in both the Jordan Islamic Bank and the Islamic Arab Bank. The research instrument was developed and confirmed by the experts in the field. For identifying the significance of the variables incorporated in the researchers applied structural equation modeling technique. The findings revealed that economic efficiency, bank security, customer expectations, education, training and preparation all are significant predictors of readiness for implementing blockchain technology in the Islamic banks in Jordan. The study concluded that blockchain technology should be adopted by all Islamic banks because of its advantages and also the management needs to be educated regarding the same; they should be provided appropriate training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iris recognition technology (IRT)-based authentication is a biometric financial technology (FinTech) application used to automate user recognition and verification. In addition to being a controversial technology with various facilitators and inhibitors, the adoption of IRT-based FinTech is driven by contextual factors, such as customer perceptions, deployed biometric technology, and financial transaction settings. Due to its controversial and contextual properties, analyzing IRT-based FinTech acceptance is challenging. This study uses a net valence framework to investigate the salient positive and negative factors influencing the intention to use IRT-based FinTech in automated teller machines (ATMs) in Jordan. This study is pertinent because there is a dearth of research on IRT-based FinTech in the relevant literature; most previous research has taken purely engineering and technical approaches. Furthermore, despite considerable investments by banks and other financial institutions in this FinTech, target user adoption is minimal, and only 6% of Jordan's ATM transactions are currently IRT-enabled. This study employs mixed methods. In the first qualitative study, 17 Jordanian customers were interviewed regarding the benefits and risks of IRT-based FinTech in ATMs. Content analyses determined the most important concepts or themes. The advantages include financial security, convenience, and FinTech-enabled hygiene, whereas the concerns include performance, financial, privacy, and physical risks. The research model is constructed based on the qualitative study and theoretical underpinnings, wherein 631 Jordanian bank customers with active ATM accounts were surveyed to validate the research model. The findings indicate that IRT-based FinTech usage in ATMs is proportional to its perceived value. In descending order of effect, financial security, FinTech-enabled hygiene, and convenience benefits positively impact perceived value. Privacy, financial, and physical risks have negative impacts on perceived value, whereas performance risk has no effect. This study contributes to the relatively untapped domain of biometric technology in information systems, with important theoretical and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show that one-sided extendability of functions in certain L ∞ spaces of a rectifiable Jordan arc is a rare phenomenon. We also discuss possible generalizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the noncommutative functional equation h (λ z) - λ h (z) = g (z) , z ∈ C and we give a new perspective from this equation to obtain a completely dynamical classification for complex matrices. Coarsely speaking, there are four different types: 0 , 1 2 , 2 and e i 2 π θ with θ ∈ [ 0 , 1 2 ] for diagonal matrices and Jordan matrices, respectively. Moreover, we obtain that for a complex matrix A, if its eigenvalues are 0 < | λ i | ≠ 1 , where 1 ≤ i ≤ rank (A) , then A is topologically conjugate to a diagonal matrix on C rank (A) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of people have been forcibly displaced around the world at an alarming rate. In 2018, approximately 70.8 million people (UNHCR 2018) were living in refugee camps. These camps are the most immediate response to the emergency. However, they have become more than a simple temporary solution, with refugees spending significantly longer than they should. Motivated largely by an economic rationale, the camps are often produced rapidly, cheaply and effectively to accommodate the largest possible number of shelters in the shortest time. The aim of this paper is to explore whether the concept of permanence should be embedded in the spatial configuration of a refugees' camp, or whether the concept of transient and temporary community would better reflect the aspirations of the users. The Al Za'atari camp has been selected as a case study to explore the nexus between spatial configuration and social aspirations of the refugees' community. Indeed, the findings revealed that the spatial configuration of the Al Za'atari camp reflects social fabric, habits and organization of the refugees' community. This has occurred to the point that the camp has taken on the appearance of a sort of informal city. This study therefore suggests recommendations to support the design of spatial and architectural solutions that better meet the actual needs of the final users largely disregarded in the current emergency approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let H and K be complex Hilbert spaces.Denote by B(H) and B(K) the algebras of all bounded linear operators on H and K, respectively. In this paper, we characterize that nonlinear map φ : B(H) → B(K) that preserves the higher-dimensional numerical ranges of Jordan *-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence models, like ChatGPT, have the potential to revolutionize higher education when implemented properly. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing university students' attitudes and usage of ChatGPT in Arab countries. The survey instrument "TAME-ChatGPT" was administered to 2240 participants from Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, Lebanon, and Jordan. Of those, 46.8% heard of ChatGPT, and 52.6% used it before the study. The results indicated that a positive attitude and usage of ChatGPT were determined by factors like ease of use, positive attitude towards technology, social influence, perceived usefulness, behavioral/cognitive influences, low perceived risks, and low anxiety. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated the adequacy of the "TAME-ChatGPT" constructs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the attitude towards ChatGPT usage was significantly influenced by country of residence, age, university type, and recent academic performance. This study validated "TAME-ChatGPT" as a useful tool for assessing ChatGPT adoption among university students. The successful integration of ChatGPT in higher education relies on the perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, positive attitude towards technology, social influence, behavioral/cognitive elements, low anxiety, and minimal perceived risks. Policies for ChatGPT adoption in higher education should be tailored to individual contexts, considering the variations in student attitudes observed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desertification assessment is vital to develop actions plans aimed to prevent desertification issues. Utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to manipulate and analyze data retrieved from various sources of data including satellite images and thematic maps, as well as the use of remote sensing through satellite images to retrieve environmental information on the earth's surface, are crucial tools to understand related environmental dangers, which is used to monitor desertification and investigate different desert conditions. In this study, different physical and environmental factors associated with land desertification including vegetation cover, water, drainage systems, geomorphology, and soil moisture, were extracted and evaluated using various remote sensing techniques. In addition, multi-temporal analysis of Landsat TM data is used in this study to examine the state of vegetation and growth of irrigated area between 1983 and 1997. A GIS tool is utilized to aggregate and analyze different factors including soil, land use, and climate. A decrease in vegetation cover was clearly observed based on these analysis results. A severe desertification of the natural vegetation cover is the primary cause of this predicament. Finally, many maps describing the actual situation of study area is obtained following the GIS layers examination, however, the most important maps are soil erosion, vegetation degradation, salinization and desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative assessment of public perception of drinking water quality in two underprivileged urban areas in Lebanon and Jordan with nearly similar cultural and demographic characteristics. It compares the quality of bottled water to the quality of the drinking water supplied through the public network and examines the economic implications of bottled water consumption in the two study areas. Participants' perception of the quality of drinking water provided via the public network was generally negative, and bottled water was perceived to be of better quality in both areas, thus affecting drinking water preferences and consumption patterns. The results reveal that the quality of bottled water is questionable in areas that lack enforcement of water quality standards, thus adding to the burden of an already disadvantaged community. Both areas demonstrated a considerable cost incurred for purchasing bottled water in low income communities reaching up to 26 % of total income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  This paper reports an experimental investigation into the inherent anisotropy and particle breakage of natural Aqaba sand. The natural sand specimens were subjected to one dimensional compression to induce breakage. The grain size distributions of the specimens were obtained before and after the application of the stresses. Thereafter, the sand shear strength parameters were assessed using direct shear box tests. The results indicate that peak shear strength parameters show little decrease with increasing particle breakage. However, the dilatancy component of the shear strength diminishes with increasing particle breakage and a considerable amount of dilation occurs on samples with a higher bedding plane, regardless of the extent of particle breakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on recent critiques and advances in theories of the rentier state, this paper uses an in-depth case study of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to posit a new “supply and demand” approach to the study of external rents and authoritarian durability. The Jordanian rentier state is not exclusively a product of external rents, particularly foreign aid, but also of the demands of a coalition encompassing groups with highly disparate economic policy preferences. The breadth of the Hashemite coalition requires that the regime dispense rent-fueled side payments to coalition members through constructing distributive institutions. Yet neither rent supply nor coalition demands are static. Assisted by geopolitically motivated donors, the Hashemites have adapted institutions over time to tap a diverse supply of rents that range from economic and military aid to protocol trade, allowing them to retain power through periods of late development, domestic political crisis, and neoliberal conditionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Jordan has witnessed increased amounts of medical waste generated at different healthcare facilities. This has resulted in issuance of Medical Waste Regulation that aimed at regulating the management processes of such hazardous waste. To provide information on medical waste generation rates, composition and statistical characteristics, a comprehensive sampling survey was initiated after a regulatory definition of the medical waste was established. Hospitals from Public, private and educational categories were covered by the survey. This paper presents the findings of the survey. The average generation rates ranged from 0.29 to 1.36 kg/bed/day, while in terms of patient numbers it is from 0.36 to 0.87 kg/patient/day. The total daily amount of medical waste generated at the Jordanian hospitals was estimated to be 6 tones/day. The daily amounts of medical waste generated at King Abdullah University Hospital were found to follow a log normal probability distribution. Physical composition analysis of the medical waste, which conducted based on the categories identified by the Jordanian Regulation, indicated that the infectious waste category is the highest, followed by sharps category and finally pathological, cytotoxic and pharmaceutical categories were the lowest. The study concluded that all hospitals covered by the survey are practicing segregation of hazardous medical waste from general medical waste. However, the segregation process in some hospitals is still inefficient and there is a potential for improvements toward minimizing the hazardous medical waste generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. This study investigates how mathematics secondary schools' teachers in \hbox{Jordan} perceive critical thinking and compares teachers' perceptions before and after educational reform. Data were collected from 12 schools twice: in 1988 and in 2004 by interviewing 47 Mathematics teachers. The interview included questions related to teachers' understanding of critical thinking, its role and importance in learning Mathematics, and instructional strategies that could help improve students' critical thinking skills. Results found no improvement in secondary Mathematics teachers' perceptions of critical thinking despite 15 years of educational reform. The majority of Mathematics teachers seemed not to have a clear and adequate understanding of critical thinking. Though most of the teachers claimed they have to teach critical thinking, more than half of them could not suggest any learning situation that could help in fostering critical thinking in Mathematics classes. Also most of the teachers claimed that critical thinking would help students in learning Mathematics; yet less than half were able to give a convincing justification for that. A small percentage of the secondary Mathematics teachers believed they can help all students to foster their critical thinking. It is thus recommended that the concept of critical thinking be transferred from the realm of rhetoric to the field of practice. The paper ends with some recommendations related to the Mathematics teachers training programs in view of the results of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the Islamic movement in Jordan displays glaring contrasts with its counterparts in other Islamic countries such as Egypt, pre-Revolutionary Iran, and Syria. In a marked departure from a history of violence that characterized the relationship between the state and the Islamic opposition in these countries, the Jordanian Muslim Brothers was not only a peaceful movement but also often defended the state against the challenges of radical ideologies. Following the democratization process launched by the late King Hussein, the Muslim Brothers participated in electoral politics. To adapt itself to the new pluralistic environment, the movement displayed a move toward secularization. This process was reflected in an organizational differentiation and the rationalization of religious discourse. This paper attempts to explain this remarkable phenomenon by first considering the effects of the structure, ideology, and cultural policies of the state and of the development of social classes on the Islamic movement. It then considers the way in which the legal framework and political pluralism in the 1990s contributed to the secularization of the movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT / Protected area management is increasingly important throughout the world, particularly in less developed countries and arid regions. The Middle East, includingJordan, has important and unique resources due to its varied topography and climate. In Jordan, the protected areas are privately, rather than publicly, managed, and this provides for a unique and somewhat challenging management effort. The purpose of this paper is to review the establishment and administration of Jordan's protected areas with particular emphasis on the challenges of multiple administrative and legislative layers, departmental working relationships, and a paucity of funding. Interviews with government and nongovernmental experts in Jordan, coupled with a review of pertinent academic and planning literature, served as the information base for this study. Despite new legislative and administrative initiatives, results reveal important and continuing challenges for Jordan. Recommendations include completion of protected area inventories, government wide institutional strengthening, partnering with organizations and the public, as well as legislative reexamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, humanitarian NGOs have instituted safety protocols intended to reduce the risk of spreading infection during services to refugees. But those protocols are not always followed, and how staff attribute refugee non-adherence reveals underlying power dynamics in humanitarian assistance which can shape how they approach improving adherence in order to enhance effective service provision to the refugees. Using the data from 1466 interviews conducted with 468 different NGO staff in Türkiye, Jordan, and Lebanon, this study exhibits how paternalistic rhetoric operated in humanitarianism during the initial stages of the pandemic. While staff attribute the non-adherence of refugees to essential refugee culture and sometimes "immoral" character, they attribute their own non-adherence to morally neutral situational factors. Some NGO staff even perceived the refugees as incapable of complying with the safety protocols without assistance. While the literature on paternalism focuses on North/South power dynamics between service providers and refugees, our data show that these dynamics also exist in South-South humanitarian interventions where both the service providers and the refugees are from the region and have similar cultural backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions under this title were held during a round table in frames of the International Conference "Fractional Differentiation and Its Applications" (ICFDA'18) held in 16-18 July 2018, Amman, The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, see details at http://conferences.ju.edu.jo/en/icfda2018/Home.aspx. The intention of this round table was to continue the useful traditions from the first conferences on the Fractional Calculus topics, to pose open problems, challenging hypotheses and questions "where to go", to discuss them and try to find ways to resolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study cosmological solutions of the 8-dimensional Einstein Yang-Mills theory coupled to a perfect-fluid matter. A Yang-Mills instanton of extra dimensions causes a 4-dimensional expanding universe with dynamical compactification of the extra dimensions. To construct physically reliable situations, we impose the null energy condition on the matter. This energy condition is affected by the extra dimensions. Then, we consider cosmological constant to grasp the structure of the solution space. Even in this simple case, we find several interesting solutions, such as bouncing universes and oscillatory solutions, eventually arriving at a de Sitter universe with stabilized compact dimensions. In addition, we consider a class of matters whose energy density depends on the volume of the extra dimensions. This case shows another set of bouncing universes. Also, a real scalar with potential is taken into account. The scalar field model admits de Sitter solutions due to the choice of potential, and we demonstrate how potentials can be constructed using flow equations. Thus, what we discuss in this work is based on the 8-dimensional Einstein frame, which corresponds to the 4-dimensional Jordan frame by dimensional reduction. Consequently, the results are derived in the 4-dimensional Jordan frame, not in the 4-dimensional Einstein frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stomach (gastric) cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide and most gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas. Based on prior research, there is an association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection together with the frequency of duodenal ulcer, distal gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and antral gastritis. Helicobacter pylori virulence and toxicity factors have been identified before that significantly influence the clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma. However, it remains unclear exactly how different strains of H. pylori affect gastric adenocarcinoma. Current research suggests this involves tumor suppressor genes, like p27 but also H. pylori toxic virulence proteins. Therefore, we quantified known H. pylori genotypes within adenocarcinoma patients to establish the prevalence of known toxins that include cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) as well as vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) within patients of variable adenocarcinoma diagnosis. This analysis used gastrectomy samples validated for DNA viability. The incidence of H. pylori in adenocarcinoma patients in Jordan was established to be 54.5% positive (ureA gene positive) with cagA genotype occurrence at 57.1%, but also in this population study vacA gene ratios found to be 24.7%:22.1%:14.3%:14.3%. (vacAs1:vacAs2:vacAm1:vacAm2). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we confirmed with statistical significance that p27 was dysregulated and suppressed, within nearly all H. pylori vacA genotypes. In addition, within 24.6% of H. pylori samples analyzed was a different bacterial genotype, and curiously that p27 protein expression was retained in 12% of tested adenocarcinoma H. pylori samples. This is suggestive that p27 could be used as a prognostic indicator but also that an unknown genotype could be contributing to the regulatory effects of p27 protein within this bacterial and cellular environment that may include other virulence factors and unknown immune system regulatory changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]