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The video game industry in China is developing rapidly, and as the technologies behind games evolve many legal problems have arisen. This paper provides a detailed account of the legal problems related to legal determination of virtual objects, game modding, cloning, cracking, webcasting and machinima. It points out that the current trend in both court judgments and scholarship is to focus merely on addressing specific problems through the lens of application of the current laws lacks a holistic and futuristic perspective that needs to be considered in conjunction with the future trends in the development of the games industry. This paper suggests that we must watch game developments carefully and assess the potential impact of related legislative moves and legal decisions. The paper concludes that the disruptive power of new technologies will be better regulated by a network of regulatory tools rather than law alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By adopting a set of panel data from thirty provinces in China from 2007 to 2017, this paper examines how regional innovation efficiency is influenced by different types of innovation policies from a specific long-range plan ('National Medium- and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–20)'). We incorporate public direct research and development (R&D) grants, R&D tax credits, and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection into our research. We also explore the heterogeneous influences of these factors at different stages in regional innovation development. The results indicate that public direct R&D grants have a significantly negative influence, especially in innovation-catching-up regions. Conversely, the R&D tax credit has a considerably positive impact on innovation-catching-up regions. IPR protection plays various roles according to different innovation development stages. Specifically, IPR protection has a positive impact on innovation-leading regions, while it negatively influences regional innovation efficiency in innovation-catching-up regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an influential economic entity, China's economic growth pattern is changing. The traditional way brought high-speed growth as well as caused environmental damage. The concept of environmental innovation, which combines the advantage of technology innovation and environmental consideration, has become a vital means to achieve sustainable development. Due to the double externality characteristic of environmental innovation, the government plays an important role in its development. Based on provincial panel data from 2008 to 2017, this paper first examines the distinct influences of various economic incentive instruments on environmental innovation. Then, the moderation role of marketization is explored. The results show that governments' direct financial expenditure on environmental protection has a positive impact on environmental innovation, while the effect of the environmental tax is not significant. In addition, the impact is negatively moderated by marketization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese governments at all levels have been using various policies to encourage innovation by firms. However, few studies considered the superimposed effects of multilevel innovation policies. Based on the panel data of 443 Chinese innovation–oriented firms from 2008 to 2011, this study investigates the complementarities between national and local science and technology programmes. The heterogeneous effects across stages of the innovation process are also considered. Results show that the national science and technology (S&T) programmes significantly increase firms' external research and development (R&D) expenditure but inhibit the commercialisation. In addition, the national and local S&T programmes complement each other in promoting external R&D expenditure while presenting substitutive in increasing patent outputs. This paper further finds that national and local programmes are more likely to be complementary at high subsidy intensity. This study contributes to the development of policy mix theory and has manifold implications for designing pertinent innovation policy systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can a developing country narrow its science and innovation gap with leading countries? The Knowledge Innovation Program (KIP) in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) is a giant program for this purpose in China. This article investigates the scientific input and output of CAS since KIP started to be implemented ten years ago. Based on quantitative analysis, we can conclude from the results that KIP is a powerful policy tool for CAS to recruit talent, restructure CAS institutes, extend the researcher pool and introduce merit-based criteria. This has led CAS to narrow the science gap with leading countries; however, the innovation gap has still not been narrowed much. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on data from 212 national key laboratories in China, this paper examines the impact of openness on both scientific and technological innovation at laboratory level. The results of the estimation of negative binomial regression models indicate that links with industry, international collaboration, and the employment of non-permanent staff are all curvilinearly related to the level of a laboratory’s scientific innovation measured by its publications. Links with industry have a U-shaped relationship, while those involving international collaboration and the employment of non-permanent staff have an inverted U-shaped relationship with a laboratory’s level of scientific innovation. Links with industry, international collaboration, and employment of non-permanent staff are all associated with a laboratory’s level of technological innovation, which is measured by patents. Links with industry and international collaboration have an inverted U-shaped relationship, while employment of non-permanent staff has a negatively linear relationship with a laboratory’s technological innovation. This paper also examines the relationship between scientific and technological innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, as elsewhere, the number of a firm's patent applications is regularly considered to be an indicator of its innovation capability. China's patent system, however, is peculiar in that government subsidies and official targets play a notable role in influencing individuals' patenting behaviour. Using company survey data, this paper examines the influence of firms' formal ties with the Communist Party of China (CPC) on their patenting behaviour. Taking the example of private small and medium-sized firms in the electronics industry of the Pearl River Delta, it establishes that the presence of CPC offices can be the strongest single predictor for patenting even when other factors are taken into account. This seems particularly noteworthy because earlier studies found that small and medium-sized firms in the Pearl River Delta were less susceptible to central government influence than other Chinese firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the features of Triple Helix model in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and analyses the driving forces of the featured model from the institutional logics perspective. The statist-fading balanced Triple Helix model in Shenzhen is characterized by (1) the loosened control of central government and (2) the balanced interaction of local government, industry, and university. The former character is closely related with the internal changes of state logics, i.e. the rescaling of state power due to decentralization, regional disparity, and global networks. The latter is driven by the structural overlap of state, market, and professional logics along with the transition of China from a centrally planned economy towards a market-oriented economy and the importance of innovation and learning in the knowledge society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a broad-based background to the major innovation-related organizations, policies and institutions that have shaped Hong Kong's innovative landscape over the past decade and a half and determined the trajectory of its innovation system. The examination reveals three key issues: First, the Asian Financial Crisis was the major catalyst for change in the development of Hong Kong's innovation system. Second, the ecology of Hong Kong's innovation system grew in an unprecedented manner following 1998. Finally, this growth in the elements of the system indicates promising directions in which to drive future in-depth research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China the use of public procurement as an innovation policy instrument has been closely associated with the drive to promote indigenous innovation. Implementation was largely through the use of catalogues intended to signal and to formally accredit the supply and demand of technologically-oriented products. This paper reviews these experiences by examining the wider context and three case studies. Accreditation is shown to carry a risk of protectionism. Signaling performs a function analogous to a technology roadmap and was assisted by giving listed technologies priority for public procurement. For both types of instrument the intended mechanism did not work as planned but the broader role they sought to fill was an important factor in bringing innovations to market. The appropriateness and effectiveness of such instruments are shown to be dependent upon the state of both the innovation and the procurement systems in which they are set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last century and a half, global technological leadership has shifted from Great Britain to the USA. In this paper we argue that China is positioning itself to assume global leadership in technology within the coming few decades. We identify three sources of competitive advantage for China's ascent in the global technology stakes: its massive domestic market, its centralized power and willingness to employ state-sponsored industrial policy and government support, and the process of globalization that continues to transform markets worldwide. After acknowledging skep- tical views of China's capacity to achieve global technology leadership, we survey the present state of affairs and assess its prospects for growth based on statistical evidence and multiple examples. We argue that the three sources of competitive advantage we explicate offer China a path to imminent global technological leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As states jostle to attract and entice others by deploying a range of innovative strategies, a ‘soft’ power competition era looms possibly in the Asia-Pacific. This paper argues that reflecting on this period of competitive policy innovation provides a valuable opportunity to re-assess the theory and practice of Joseph Nye's ‘soft’ power, given its conceptual and empirical frailties: how theoretically precise are the policies commonly described as projecting ‘soft’ power? To do so, it undertakes a comparative evaluation of Japan's and China's ‘soft’ power strategies. By paying close attention to the theory–practice linkage, it illuminates the disparities in their understanding of Nye's ‘soft’ power. Rather than a one-size-fits-all concept, ‘soft’ power strategies with distinctively Japanese and Chinese characteristics are emerging, bringing different advantages and weaknesses. The proverbial magic mirror would conclude that by more closely matching Nye's formulations and displaying a less competitive streak, Japan appears the ‘softer’ power. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A common problem that faces many high-tech electronic product companies is how to effectively provide systems support for their products/machines/systems installed at various customer sites using different levels of technical personnel. The problem can be viewed as a model with multiple level servers and multiple volume demands. In this paper, a semi-Markov decision process with average criterion has been employed to formulate the dynamics of the system. Optimal policies for human resource allocation decision with minimum costs have been derived and the loss rate for customer requests has been considered. We prove that the embedding Markov chain is ergodic, induced by any stationary deterministic policy. We obtain some related parameters which can answer questions from managers. We also provide some numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting growth in patent activity was an important stated goal of China's Medium- and Long-Term Plan for Science and Technology Development (2006–20) , and it was a successful one. By the end of this ambitious blueprint, China had witnessed enormous growth in the number of granted patents, especially those granted to public universities. This vital role played by universities in technology innovation justifies further research on the role of academia with respect to the development of technology. However, most studies on patenting by Chinese universities are limited in terms of research scale and context, and patent performance is seldom investigated in great detail. This study first presents an overall analysis of the utility patents granted to Chinese public universities (not utility model patents). Then, we compare the patent performance of two elite university groups: Project 985 universities in China and member institutions of the Association of American Universities (AAU) in the USA. Our results show that Chinese universities account for a high proportion of the total patents granted in China, and the number of patents granted to universities has grown rapidly in recent decades, making them a very substantial contributor to China's innovation system. However, the value of patents did not improve as their counts surged. Compared to AAU universities, the technological and economic value of patents held by Project 985 universities is considerably lower, even for the top-patenting universities in China. These findings extend our understanding of technological innovation activity in China's academic landscape and might inspire future policies toward patent quality and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation voucher is a market-oriented policy instrument to encourage the external resource utilization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) so as to foster their innovation activities and outcomes. This study extends the extant literature on the effectiveness of innovation voucher policy by investigating whether this small innovation subsidy can promote the innovation output of SMEs in China, a typical emerging economy, and identifying policy-relevant heterogeneities. By using the samples of Chinese technology-based SMEs and a flexible conditional difference-in-differences approach, our results show that innovation vouchers generally do promote SMEs' innovation output and exert a more salient effect on medium-sized enterprises. Furthermore, the incentive effect of innovation vouchers is stronger on the recipients in the regions where the institutional environment is more developed. This study has important implications for policy makers and SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the effects of offshoring, technology, and Chinese import competition on labor market polarization in European countries. We find that polarization occurs mostly as a result of polarization within individual industries, while the reallocation of employment away from less polarized industries toward more highly polarized industries contributed only about one-third of the total change. We find that both technological change and Chinese net import competition contributed to labor market polarization, but that they did so in distinct ways. In European manufacturing industries, ICT adoption explains a third of within-industry polarization, while Chinese net import competition contributed to a much smaller extent. The process of between-industry polarization is driven by widespread deindustrialization and servitization in developed countries. We find that Chinese net import competition explains about a fifth of the employment decline in lowly polarized manufacturing industries and was thus an important driver of the reallocation of labor within economies away from lowly polarized manufacturing industries. We present tentative evidence that employment grew faster in initially highly polarized service industries. Moreover, these industries appear unaffected by their indirect input-output-exposure to Chinese net import competition, while this was not the case for initially lowly polarized service industries. While polarization patterns in different European labor markets show considerable heterogeneity, labor market institutions seem to be insufficient to explain these cross-country differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the microeconomics of employment dynamics, using a Chinese manufacturing firm-level data set over the period 1998–2007. It does so in the light of a scheme of "circular and cumulative causation," whereby firms' heterogeneous productivity gains, sales dynamics and innovation activities ultimately shape the patterns of employment dynamics. Using firm's productivity growth as a proxy for process innovation, our results show that the latter correlates negatively with firm-level employment growth. Conversely, relative productivity levels, as such a general proxy for the broad technological advantages/disadvantages of each firm, do show positive effect on employment growth in the long-run through replicator-type dynamics. Moreover, firm-level demand dynamics play a significant role in driving employment growth, which more than compensate the labor-saving effect due to technological progress. Finally, and somewhat puzzlingly, the direct effects of product innovation and patenting activities on employment growth appear to be negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents empirical evidence on the impacts of product innovation, export, and other important factors on employment growth in Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2000–2006. The results of our analysis show that the overall demand effect of firms' output growth on their average yearly employment growth amounts to 7.0%, of which 3.5%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 0.7% correspond to the output growth of, respectively, domestic-old, export-old, domestic-new and export-new products. The displacement effect from process and organizational innovations, as measured by firms' productivity efforts to catch up with industry regional productivity frontiers, accounts for a 5.4% average reduction of yearly employment growth. We also observe a trade-off between growth of productivity and growth of employment, which could have been on average higher by 2% for productivity (16.8% instead of 14.8%) and lower by 2% for employment (1.4% instead of 3.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a difference-in-differences approach, we study how intellectual property right (IPR) protection affects innovation in China in the years around the privatizations of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Innovation increases after SOE privatizations, and this increase is larger in cities with strong IPR protection. Our results support theoretical arguments that IPR protection strengthens firms' incentives to innovate and that private sector firms are more sensitive to IPR protection than SOEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study innovation networks in emerging markets, where foreign actors have been identified as key sources of knowledge spillovers as well as progenitors of industry clusters. Focusing on connectivity as a channel for international knowledge sourcing, we widen our lens beyond multinational enterprises (MNEs) to include critical innovative actors such as research institutions (i.e. universities and research centers). We examine the geographic dispersion of co-inventor networks generated by US patents associated with the Chinese pharmaceutical industry. Previous research has highlighted the role of organizationally driven MNE networks as enablers of foreign knowledge inflows to less developed countries. However, our results emphasize the critical role of individually motivated networks arising from advanced economy research institutions in connecting China to global knowledge networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how local political turnover affects corporate R&D investment and innovation performance in an emerging economy like China. Based on the panel data of 956 listed firms in China, we found that local officials' turnover has a direct negative effect on both R&D investment leap and corporate innovation performance. Furthermore, local officials' turnover inhibits innovation performance provided the new officials are transferred from other places but improves innovation performance provided the old officials are dismissed for corruption or other violations. Finally, R&D investment leap positively moderate the relationship between local officials' turnover and corporate innovation performance. These findings contribute to the literature on how political uncertainty at the regional level affects R&D and innovation activities at the firm level and provide significant guidance for both the government and manufacturers in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain has been regarded as an emerging global technological phenomenon. This study uses the patent analysis method to compare the development of blockchain technology in China and the USA. An overview of blockchain policies in China and the USA is presented. Our analyses suggest that policies related to the blockchain stimulate the number of blockchain patent applications and create regional innovation in China. The innovation capability of Chinese enterprises has been more affected by these policies than that of the USA, which is reflected in the fact that Chinese enterprises have become key players in China and actively carry out patent layout in the USA. Although the developmental trend of blockchain technology in China and the USA is almost identical, the USA attaches more importance to safety technology, whereas China pays more attention to the application technology based on the differences in policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on China's development as world power in science and technological innovation system. Topics discussed include development of the Medium- and Long-Term Program (MLP) for Science and Technology (S&T) by the China's Ministry of Science and Technology, increase in the number of publications and patents by Chinese scientists with government's investment in S&T and addressing the difficulties imposed by cultural and institutional traditions by Chinese leadership.

In this article, we discuss the conflicts between two of China’s recent policies: indigenous innovation (IIN) and teng-long huan-niao (TLHN), using the flat panel industry as an example. IIN was a policy pursued by the central government that was aimed at creating locally owned technologies. TLHN was a policy pursued by some local governments that focused on restructuring local industries. Both policies sought to cultivate a viable local industry in flat panel production, but because of the conflicts, the efforts tended to offset rather than reinforce each other. IIN is a top-down policy based on import substitution which entails market entry restrictions and trade protection, whereas TLHN is a bottom-up policy of an export-promotion nature which encourages multiple entries and market competition. When the TLHN initiative is superseded by the IIN policy implemented at the central-government level, local governments are forced to make a detour from their traditional paths of industrial development. However, the objective of IIN is hard to come by because of the misaligned incentives between the upstream and downstream industries, and between the regions that host these industries. This study suggests that a top-down policy like IIN, which embraces an ambitious goal of technology leapfrogging, may undermine the efforts of local governments that take a gradual and incremental approach to industrial upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examined the effects of knowledge search breadth and CEO tenure on success in product innovation. Building on knowledge search literature and attention-based theory, the study posited that the breadth of a firm’s external knowledge search has a curvilinear effect on its product innovation success. It further proposed competing predictions about the moderating role of CEO tenure in the relationship. Data on a sample of 1262 Chinese firms across multiple industries provided robust support for the bell-shaped effect of external search breadth. Longer CEO tenure was shown to strengthen the relationship such that firms led by long-serving CEOs gained more innovation benefits from broad technology search than those led by new CEOs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The interplay between Pleistocene climatic variability and hominin adaptations to diverse terrestrial ecosystems is a key topic in human evolutionary studies. Early and Middle Pleistocene environmental change and its relation to hominin behavioural responses has been a subject of great interest in Africa and Europe, though little information is available for other key regions of the Old World, particularly from Eastern Asia. Here we examine key Early Pleistocene sites of the Nihewan Basin, in high-latitude northern China, dating between ∼1.4 and 1.0 million years ago (Ma). We compare stone-tool assemblages from three Early Pleistocene sites in the Nihewan Basin, including detailed assessment of stone-tool refitting sequences at the ∼1.1-Ma-old site of Cenjiawan. Increased toolmaking skills and technological innovations are evident in the Nihewan Basin at the onset of the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition (MPT). Examination of the lithic technology of the Nihewan sites, together with an assessment of other key Palaeolithic sites of China, indicates that toolkits show increasing diversity at the outset of the MPT and in its aftermath. The overall evidence indicates the adaptive flexibility of early hominins to ecosystem changes since the MPT, though regional abandonments are also apparent in high latitudes, likely owing to cold and oscillating environmental conditions. The view presented here sharply contrasts with traditional arguments that stone-tool technologies of China are homogeneous and continuous over the course of the Early Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the moderating effects of in-house formal R&D and industrial environment turbulence on the relationship between institutional drivers, in terms of incentives and pressures, and firm innovation. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of manufacturing firms in Guangdong Province of China, where institutional changes and governmental policies play prominent roles in shaping innovation. Results show a positive main effect of institutional incentives, but an insignificant main effect of institutional pressures. In-house formal R&D and industrial turbulence negatively moderate the institutional incentives–innovations relationship, yet positively moderate the institutional pressures–innovations relationship. This study links the innovation systems literature with the institution-based view and deepens the understanding of the joint forces of institutional transitions, industrial changes, and resource heterogeneity in shaping innovation. The findings also inform managers and policymakers in institutional transition environments to better manage institutional drivers of innovation by considering firm- and industry-specific characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power (WP) is a long-term strategic energy alternative for China to cope with energy shortage and environmental crisis. Yet, how innovation policies precisely affect innovation efficiency (IE) of WP industry remains poorly understood. Therefore, based on the micro-data of Chinese WP-listed companies, this article measures the IE of enterprises in different links of wind power industry chain (WPIC), and discusses the effects of innovation policy and its mix on IE. The results show that there exists non-efficiency problems in Chinese WP industry during 2014–7, but the innovation of enterprises in the upstream of WPIC is DEA efficient. IE of enterprises in the midstream presents a U-shape, which fluctuates periodically in downstream. In addition, neither a single policy nor a policy mix has a significant impact on IE of enterprises in the upstream and midstream of WPIC, but has a significant negative effect on that of the downstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic-hailing (e-hailing) has experienced explosive growth in China. The Chinese government's e-hailing policies illustrate its central–regional policy mix. This study analyzes e-hailing policies in four Chinese cities—Xi'an, Chengdu, Beijing, and Guangzhou—and compares these policies with goals in four policy areas. We show that local Chinese governments' attitudes toward e-hailing are varied, contradictory, and in some cases even not in accordance with central government policies. Our insights demonstrate the limited generalizability of the policymaking experiments we studied. It would be difficult to infer broad policy implications from the experience any of the four cities has had with e-hailing, because China's regionally decentralized innovation system and policy experiment process address the unique needs and contexts of regional governments on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to adopt data envelopment analysis window analysis to evaluate the technological innovation efficiencies of seven types of China's industrial enterprises during 2006–15. However, different window widths will lead to very different results. We designate the ideal window width through the scientific method rather than subjective judgments and obtain the efficiencies closer to reality. We also measure the efficiencies under the worst width opposite to the ideal window width to highlight differences. The results indicate that the efficiencies under the ideal width are more reasonable. During 2006–15, the efficiency of medium-sized enterprises was higher than that of large enterprises, that of private enterprises was higher than that of state-owned and state-holding enterprises, and that of foreign-funded enterprises was higher than that of enterprises with funds from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan and that of domestic-funded enterprises. Moreover, the efficiencies of various types of enterprises all maintained upward trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on China's patent data from 1985 to 2010, we find that behind the country's patent number explosion, the overall innovation content of Chinese patents has not achieved proportional growth. An important explanation for this phenomenon is the patent promotion polices (PPP s), which have prompted the quantitative expansion of patent applications and approvals, but have had negative effects on average patent quality, as proxied by patent application withdrawal rate and patent renewal rate. These patterns are observed both at the provincial level and at the patent level, and they are especially pertinent to patent applications filed by firms, which are the main targets of the PPP s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the vertical power structure of government shape innovation adoption? This study explores the relationship between administrative centralization and the adoption of local marketization innovation in China. In the central–provincial–city hierarchical structure of China, political interactions across different levels of governments significantly influence the marketization reform process. We argue that, although the intervention policies from the central or provincial governments independently stimulate the city adoption of marketization innovation, their combined impact on city governments tend to be competitive rather than complementary. We empirically examine the diffusion of probusiness administrative licensing centers across Chinese cities between 1997 and 2012. Statistical findings supported by robustness checks confirm our theoretical hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it embarked on its economic opening and reform path in the late 1970s, the Chinese government has assigned a central role to science, technology and innovation for the country's economic development. In the phase of 'economic catch-up', China has pursued a top-down innovation policy, characterized by targeted investments in science and technology. Recently, a significant shift in China's innovation policy can be discerned, with government increasingly acknowledging the importance of markets, private enterprises and favorable institutional conditions as determinants of a well-functioning innovation system. This shift is concurrent with the realization that the transition from middle- to high-income country, and hence the avoidance of the 'middle income' trap, might require different innovation policies than in the past. In this article, we analyze and assess China's initial innovation policy as well as its emerging reorientation. Finally, we identify some remaining challenges in China's efforts to escape the middle income trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the key policy paradigms and strategy dynamics that drive the development of aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing (ASM) in China. Using Science & Technology activities data of Chinese ASM from 1995 to 2010, we find that government technology policy and enterprise technology strategy both are positively related to the innovation performance of Chinese ASM. Our results also indicate that the development of ASM industry is more dependent on the improvement of domestic technology than foreign technology import. Furthermore, we find that indigenous innovation has been chosen by China as the main development paradigm. Finally, government technology policy is more related to the 'technology leading' strategy adopted by Chinese ASM than the 'technology following' strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the globalization of research and development (R&D), particularly whether the U.S. has become reliant upon China and India in R&D during the early 21st century and the potential impact on U.S. global standing in the post-Cold War era, arguing that while interdependence between the U.S. and China and India favors the U.S. politically, various constraints make it difficult for the U.S. to exploit its power. The article also examines the concepts of power and interdependence, as well as the economic agendas of the U.S., China, and India.

This article traces the ascent of China from knowledge economy laggard to world leader over the last two decades, using a comparative perspective. Chinese trends in R&D and patenting are compared to those of the countries of the 'triad' (the European Union, Japan and the US), as well as to those of other large emerging economies (Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa). The analysis demonstrates how both in innovation inputs and outputs China reflects an innovation reality closer to that of the most developed areas of the world than to that of other emerging countries. However, the rapid ascent of Chinese innovation has generated a distinct set of territorial dynamics, with innovation much more geographically concentrated than elsewhere in the world and more reliant on agglomeration forces than on more traditional 'innovative' drivers. Such a distinct geography of innovation may have until now facilitated the innovation surge in China, but poses serious future risks in terms of the sustainability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the landscape of technology licensing among Chinese entities in the period 2000-12, using a unique database on technological licensing from the State Intellectual Property Office of China. We find that: first, among Chinese licensee organizations, firms have dominated in terms of the number of licensed technologies; second, the geographical distribution of licensed technologies among the provinces has gradually reached a new quantitative balance; third, utility models are the most popular technologies to be licensed and the majority of technology licensing in China has been between Chinese entities, and most transactions have been local within provinces; and finally, Chinese firms have gradually in-licensed newer and newer technologies, but the technologies in-licensed from foreign sources are by no means state-of-the-art. We make several suggestions for innovation policy-making and for directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese scholars are debating whether, and how, to innovate a Chinese theory of International Relations (IR). This article examines the driving forces behind this theoretical debate. It challenges the commonsensical link between external events in the subject matter (i.r.) and theorizing ( IR), which suggests that the innovation of a Chinese IR theory is a natural product of China's geopolitical rise, its growing political ambitions, and discontent with Western hegemony. We propose instead a sociological approach to intellectual innovation which opens the black box of knowledge production, and argue that theoretical innovation, in China and elsewhere, is best understood as an interplay between internal and external layers. The internal academic context comprises intellectuals pursuing prominence, with each intellectual trying to carve out a maximally distinct position in order to receive attention from their peers-theorizing a Chinese IR theory being one important way of doing this. The external layer-which ranges from power politics to sociopolitical developments-affects this process indirectly by providing more research funds and autonomy to the more immediate institutional environment where control over rewards such as research funds, promotion, and publications affects what kind of work is done, with theorizing being increasingly rewarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the geography of innovation in China and India. Using a tailor-made panel database for regions in these two countries, we show that both countries exhibit increasingly strong polarization of innovative capacity in a limited number of urban areas. But the factors behind this polarization and the strong contrasts in innovative capacity between the provinces and states within both countries are quite different. In China, the concentration of innovation is fundamentally driven by agglomeration forces, linked to population, industrial specialization and infrastructure endowment. Innovative areas in China, rather than generate knowledge spillovers, seem to produce strong backwash effects. In India, by contrast, innovation is much more dependent on a combination of good local socioeconomic structures and investment in science and technology. Indian innovation hubs also generate positive knowledge spillovers to other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]