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Australia is a long-term key partner of China in coal trading, which is famous for high-quality coal and its price advantage. However, affected by the evolution of international political and economic situation, China has issued a coal ban on Australian coal since the end of 2020. The potential environmental consequences of this coal ban remain unclear. So, this paper quantifies the ban's impact on air pollution, human health and climate change by simulating the emission difference between the port scenario (simulating the emissions due to Australian coal import under business as usual) and the mine scenario (simulating the emissions due to domestic coal mining that converted from import share of Australian coal), and monetizes the losses into economic costs for direct comparison. The results illustrate the emission of SO 2 , VOCs and GHG in mine scenario grows up to 102, 12 and 6 times the amount of that in port scenario, mainly deriving from coal mining process in the North China Plain and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It shows that the potential alternative of replacing import with mining leads to PM 2.5 pollution exacerbation and O 3 pollution abatement, which causes 148 (95 % CI: 101–183) non-communicable diseases and respiratory disease-related deaths in total. As for GHG, the emission of BC in transportation process and fugitive methane in coal mining process contribute to an impressive effect on warming potential with few quantities, which is worth noting in control process. In total, the environmental deterioration resulted in an economic loss of approximately 934 million yuan. The undiminished demand for high-quality industrial coal as well as growing carbon tax could make the economic value of the coal ban's environmental consequences more considerable in the near future. This research emphasizes the contradiction between economic development and environmental improvement caused by excessive dependence on coal and addresses a critical knowledge gap in assessing the ban's environmental impact by economic value. The result directly demonstrates the environmental consequences of the potential mining-replacing-import alternative and helps better understand environmental influences on the Chinese government's decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Challenge the monolingual English norm in intercultural doctoral education. • Motivate bilingual doctoral researchers' translingual capabilities for theorising. • Develop a translingual pedagogy for bilingual doctoral researcher education by drawing upon the Chinese character jiāo/jiào 教. • Resolve bilingual doctoral researchers' doubts and concerns about translingual theorising. • Highlight supervisors' three roles when supervising bilingual doctoral researchers. The transcultural and translingual diversity of bilingual doctoral researchers who speak languages other than English, in particular those with non-Anglophone backgrounds, has been emphasised in recent years to challenge the monolingual English norm. To explore effective pedagogies to motivate these bilingual doctoral researchers to theorise translingually, this paper draws upon methodologies about translingualism and intercultural doctoral education to dispel the recurrent doubts raised by these bilingual doctoral researchers. Thus, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Chinese bilingual doctoral researchers and their supervisors in Australia and China to understand their perceptions and practices regarding using the linguistic and epistemological resources buried in Chinese for academic purposes. In response to the concerns expressed by the participants, three critical roles of supervisors are highlighted, namely exemplifying, teaching and demanding translingual theorising. These three roles are further developed into a pedagogical framework inspired by the Chinese word jiāo/jiào 教, which itself is an example of translingual theorising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore faulted block oilfields with considerable technical development risks are frequently encountered in offshore oilfield exploitation. This paper proposes a two-level fuzzy hierarchy technique for an integrated evaluation of the technical development risk of offshore faulted block oilfields. The proposed technique can classify the technical recoverable volume quality according to the characteristics of offshore faulted block oilfields. It includes a two-level evaluation index and a two-level fuzzy hierarchy evaluation method. We conducted a thorough evaluation of the proposed technique, using actual offshore faulted block oilfields in Australia and China. The results verified the reliability and applicability of the proposed technique. •. Developed a technique for the quality evaluation of offshore block faulted gas field. •. Established the two-level evaluation index system of the technique. •. Established the two-level fuzzy hierarchy evaluation method of the technique. •. Two different offshore block faulted gas fields were evaluated by using the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper assesses air connectivity between China and Australia for the period 2005–16 using a Connectivity Utility Model. Our direct connectivity measure shows that as a gateway city, Sydney continues to play a key role in facilitating the movements of people and goods between China and Australia. Guangzhou has become the city best connected with Australia since 2011 as measured by direct connectivity. When indirect connections are considered, the largest increases in overall connectivity from 2005 to 2016 can be observed among Australia's major capital cities, particularly Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Chinese carriers are the key drivers behind the increases. There have been rises and falls for airports serving as a hub between China and Australia. Guangzhou has forged its strong status as a transfer hub between Australia and China thanks to the quick expansion of China Southern. The gaps between Guangzhou and other transfer hubs measured by hub connectivity have widened since 2010. Highlights • Air connectivity between China and Australia for the period 2005–2016 is assessed. • Chinese airlines makes a major contribution to the two countries' air connectivity. • Guangzhou has forged its strong status as an emerging transfer hub between Australia and China. • The development of other transfer hubs is assessed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both developed and developing countries have committed to reduce their emissions through the increased use of renewable energy. This paper aims to compare renewable energy deployment in developed and developing countries represented by Australia and China. The paper firstly argues the validity of comparison of renewable energy deployment in Australia and China. Then, the governance structures in both countries are compared; the paper also compares management mechanisms in terms of funding and incentive support, renewable energy grid-connection and coordination between different levels of governments in both countries. Moreover, the current status of renewable energy development in two countries is summarized. From the study, it can be concluded both countries have set a Renewable Energy Target and promulgated legislation and regulations to enlarge the scale of renewable energy; China shows a stronger commitment to renewable energy than Australia. However, Renewable Energy Certificate mechanism is implemented more effectively in Australia than in China. The paper suggests: augmenting and rebuilding the electricity network and strengthening coordination between different levels of governments for both countries; enhancing manufacturing facilities and incentives for the solar and wind industry for Australia, while developing more-detailed implementation legislation and renewable power quota system for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value-added trade has increased rapidly in recent decades in the context of globalisation. This paper aims to measure the energy embodied in the value-added trade and the ecological relationships in the networks of the international construction industries. A hybrid method which combines ecological network analysis and the input–output method has been adopted. The direct energy intensities in most countries ranged from 0 to 3.0 trillion joules per million US$ and the dominant relationships were control and exploitation in the selected 15 years. For the construction sector, the negative relationships were dominant at 63.9% in Australia and 79.19% in China. The ratio of positive relationships increased from 24.3% to 31.5%, while the ratio of negative relationships declined from 75.7% to 68.5% over the 15 years. The mutualism index ranged from 0.72 to 0.98 over the 15 years, maintaining a value less than 1. In contrast, the synergism index had an increase of 12.2 over the 15 years. The results indicate that both direct energy intensity and the value-added ratio are important factors in relation to the energy embodied in value-added trade. Sectoral influence on the national industrial system has been interpreted in this paper to stimulate further research. • The energy embodied in the value-added trade of the international construction industries. • The combination of ecological and economic connections in an analysis of value-added trade. • The influence of specific construction sectors on the network depending on flow capacity. • The exploitation and control relationships that dominate the value-added trade system. • The balance between the value-added ratio and energy intensity in sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet access is determined by a combination of a widely available telecommunication infrastructure and affordability of Internet services, which are closely related to government policies (IT Group. (1999). Like other countries, both Australia and China have considered the Internet a powerful tool for national development economically and socially. As Internet growth becomes more and more significant, it becomes important to address the extent to which the underlying communication policies influence current growth rates. This paper provides a comparative review of policy approaches to regulating the Internet in both China and Australia. This study aims to identify the regulatory factors affecting Internet access in terms of availability and affordability, especially those factors which encourage the creation of a policy and regulatory environment favourable to the development of Internet infrastructure and access. This paper examines the linkages between regulatory regimes, market environments and Internet access in both China and Australia. The preliminary result suggests that government policies governing the telecommunications service market and promoting information infrastructure have a significant impact on the affordability and availability of Internet access. The most significant factor is the level of competition permitted in the telecommunication sector. It has become clear that further regulatory initiatives such as deregulatory mechanisms and interconnection regimes are needed to establish a more competitive environment for Internet access in both countries, and more particularly in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catchment/floodplain sediment geochemical datasets from three continental-scale geochemical projects in Australia (AU), China (CH) and Europe (EU) were studied by comparing sample media, sample preparation, elements determined, analytical methods, detection limits and proportions of reportable values, and certified reference materials used. Twenty six elements (Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, V, Y, Zn, Zr, Al 2 O 3 , CaO, K 2 O, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, P 2 O 5 , SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 (total), TiO 2 ) were considered comparable among the 35 determined by all three projects, according to the criteria for global comparability of elements proposed in this paper. The median concentrations of all elements (except Co, Y, Zr, SiO 2 and TiO 2 ) in the three datasets increase in the following order: AU < EU ≤ CH, and the median CH/EU ratios for all elements range from 0.98 to 1.94, while the median CH/AU and EU/AU ratios for elements, such as CaO, Na 2 O, MgO and Zn are generally greater than 2 (and up to 7), which could be explained partly by protracted weathering in Australia, and partly by the smaller grain size fraction analysed of the CH dataset (< 1 mm) compared to AU and EU (< 2 mm). In conclusion, a unified sample medium should be collected and unified sample preparation techniques should be followed. Key elements related to mineral resources and the environment should be determined and international or exchanged internal standard materials inserted in new national or global geochemical mapping projects in order to generate globally comparable datasets for establishing global geochemical baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catchment/floodplain sediment geochemical datasets from three continental-scale geochemical projects in Australia (AU), China (CH) and Europe (EU) were studied by comparing sample media, sample preparation, elements determined, analytical methods, detection limits and proportions of reportable values, and certified reference materials used. Twenty six elements (Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, V, Y, Zn, Zr, Al 2 O 3 , CaO, K 2 O, MgO, MnO, Na 2 O, P 2 O 5 , SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 (total), TiO 2 ) were considered comparable among the 35 determined by all three projects, according to the criteria for global comparability of elements proposed in this paper. The median concentrations of all elements (except Co, Y, Zr, SiO 2 and TiO 2 ) in the three datasets increase in the following order: AU < EU ≤ CH, and the median CH/EU ratios for all elements range from 0.98 to 1.94, while the median CH/AU and EU/AU ratios for elements, such as CaO, Na 2 O, MgO and Zn are generally greater than 2 (and up to 7), which could be explained partly by protracted weathering in Australia, and partly by the smaller grain size fraction analysed of the CH dataset (< 1 mm) compared to AU and EU (< 2 mm). In conclusion, a unified sample medium should be collected and unified sample preparation techniques should be followed. Key elements related to mineral resources and the environment should be determined and international or exchanged internal standard materials inserted in new national or global geochemical mapping projects in order to generate globally comparable datasets for establishing global geochemical baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The increasing global distribution of automobiles necessitates that the design of In-vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) is appropriate for the regions to which they are being exported. Differences between regions such as culture, environment and traffic context can influence the needs, usability and acceptance of IVIS. This paper describes two studies aimed at identifying regional differences in IVIS design needs and preferences across drivers from Australia and China to determine the impact of any differences on IVIS design. Using a questionnaire and interaction clinics, the influence of cultural values and driving patterns on drivers'' preferences for, and comprehension of, surface- and interaction-level aspects of IVIS interfaces was explored. Similarities and differences were found between the two regional groups in terms of preferences for IVIS input control types and labels and in the comprehension of IVIS functions. Specifically, Chinese drivers preferred symbols and Chinese characters over English words and were less successful (compared to Australians) at comprehending English abbreviations, particularly for complex IVIS functions. Implications in terms of the current trend to introduce Western-styled interfaces into other regions with little or no adaptation are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The migration of registered nurses as a response to a global nurse shortage has seen a growth in research interest in this area. Much of the research focuses on differences in language and culture which are posed as the attributes of the immigrant nurse. Objectives: In reporting on an analysis of data drawn from China-educated nurses working in the Australian health care system, this paper explores the social construction of difference and the related intersection of difference and racialisation. Design: A symbolic interactionist approach informed 46 in-depth interviews with 28 China-educated nurses. The method of analysis was initial and focused coding and constant comparison of data. The focus of interpretation was on human action and interaction as contextual and thus structural factors were critical to the analysis. Results: Two levels of meaning were depicted in this study: difference as “you are you and I am I” and difference as “incompetence”. Negative meanings were ascribed to difference which in turn legitimised inequality and held the potential to perpetuate racism. Conclusions: We argue that it is problematic to conceptualise difference as individual attributes. Difference needs to be contextualised and thus explored as a complex and socially constructed concept that in its application has social and political implications for immigrant nurses in Australia and elsewhere. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China''s economic rise has had a significant impact on the global economy in terms of trade patterns and orientation. Much has been done to quantify the impact of China''s economic rise on international trade, but very little has been done to assess its implications for logistics. In this paper, we examine the effects of China''s continued economic rise on the Australian logistics sector. Unlike previous work that used partial equilibrium models, we use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. This allows us to capture the direct and indirect ramifications of trade and other economic developments associated with China''s economic rise. The results are mixed between sub-sectors, but overall the Australian logistics sector would potentially benefit significantly from China''s continued economic rise. However, these potential benefits will hinge partly on the Australian logistics sector''s ability to respond to these opportunities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Functional-coefficient models with a periodic component are proposed for short-term streamflow forecasting. Traditionally, analyses are conducted for anomaly data after removing an annual pattern or detrending the data after data differencing. Alternatively, periodic models establish separate models for individual seasons. However, the setting of periodic models cannot guarantee the smoothness in model coefficients which is necessary when the time scale is small (for example, daily). In this paper we consider the use of functional-coefficient models with a periodic component, which extend the periodic regression for short-term forecasting. Unlike the traditional functional-coefficient models which extend the threshold regression model, our functional-coefficient model with a periodic component enjoys an invariance property under data differencing. As case studies, the models are applied to Australian streamflows in three typical climate conditions and Ying Luo Gorge (YLX) in Hei River of North-Western China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Hg anomalies of the end-CS 2 sediments were caused by eruptions of the ca. 510 Ma LIP. • Volcanic eruptions led to a high terrestrial SO 4 2 − input into the end-CS 2 ocean. • Upwelling of euxinic waters was the direct cause for the ca. 506 MA trilobite crisis. The first major mass extinction of trilobites occurred at the transition from Cambrian Series 2 (CS 2) to Miaolingian (M) and coincided with a large marine transgression and volcanic eruptions of a large igneous province (LIP). Understanding the causal links between these events is important in deciphering environmental changes and life evolution at that time. This paper presents S-Hg-C isotopic and Fe speciation data for calcareous shales from the CS 2 -M Yangliugang Formation in the Dongjin section, South China. In the lower part of this section (Interval I), calcareous shales have limited S isotopic differences between carbonate-associated sulfates (δ 34 S CAS) and pyrites (δ 34 S Py) with Δ 34 S values from –4.2‰ to +8.3‰; they also have high Fe HR /Fe T ratios from 0.5 to 0.66, that are indicative of a low SO 4 2 − content in anoxic seawater. Calcareous shales from Interval I display at least two Hg/TOC peaks (up to 207 ppb/wt%), coincident with volcanic eruptions associated with the ca. 510 Ma Kalkarindji LIP in Australia. In the middle part of the Dongjin section (Interval II), calcareous shales display negative excursions of Δ 199 Hg values, δ 34 S Py values and Fe HR /Fe T ratios, which were likely led by a large terrestrial input into a marginal basin from where Interval II deposited. Calcareous shales in the upper part of the section (Interval III) contain pyrite framboids with a mean diameter of <4 μm and high ratios of Fe HR /Fe T (>0.82) and Fe Py /Fe HR (>0.78), indicating an euxinic depositional environment. They also record negative excursions in δ 13 C and δ 202 Hg (with low values down to –3.05‰ and –1.68‰, respectively), providing evidence for ocean upwelling. The negative shift of δ 13 C values in the Dongjin section was temporally comparable to the C isotope excursions that coincided with the Redlichiid-Olenellid Extinction Carbon Isotope Excursion (ROECE). We conclude that volcanic eruptions of the ca. 510 Ma Kalkarindji LIP enhanced the continental erosion rate, leading to a high terrestrial SO 4 2 − input and an accumulation of H 2 S in deep marginal basins at the end of CS 2. The subsequent ocean upwelling (>506 Ma) brought anoxic/euxinic seawaters into the continental shelf, contributing to the mass extinction of Redlichiid and Olenellid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle to Upper Cambrian Machari Formation in Korea is well known for abundant and diverse trilobites along with other invertebrate fossils. Based on recent reappraisal on the trilobites of the Machari Formation, eight trilobite zones have been proposed for the Upper Cambrian sequence: i.e., in ascending order the Glyptagnostus stolidotus, Glyptagnostus reticulatus, Proceratopyge tenuis, Hancrania brevilimbata, Eugonocare longifrons, Eochuangia hana, Agnostotes orientalis and Pseudoyuepingia asaphoides zones. Trilobites from the lower five zones and part of the Pseudoyuepingia asaphoides Zone have been already published elsewhere. In this paper, we describe the agnostoid trilobites of the upper three zones, Eochuangia hana, Agnostotes orientalis and Pseudoyuepingia asaphoides zones, of the Machari Formation. These comprise 24 species belonging to 13 genera, including one new genus (Yongwolagnostus) and ten new species (Homagnostus? sulcatus, Ivshinagnostus alatus, Ivshinagnostus quadratus, Yongwolagnostus stenorhachis, Yongwolagnostus dubius, Nahannagnostus pratti, Pseudagnostus? dividuus, Pseudagnostus medius, Pseudorhaptagnostus? urceus and Ammagnostus serus). These biozones correlate well with middle Upper Cambrian zones established in South China, Australia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, and Canadian Rocky Mountains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Coal plays a key role in China's economy as a dominant primary energy resource. In this paper, we provide probability density forecasts for weekly steam coal prices in China based on daily factors such as renewable energy source, Daqing oil, Japanese natural gas, Australia steam coal prices, coal mining industry index, A-share power sector index, A-share index, coal industry index, and temperature. The empirical results show that the influence of temperature lasts longer than other factors, while the Australia steam coal prices, renewable energy source and A-share index are the three best predictors for steam coal prices. It is also shown that the high-frequency factors are useful to forecast steam coal prices and that considering the nonlinearity of coal prices can improve the forecast accuracy by about 22%. We further provide the probability density forecasts for steam coal prices based on the influence of all the selected factors, the results suggest that our proposed method can provide accurate and satisfying probability density forecasts. Given these results, the policy-makers can make effective strategies which can not only adjust the energy structure but also ensure economic growth. • High-frequency factors are useful to forecast coal prices. • C-MIDAS-X model considers the high-frequency factors and the nonlinearity of coal prices. • The probability density forecasts are satisfying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Blockchain-enabled traceability prototype, including texts, messages and a one-minute video is developed with Australian producers and processors with the aim of improving consumer trust in the cross-border beef supply chain between Australia and China. • The initial traceability prototype is empirically tested with Chinese consumers using focus group discussion methodology. • Empirical evidence from the prototype testing and the insights from supply chain stakeholder are integrated to propose a new feature for trust strength. • A human-machine reconcile mechanism is developed to enable readably chain-wide shared responsibilities in delivering credentialed traceability data to consumers so as to increase consumer trust because just blockchain itself will not cut-it. This study aimed to strengthen trust in the cross-border beef supply chain between Australia and China from a consumer perspective based on a blockchain-based supply chain implementation. Using a design science approach, this study's initial prototype was developed to strength consumer trust. The study was conducted in partnership with Australian agricultural producers and processors, and empirically tested with Chinese consumers using an exploratory, qualitative methodology comprising focus groups. Based on the empirical evidence from prototype testing and the insights from supply chain stakeholders, this paper explores new features for a human-machine reconcile mechanism that enables shared responsibilities between agriculture and supply chain actors in delivering credentialed traceability data to consumers along the Australia-China beef supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale lacustrine basins in compressional settings are an important type of petroliferous basin, and the study of the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in such basins is of great significance. This synthesis paper takes the Mesozoic Ordos Basin (central China) as a case study to establish lateral and vertical hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in this basin type, and highlights how facies and fluid potential control hydrocarbon accumulation in such basins. Based on systematic analyses of the Mesozoic source rocks, sedimentary facies, migration and accumulation patterns, and characteristics of the oil reservoirs, the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics in the Mesozoic Ordos Basin are discussed. The analysis indicates that sedimentary facies controlled the characteristics and distribution of hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs, while diagenetic facies controlled the quality and distribution of the reservoirs. Excess pressure and fluid potential controlled hydrocarbon migration directions and paths, whereas facies and potential controlled the locations of oil accumulations and traps. It is concluded that source rocks controlled oil-bearing regions, sedimentary facies controlled oil-bearing plays, and fluid potential controlled the locations of accumulations. For shallow intervals, because fluid migration is mainly controlled by buoyancy, paleotopographic highs played an important role in controlling hydrocarbon accumulations. For deep layers (Chang 7 to Chang 10 members), since buoyancy is less than the capillary pressure, excess pressure caused by the undercompaction of mudstone and hydrocarbon generation at depth provides the driving force for lateral and vertical migration of oil, and becomes the main migration force. The reservoir accumulation characteristics differ laterally between regions of the basin; at the periphery of the basin, reservoir units are stacked in a step-wise manner, whereas at the center of the basin, multiple reservoir intervals are vertically stacked in the form of multistorey accumulations. Vertically, layers with different burial depths have different accumulation characteristics; the paleotopography controlled hydrocarbon accumulation in shallow intervals; instead excess pressure, fluid potential, and paleotopography controlled accumulation in deep intervals. This understanding could be used to inform prospecting in other large-scale lacustrine petroliferous basins in compressional settings such as the Eocene Green River Basin in the U.S.A. and the Middle Triassic Gunnedah Basin in Australia. Image 1 • Accumulation patterns in large-scale lacustrine petroliferous basins are defined. • Controls on oil accumulation by facies and potential in Ordos Basin are explored. • Patterns of hydrocarbon accumulation vary vertically and laterally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Children in China and Australia learn English in distinct sociolinguistic contexts. • China forbids early childhood English education, despite great parental demand. • Australia has no curriculum framework for early childhood English education. • Both countries are similarly inactive in guiding early childhood English education. Although English is taught to students worldwide at different educational levels, the actual implementation of early childhood English language education (ECELE) may vary from country to country. This study aims to comprehensively compare how ECELE is being put into practice in China and Australia, where young children learn English as a foreign language and as an additional language or dialect, respectively. Based on a critical analysis of relevant policy documents and the empirical studies found in the literature, this paper provides a detailed account and comparison of how ECELE is delivered in China and Australia. It is found that despite their different sociolinguistic contexts, the educational authorities in both countries share the same ostrich policy and inactive involvement in overseeing and directing ECELE. The implications for policymaking are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]