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A growing body of literature has demonstrated the preventive role of physical activity in depression, and relevant research is rapidly on the rise. The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the 50 most-cited review papers on physical activity and depression, thus identifying important research topics and future research directions. The 50 most-cited review articles were identified and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database (on 31st October 2022), and a bibliometric citation analysis was performed using the Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer software (Version 1.6.18). Information on the country, authors of publications, publishing journals, citations (i.e., total or annual), keywords, and other meaningful data was analysed comprehensively. The 50 most-cited review articles received, on average, 247.5 citations per article. Most review articles were from England, with contributions from some highly cited researchers and research teams. Western countries/regions, such as England, Australia, and the USA were the most influential in publishing review articles on physical activity and depression. The Journal of Affective Disorders and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were the journals that published the most highly cited review articles on physical activity and depression. Important research topics on the literature on physical activity and depression focused on (1) different types of physical activity and depression; (2) intervention studies related to physical activity and depression; (3) fitness and physical activity levels in people with depression; (4) methodological analyses in physical activity and depression studies; and (5) the impact of physical activity on depression in different populations. This study reveals that review studies on physical activity and depression have great potential to develop further knowledge. This study also highlights some future research directions, which can serve to effectively advance the knowledge base. • This study reveals that review studies on physical activity and depression have great potential to develop further knowledge. • Authors from developed countries/regions were main contributors. • Aerobic exercise was a prominent keyword. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with chronic medically complex disorders like inflammatory bowel diseases (BD) often have mental health and psychosocial comorbid conditions. There is growing recognition that factors other than disease pathophysiology impact patients' health and wellbeing. Provision of care that encompasses medical care plus psychosocial, environmental and behavioral interventions to improve health has been termed “whole person care” and may result in achieving highest health value. There now are multiple methods to survey patients and stratify their psychosocial, mental health and environmental risk. Such survey methods are applicable to all types of IBD programs including those at academic medical centers, independent health systems and those based within independent community practice. Once a practice determines that a patient has psychosocial needs, a variety of resources are available for referral or co-management as outlined in this paper. Included in this white paper are examples of psychosocial care that is integrated into IBD practices plus innovative methods that provide remote patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Internet based data collection methods have many advantages for psychological assessment when compared with more traditional paper formats, including, reduced costs, and greater convenience for both the researcher and the participant. However, prior to the wide-spread adoption of these methods, equivalence with paper tests formats must be established. The present study compared questionnaire data from the computer with that from a traditional paper format in a sample of college students both directly and through an opinion survey. Three types of questionnaires that represent distinct areas commonly assessed in psychological research included: quality of life (SF-36), depression (BDI-II) and personality (NEO). A within-subjects design counterbalanced order across the computer and paper formats. Overall the findings showed no differences for the Neuroticism and Extraversion facts of the NEO, for the BDI and for the subscales and composite scores of the SF-36. Significant differences were found between the paper and computer formats for the Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness facets of the NEO. Additionally, the computer was perceived to be convenient, user-friendly, comfortable, and secure. Results suggest that a computerized format is an efficient way to conduct quality of life research, especially for the assessment of distress levels and quality of life. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Six recent and influential papers that have appeared in the three leading psychiatry journals from the Arab region are summarized in this review. The first paper examined the prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) in rural and urban secondary school girls in Sharkia; more EDs were found among urban than rural population. The second study reported the high prevalence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in primary school children in Iraq in context of the present situation in Iraq dominated by violence creating a traumatizing atmosphere for the population, especially children. The third paper reported that substance dependent patients manifest elevated traits of impulsivity; emotionally driven impulsivity in particular predicted substance related problems. The fourth study reported significant cognitive impairments at illness onset in a large sample of patients with a first psychotic episode. The fifth paper, investigated the cultural imprint on symptom profile of mood disorders. Culture effect on mood disorder was more prominent in depression than in mania. The last article examined the relations between social circumstances, medical morbidity, locus of control and depression in elderly patients suffering from medical conditions. Overall, the papers describe a wide spectrum of research initiatives in the Arab World that are likely to have implications for global mental health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study reports results from a format comparison between Web-based and pencil and paper questionnaires measuring two well-validated measures of psychological distress among 530 frequent Internet users studying at an on-line University (Open University of Catalonia, UOC). A four-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and a seven-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD) were randomly administered in Web-based and pencil and paper format. Internal consistency analyses showed that these two brief versions were reliable for on-line assessment. Also, no differences in Cronbach αs were found between formats. Exploratory as well as multigroup factor analysis techniques showed that factor structures were invariant across formats. Overall, results revealed that respondents did not bias their responses in the Web-based condition. As these findings suggest, when familiarity with technology is high among respondents and sample procedures are followed to maximize control for potential participants, Web-based and paper and pencil formats are virtually equivalent, as in the two brief measures of psychological distress used in this study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: In western countries, the yearly incidence of depression is estimated to be 3–5% and the lifetime prevalence is 17%. In patient populations with chronic diseases the point prevalence may be 20%. Depression is associated with increased risk for various conditions such as osteoporoses, cardiovascular diseases, and dementia. WHO stated in 2000 that depression was the fourth leading cause of disease burden in terms of disability. In 2000 the cost of depression in the US was estimated to 83 billion dollars. A predominance of trials suggests that physical exercise has a positive effect on depressive symptoms. However, a meta-analysis from 2001 stated: “The effectiveness of exercise in reducing symptoms of depression cannot be determined because of a lack of good quality research on clinical populations with adequate follow-up.” Objectives: The major objective for this randomized trial is to compare the effect of non-aerobic, aerobic, and relaxation training on depressive symptoms using the blindly assessed Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D17) as primary outcome. The secondary outcome is the effect of the intervention on working status (i.e., lost days from work, employed/unemployed) and the tertiary outcomes consist of biological responses. Design: The trial is designed as a randomized, parallel-group, observer-blinded clinical trial. Patients are recruited through general practitioners and psychiatrist and randomized to three different interventions: 1) non-aerobic, — progressive resistance training, 2) aerobic training, — cardio respiratory fitness, and 3) relaxation training with minimal impact on strength or cardio respiratory fitness. Training for all three groups takes place twice a week for 4 months. Evaluation of patients'' symptoms takes place four and 12 months after inclusion. The trial is designed to include 45 patients in each group. Statistical analysis will be done as intention to treat (all randomized patients). Results from the DEMO trial will be reported according to the CONSORT guidelines in 2008–2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This review considers evidence for the efficacy of pharmacotherapy among primary care patients with depressive disorders and reviews knowledge regarding the effectiveness of current practice. Strong evidence supports the efficacy of antidepressant pharmacotherapy for primary care patients with major depression and dysthymia with some evidence for pharmacotherapy of less severe depression. In general, available antidepressants appear equal in both efficacy and effectiveness. Treatment selection for any individual patient remains largely empirical, with few clinical characteristics predicting better or worse response to specific treatments. Strong evidence supports continuation treatment (i.e., at least six months of pharmacotherapy) for all patients and maintenance treatment (i.e., at least 24 months of pharmacotherapy) for those with chronic or recurrent depression. Unfortunately, few patients in primary care or specialty practice receive recommended levels of pharmacotherapy or recommended frequency of follow-up care. A number of recent studies have evaluated strategies to improve the quality of antidepressant treatment in primary care. Educational programs (including academic detailing and continuous quality improvement) have had little impact on patient outcomes. Key elements of effective care improvement programs include specific, evidence-based treatment protocols, organized patient education and active follow-up care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

General physicians misclassify depression in more than half of the cases. Researchers have explored the feasibility of leveraging passively collected data points, also called digital biomarkers, to provide more granular understanding of depression phenotypes as well as a more objective assessment of disease. This paper provides a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines (Page et al., 2021) to understand which digital biomarkers might be relevant for passive screening of depression. Pubmed and PsycInfo were systematically searched for studies published from 2019 to early 2024, resulting in 161 records assessed for eligibility. Excluded were intervention studies, studies focusing on a different disease or those with a lack of passive data collection. 74 studies remained for a quality assessment, after which 27 studies were included. The review shows that depressed participants' real-life behavior such as reduced communication with others can be tracked by passive data. Machine learning models for the classification of depression have shown accuracies up to 0.98, surpassing the quality of many standardized assessment methods. Inconsistency of outcome reporting of current studies does not allow for drawing statistical conclusions regarding effectiveness of individual included features. The Covid-19 pandemic might have impacted the ongoing studies between 2020 and 2022. While digital biomarkers allow real-life tracking of participant's behavior and symptoms, further work is required to align the feature engineering of digital biomarkers. With shown high accuracies of assessments, connecting digital biomarkers with clinical practice can be a promising method of detecting symptoms of depression automatically. • This paper provides a PRISMA-guided systematic review of studies (2019-2024), showing model accuracy ranges of 0.52-0.98. • The review summarises constructs related to mood, location, smartphone use, communication, sleep quality and heart rate. • To be integrated into clinical practice, captured data needs to be reduced to the most relevant features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine profiles of distress of mothers of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and relate profiles to maternal and child outcomes at child age 5 years. A racially and economically diverse sample of mothers (n = 94; 39% African American, 52% White) of preterm infants (≤30 weeks of gestation) completed validated questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety (state and trait), NICU stress, and life stress at NICU discharge of their infant. Mothers reported on their own and their children's symptomatology at child age 5. A latent profile analysis was conducted to categorize maternal symptomatology. Latent profile analysis yielded 4 distinct maternal profiles: low symptomatology, high NICU stress, high depression and anxiety, and high state anxiety. Social determinants of health factors including age, education, neighborhood deprivation, and infant clinical risk distinguished the profiles. Mothers in the high depression and anxiety profile reported more anxiety and life stress at follow-up and reported their children experienced more anxious/depressed symptoms. Existing literature has gaps related to examining multiple dimensions of NICU distress and understanding how patterns of mood/affective symptoms, life stressors, and related social determinants of health factors vary across mothers. In this study, one specific profile of maternal NICU distress demonstrated enduring risks for poorer maternal and child mental health outcomes. This new knowledge underscores sources of disparate health outcomes for mothers of preterm infants and the infants themselves. Universal screening is needed to identify at-risk dyads for poor health outcomes in need of individualized interventions that address both maternal and child well-being. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many women, menopause transition can be a period of emotional and physical changes, with different menopausal stages associated with varied risk for depressive symptoms and diagnosis. This review aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to provide an estimate for the risk of developing a) clinical depression and b) depressive symptoms at different menopausal stages. We searched Medline, PsycInfo, Embase and Web of Science from inception to July 2023. Seventeen prospective cohort studies with a total of 16061 women were included in the review, and risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool (QUIPS). Seven papers with a total of 9141 participants were included in meta-analyses, using random effects models and pooled odds ratios (OR) calculated for depressive symptoms and diagnoses. Perimenopausal women were found to be at a significantly higher risk for depressive symptoms and diagnoses, compared to premenopausal women (OR = 1.40; 95 % CI: 1.21; 1.61, p <.001). We did not find a significantly increased risk for depressive symptoms or diagnoses in post-menopausal, compared to pre-menopausal women. Studies used different criteria to classify the menopausal stages and different measures for depression, which may have contributed to the heterogeneity seen in some models. We were unable to include a model that compared peri to post-menopause, due to a lack of longitudinal studies comparing the two stages. The risk of depression in perimenopause, shown in an ethnically diverse sample; highlights the clinical need for screening and support in this potentially vulnerable group. • Menopause transition is a period of emotional changes for women which have not yet fully been explored in research. • Data from 9141 women showed that perimenopause is the stage associated with the most elevated risks of depression. • Identifying menopausal stages associated with risk of depression may enable provision of appropriate support and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression, frequently associated with cancer, significantly impacts health outcomes, necessitating effective treatments. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to synthesize and critically evaluate the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the efficacy of nurse-led psychological interventions in managing depression among adult cancer patients. It focuses on the unique contribution of these interventions to improving depression management in oncology care, an underrepresented area in the existing literature. We conducted a comprehensive search in databases including Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, applying strict criteria to select RCTs assessing nurse-led psychological interventions for depression in cancer patients. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool to assess study quality. Out of 425 screened abstracts, nine papers describing seven distinct interventions involving 1463 participants were selected. The overall effect size estimate of −0.75 (95% confidence interval: −1.23 to −0.27) indicates significant effectiveness of these interventions in reducing depression compared to treatment as usual. Additionally, the calculated prediction interval highlights the variability in effectiveness across different settings, suggesting that contextual factors play a crucial role in the success of these interventions. The findings advocate for the integration of nurse-led psychological interventions into standard cancer care, highlighting their efficacy in improving depressive symptoms in adult cancer patients. These interventions show promise but require further refinement and research to optimize their effectiveness across diverse patient groups and healthcare settings. This review underscores the potential of nurse-led psychological interventions in enriching oncology care and addresses a critical gap in the existing body of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has associated spoken language use with depression, yet studies often involve small or non-clinical samples and face challenges in the manual transcription of speech. This paper aimed to automatically identify depression-related topics in speech recordings collected from clinical samples. The data included 3919 English free-response speech recordings collected via smartphones from 265 participants with a depression history. We transcribed speech recordings via automatic speech recognition (Whisper tool, OpenAI) and identified principal topics from transcriptions using a deep learning topic model (BERTopic). To identify depression risk topics and understand the context, we compared participants' depression severity and behavioral (extracted from wearable devices) and linguistic (extracted from transcribed texts) characteristics across identified topics. From the 29 topics identified, we identified 6 risk topics for depression: 'No Expectations', 'Sleep', 'Mental Therapy', 'Haircut', 'Studying', and 'Coursework'. Participants mentioning depression risk topics exhibited higher sleep variability, later sleep onset, and fewer daily steps and used fewer words, more negative language, and fewer leisure-related words in their speech recordings. Our findings were derived from a depressed cohort with a specific speech task, potentially limiting the generalizability to non-clinical populations or other speech tasks. Additionally, some topics had small sample sizes, necessitating further validation in larger datasets. This study demonstrates that specific speech topics can indicate depression severity. The employed data-driven workflow provides a practical approach for analyzing large-scale speech data collected from real-world settings. • Transcribed smartphone-collected speech recordings via automatic speech recognition • Utilized a deep learning topic model for identifying topics from transcriptions • Identified six risk topics associated with high depression symptom severity • Explored the contexts of topics using behavioral and linguistic characteristics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically identified the effects of physical activity (PA) on depression, anxiety and weight-related outcomes among children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched from January 1, 2000 to August 1, 2022 for peer-reviewed papers. Meta-analyses were conducted to ascertain the effect of physical activity on symptoms of anxiety, depression and weight-related outcomes in overweight/obese children and adolescents. Twenty-five studies representing 2188 participants, with median age 12.08 years old (8.3 to 18.44 years) were included. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, BMI, BMI z-scores, weight, waist circumference and height were evaluated. After incorporating the effects of PA interventions on children and adolescents with overweight/obesity, PA could improve depressive and anxiety symptoms, but not obesity indexes except waist circumference. While, PA combined with other interventions have a significant effect both on anxiety symptoms and BMI compared to pure PA intervention. In terms of intervention duration, we observed that durations falling within the range of 8 to 24 weeks exhibited the most positive effects on reducing depressive symptoms. We included 25 articles on the effects of physical activity on psychological states such as depression and anxiety, weight, BMI and other weight-related indicators in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. We attempted to determine the most appropriate type of physical activity intervention for children and adolescents with overweight/obesity, as well as the most appropriate population characteristics and duration by combining the outcome data from each article. This has a great enlightening effect for health workers to carry out corresponding strategies in the future. • Physical activity is important for overweight/obese children and adolescents. • Physical activity was strongly associated with improvement in psychological symptoms. • We need more holistic, integrated forms of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of depression related to precarious employment (PE) has become a significant public health concern, given the declining trend of the standard employment relationship. Research has focused on the mental health detrimental effects of employment conditions, whereas there is scarce evidence concerning the burden of depression that could be prevented by targeting precariousness. This paper estimates the impact of PE on the risk of depression and the attributable fraction within the active and working salaried population in Spain. Observational cross-sectional on data drawn from the Spanish portion of European Health Survey 2020. After applying selection criteria and descriptives, binary logistic regression models stratified by sex are used to examine the associations between a 9-categories combination of employment precariousness and occupational social class, and depressive symptoms. There is a higher risk of depression among individuals in PE and among those who are unemployed, with a notable gradient based on occupational social class for women. Adjusting by sex, age and foreign-born origin, we estimate that approximately 15.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0%–26.2%) of depression cases among the working population and 33.3% (95% CI: 23.2%-43.2) among the active population can be attributed to PE. These findings highlight the public health impact of PE on mental health, provide evidence to estimate the economic burden linked to employment-related mental health, and underscore the need for policy changes and interventions at the level of labour markets and workplaces to mitigate the detrimental effects of PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several harmful substances can get into the human body easily through different ways, including foods, drinking water, air, and so on. Moreover, there are a variety of food additives that are added to foods to extend their shelf-life, enhance flavor, or make them more attractive. However, it has also been reported that some contaminants and food additives could induce mental disorders. On the other hand, some dietary components show preventive and therapeutic effects on mental disorders caused by contaminants and food additives. This narrative review collects high-quality literature from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed databases that has been published in the past five years. In this paper, the effects of contaminants and food additives on mental health are summarized. Moreover, several dietary components are discussed about their preventive and therapeutic effects against these mental disorders. Some contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, antibiotics, pesticides, etc., as well as food additives, were reported to cause the occurrence of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Several foods and dietary bioactive compounds, such as probiotics, fruits, vegetables, and spices, were found to exert protective effects against these mental disorders. This paper can be helpful to understand the safety of contaminants and food additives from another point of view by focusing on their influences on mental health. It can also shed light on the development of dietary natural products into functional foods to prevent and manage these mental disorders. • Some contaminants could cause the occurrence of mental disorders. • Several food additives could cause the occurrence of mental disorders. • Some dietary components could exert protective effect against mental disorders. • Dietary components could be developed into functional foods against mental disorders. • This paper is helpful for people to choose foods against mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized the effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) on depression in pregnant women. Ten electronic databases were searched from inception to September 2022. We reviewed studies on outcomes for pregnant women with depression receiving mindfulness-based interventions. We only reviewed studies written in English. A random-effects model was used to compute the effect size. Funnel plot, Q statistics, and I 2 were used to test the heterogeneity across studies. We examined moderators to explore sources of heterogeneity. Across 19 included studies (N = 1480), 717 pregnant women participated in mindfulness interventions; 763 served as controls. Mean age ranged from 25.3 to 33.6 years. Overall, mindfulness-based interventions showed reduced depression compared to control groups (g = 0.457, 95%CI 0.254, 0.659, I 2 = 68 %). With subgroup analysis, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a greater effect on reducing depressive symptoms (g = 1.13) than mindfulness-based stress reduction (g = 0.64) and adapted mindfulness-based interventions (g = 0.31). No quality indicators moderated the ES of mindfulness-based interventions on depression. Mindfulness-based interventions significantly improved depression among pregnant women, especially mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Clinicians and health providers should consider using MBIs as alternative complementary treatment for improving and preventing depression in pregnant women. What is already known about the topic? • Depression is a common psychological problem that affects pregnant women worldwide. • Although antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and psychotherapy may be effective for the treatment of depression in pregnant women, some researchers found that these treatments had a negative impact on fetuses and infants. What this paper adds. • Mindfulness-based intervention (MBIs) had significantly moderate effects to reduce depression in pregnant women compared to controls. • Providing MBCT had a greater effect on reducing depressive symptoms than providing MBSR and adapted MBI. • MBIs might be used as alternative to conventional treatment for pregnant women with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? This paper summarizes the evidence in support of distinct subtypes within the population of older adults who attempt suicide when both traditional and cognitive risk-factors are considered. • What is the main finding of this study? Risk factors for early-onset suicidal behavior even in old age resemble those for suicidal behavior seen in young adulthood, including childhood adversity and life-long decision-making difficulties. In contrast, a dementia prodrome is one of the most promising but understudied candidates for risk of late-onset suicidal behavior, especially in the context of other risk factors. • What is the meaning of the finding? Among older adults, age at first suicide attempt may be important in determining risk factors for suicidal behavior. This clinical viewpoint article aims to draw attention to a yet unexplored factor influencing suicidal behavior: age of onset of suicidal behavior. To tackle the substantial heterogeneity among depressed older attempters, we suggest consideration of at least two distinct pathways to suicidal behavior in late life based on when the first suicidal crisis occurred. Specifically, we discuss the current state of research and the rationale behind the suggested early–late-onset categorization of late-life suicidal behavior. We summarize available evidence so far on early-onset and late-onset attempters, and the potential heterogeneity in the interplay of risk/precipitating factors. Certain risk factors for suicide, such as impulsivity and borderline traits, decrease with age, while memory and broader cognitive impairments increase with age. Research indicates that familial/social exposure to suicidal behavior, childhood trauma, impulsivity, maladaptive personality traits, longstanding interpersonal difficulties, and legal problems are found predominantly in attempters experiencing their first suicidal crisis between youth and early midlife. In contrast, dementia prodrome is one of the most promising but understudied candidates for late-onset suicide risk, especially in the context of other risk factors. Moreover, personality traits conferring increased vulnerability to late-onset suicidal behavior (such as high conscientiousness) are not the same as ones classically identified in younger attempters and in older suicide attempters who have early-onset suicidal behavior (such as neuroticism and Cluster B traits). We discuss methodological points about studying age of onset of suicidal behavior, outline clinical implications, share ideas for future directions, and call for research on this understudied topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This meta-analysis investigates CBT treatment efficacy fordepression, and compares outcomes between adults (young and middle aged) and older adults (OA).Methodology: Effect sizes (Hedges' g) were obtained from 37 peer-reviewed RCTs, 25 adult papers (participant n = 2948) and 12 OA papers (participant n = 551), and analysed with the random effects model.Results: No significant difference between age groups is reported in terms of CBT efficacy for depression compared to other treatments (Qbetween (1) = 0.06, p = .89), with the overall effect favouring CBT over any other treatments (g = 0.48, 95 % CI = 0.29-0.68). The same pattern of results was found when restricting studies to those which used active control conditions (Qbetween (1) = 0.03, p = .86) or passive control conditions (Q (1) = 2.45, p = .12).Discussion: No significant differences in efficacy for CBT treatment for depression are found when comparing adults and OA. CBT is as efficacious with OA as with adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Placebo response is common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and decreases the likelihood of demonstrating drug superiority over placebo in a randomized, controlled trial (RCT). This paper aims to review the collective evidence for particular patient characteristics and trial features being associated with placebo response in MDD. Methods MEDLINE/PubMed publication database and Cochrane Library were searched for meta-analyses of placebo response in MDD, published in English from January 1990 to December 2017. The evidence for factors predicting a low or high placebo response was tabulated and weighted on the basis of methods, results, and quality of supporting studies. Results We identified 58 papers, examining the possible association of 40 different factors with placebo response in MDD. Research methods varied considerably across articles so that our reporting remained descriptive. The evidence for any factor being associated with placebo response in MDD appeared very weak to weak. Limitations Since none of the pooled analyses that we included could be regarded as a meta-analysis in its strict sense, and analytical approaches varied considerably, the current work is descriptive only, and without formal statistical analysis. Conclusions Despite 25 years of pooling data from RCTs in MDD, there is no single factor for which strong evidence exists that it influences placebo response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational research has suggested a link between vitamin D insufficiency and depression, while evidence from randomized trials examining the association have yielded inconsistent results. Food security and diet quality are also associated with both vitamin D insufficiency and depression. However, the potential interactions between these factors have not been well described. In order to examine the associations between depression, vitamin D status, food security, and diet quality, data from 8988 US adults (≥20 years) in NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys) 2015–2018 were analyzed. Questionnaire-assessed depression, food security, and diet quality and laboratory-analyzed serum vitamin D were used. Lack of full food security and a 10-point decrease in Healthy Eating Index 2015 score were independently associated with higher risk of mild to severe depression (OR 3.72 and 1.20, respectively, p < 0.001). The association between insufficient serum vitamin D (<75 nmol/L) and depression was fully attenuated after adjusting for food security and diet quality (p = 0.41). A major limitation of this paper, like all analyses of NHANES, is the inability to establish the temporality of the relationships between food security and diet quality with depression. Food security and diet quality, but not vitamin D status, were significantly associated with depression. This highlights how evaluating food security and diet quality are critical in research and public health interventions related to depression. Future interventions, especially into vitamin D insufficiency, as well as health policies should assess and address these factors. • Food security and diet quality, but not vitamin D, were associated with depression. • Very low food security was most strongly associated with risk of depression. • Food security and diet quality were independently associated with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of the Improving Mood with Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Therapies (IMPACT) study and its implications for psychological treatment of adolescents with moderate to severe unipolar major depression. IMPACT was a pragmatic, superiority, randomized controlled trial conducted in the United Kingdom, which compared the clinical and cost-effectiveness of short-term psychoanalytic therapy (STPP), cognitive−behavioral therapy (CBT), and a brief psychosocial intervention (BPI) in reducing depression symptoms in 465 adolescents with unipolar major depression, aged 11 to 17 years. Although this was a clinically heterogeneous group of adolescents, some symptoms (eg, sleep and concentration difficulties, irritability/anger) were common and disabling. The trial reported no significant difference among the 3 treatments in reducing depression symptoms. One year after treatment, 84% of participants showed improvement in depressive symptoms (<50% of baseline symptoms) and improved psychosocial functioning, achieving this through different symptom reduction trajectories. Although participants attended fewer treatment sessions than planned, the 3 treatments were delivered with fidelity to their respective models. Ending treatment without therapist agreement occurred in 37% of cases. This was not associated with outcomes by treatment group. Adolescents emphasized the importance of the therapeutic relationship in all 3 treatments. Results suggest that although most adolescents respond to time-limited, structured psychological therapy, subgroups of depressed adolescents are likely to need additional treatment or support. These include adolescents who live in complex circumstances and/or who believe that their needs are not met in therapy, some who stop treatment early, and the 16% to 18% of adolescents who do not respond to treatment. Improving Mood and Preventing Relapse With Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy; https://www.isrctn.com ; ISRCTN83033550. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor mental health is associated with sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and pre-exposure prophylaxis discontinuation. Adolescents and young people (AYP) are vulnerable to HIV and depression. This paper describes the prevalence and severity of depression and associated factors in AYP accessing SRH services in South Africa. A cross-sectional analysis of enrollment data (January 2019 to December 2021) from a cohort of individuals receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis services at eight clinics in three provinces in South Africa was conducted. Females (n = 1,074) and males (n = 231) aged 15–24 years were included. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were conducted, and the prevalence and severity of depression assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with depression. Over 40% of participants had experienced any depression symptoms (43.7% of females, 38.5% of males). For males, experiencing intimate partner violence was the only predictor of depression symptoms (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 8.81, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.03–75.44). For females, living with both parents (AOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.15–2.51), having transactional sex (AOR 1.63, 95% CI 1.00–2.65), experiencing any intimate partner violence (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.34–2.89), and using drugs (AOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.03–3.11) were all positively associated with depression symptoms. Resilience was a protective factor against depression symptoms for both sexes (males: AOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.98; females: AOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.97). There is a high burden of depression among AYP accessing SRH services in South Africa. Mental health screening should be integrated into SRH and HIV prevention programs for AYP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To chart peer-reviewed literature regarding the psychological and social health outcomes of physical activity (PA) around menopause in a systematic manner.Methods: Nine electronic databases and 10 core journals were searched using specific search strings to identify eligible articles. Manual checking of reference lists was also performed. The selection process was guided by the stages in PRISMA-ScR.Results: Eighty peer-reviewed articles representing 67 studies from 25 countries were included. All articles were published between 1994 and 2021. For all studies, surveys were the primary method of measuring psychological and social health outcomes, in cross-sectional studies (36 papers), intervention studies (33), longitudinal cohort studies (10) and one paper reporting a mixed-method study. The dataset comprised a total of 103,826 women, with an average age of 52.6 and a variety of menopausal states. Most of the studies involved primarily Caucasian, relatively healthy, married and employed participants. Nineteen psychological and social health outcomes were assessed, including psychological menopause symptoms (N = 34), quality of life (N = 33), depression (N = 30), anxiety (N = 11), mental wellbeing (N = 21), perceived stress (N = 9), satisfaction with life (N = 7) and self-esteem (N = 5).Conclusions: Collectively, the findings of these studies indicate a relatively evident positive impact of PA on the respective health outcomes, with only a few studies reporting no association. It is also noteworthy that most studies did not report any difference related to menopausal status. Future studies would benefit from, inter alia, a qualitative approach to lived experiences of psychological and social health outcomes of PA during the menopausal transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper uses data from the Australian Journeys Home survey, a sample of disadvantaged Australians. • It studies the relationship between early mental health episodes and early homelessness, focusing on depression and anxiety. • We find that a person's first episode of depression makes a transition to homelessness more likely for both men and women. • Men's first experience of homelessness increases the likelihood of anxiety disorders. • - Anxiety disorders have no effect on homelessness and homelessness has no effect on the likelihood of developing depression. This paper studies the relationship between early mental health episodes and early homelessness, focusing on depression and anxiety amongst disadvantaged Australians. Using data from the Australian Journeys Home survey, we investigate whether the early onset of mental health conditions make a first transition into homelessness more likely. Similarly, we analyze whether early experiences of homelessness increase the likelihood of early onset of depression or anxiety. We perform our analysis separately for men and women since there are gender differences in rates of both mental health diagnosis and homelessness. After accounting for the effects of joint observed and unobserved determinants, we find that a person's first episode of depression makes a transition to homelessness more likely for both men and women. In contrast, anxiety disorders have no effect on the likelihood of experiencing homelessness. In addition, people's first experience of homelessness has no effect on the likelihood of developing depression, but does increase the likelihood of anxiety disorders for men only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To synthesize the literature on use of the P4 suicidality screener since its introduction in 2010 and to summarize results from 2 randomized clinical trials. A PubMed search was conducted from 2010 to 2023 to retrieve studies reporting on use of the P4. Also, data was extracted from the CAMMPS and SCOPE trials in which the P4 was periodically administered over 12 months when the 9th item of the PHQ-9 was endorsed. A total of 21 research studies using the P4 were found, of which 12 provided some data on P4 findings. Additionally, another 7 protocol papers reported intended use of the P4 as a study measure. In our 2 trials, the 9th item was endorsed 259 (12.5%) times in 2068 administrations of the PHQ-9. Higher risk suicidal ideation was identified in 4.1% (12/294) of CAMMPS participants and 2.8% (7/250) of SCOPE participants. No suicide attempts occurred over the 12 months in either trial. The P4 has had moderate use as a brief suicidality screener and is an efficient way to identify the small proportion of depressed patients with higher risk suicidality. Studies comparing the P4 with other common suicidality screeners would further inform use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study sought to examine the impact of longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms in middle-aged adults before and after their first stroke, and the impact of different ages. The study monitored middle-aged patients with a first stroke in the China Family Panel Study (CFPS) survey from 2016 to 2020. This study examined longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms in middle-aged adults and their controls before and after stroke using multilevel models, and also explored factors influencing middle-aged adults at the time of their respective stroke and depressive symptoms using conditional regression models and stepwise regression models, respectively. A chi-square test was used to determine whether long-term changes in depressive symptoms in patients before and after stroke could be attributed to changes in a single depressive symptom. The study identified 582 first-time stroke patients and 5522 controls from a population of 17,588 participants. Middle-aged populations may have an increased risk of depressive symptoms after a first stroke compared to older populations. First-time stroke victims showed increased severity of depressive symptoms in both the two years before and the two years after stroke when depressive symptoms were assessed. Differences in the presentation of a single depressive symptom were most pronounced in sleep-related symptoms. The link between first stroke and changes in the trajectory of increased depressive symptoms is complex and bidirectional. Age is an important factor influencing changes in depressive symptoms, some attention should be paid to the middle-aged population. Special attention should also be paid to sleep-related symptoms in the long-term care of patients. • We sought to investigate the effects of longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults before and after the first stroke. • Age is an important influence on stroke and PSD, and there is a dual association between first-ever stroke and changes in trajectories related to depressive symptoms. • This paper is the first to reveal the first-time stroke patients and their relationship with depressive symptoms before and after the onset of stroke based on Chinese residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the developmental pathways through which the Family Bereavement Program (FBP) reduces major depression and generalized anxiety disorder 15 years later. A randomized trial of the FBP included 5 assessments, at pretest, posttest (98% retention), and follow-ups at 11 months (90% retention), 6 years (89% retention), and 15 years (80% retention) following the program. Participants included 244 children and adolescents (from 156 families) 8 to 16 years of age who were randomly assigned to the FBP (135 children/adolescents, 90 families), a 12-session program that included a caregiver component and a child/adolescent component or a literature comparison condition (109 children/adolescents, 66 families). In-home interviews assessed mediators directly targeted for change at post-test and 11 months (eg, parenting and coping); 6-year theoretical mediators (ie, internalizing problems, aversive views of the self) and 15-year children's/adolescents' major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Data analysis tested 3 path mediation models in which FBP effects at post-test and 11 months led to effects on 6-year theoretical mediators, which in turn lad to reductions in major depression and generalized anxiety disorder at 15 years. The FBP had a significant effect on reducing the prevalence of major depression (odds ratio = 0.332, p <.01) at 15 years. Significant 3-path mediation models found that multiple variables that were targeted by the caregiver and child components of the FBP at post-test and 11 months mediated FBP effects on depression at 15 years through their impact on aversive self-views and internalizing problems at 6 years. The findings support the 15-year impact of the Family Bereavement Program on major depression and for maintaining components of the FBP that affect aspects of parenting and children's coping, grief, and self-regulation as the program is disseminated. 6-Year Follow-up of a Prevention Program for Bereaved Families; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; NCT01008189. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NEDD4L is elevated in brain tissue of chronic mild unpredictable stress (CUMS) mice. • Inhibition of NEDD4 improves activated astrocytes and inflammation in CUMS mice. • NEDD4L binds to PAX6 (paired box 6) and promotes its ubiquitinated degradation. • PAX6 binds to P2X7R (purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor) promoter. • Inhibition of PAX6 partially reverses the effect of NEDD4L on depression. Astrocytes are implicated in stress-induced neuroinflammatory responses in depression. This paper was to explore the molecular mechanism of the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4L (NEDD4 like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) in depressed mice by regulating astrocyte activation, and to find a new target for depression. A mouse model of depression was established by CUMS (chronic mild unpredictable stress) in 48 6-week male C57BL/6 mice and injected with sh-NEDD4L vector for testing behavioral and cognitive abilities, histopathological changes, and the number of GFAP-positive cells. The mRNA and protein levels of NEDD4L, PAX6 (paired box 6) and P2X7R (purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor) were measured. Inflammation model was established by lipopolysaccharide treatment of mouse astrocyte line C8-D1A and infected with sh-NEDD4L. After CUMS induction, mice showed depression-like symptoms, increased inflammatory infiltration, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in brain tissue, and increased NEDD4L protein levels. NEDD4L inhibition increased GFAP-positive cells, increased PAX6 protein levels and decreased P2X7R mRNA and protein levels, and decreased inflammatory factor secretion in brain tissue and in vitro cells. PAX6 knockdown or P2X7R overexpression partially reversed the effects of NEDD4L inhibition on astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation. To conclude, highly-expressed NEDD4L in depression-like mouse brain inhibits astrocyte activation and exacerbates neuroinflammation by ubiquitinating PAX6 and promoting P2X7R level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in diversifying the understanding and discussion about the causes of depression to move beyond biomedical determinism—a view that biomedical factors are the ultimate cause of an individual's depression. There is increasing emphasis on diversity in how people seek to articulate the causes of depression to incorporate non-biomedical dimensions. Furthermore, the biomedical understanding of depression has been increasingly questioned due especially to emerging limitations in pharmacotherapy. These shifts encourage social analyses that explore what narratives as to the causes of depression are constructed and presented with relative plausibility in different contexts and why and how. By analysing published memoirs of individuals diagnosed with depression in Japan, this study aims to provide fresh insights into narratives around the causes of depression. It illustrates how memoirs portray depression and its perceived causes in characteristic ways in a nation that adopts Western diagnostic systems, biomedical therapeutics and other relevant technologies. I will show that 'burnout' is the dominant theme in the Japanese data, diverging from the predominantly biomedical narrative in Western societies. This burnout narrative depicts depression as the somewhat unfortunate but unsurprising result of overwork arising from individual active adaptations to structural features of the Japanese work culture. I argue that reasons, rather than causes, articulate the making of the burnout narrative by revealing the interplay between the structural and individual and ultimately enrich the understanding of depression. The paper concludes with a call for exploring the shifting relationship between illness and normalcy that the burnout narrative implies. I suggest that further studies could explore how the boundaries between normalcy and illness are enacted and re-enacted and to what avail through public discourse and through shifting diagnostic schemata in the context of different national norms and practices. • There are international differences in how depression is experienced and represented. • Biomedical explanations of depression are frequently documented in the literature. • This paper shows ways in which depression is explained in the language of burnout. • Burnout emphasises the interaction between the individual and the structural. • Distinguishing reasons from causes helps better understand burnout and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Digital mental health interventions are a promising way to disseminate evidence-supported therapy for depression. • Research supports the efficacy of digital cognitive-behavioral interventions for depression. • There is a need to make digital mental health interventions for depression more appealing. • Entertaining forms of digitally-based CBT hold promise as a method to increase treatment engagement. This paper provides an overview of the of digital mental health (DMHI) interventions for depression. The paper begins with a description of the clinical context and services needs for persons experiencing depressed mood. It is well-known that there is a large gap between the availability of evidence-supported psychotherapy for depression and the large number of people who would likely benefit from it. DHMIs based on a cognitive-behavioral (CBT) model have shown substantial promise as a method to deliver tested-effective treatment to large numbers of people experiencing depression. The article continues with a review of clinical research evaluating DMHIs for depression with a special emphasis on CBT. The article also reviews both the strengths and challenges associated with the clinical use of DHMI for depression. Next, the article continues with a description of a newly-developed DHMI for depression that uses an entertaining approach to deliver well-established CBT strategies. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the need for further research and development of DHMIs for persons experiencing depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bien qu'il ait fait l'objet de nombreuses études depuis les années 1970, il n'y a pas de définition consensuelle ni de critères diagnostiques clairs du burn-out. La conséquence en est souvent la non-reconnaissance du burn-out et de la souffrance des individus concernés. L'objectif de cette revue de la littérature est d'étudier si le burn-out devrait être considéré comme une catégorie diagnostique distincte. Malgré le fait que le burn-out soit un phénomène global, aucune revue récente n'a combiné les points de vue de différentes disciplines. Dans cette revue, nous avons recensé les arguments cliniques, psychologiques et biologiques de la reconnaissance du burn-out et nous les avons situés dans leurs contextes sociaux, politiques et économiques afin de dresser une image globale de la thématique. Les futures recherches gagneraient à mettre fin au manque de consensus quant à la définition du burn-out, ses caractéristiques cliniques et ses outils d'évaluation. Although it has largely been studied since the 1970s, it remains controversial to accurately define what the concept of burnout encompasses. Indeed, burnout is not consensually defined and, although some consider that it is a work-related illness, there is no clear diagnostic criteria. This problem is intensified by the fact that some studies present methodological limitations, thus impeding an appropriate characterization of burnout. As a consequence of this lack of agreement, burnout is not acknowledged as a work-related illness, which minimizes the pain of those individuals who are suffering from it. The present paper will review findings that can help to disentangle whether burnout should be considered as a medical diagnosis. Cultural differences concerning the consideration of burnout as a medical condition will be pointed out and the distinctiveness of burnout compared to depression, adjustment disorder or other stress related symptoms will be highlighted. Moreover, we will explain why considering that burnout belongs to broader diagnostic categories implies that the weight of employees' discomfort mainly relies on personal causes and therefore weakens the role of existing working conditions. This paper will also summarize clinical, psychological and biological evidences for and against the inclusion of burnout as a medical condition, before embedding them in a wider social, political and economic context. More specifically, we will explain why burnout is intimately related to the political and economic situation of a country: when society promotes cost-effectiveness, it increases stress and psychological pressure, which makes a burnout more likely to appear. Furthermore, if burnout is recognized as a work-related disease, the consequences for organizations will be that they will have to pay for additional health care charges. Finally, more effective prevention techniques could be developed, and more appropriate care could be provided to patients, but only if an agreement on diagnostic criteria was obtained and if reliable assessment tools were developed. As long as these issues are not addressed, treatments specifically targeting burnout symptoms will be further delayed although it is a serious clinical condition associated with physical and psychological symptoms impairing patients' quality of life. In conclusion, we suggest that burnout should be considered as a medical condition despite the economic and political impediments. Nevertheless, up to now, several methodological limitations preclude to reliably establish a pathological cut-off and to delineate burnout from other mental illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. However, the occurrence of depression is a complex process involving genetic, physiological, psychological, and social factors, and the underlying mechanisms of its pathogenesis remain unclear. With advances in sequencing technology and epigenetic studies, increasing research evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play nonnegligible roles in the development of depression and may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression through multiple pathways, including regulating neurotrophic factors and other growth factors and affecting synaptic function. In addition, significant alterations in lncRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood and different brain regions of patients and model animals with depression suggest that lncRNAs may function as biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of depression and other psychiatric disorders and may also be potential therapeutic targets. In this paper, the biological functions of lncRNAs are briefly described, and the functional roles and abnormal expression of lncRNAs in the development, diagnosis and treatment of depression are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are widely used for glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and are primarily indicated for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-1 receptor agonists have also been shown to have neuroprotective and antidepressant properties. Replicated evidence suggests that individuals with DM are significantly more likely to develop depression. Herein, we aim to investigate whether GLP-1 receptor agonists can be used prophylactically on patients with DM to lower the risk of incident depression. We conducted a systematic search for English-language articles published on the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, APA, PsycInfo, Ovid and Google Scholar databases from inception to June 6, 2022. Four retrospective observational studies were identified that evaluated the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on incident depression in patients with DM. We found mixed results with regards to lowering the risk of incident depression, with two studies demonstrating a significant reduction in risk and two studies showing no such effect. A single study found that dulaglutide may lower susceptibility to depression. Our results were limited by high interstudy heterogeneity, paucity of literature, and lack of controlled trials. While we did not find evidence of GLP-1 receptor agonists significantly lowering risk of incident depression in patients with DM, promising neuroprotective data presented in two of the included papers, specifically on dulaglutide where information is scarce, provide the impetus for further investigation. Future research should focus on better elucidating the neuroprotective potential of different classes and doses of GLP-1 receptor agonists using controlled trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to understand associations between low sleep duration (< 8 hours) and positive mental health screens among adolescents (ages 13-18) seen for preventive visits in primary care. METHODS: Data were from two randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of an electronic health risk behavior screening and feedback tool for adolescent preventive visits. Participants (n = 601) completed screeners at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months which included sleep duration in hours and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 screeners for depression and anxiety, respectively. Main analyses included adjusted logistic regressions testing associations between low sleep duration and positive mental health screens. RESULTS: Adjusted models showed that low sleep duration was associated with significantly greater odds of a positive depression screen (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06-2.37) but not with a positive anxiety screen or co-occurring positive depression and anxiety screens. However, follow-up analyses indicated an interaction between sleep duration and anxiety in the association with a positive depression screen, such that the association between low sleep and a positive depression screen was driven by those who did not screen positive for anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: As pediatric primary care guidelines for sleep continue to evolve, further research, training, and support for sleep screening are warranted to ensure effective early intervention for sleep and mental health problems during adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? Can propofol enhance slow wave sleep in geriatric patients to address core pathophysiology of depression and associated cognitive dysfunction? • What is the main finding of this study? Two older adults with treatment-resistant depression received two morning infusions of propofol. One of the two demonstrated slow wave sleep enhancement and a sustained improvement of depression. • What is the meaning of the finding? The above case series lays the groundwork for an ongoing open-label Phase I clinical trial by providing proof-of-concept of propofol-induced slow wave sleep enhancement and antidepressant response. Slow wave sleep (SWS), characterized by large electroencephalographic oscillations, facilitates crucial physiologic processes that maintain synaptic plasticity and overall brain health. Deficiency in older adults is associated with depression and cognitive dysfunction, such that enhancing sleep slow waves has emerged as a promising target for novel therapies. Enhancement of SWS has been noted after infusions of propofol, a commonly used anesthetic that induces electroencephalographic patterns resembling non-rapid eye movement sleep. This paper 1) reviews the scientific premise underlying the hypothesis that sleep slow waves are a novel therapeutic target for improving cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in older adults, and 2) presents a case series of two patients with late-life depression who each received two propofol infusions. One participant, a 71-year-old woman, had a mean of 2.8 minutes of evening SWS prior to infusions (0.7% of total sleep time). SWS increased on the night after each infusion, to 12.5 minutes (5.3% of total sleep time) and 24 minutes (10.6% of total sleep time), respectively. Her depression symptoms improved, reflected by a reduction in her Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from 26 to 7. In contrast, the other participant, a 77-year-old man, exhibited no SWS at baseline and only modest enhancement after the second infusion (3 minutes, 1.3% of total sleep time). His MADRS score increased from 13 to 19, indicating a lack of improvement in his depression. These cases provide proof-of-concept that propofol can enhance SWS and improve depression for some individuals, motivating an ongoing clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04680910). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimated 280 million individuals suffer from depression. Brief group interventions in Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) are recommended. One goal of these interventions is to educate people about healthy lifestyle habits, as they prevent the development of depression. This study aims to analyse the one-year follow-up results about the effectiveness of a Lifestyle Modification Programme (LMP) and an LMP plus Information and Communication Technologies (LMP + ICTs) when compared to Treatment as Usual (TAU). We conducted an open-label, multicentre, pragmatic, randomised clinical trial. A total of 188 individuals that visited a general practitioner and met the inclusion criteria were randomised. LMP consisted of six weekly 90-minute group sessions focusing on lifestyle improvement. LMP + ICTs was a hybrid of the LMP format with the inclusion of a wearable smartwatch. We used linear mixed models (with a random intercept and an unstructured covariance) to evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions, and an intention-to-treat analysis and Multiple Imputation technique for handling missing data. LMP + ICTs showed a statistically significant reduction on depressive symptoms (b = −2.68, 95 % CI = [−4.239, −1.133] p =.001) and sedentarism (b = −37.38, 95 % CI [−62.930, −11.833], p =.004) compared to TAU. Most of the dropouts were due to time restrictions. In long-term, LMPs plus ICTs administered in PHCs to people suffering from depression were effective in reducing depressive symptomatology and sedentarism comparing to TAU. More research is needed to enhance adherence to lifestyle recommendations. These promising programmes could be easily implemented in PHCs. Trial registration number : ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03951350). • This paper demonstrates the effectiveness in the long-term of a Lifestyle Modification Programme. • Interventions in a face-to-face group format at the primary care level are effective at reducing depression symptoms. • The relationship between several lifestyles and depression is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comorbidity of depression and obesity contributes to disability burden worldwide. • The number of papers researching FTO on BMI and FTO on depression is highly imbalanced. • FTO is strongly linked with obesity and has a key role in the central nervous system. • Further research is needed to confirm the role of FTO in depression-obesity comorbidity. • Future genetic studies should include a detailed characterization of depression. Depression and obesity are major global health problems that frequently co-occur. The FTO gene has one of the strongest links with obesity and high body mass index (BMI) in humans. Besides, this gene is highly expressed in the brain, may play a role in the nervous system, and could confer risk for depression, although scarce literature is available in this respect. We perform a systematic review of the relationship between FTO and both conditions. We selected original articles with observational design or reviews, where depression was assessed with ICD-10, DSM-5 or previous versions, published from 2012 (when the first related paper was published) to November 2020, performed in adults, in English or Spanish and having an optimal methodological quality (evaluated with SIGN checklist). Five original studies were finally included. The results regarding the role of FTO in depression-obesity comorbidity were inconclusive. This leads us to endorse further research covering the role of this gene on both conditions, emphasising a more precise characterization of depression, in order to confirm this role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 are related to inflammation and lipid peroxidation in psychiatry. • Reduced HDL contributes both localised and systemic inflammation. • Homocysteine contributes to inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been reported in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, first episode of psychosis, and schizophrenia. HDL, its major apolipoprotein component, ApoA1, and the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase (PON)1 (which is normally bound to ApoA1) all have anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory roles, which are discussed in this paper. The paper details the pathways mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 and describes the mechanisms leading to compromised HDL and PON1 levels and function in an environment of chronic inflammation. The molecular mechanisms by which changes in HDL, ApoA1 and PON1 might contribute to the pathophysiology of the neuroprogressive disorders are explained. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory actions of ApoM-mediated sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signalling are reviewed as well as the deleterious effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress on ApoM/S1P signalling. Finally, therapeutic interventions specifically aimed at improving the levels and function of HDL and PON1 while reducing levels of inflammation and oxidative stress are considered. These include the so-called Mediterranean diet, extra virgin olive oil, polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavones, pomegranate juice, melatonin and the Mediterranean diet combined with the ketogenic diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) people have a high risk of severe mental disorders, like depression, which impacts their function, quality of life, and mobility. However, there are no estimates of depression based paper published. This study aimed conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of depression in ALS patients around the world.Methods: PubMed/Medline, Web of science, Scopus, Embase, and Ovid are searched to identify papers that reporting the prevalence of depression. Studies are included in random-effects meta-analyses of the prevalence of depression. Subgroup analyses are performed on the severity of depression, instruments of depression, type of studies, and study regions.Results: 46 eligible studies reported prevalence of depression. The pooled prevalence of depression among ALS people was 34% (27%-41%). According to the severity of depression, mild, moderate, and severe depression were 29%, 16%, and 8%, respectively. For studies using BDI, PHQ, and HADS, the pooled prevalence of depression was 50%, 20%, and 15%, respectively.Conclusions: ALS people have a high prevalence of depression. The high prevalence of depression causes a reduction of quality of life and mobility. The study identifies a population group at high risk needing special attention in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To discuss the effect of non-drug interventions on anxiety and depression in patients with heart failure (HF) through Bayesian network meta-analysis. Relevant literature was searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Medline from database establishment to October 2022 by a computer. Next, a screening was performed on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the effect of non-drug interventions on anxiety and depression in HF patients, followed by a collection of the related data. This meta-analysis was conducted based on Bayesian network, and the statistical analysis was conducted using R4.2 software. A total of 23 papers were enrolled into this study. The results of Bayesian network meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group and the structured video conferencing support (SVCS) group, telephone case management (TCM) could effectively reduce the anxiety and depression of HF patients. The ranking results revealed that TCM may be the most effective intervention to lower the risk of depression in HF patients, followed by Tai Chi Chuan and Chi Kung training (TCC) and structured telephone support (STS). TCM is the most effective intervention to prevent HF patients from anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a mental disease affecting 5% of the population, and its prevalence is increasing. Depression is characterized by feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, disinterest in enjoyable activities, and sadness, which can result in suicidal thoughts. Traditional approaches to recognizing depression have relied on manually crafted techniques to extract facial expressions, which have their limitations. To address these limitations, this paper proposes using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as a practical approach for depression recognition. The proposed model in this study involves an eight-step process that includes input data, preprocessing, rescaling, model training, multi-classified results, selecting emotions based on accuracy, retraining the model, and finally, multi-classified results to determine the percentage of depression with greater accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is rapid growth of older people in Low- and Middle- Income Countries (LMICs). The aim of this review was to assess the literature on prevalence of anxiety and depression in this demographic, which to our knowledge, has not yet been conducted. Databases including Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, Scielo and African Journals Online were searched for terms including "mental disorders", "neurotic disorders", "mood disorders" and "anxiety disorders". Studies published between 1990 and 2020 providing data on older people (≥50 years) in LMICs (defined by World Bank Criteria) were included and quality-assessed. Meta-analysis was conducted on a subset of higher-quality studies to derive pooled prevalence estimates of depression. One hundred and forty relevant studies were identified, of which thirty-two were included in meta-analysis. One hundred and fifteen studies reported depression prevalence only, 19 reported both depression and anxiety, and six reported anxiety only. In all studies identified, depression prevalence ranged from 0.5 % to 62.7 %, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder prevalence ranged from 0.2 % to 32.2 %. The pooled prevalence of depression on meta-analysis was 10.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9 % - 11.2 %). Reported prevalence rates of depression were significantly different in studies using ICD-10 compared with DSM criteria, and between community and clinical settings. The search strategy contained bias towards English language papers and high income country (HIC) publications. There is significant heterogeneity within the meta-analysis. A wide range of methodologies and clinical criteria are used in prevalence studies of depression and anxiety in older people. Studies using screening tools found higher prevalence rates; clinicians and researchers should ensure diagnosis is made with gold-standard clinical criteria. Meta-analysis data suggest that rates of depression are similar in older people in LMICs compared to HICs but mental healthcare resources are limited, suggesting a large potential treatment gap. • First review on prevalence of depression and anxiety in older adults in LMICs covering multiple continents. • 142 studies identified: 117 (depression), 19 (depression and anxiety), 6 (anxiety). • Prevalence of depression: 0.5 %–62.7 %; Generalised Anxiety Disorder: 0.2 %–32.2 %. • Meta-analysis of depression data: prevalence of 10.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9 %–11.2 %). • Rates of depression are not higher in older people in LMICs compared to HICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to review the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and depression and compare the prevalence of depression among people with and without OSA.Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines. We searched for papers published between 1 January 2010 and 20 October 2019 listed on the following databases: Embase, Ovid MEDLINER(R) and PsychINFO. The search terms included a combination of keywords related to sleep apnea and depression. We also completed a manual search of the references listed in the articles retrieved and grouped them according to study design: cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal. Scale scores were standardised for comparison.Results: Our search strategy yielded 1158 papers, of which 34 were considered suitable of review and 11 reported data that could be used for meta-analysis. Data from the 6 cross-sectional studies found no compelling evidence of an association between OSA and depression (odds ratio = 1.12, 95 % confidence interval, 95 %CI = 0.78, 1.47), but the meta-analysis of 5 longitudinal studies indicated that people with OSA were at greater risk of developing depression during follow-up than those without OSA (non-specific risk ratio (RR) = 2.18, 95 %CI = 1.47, 2.88), although there was evidence of high study heterogeneity (I2 = 72.8 %).Discussion: The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies is consistent with the hypothesis that OSA may increase the risk of depression. Sample characteristics and various methodological issues create uncertainty about the validity and generalizability of these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide and suicidal behaviour are global health concerns with complex aetiologies. Given the recent research and policy focus on loneliness, this systematic review aimed to determine the extent to which loneliness predicts suicidal ideation and/or behaviour (SIB) over time.Methods: A keyword search of five major databases (CINHAL, Medline, PsychArticles, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge) was conducted. Papers for inclusion were limited to those using a prospective longitudinal design, written in English and which measured loneliness at baseline and SIB at a later time-point.Results: After duplicates were removed, 947 original potential papers were identified, with 22 studies meeting the review criteria. Meta-analysis revealed loneliness was a significant predictor of both suicidal ideation and behaviour and there was evidence that depression acted as a mediator. Furthermore, studies which consisted of predominantly female participants were more likely to report a significant relationship, as were studies where participants were aged 16-20 or >55 years at baseline.Limitations: There was considerable variability in measures, samples and methodologies used across the studies. Middle-aged adults were under-represented, as were individuals from minority ethnic backgrounds. All studies were conducted in countries where self-reliance and independence (i.e. individualism) are the cultural norm.Conclusions: Loneliness predicts later SIB in select populations. However, due to the heterogeneity of the studies further research is needed to draw more robust conclusions. Suicide death also needs to be included as an outcome measure. A focus on more collectivist countries is also required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a severe disorder with a high prevalence. Psychiatric comorbidities, especially depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction, are often described in OSA patients. This narrative review aims to examine: (1) the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and depressive and cognitive symptoms, and (2) the effect of OSAS treatment on psychiatric symptoms.Method: Articles that were published between January 1990 and August 2018 were searched and extracted via PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Authors analyzed the papers and its references using the following keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, depression, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety disorders, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). A total of 632 articles were nominated. After the selection according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 172 articles were chosen. After complete inspection of the full texts, finally, 58 papers were selected. Secondary papers from the reference lists of the primarily designated papers were also searched, assessed for suitability, and added to the first list of the papers (n = 67). In total, 125 papers were included in this review.Results: There is a significant overlap in depressive, anxious and OSA symptoms. Studies also show that attention, working memory, episodic memory, and executive functions are decreased in OSA. Conversely, most of verbal functions remain intact and variable results are found in psychomotor speed. Several studies implicated that in some fields of cognitive functions (eg, attention) deficit caused by untreated OSA can be irreversible and shows only partial recovery after a period of treatment with CPAP.Conclusions: Untreated OSA impacts affective disorders, and often leads to decline of cognitive functions or even leads to permanent brain damage. Further studies are needed to analyze the connection between OSA and affective disorders, anxiety disorders and its effect on cognitive functions more thoroughly, especially in the context of CPAP treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The etiological factors of mood disorders and psychopathologies are understudied. In this paper, we explored whether social psychological strains are related to depression, anxiety, and stress in non-clinical populations.Methods: 6,305 college students (39.3% men; 60.7% women) from six Chinese provincial-level jurisdictions completed a paper-and-pencil survey with Psychological Strain Scales (PSS-40) and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), both validated in Chinese populations.Results: Both PSS-40 and DASS-21 have high internal consistency reliabilities, and are highly correlated with each other. Hence, Chinese college students with greater psychological strains (value, aspiration, deprivation, or coping) have greater depression, anxiety, and stress. These results still held after controlling for relevant socio-demographic variables in the multiple regression models.Limitations: This was a cross-sectional study, and the sample only included several provinces in mainland China, not a representative sample of all of them.Conclusions: Mood disorders and psychopathologies are linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The results of this study extend the Strain Theory of Suicide from explaining the risk factors of suicidality to mood disorders and psychopathologies. Hence, these findings can inform prevention measures among college students, and possibly the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervention studies conducted in caregivers often focus on improving mental health. Consequently, researchers may discover incidental findings like elevated depressive symptoms. Researchers have an ethical obligation to report incidental findings to participants, but no protocols exist for reporting behavioral health symptoms. The purpose of this paper was to describe a protocol for reporting elevated depressive symptoms to participants, based on the protocol used in a national randomized clinical trial of stress-reduction methods for 348 grandmothers raising grandchildren. Each questionnaire included the CES-D scale, and was scored immediately after completion. We established a cut-off score of 30 based on previous research. A registered nurse on the research team called participants with scores over 30 and ascertained whether the participant 1) was aware of the problem and 2) had sought help, and then offered additional resources. Overall, 94 (27%) participants had a CES-D score > 30. The majority (91%) were aware of the problem. About a third of the participants were on medication for their symptoms, and a third were seeing a therapist. Nine participants were not aware they had depressive symptoms. This paper outlines the ethical premise for developing our protocol, details of protocol development, and discussion for how research teams can apply this protocol to their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transforming Health and Resiliency through Integration of Values-based Experiences (THRIVE) is an evidence-based 14-week curriculum-based group medical appointment clinical program. THRIVE is based on principles of integrative medicine, positive psychology, and acceptance and commitment therapy. The goal of this paper is to review findings from a local THRIVE program implementation piloted in the Women's Health outpatient clinics on mental and physical health indicators.Materials and Methods: Pilot data were obtained for 14 THRIVE cohorts of female veterans enrolled from outpatient clinics at the James A. Haley veterans' Hospital in Tampa, FL between 2016 and 2018 (N = 201). THRIVE assessments were conducted as part of the THRIVE program, at the first visit (baseline), mid-way, and at the end of the program. Data were collected using self-administered paper-pencil method on standardized scales for physical and mental health (Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the physical and mental function components of the Short Form Survey). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine change in physical and mental health scales over time while adjusting for age, race (white vs. other), and cohort. In addition, we examined whether the rate of change differed by age or race.Results: Improvement was seen for most scales across the 3 assessments (p < 0.05) with the exception of physical composite score of the Short Form Survey (p = 0.487). Participants reported that pain interfering with work significantly decreased from "quite a bit" at baseline to "moderately" by assessment 3 (p = 0.042). Older ages had lower baseline scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire than younger ages, but younger ages had a greater rate of improvement over the intervention (p for interaction 0.016 and 0.056, respectively). Whites reported greater improvement in life satisfaction than non-whites (p for interaction 0.043). For physical composite score, whites had higher baseline score, but did not report significant improvement in physical function over the assessment period, while non-whites had lower baseline score, but did report significant improvement in physical function (p for interaction 0.059). Non-white veterans reported more pain interfering with work relative to white veterans (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.79-19.43, p = 0.004).Conclusions: We found significant improvement on self-reported mental health scales as well as improvement in how much pain interferes with work in a pilot sample of women veterans over the 14-week program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Depression in older people living in residential aged care is a serious and highly prevalent health issue, with loneliness and social isolation being major contributors. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the harm visiting restrictions have on the mental wellbeing of older people in residential aged care. However, there is a need to systematically review the relationship between family visits and depression in this population. This literature review seeks to explore the association between family visits and depression among those living in residential aged care. An integrative review was conducted in March 2022, based on a search of seven databases from inception to 2022. Papers were included if the studies were situated in a residential aged care facility and explored the impact of in-person family visits on depression of residents. Those that examined impact of family visits on community-dwelling older people and papers examining virtual family visits were excluded. The quality of the included papers was assessed using appropriate critical appraisal tools. Guided by the aim of this study, the included papers were narratively synthesised and presented thematically (PROSPERO ID CRD42022325895). Ten papers, published between 1991 and 2022, were included in the final synthesis. Multiple categorisations of frequency of visits and different scales were used to assess depression. Depression among residents in aged care facilities varied from 20 % to 58.7 % with 40 % of studies showing a positive association between the frequency of family visits and lower rate of depression. Three themes influencing the association between family visits and depression in residential aged care were identified. These were: (i) intersection of culture, filial values, and depression; (ii) resident-related factors including whether admission was voluntary and presence of functional impairment; and (iii) non-resident-related factors such as social activities for residents and staff involvement. Family visits ameliorated loneliness and depression among residents in aged care however, other factors such as culture, comorbidities and functional impairment, opportunities for socialisation and the social involvement of facility staff also influenced depression. Whilst the low number of studies reviewed limited comparison and generalisation of results, the review highlighted the broader and crucial role of healthcare staff in facilitating socialisation and promoting mental wellbeing of residents especially those who are not visited by families. Family visits ameliorate depression in institutionalised older people but may not be the "silver bullet" as depression is multifactorial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]