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The Iran-Saudi Arabia conflict is an ongoing struggle for influence in the region that has created uncertainty, affected oil prices and regional economics. This paper uses wavelet analysis to examine the frequency and time-varying co-movement and casual nexus between petroleum prices (OP) and financial liquidness (MS) with and without geopolitical risk (GPR). The aim is to test the validity of the monetary equilibrium model from 1988 to 2019. The model is supported by the findings, as both short and medium-term association is found between OP and MS at high frequencies in the presence of GPR. We find a medium-term association between OP and MS in the absence of GPR. The paper's overall conclusion suggests that GPR affects OP and OP, in turn, impact MS. Diversifying economic activities to minimize oil dependency, which is sensitive to external shocks, is suggested as a mitigation solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two major drivers of conflictual relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran: sectarian schism and power politics. The protracted enmity and rivalry has been analyzed in light of uncertainty and security dilemma through the prism of constructivism. The application of the theoretical lens provides clarity and supersedes the reductionist analysis of this squabble. The inception of the Shia-Sunni schism and Saudi-Iran rivalry has been investigated in greater length. Within this context, the deterioration of relations due to Saddam Hussein's demise, the Arab Spring, Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr's execution, and the impact of Trump's administration in the US have also been examined. Conclusively, this paper argues that security dilemma and uncertainty of each other's actions is the driving force and primary cause of Saudi-Iran rivalry rather than sectarian divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addressed the regional and international reasons that prompted Saudi Arabia and Iran to engage in an agreement (Beijing: 10/3/2023). The research derives its importance from the fact that it deals with a topic of great importance and exceptionality, and has a great impact, whether at the level of the region or the world. The historical and analytical approaches were used to address the research problem: What are the regional and international reasons that prompted Saudi Arabia and Iran to engage in the (Beijing) agreement? The study is presented in two parts: the first dealt with the regional causes and the with the international causes. In addition to an introduction, conclusion and recommendations. Among the most prominent search results: -The failure of the Saudi-led military coalition in Yemen since 2015 AD; One of the most important reasons for its rapprochement with Iran. Saudi Prince Mohammed bin Salman's economic vision 2030 AD; I made him work to zero Saudi Arabia's problems in the region. - Continuing Western-economic sanctions on Iran, and popular discontent with the deterioration of living conditions; They made it converge with Saudi Arabia. -America's military withdrawal from the Middle East region and its indifference to Saudi Arabia's demands; pushed it to an agreement with Iran. -China's sponsorship of the consultations; As a superpower, it had a major role in Saudi Arabia and Iran reaching the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an innovative approach to visual analysis in the Middle East. It addresses a fundamental problem in the fields of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Securitization Theory (ST): they largely ignore the visual. This project develops a methodology for visual analysis. Its utility is demonstrated through an examination of a Saudi propaganda video, entitled "Saudi Strike Force Video." When observing the Saudi‐Iranian rivalry on social media, there is a prevalence of visceral visual propaganda. Thus, the need for the construction of a systematic model for its analysis is important in addressing this conceptual gap. CDA and ST are aligned on an essential belief that discourse is a power‐laden process, and that to affect change, scholars must attempt to understand its production, articulation, and impact. Yet, both of these approaches tend to focus on the written and spoken word, negating the importance of the visual. This paper contends that the visual is equally power‐laden, having a profound effect as a tool of propaganda [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has been unfolding over a long period, influencing the politics and conflicts in the Middle East. The dynamics, content, and form of the rivalry have changed dramatically following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Sectarianism is frequently seen as the constitutive element of the conflict between the two countries. This paper brings a new light into the literature on the nature of the evolving Saudi–Iran rivalry. Specifically, it explains Saudi Arabia's ideational balancing and threat perception against Iran by highlighting the ontological security narratives under which the Saudi–Iran rivalry evolves. In doing so, it draws on the fatwas (i.e., religious opinions), issued by Saudi scholars, as an empirical object of investigation, and explores how they constitute and reconstitute Saudi Arabia's ontological security narratives. In this way, this work critically explains the ontological security regime in Saudi Arabia and the nature of the political struggle and antagonism between the two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]