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New species of copepods (Elaphoidella bidens, Phyllognatopus viguieri, and Paracyclops imminutus) were found in 2018–2020 in the Vychegda and Sysola Rivers. These species are new both for the Komi Republic and the entirety of northern Europe. All of them were found exclusively in the areas of wastewater discharge of a timber processing company or in the urban wastewater of the city of Syktyvkar. The analyzed specimens were morphologically similar to the phylum descriptions. Certain features in the furca structure that were found only for P. viguieri from the Sysola River distinguish these specimens from the phylum form. Molecular-genetic studies provide evidence that the crustacean Attheyella crassa native to the Vychegda basin is identical to specimens of this species from Moscow oblast by their mtDNA-COI structure, while E. bidens from the zone of the effect of wastewaters of a pulp and paper production company in the Vychegda basin differs from representatives of this species from Moscow oblast by 14% and is similar to E. bidens from New Zealand. This characteristic feature of the Vychegda population of E. bidens indirectly confirms that the mechanism of species invasion into a new habitat is associated with wastewater. These copepod species, which are new for the Komi Republic, represent a facultative, synanthropic fauna in the study region and can develop only in urbanized areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mathematical construct of dimension is one of the fundamental ideas for developing a sound understanding of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes. Yet, research in mathematics education has rarely explored children's understanding of dimension in primary education. This paper explores how year 5/6 (9 to 11 years old) children construct and negotiate their meanings about dimension while engaging in classroom interactions about 2D and 3D shapes during geometry lessons in a New Zealand (NZ) English-medium multilingual primary classroom. Transcribed data of two key moments selected from six audiovisually recorded geometry lessons are presented. The findings suggest that children may use different discursive constructions—"another world", "different ways to go", and "flat vs fat"—to display their meanings about dimension. The findings also suggest that children and teacher participants may use prosodic features of their languages to interactionally construct the meanings of these discursive constructions. The paper discusses these findings in light of current research literature and offers a few implications for curriculum development and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although visual arts pedagogies are considered central within early childhood education programs, teacher self-efficacy has a direct impact on the quality and delivery of visual arts curricula. Until recently, the visual arts self-efficacy, pedagogical knowledge, and practice of in-service early childhood teachers have remained largely unexplored. The authors of this paper present a qualitative, iterative re-analysis of their three PhD studies which broadly focussed on early childhood visual arts praxis and specifically examined the visual arts beliefs and pedagogy of early childhood teachers in Australia and New Zealand. A thematic analysis of the intersecting self-efficacy findings raised in the three studies identifies the powerful influence of self-efficacy on teaching practice in the visual arts domain and offers new understandings about visual arts self-efficacy amongst early childhood teachers. The combined findings reveal several factors that restrain or enhance teachers' visual arts self-efficacy across time, including the impact of childhood experiences, pre-service training and epistemological beliefs. The paper also identifies several enabling conditions that appear to support teachers to develop and maintain positive visual arts self-efficacy beliefs, including practical engagement with materials, sustained professional learning, relational trust and intentional leadership. These enabling conditions offer practical strategies and research recommendations in service of positive visual arts self-efficacy to enhance quality visual arts teaching in early childhood contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the NZ COVID Tracer App (NZCTA) was released as a digital intervention to support contact tracing processes in Aotearoa New Zealand. This paper examines whether NZCTA met the data governance requirements of the Indigenous Māori people. Māori are an interesting case study as they have unique Treaty and data sovereignty rights, and a higher risk of COVID-related mortality. Methods: The NZCTA was assessed against 24 criteria drawn from the Māori Data Governance Model. The assessment drew on documentary sources and the authors' knowledge of NZCTA and contact tracing process. Each criteria was assessed as 'met', 'partially met' or 'not met'. Results: Our retrospective assessment showed a mixed performance against the Māori Data Governance Model, with NZCTA only fulfilling seven of the 24 model criteria and failing to meet nine. Conclusion: There is significant room for improvement in future digital health interventions for Māori. Much work remains to be done in the Aotearoa public sector to uphold Māori data sovereignty and address systemic barriers to genuine partnership with Māori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of statistical concepts into school curricula in Australia and New Zealand in the early 1990s initiated an ongoing research program into the learning and teaching of statistics and probability in both countries. This paper reviews the contribution of Australian and New Zealand researchers to building statistical literacy at school, alongside international developments. From recognising how students develop understanding of specific statistical and probabilistic concepts, through teacher knowledge and beliefs for teaching statistics, to intervention studies and targeted teaching, the field of statistics education has grown and changed. Statistics and probability are now well established as part of the mathematics curriculum. The importance of linking statistical literacy and statistical understanding across the curriculum, as well as in STEM, has also begun to receive attention as other subjects have recognised the importance of data in their fields. Following a comprehensive review of the field in Australia and New Zealand, this paper then considers emerging areas of interest, such as new approaches to data visualisation, and suggests future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous fractures are observed in fractured geothermal reservoirs on borehole images in the Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ), Aotearoa New Zealand. These fractures are necessary to explain the sustained reservoir permeabilities despite the low matrix porosity. However, conventional continuum models do not adequately represent fluid flow through these fractured rocks. Methods: We present new Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) codes that model fractures and associated fluid flow in 2-D at reservoir scales to represent typical rock types found in TVZ reservoirs. Input parameters are derived from interpretations of borehole images at the Rotokawa and Wairakei geothermal fields where fractures have high dip magnitudes (> 60–70°). This paper focuses on the effect of fracture density along virtual boreholes (P10), that is in average 0.6 m−1 in sheet-like andesites; 0.8 m−1 in ignimbrites and 1.7 m−1 in rhyolite lavas. Results: The number of fractures in the models scale linearly with the input P10 in virtual boreholes. The percolation threshold, where the backbone of fractures is connected across the entire model domain, is reached for P10 > 0.24 m−1. Above this threshold, mean flow measured along the mean fracture direction scales linearly with P10. For P10 > 0.4 m−1 the permeability anisotropy lies in the interval 13 ± 3, with the scatter decreasing as P10 increases. The pressure distributions in individual DFN realisations are highly variable, but averages of 50 realisations converge towards those given by equivalent continuum models. Probability density functions resulting from DFN realisations can therefore be used to constrain continuum models. Tracing of fluid particles through the DFN shows that particles can take numerous pathways to define a swath of paths. The travel time of particles over 1 km follows a distribution similar to real tracer tests, with arrivals peaking at 1–2 days and a long tail stretching to over 200 days. Conclusions: The new codes, calibrated to real measurements of fracture geometries in borehole images of the TVZ, reproduce patterns of flows in fractured geothermal systems. Mean flows and permeability anisotropies derived from the DFNs can be used to improve modelling of flows through fractured geothermal reservoirs using continuum models at a limited computational cost. Rocks in New Zealand geothermal systems are highly fractured. Hot water flows through networks of these fractures and is collected in boreholes to generate electricity. It is important for the geothermal industry to understand how hot water flows through fractured rock so that expensive boreholes can be optimally located and energy generation maximized. Rocks in New Zealand geothermal systems are highly fractured. Hot water flows through networks of these fractures and is collected in boreholes to generate electricity. In this paper we use data collected from boreholes in two New Zealand geothermal fields to study how easily hot water flows through the main types of volcanic rocks commonly found in these fields. The observations made in boreholes tell us how many fractures cross the borehole, how big they are, and in what direction they lie. We have developed computer programs that extrapolate these measurements in a realistic way from close to the borehole to the whole geothermal reservoir, and then to calculate the flows through the resulting fracture networks. Because these networks can be so irregular, we calculate thousands of different examples to understand the likely variability of the flows through them. Averages of many fracture models, at least 50, give similar results to traditional models used by the geothermal industry, which don't consider fractures. This tells us that the traditional models are missing a lot of important details. Results from our fracture models can therefore be used in traditional models to improve the way they consider flows in fractured geothermal reservoir. Keypoints: New fracture modeling codes and with input from fracture measurements in geothermal boreholes. Probability density functions of mean flows and flow anisotropy through fractured networks at reservoir scale for rock types found in TVZ geothermal reservoirs. Calibration for continuum models. Quantification of fluid dispersion: implications for tracer test interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to legal information is fundamental to access to justice. Yet accessibility refers not only to making legal documents available to the public, but also rendering legal information comprehensible to them. A vexing problem in bringing legal information to the public is how to turn formal legal documents such as legislation and judgments, which are often highly technical, to easily navigable and comprehensible knowledge to those without legal education. In this study, we formulate a three-step approach for bringing legal knowledge to laypersons, tackling the issues of navigability and comprehensibility. First, we translate selected sections of the law into snippets (called CLIC-pages), each being a small piece of article that focuses on explaining certain technical legal concept in layperson's terms. Second, we construct a Legal Question Bank, which is a collection of legal questions whose answers can be found in the CLIC-pages. Third, we design an interactive CLIC Recommender. Given a user's verbal description of a legal situation that requires a legal solution, CRec interprets the user's input and shortlists questions from the question bank that are most likely relevant to the given legal situation and recommends their corresponding CLIC pages where relevant legal knowledge can be found. In this paper we focus on the technical aspects of creating an LQB. We show how large-scale pre-trained language models, such as GPT-3, can be used to generate legal questions. We compare machine-generated questions against human-composed questions and find that MGQs are more scalable, cost-effective, and more diversified, while HCQs are more precise. We also show a prototype of CRec and illustrate through an example how our 3-step approach effectively brings relevant legal knowledge to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inquiry-based project learning is an internationally recognised pedagogical approach where children work collaboratively to research and discover the answers to their questions through discussion, representation, and evaluation. This paper explores the findings from Phase One of a qualitative study examining how this approach has been interpreted in early childhood settings in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The findings from an online questionnaire sent to all settings registered on the New Zealand national data base revealed that the international discourse surrounding this approach has been a key influence in this context. There was, however, also evidence that more localised approaches that value indigenous knowledges, in alignment with the national early childhood curriculum, Te Whāriki (Te Whāriki. He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa: Early childhood curriculum. Ministry of Education. https://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Early-Childhood/Te-Whariki-Early-Childhood-Curriculum-ENG-Web.pdf) have been developed. Whilst participants identified pedagogical and practical challenges of undertaking inquiry-based approaches, the educational value of this approach for children was also strongly championed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many theories support the idea that children's literacy learning develops as they learn to make meaning through interactions with others. These assertions are premised on the understanding that childhood literacy serves various social purposes and that these literacies are learned through participating in social contexts. In this position paper, we seek to reframe current, widely accepted understandings and definitions of literacy. We draw upon mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge/wisdom) concepts to illustrate Māori philosophical views about the nature of knowledge production. These concepts clearly delineate the link between knowledge, literacies, and power, a link often actively overlooked by western framing of literacy. We use a Māori whakataukī (proverbial saying) to re-conceptualise current understandings of literacy, positing varied literacies and literacy practices. Within this conceptual framework Māori children are re-positioned as maurea – treasures of the highest order, born of and with mana, an integral part of generations of whakapapa (genealogy), and an essential element in an intricate web linking all things (human and non-human). This paper proposes that children are inherently and inherited-ly literate; they are born literate—inheritors of multiple and cumulative genealogies of multimodal communication and knowledge sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due diligence is on the rise in international law. However, its roots and historic narrative remain heavily Eurocentric in nature. This becomes problematic in the context of states' due diligence obligations relating to the rights of indigenous peoples. Meanwhile, due diligence can also be found in indigenous legal systems. An example is tikanga, which regulates the lives of the Māori in New Zealand. This paper attempts to investigate principles of tikanga reflecting features of a standard of care and compares this to the way due diligence is currently given meaning in international law. From this it follows that tikanga puts more emphasis on 'relationships and balance' than contemporary positive international law does. This paper argues for a culturally appropriate approach that integrates this feature with respect to states' due diligence obligations relating to the protection of the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of the Māori in New Zealand. In doing so, it will become clear that this approach leads to a situation where an indigenous people is being heard and taken seriously, which forms the anchor of the international legal framework protecting the rights of indigenous peoples. With that in mind, this paper offers a template on due diligence and the rights of indigenous peoples in international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effectiveness of existing conceptions of digital citizenship education (DCE) to address the challenges and issues of postdigital societies. Current conceptions of DCE aim to develop learners who are capable of using digital technologies to their advantage or for the betterment of society. However, existing DCE approaches do not fully acknowledge the relational space between humans and digital technologies. Applying postdigital theory to DCE forefronts sociotechnical relations and the issues citizens face in postdigital societies. Using the Aotearoa New Zealand context as an example, digital citizenship policies and guidelines are unpacked to reveal the shortcomings of the guidance schools and teachers are offered. The analysis suggests ways to update current DCE approaches to reflect the realities of citizenship in continuously developing, complex postdigital societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agriculture is a promising avenue for food system change; however, projects often struggle with a lack of volunteers—limiting both their immediate goals and the broader movement-building to which many alternative food initiatives (AFIs) aspire. In this paper, I adopt a case study approach focusing on Farm X, an urban farm with a strong volunteer culture located in Tāmaki-Makaurau Auckland, New Zealand's largest city. Drawing on a significant period of researcher participation and 11 in-depth interviews with volunteers and project coordinators, I first contextualise and explore the history of Farm X, then offer themes to describe key factors which help or hinder their volunteer engagement. Engagement is helped by strong leadership, learning by doing, socialising around plants, and contributing to a movement. Conversely, engagement is hindered by time scarcity, economic hurdles, and struggles over direction. Drawing on McClintock's (Local Environ 19(2): 147–171, 2014, 10.1080/13549839.2012.752797) insights into the hybrid and contradictory nature of urban agriculture as a tool for social change, the paper continues with a discussion of two important trade-offs involved in both farm management and the movement building promoted by Farm X: focused leadership verses volunteer agency; and asking more verses less of volunteers. Finally, I suggest several avenues that may be useful for other urban agriculture projects interested in movement building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent papers hypothesise that estimates of the elasticity of taxable income (ETI) for individuals may be underestimated where those individuals are taxed separately but are part of a couple. This paper investigates that issue by applying the 'bunching at tax kinks' approach to estimate separate ETIs for partnered and single individuals. It shows that there are opportunities for, and constraints on, bunching specific to partnered individuals. Using administrative taxable income data for the New Zealand taxpayer population over the period, 2000 to 2017, taxpayers are matched to their partners using population census data. Results strongly support the hypotheses that ETIs are larger for partnered, than for single, individuals, and where both partners are located in the same income tax bracket. Couples where one (and especially where two) partners are self-employed reveal particularly large elasticities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the instrumentation and the first results of an upper atmospheric observing project conducted in New Zealand. We operate an all-sky aurora camera and a 64-Hz sampling induction magnetometer at Middlemarch, as well as 1-Hz sampling fluxgate magnetometers which have been operative at three stations in New Zealand, Middlemarch, Eyrewell and Te Wharau. Green and red auroras corresponding to the 557.7 nm and 630.0 nm emissions, respectively, were observed on the night of 5 August 2019. Pc1 pulsations were observed in the frequency range of ~ 0.2–1 Hz before and after a small (minimum Dst = − 40 nT) geomagnetic storm during 4–6 October 2020. Before the geomagnetic storm, Pc1 pulsations with several center frequencies were observed regardless of local time. During the recovery phase, an IPDP (interval of pulsations of diminishing period) type of Pc1 and four subsequent intervals of Pc1s were detected. The Ionospheric Alfvén Resonator (IAR) was also identified with spectral resonance structures during this magnetic storm. Lower harmonic modes of the IAR were present throughout the local nighttime, but higher harmonic modes with frequency of 5–15 Hz seemed to disappear at the onset time of substorms. This is the first report of the IAR at such a high frequency range and this is the first IAR observation in the southern hemisphere. Examples of applying cross-phase analysis to observation data of fluxgate magnetometers are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neoliberal immigration regime often takes an "economic" lens to frame and reframe immigration regulation based on a rational cost–benefit analysis of what immigration might bring to immigration-receiving countries. Under such a regime, skilled and business immigration is framed as an "economic" immigration category, which can channel in financial and human capital, while family and international humanitarian immigration is regarded as a "social" immigration category assumed to produce immigrants who are more dependent and not able to bring immediate and direct economic gain for immigrant-receiving countries. In New Zealand (NZ), such a neoliberal trend is very much alive within its contemporary immigration policy development. The paper aims to illustrate the neoliberal trend of NZ immigration policy that relates to the entry of immigrants' family members, especially the older parents. In order to achieve this goal, a detailed review of the evolving NZ family immigration policy over the last three decades and a descriptive analysis of NZ family immigration intake will be presented. By combining the policy review and descriptive analysis together, the paper can inform a better understanding of how the neoliberal immigration regime has had an impact on the patterns of family immigration in NZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature argues that achieving radical change in the agri-food system requires a radical renegotiation of our relationship with the environment alongside a change in our thinking and approach to transformational food politics. This paper argues that relational approaches such as a more-than-human ethic of care (MTH EoC) can offer a different and constructive perspective to analyse agri-food system transformation because it emphasises social structures and relationships as the basis of environmental change. A MTH EoC has not yet been applied to regenerative agriculture, yet other literature on regenerative agriculture suggests that care may be present in these spaces and calls for the need for social science analysis of the regenerative movement. This paper uses a MTH EoC lens to reveal a diverse array of ways in which power is and can be deployed for change in the regenerative agriculture movement in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Globally, regenerative agriculture tends to be analysed through positivist, scientific approaches that focus on biophysical markers of ecological improvement. Yet, a relational approach reveals how engagement in regenerative agriculture is creating significant shifts in mindset towards more holistic and relational understandings of biological and social ecosystems. A regenerative mindset framework is suggested as a method of understanding the connection between a regenerative form of thinking, being and doing for farmers. Interviews suggested that this shift in farmers' socio-ecological relations is crucial to the transformational potential of regenerative agriculture. This paper argues that relational analyses such as the MTH EoC approach used to analyse regenerative agriculture in this research, refresh the way we analyse agri-food system change. They also are critical to guiding and supporting on-the-ground socio-ecological shifts that are necessary to see agricultural transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ministry of Education, Teaching Council and other groups aligned with the teaching profession are increasingly acknowledging the impact of racism, yet there is a dearth of research that moves beyond unconscious bias to examine how race is socially constructed in schools. In this paper, we present four autoethnographic accounts from Tracey to draw attention to the phenomenon of settler affirmations; a form of interpersonal and institutional racial bonding that reaffirms settler perspectives and sensibilities in schools. Settler affirmations are exchanges that pass between educators who are perceived to be Pākehā (New Zealanders primarily of European descent.) to sustain silencing. Silencing is a racial discourse that aims to keep the descendants of settlers in a state of racial comfort by reinforcing historically resolved and equitable bicultural relations and ignorance and denial of the structuring force of colonisation. Moreover, the discursive process is exacerbated by the organisation and administrative design of the institution. Indeed, our analysis of Tracey's vignettes brings to the fore everyday ways that the cultural and environmental norms of schooling affirm the settler colonial heart of New Zealand education. We conclude the paper by considering how settler affirmations can affect the compulsory roll out of the Aotearoa New Zealand's histories curriculum in 2022. In doing so, we highlight the need for an urgent and earnest focus by policy makers, researchers, and teachers to respond to the social construction of race in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the distinctive and peculiar place that Presbyterianism and Presbyterian Church schools occupy in New Zealand's education sector. It offers a critical evaluation of the relationship between the church schools and their Presbyterian heritage and the values to which they refer as they seek to define their special character. It identifies tensions and contradictions in the history and ethos of Presbyterian Church schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous populations globally experience problem gambling at higher rates than mainstream communities, often leading to adverse outcomes in social, cultural, and health domains (The term 'indigenous' within this paper refers to all first nations people from the specified countries. When capitalised, this refers to Australian Indigenous people specifically.). Problem gambling in indigenous communities has been linked to relative poverty and social disadvantage. The sweeping impacts of problem gambling for indigenous communities are holistic in nature and are felt throughout many aspects of the community, including the local economy, education, employment, and cultural kinship obligations. The social links inherent in many gambling activities in addition to the motivations of players and complex socio-cultural milieu can make it very difficult to renounce the practice. This paper aims to evaluate the indigenous gambling literature to discern appropriate and effective principles to guide intervention development in the context of problem gambling pertaining to the Australian Indigenous population. A rapid review will be undertaken to gather, analyse, and interpret appropriate theoretical and empirical literature relating to gambling interventions for indigenous populations. Papers from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and U.S.A (CANZUS) will be considered in the review and thematic analysis will be undertaken to ascertain a broad understanding of effective and appropriate problem gambling intervention principles applicable to these population groups. Despite the relative dearth of empirical evidence within this field, approaches to problem gambling intervention within indigenous populations must be culturally-centred and underpinned by a public health framework that considers the broad socio-politico-cultural context of the whole community. The importance of community-control, collaboration, community capacity building, workforce competence, a holistic approach, and gambling regulation cannot be overstated. The available literature focusses on an alternative approach to addressing problem gambling in indigenous communities, with much of the findings highlighting key indigenist principles within a context-based method of engagement and intervention, including addressing the social, political, and cultural determinants of problem gambling at a community-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of relationships and sexuality education as part of Health and Physical Education in The New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education. (2007). The New Zealand Curriculum. Learning Media Limited.) involves a range of people sharing their perspectives in order to shape the subject on paper and in practice. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative collective case study in three primary schools in Aotearoa. Experimenting with Appreciative Inquiry, we found that connections and conversations between a wide variety of people and organisations have a critical role to play in relation to planning and teaching relationships and sexuality education in schools: (i) Schools and teachers working in partnership with colleagues within and across schools, (ii) connections with whānau and relationships with learners, and (iii) access to wider supports and services. Our findings suggest that having conversations and establishing and maintaining productive partnerships between a variety of people are critical if relationships and sexuality education is to live up to its potential and meet learners' needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to calls from past and present students to increase the value of postgraduate scholarships in Aotearoa New Zealand. Here we provide context for understanding the scholarship landscape in Aotearoa, including how scholarships are understood in relation to dominant neoliberal framings of higher education and persistent inequities within the sector. We present data which provides insight into the current inequities in Summer, Masters and PhD scholarship values. The average value of PhD scholarships has remained stagnant between 2011 and 2019 resulting in the average being $11,238 less than the Living Wage in 2019. We show that the average length of time full-time PhD students take to complete their doctorates exceeds the three-year tenure of scholarships. We argue the status-quo of low scholarships, supplemented by postgraduate 'sweat', excludes people from participating in postgraduate education, preventing them and their communities from realising the public benefits that such an education can produce. We suggest that these inadequacies could be addressed through (1) raising Summer, Masters and PhD scholarships to the living wage; (2) extending tenure of PhD scholarships; and (3) reinstating the postgraduate student allowance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the significance of model-based teaching on the topic of ionic and metallic bonding in Year 12 Chemistry in a New Zealand secondary school. Based on the conceptualization of the sub-macro level understanding of the bonding structure and properties of ionic and metallic compounds, models and drawings were used as an effective visual aid tool to support students' learning. Based on performances during four sequential classes and the results obtained from a pre-test and post-test, a vast improvement was seen in students' understanding of the concepts of ionic and metallic bonding. The results in the post-test also show that the concept of ionic bonding was easier to grasp compared to metallic bonding. This is attributed to the misconceptions developed by the students while learning metallic bonding without the use of visual strategies. This paper argues that teaching Chemistry concepts, such as metallic and ionic bonding, without the use of visual strategies results in students' inability to clearly grasp the topic. The research demonstrates that models and drawings have many advantages while teaching such abstract concepts in Year 12 Chemistry. The students in this research were non-native speakers of English, therefore, this may have further impacted upon their inability to grasp the concepts when taught without concrete visual strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of games in mathematics programmes is widely believed to foster the enjoyment of mathematics. The focus of this paper is on fluctuations in emotional climate during the playing of whole-class mathematics games. A multimethod approach drawing on the sociology of emotions was employed to explore changes in the classroom emotional climate that were associated with game playing. The event-oriented inquiry was conducted with two teachers and a class of 10- to 13-year-olds in a New Zealand classroom during mathematics sessions. Over a series of eight mathematics lessons, there were three noticeable fluctuations in emotional climate, all of which occurred during whole-class games. Our analysis of these three events identified a successful interaction with dramatic emotional energy associated with a positive emotional climate, a successful interaction with undramatic emotional energy associated with positive emotional climate, and an unsuccessful interaction associated with negative emotional climate with interactional repair. The third event also illustrated how the incomplete nature of a game's rules can provide an opportunity for a negative emotional climate to be associated with game playing. The taken-for-granted wisdom that whole-class mathematics games can enhance emotional aspects of a classroom learning environment is supported by some of our evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Muslim community is a vibrant part of New Zealand society. As this community grows, researchers will need to strengthen engagement and collaboration to tailor the delivery of services. Given the paucity of the literature, this conceptual paper drawing on a study on health and Ramadan presents an exemplar for doing research with Muslim communities. This paper proposes several key elements (i) the importance of relationships, (ii) engagement with imams (mosque leaders), (iii) cultural and religious safety, (iv) a gendered approach and (v) utilizing religious festivals. These findings will be of interest to policy makers, practitioners and scholars wishing to engage with this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to report on fatal landslides resulting from two extraordinary storm events in January and February 2023, in Auckland, New Zealand, including the characteristics of the terrain, the site geology, and the storms. The January 27 Auckland Anniversary storm was from an "atmospheric river," dumping Summer's worth of rain (265 mm) in one day. This was the highest 24-h total on record, estimated a 1 in 200-year event, with a peak 2-min rainfall of 4.2 mm, coinciding with Friday's evening "rush hour." This led to widespread landsliding throughout Auckland, including a fatal landslide in Parnell, central Auckland. Notably, this occurred only meters from a similarly destructive landslide in 1997. With January 2023 Auckland's wettest January on record, and with the region still in a state of emergency, Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle crossed the region on February 13–14. This also caused widespread landsliding, including a fatal landslide at Muriwai on the west Auckland coast. Fatal landslides from the same escarpment had occurred in 1965, close to the February 13, 2023, fatal landslide. Taken together, both storm events caused > 140,000 landslides across the North Island, and flooding, making hundreds of people homeless, with damage estimates of > US$8.6 billion (3.4% of NZ's GDP). For future disaster risk reduction, attention should be paid to revising legislation and local planning, which currently allows people to legally build (and re-build) houses in landslide-prone areas of New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2019, the largest fire in a commercial building in New Zealand since 1947 burned for over ten days through the roof and upper floor of the 120 m wide × 100 m long New Zealand International Convention Centre, which was under construction and nearing completion at the time. The steel composite and reinforced concrete framed building features five storeys above grade of structural steel framing with composite floors, comprising heavy, intricate steel work that was impacted by the fire. The main steel structure performed very well in response to fire exposure ranging from low to severe, with minimal damage and distortion to the heavy steel roof members in general, considering the severity of the fire. Secondary steel angles, tubular steel, and wide-flange members at the roof elevation were locally more heavily distorted. A very detailed post-fire evaluation of the structure was carried out, comprising mapping of the fire effects, deflections, metallurgical changes, extensive numerical modelling, and full scale in-situ experimental testing. The outcome resulted in retention of over 95% of the total roof steelwork (2500 tonnes). This paper provides an overview of the fire and the key steps involved in the post-fire structural evaluation of this unique fire case history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of teledermatology (TD) in Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) at various stages of patient care. The study aims to assess the benefits, limitations, and patient experiences surrounding TD integration into MMS practices. We conducted a PubMed search using keywords related to TD and MMS, categorizing selected articles into pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative stages of MMS. TD reduced waiting times (26.10 days for TD compared to 60.57 days for face-to-face [FTF]) and consultation failure rates (6% for TD vs. 17% for FTF) for MMS preoperative consultations. It also shortened time to treatment by two weeks and led to notable travel savings (162.7 min, 144.5 miles, and $60.00 per person). Telepathology facilitated communication and decision-making during MMS, improving accuracy and efficiency, especially in challenging cases requiring collaboration where physical presence of another surgeon or pathologist is not feasible. Telepathology definitively diagnosed benign lesions and malignant tumors in 81.8% of cases (18/22). Additionally, there was a 95% agreement between conventional light microscopy diagnosis and telepathology in tumors (19/20), and 100% agreement for all 20 Mohs frozen section consultations. For post-operative follow-up, telephone follow-up (TFU) and text messaging proved effective, cost-efficient alternatives with high patient satisfaction (94% in New Zealand and 96% in the U.K.) and early complication identification. This study underscores TD's multifaceted benefits in MMS: enhanced patient experience preoperatively, improved communication during surgery, and cost-effective postoperative follow-up. Limitations include the financial expense and technical issues that can arise with TD (connectivity problems, delays in video/audio transmission, etc.). Further studies are needed to explore emerging TD modalities in post-operative patient management. The integration of TD into MMS signifies a progressive step in dermatological care, offering convenient, cost-effective, and better solutions with the potential to enhance patient experiences and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Island of New Zealand is a region of high volcanic activity, with significant eruptions over the past. Analogous to past events, future volcanic eruptions would produce a considerable volume of ash and granular soils, covering widespread areas and raising concerns for their disposal and storage. Such deposits, primarily airfall tephra, could be potentially used in geotechnical engineering applications such as foundations, roadway embankments and land reclamations. However, before their use as structural fills can be recommended, detailed laboratory investigations of their physical, chemical, compaction, and geotechnical engineering properties (strength, compressibility, collapsibility, liquefaction potential, etc.) must be conducted. Different tephra deposits can be products of different eruptions, so chemical composition analyses can be combined with the physical, compaction, and engineering properties to characterize such deposits. Accordingly, this paper provides useful insights from physical (grain size, specific gravity, and morphology), chemical (elemental and mineralogy using X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction), and compaction tests (maximum dry density, optimum water content, and particle breakage) for eleven selected volcanic tephra samples sourced from the North Island of New Zealand in the Rotorua, Taupo, and Auckland regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this paper is to apply Cultural Lens Approach theory to data collected from third year nursing students related to an assignment undertaken during their month-long practicum placement in an aged residential care facility. We explore the extent to which a national vision of bi-culturalism and inclusivity is evident in students' quality improvement project topic selection and practice. Background: Aotearoa New Zealand is a nation of dual heritage, informed by the cultures of Māori as the indigenous tangata whenua (people of the land), and Pākehā, (European) settlers. All public sectors, including all higher education providers and the curricula they deliver, are required to incorporate and promote a contemporary, bi-cultural world-view. Methods: Stage one of the research reported in this paper involved a) document analysis of 93 students' quality improvement project reports; b) focus groups with 18 students; and c) an online questionnaire for 16 key stakeholders including aged care managers, clinical nurse leaders and student nurse educators. Stage two reviewed the above data through a five-step Cultural Lens Approach process to identify cultural biases and assumptions. Results: Qualitative analysis revealed students' increased professional confidence, improving communication and critical thinking skills. Responses as to development of cultural competence and cultural safety were mixed: a key barrier identified was that staff in the placement setting received minimal professional development to ensure appropriate tikanga (customary protocols and practice) for Māori residents was in place. Conclusion: Viewed through a cultural lens, a westernized concept of aged healthcare provision continues to prevail in most settings. Nursing students noted gaps between cultural learning and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous Research Methodologies (IRMs) for considering cultural values of water are a missing component of water and wetlands management in Australia. On this dry, flat and ancient continent Traditional Knowledge has been passed on from generation to generation for millennia. The profound knowledge of surface and groundwater has been critical to ensuring the survival of Indigenous peoples in the driest inhabited continent, through finding, re-finding and protecting water. Indigenous Research Methodologies can provide a basis for the exploration of this knowledge in a way that that is culturally appropriate, and which generates a culturally safe space for Indigenous researchers and communities. The development of IRMs has been and continues to be limited in Australia in the water context, primarily due to the lack of Indigenous water practitioners, with non-Indigenous researchers dominating the sector. The intention of the paper is to shift and decolonise the research paradigm from studying Indigenous peoples through non-Indigenous research methodologies, to partnering in developing methods appropriate to Indigenous knowledge systems. Indigenous Research Methodologies are rooted in Indigenous epistemologies and ontologies and represent a radical departure from more positivist forms of research (Wilson, Can J Native Educ 25:2, 2001). This allows the Indigenous researcher to derive the terms, questions, and priorities of what is being researched, how the community is engaged, and how the research is delivered. This paper provides an overview of Indigenous engagement in water management in Australia and Aotearoa (New Zealand), with reference to case studies. These more general models are used as the basis for developing an IRM appropriate to the Kamilaroi people in the Gwydir Wetlands of northern NSW, Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sex work decriminalisation is widely supported by public health research and sex worker advocates as the best model to protect the health and rights of sex workers. In order to understand the actual implications of sex work decriminalisation on sex workers' health, this article reviews and summarises existing research from two sites where sex work has been decriminalised for several years: the Australian state of New South Wales and New Zealand. Methods: In July 2021, the authors conducted database and directed searches for academic and grey literature reporting on research with diverse sex workers in NSW and New Zealand since, respectively, 1995 and 2003. The searches were updated in July 2022. Fifty-two different papers, including 33 peer-reviewed articles, were identified and reviewed using a scoping methodology. Results: The review describes improvements in the health and well-being, as well as in access to and engagement with health services among diverse sex workers in terms of gender, migration history, cultural backgrounds and type of sex work, in the two jurisdictions. These improvements are linked to the development of peer-based outreach and service provision by and to diverse sex workers in both sites. The review also highlights a number of existing regulatory concerns, including the persisting illegalisation of locational aspects of street-based sex work (NSW) and of non-resident, migrant sex work (New Zealand). Conclusions: The authors conclude that evidence from the two countries supports full sex work decriminalisation as a necessary first step in order to start addressing health and social inequalities among this highly diverse and stigmatised population. Policy Implications: The evidence reviewed presents overwhelming support for the full decriminalisation of all forms of sex work, including street-based and migrant sex work. Peer-based service provision by and to diverse sex workers should be promoted and funded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: For analyzing structures' nonlinear dynamic behaviors, it is broadly accepted to use time integration methods and model the nonlinearities using iterative methods. The iterations may however fail. With attention to the sources of computational errors, in 2015 and 2022, the authors proposed continuation of the analysis, even when the iteration fails, and briefly discussed the accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, the proposed change is discussed further, in application to analysis, according to the seismic code of New Zealand, NZS 1170.5:2004, the unique seismic code with established analysis procedure for nonlinear time history analysis. The purpose is to study how the proposed change affects the response accuracy, and the analysis efficiency and simplicity. Method: Based on the analysis procedure in the seismic code of New Zealand, a new procedure that considers the proposed change is suggested. Using the new procedure, the effects of the change on the features of the analysis is discussed through theoretical discussions and piece-wisely linear examples. The limitations, conceivable generalizations, and challenges ahead are discussed, and a vision for the future is provided. Results and Conclusion: As the result, the proposed changes lead to sufficiently accurate responses and analyses simpler and mostly more efficient compared to the ordinary analyses. Besides, not only the improvement in efficiency may be considerable, but also no negative effects on the efficiency are observed. The achievements are important, also because of indirectly encouraging the structural engineers to make more use of nonlinear time history analysis. It is finally recommended to use the new procedure for the analysis of piece-wisely linear systems, when the nonlinearities are modelled using fractional time stepping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studies have found that many people who sustain an injury can experience adverse outcomes for a considerable time thereafter. Māori, the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu (New Zealand; NZ), are no exception. The Prospective Outcomes of Injury Study (POIS) found that almost three-quarters of Māori participants were experiencing at least one of a range of poor outcomes at two years post-injury. The aim of this paper was to estimate the prevalence, and identify predictors, of adverse health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in the POIS-10 Māori cohort, 12 years after participants sustained an injury. Methods: Interviewers reached 354 individuals who were eligible to participate in a POIS-10 Māori interview, to be conducted a decade after the last phase of POIS interviews (held 24 months post-injury). The outcomes of interest were responses to each of the five EQ-5D-5L dimensions at 12 years post-injury. Potential predictors (i.e., pre-injury sociodemographic and health measures; injury-related factors) were collected from earlier POIS interviews. Additional injury-related information was collected from administrative datasets proximate to the injury event 12 years prior. Results: Predictors of 12-year HRQoL outcomes varied by EQ-5D-5L dimension. The most common predictors across dimensions were pre-injury chronic conditions and pre-injury living arrangements. Conclusion: An approach to rehabilitation where health services proactively enquire about, and consider the broader aspects of, patient health and wellbeing throughout the injury recovery process, and effectively coordinate their patients' care with other health and social services where necessary, may help improve long-term HRQoL outcomes for injured Māori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of an earthquake on households' perception of the seismic risks associated with residential locations—and, consequently, the impact of this change in perceptions on real estate prices—by performing revealed preference analysis on a unique data set of house prices and damage claims after the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake in New Zealand. We show that both informational and heuristic obstacles could have caused households to underestimate location earthquake risk before the quake and overreact to it after the quake. Our findings highlight the importance of quake-related information for seismic risk management and are robust to households' risk preferences in neighborhood propensity score matching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Trauma registries are essential tools for trauma systems and underpin any quality improvement activities. This paper describes the history, function, challenges, and future goals of the New Zealand National Trauma Registry (NZTR). Methods: Using the available publications and knowledge of the authors, the development, governance, oversight, and usage of the registry is outlined. Results: The New Zealand Trauma Network has run a national trauma registry since 2015 and this now contains over fifteen thousand major trauma patient records. Annual reports and a range of research outputs have been published. Key quality improvement initiatives have been undertaken and are described. Vulnerabilities include lack of longterm funding and a small workforce. Conclusions: The NZTR has proven to be a critical component of trauma quality improvement in New Zealand. A user-friendly portal and a simple minimum dataset have been keys to successes but maintenance of an effective structure in a constrained healthcare system is a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event-based rainfall-runoff models are practical tools commonly used to predict catchments' response to a rainfall event. However, one of the main concerns is that the characteristics of rain events are neglected in the model development. This paper develops a novel event-based rainfall-runoff equation to incorporate rainfall characteristics into account. The performance of the new equation is evaluated based on the root mean square error, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, and per cent bias for 13,339 rainfall-runoff events between 2005 and 2020 over 23 catchments across New Zealand and Australia with oceanic, mediterranean, tropical, subtropical, and semiarid climates. Compared to the previous event-based models, the new equation shows an improvement in runoff estimation in almost all case studies. Furthermore, considering the new equation is simple, efficient, and takes the rain event duration into account, the new equation has the potential to become a robust alternative method to the conventional curve number method in hydrological engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In Aotearoa me Te Waipounamu (New Zealand; NZ) there are considerable inequities in health status and outcomes for Māori, the Indigenous peoples of NZ. It is therefore important that the health status and preferences of Māori are specifically considered in healthcare policy and decision making. This paper describes the health-related quality of life of 390 Māori adults who took part in the NZ EQ-5D-5L valuation study. Methods: Responses on the five dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L were dichotomised into "no problems" and "any problems", summarised and disaggregated by age group. Mean preference weights were reported by age group and overall. Mean utility values (calculated by applying each participant's preference weights to their EQ-5D-5L profile) were summed and respective means and standard deviations reported by age, chronic disease status and disability. Results: The EQ-5D-5L dimensions with the highest proportion of participants reporting any problems were pain/discomfort (61.5%) and anxiety/depression (50%). The most commonly-reported chronic disease was mental illness/distress (24.6%). Anxiety/depression ranked as the most important dimension, with usual activities, the least important. The mean utility value was 0.83 with the lowest value (0.79) found in the 18–24 and 45–54 age groups. For participants with at least one chronic disease the mean utility value was 0.76 compared to 0.91 for those with none. Conclusion: To reduce inequities experienced by Māori it is crucial that the health status of Māori and the values Māori place on health-related quality of life are properly understood. This can only be achieved using Māori-specific data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compulsory teaching of Aotearoa New Zealand histories has potential to change how this country's young people think and feel about themselves. However, achieving the new curriculum's vision of a more thoughtful and responsible citizenry is unlikely to be straightforward. For Pākehā secondary school students, descendants of European settlers, the emphasis on te ao Māori could challenge a sense of centredness within the nation, and learning about colonial violence and injustice may be a source of emotional discomfort. For the new teaching framework to reach its transformative potential, these moments must be harnessed rather than allowed to block learning and engagement. This paper analyses three possible emotional responses of Pākehā students when monoculturalism is confronted and conflictual local histories are remembered: anxiety, guilt, and shame. While these emotions are usually framed as unnecessary or immobilising, I argue that they signal important starting points for Pākehā in responding to the complexity of colonialism and their complicity within it. Anxiety draws Pākehā attention to the constructed nature of the 'New Zealander' identity, and thus possibilities to de- and re-construct it, guilt pinpoints injustices that Pākehā must collectively address and monitor, and shame alerts Pākehā to their moral ideals. Yet, I also propose that if such feelings are to be harnessed constructively, they must be supplemented with a sense of mutual vulnerability and critical hope. Ultimately, this paper aims to show how discomforting emotions can either thwart or enrich learning and are therefore worth working with and through. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over more than three decades New Zealand (NZ) has abolished its racially-biased immigration policy and changed to select immigrants based on personal merits, since 1997 new Chinese immigrants from China have become the second-largest immigrant group in NZ. Reflecting the rapid changes in Mainland Chinese society, different waves of Chinese immigrants have arrived in NZ during the past three decades, each carrying distinctive characteristics. Despite the magnitude of this immigrant population both globally and in NZ, the subethnicities of these immigrants have never been conceptualised theoretically. Based on the digitally- enhanced research techniques together with ethnographically-based study, the paper aims to remedy this research gap in Chinese diaspora studies. Two theoretical concepts are used in this research. The first is the concept of sub-ethnicity which refers to finer boundaries drawn within an ethnic group by nationality, language, region of origin, class, or other distinctions. The second is the concept of ethnoburb – a model of ethnic settlement where the suburban ethnic communities and clusters of associated residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan cities are highly concentrated. This research considers these two concepts are correlated to each other since certain ethnoburb has particular attraction to certain sub-ethnic group; and vice versa, certain subethnic group intends to gather in same ethnoburb unintentionally or unconsciously. Applying these concepts, the research considers Albany as an example of a distinctive Chinese ethnoburb for the China-born new immigrants, especially for the most recent arrivals. The paper makes theoretical contribution to understand the complementarity between these two concepts and their methodological implementation towards studying new Chinese migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalisation and forced migration are rarely thought about as related phenomena in higher education (HE) literature. Internationalisation is associated with movement, choice and brand recognition, and used in international rankings methodologies as a proxy for quality. Forced migration is associated not only with movement, but also with lack of choice, containment, or 'stuckness'. Some scholars have called for a rethinking of 'the international' through attention to students as mobile agents, and international study as situated within broader mobile lives. Our study responded to these calls through exploring the educational biographies of 37 international and refugee-background women students based in two universities: 21 in New Zealand and 16 in Bangladesh. Ten of the women were from refugee or refugee-like backgrounds, while the remainder were international students. The women's accounts revealed the complex ways in which circumstances shaped their educational journeys similarly and differently. One woman represented mobility in relation to autonomy and choice; but most emphasised relational webs as shaping their access to and experiences of international study, and post-study aspirations. In this paper, we draw on selected narratives to illustrate the range of ways in which family and/or community members appeared in women's accounts of their education journeys: as a source of (1) sustenance and support; (2) inspiration and motivation; and (3) obligation, and sometimes regulation. We conclude by suggesting that attention to the affective and embodied entanglements that shape students' international study journeys might inform new ways of thinking about both 'the international' and higher education more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using historical data on energy from (Malanima 2020) and GDP from the Maddison Project Database, this paper investigates the energy-growth nexus in a less-studied region, mainly Australia and New Zealand, since 1870. The long annual series allow meaningful application of recently developed time-varying and quantile Granger causality analysis. Results indicate that there is a bi-directional Granger causal relationship between economic growth and energy, coal, and oil consumption at both ends of the distribution, and during various time periods over the past 150 years. Little evidence is found on the Granger causal relationship from gas consumption to economic growth, but some evidence on the direction from economic growth to gas consumption. The Granger causal relationships between electricity consumption and GDP change over time, but results suggest much closer links between the two in most recent decades, and big (positive and negative) changes in electricity consumption significantly Granger causes economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses data from a survey of New Zealand teachers conducted in 2020 during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. It considers this data in the light of a series of contexts: Te Tiriti o Waitangi; social inequalities particularly in relation to the impacts of colonisation and neoliberal social and economic policies on Māori; the New Zealand government's commitment to wellbeing; Te Ara Waiora, a Māori model of wellbeing utilised by the New Zealand Treasury; and the status of the teaching profession in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using data from the teachers' responses to the survey, it outlines ways in which wellbeing was prioritised by teachers during these early months of the pandemic, when teachers were suddenly required to pivot to online teaching. It argues that the wellbeing values as espoused in te ao Māori, a Māori worldview, and those articulated by teachers provide inspiration for a pathway beyond the privations of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a conflict between the claims of Māori sovereignty and the imposition of State legislation on Māori children. This conflict of interest has been given very little consideration in the public sphere. This research-informed article speculates that despite legislation ensuring that education attendance is fixed as a legal obligation for all Primary and Secondary aged children, there is urgency to address if conceivably this is a deeply flawed assumption as it contradicts notions of tribal sovereignty. Cautiously, this article does not romanticise past positioning of Māori peoples, nor makes claims to indigenous righteousness, rather moves to suggest that State-led education belongs part of positive outcomes for Māori, however there must be negotiation to the terms and expectations for education attendance. This paper is a catalyst for future orientated discussion aiming to broaden what education can move to become in Aotearoa, New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, literacy achievement among school-aged students has received growing attention in Aotearoa New Zealand. Particular focus has been paid to reports of declining literacy levels over the past decade. In both the academic literature and popular press, a myriad of reasons have been proffered for this decline; however, the evidence base on which some of these claims are based is not as robust as often is implied. Given the number of literacy-focused policy initiatives currently being developed in Aotearoa New Zealand and the critical importance of young people developing strong literacy skills, this paper explores what evidence exists to support (or challenge) some of the claims most commonly made about literacy achievement in New Zealand. It also offers two further claims that are not frequently mentioned in research or policy discussion of literacy but none-the-less have a strong evidence base behind them to suggest they are impacting current literacy levels in Aotearoa New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2003 and 2004, Aotearoa New Zealand enacted two key laws that regulate two very different ways in which the female body may be commodified. The Prostitution Reform Act 2003 (PRA) decriminalized prostitution, removing legal barriers to the buying and selling of commercial sexual services. The Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2004 (HART Act), on the other hand, put a prohibition on commercial surrogacy agreements. This paper undertakes a comparative analysis of the ethical arguments underlying New Zealand's legislative solutions to prostitution and commercial surrogacy. While the regulation of prostitution is approached with a Marxist feminist lens with the aim to ensure the health and safety of sex workers, commercial surrogacy is prohibited outright for concerns of negative impacts on present and future persons. I ground the principles of each Act in their ethical foundations and compare these two against one another. I conclude that New Zealand's legislative approach to regulating the commodification of the female body is ethically inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communities, scientists, policy-makers and industries are requiring farmers to address environmental and wellbeing challenges in their on-farm management, transitioning away from a productivity dominated focus towards a multi-faceted system focus that includes environmental and social values. This paper analyses how Miraka Ltd., an Aotearoa-New Zealand indigenous owned and operated milk company, has taken on the role of institutional entrepreneur to enable and support change towards a multi-faceted system amongst its supply farmers. Observations and interviews were carried out to: (i) identify farmers' changes in practices, beliefs and values over the last ten years; and (ii) identify how Miraka functions as an indigenous entrepreneur in the agricultural sector. Findings show that interviewees were initially guided by business and family-oriented values, beliefs and practices, but in response to the institutional entrepreneurship by Miraka, approximately half of the interviewees changed these values, beliefs and practices, by internalising people and environmental values. The main strategies employed by Miraka were mobilisation of material resources such as incentives and awards, creation of a rationale addressing environmental and social concerns in the dairy sector, and proactive connection with new actors. The research shows an indigenous owned small-medium enterprise can make changes in values, beliefs and practices amongst its supply farmers, but requires a stronger shared base of values to contribute to a wider economic change. The discussion connects these findings to wider literature on diverse economies and indigenous entrepreneurship to identify to what extent an indigenous small-medium enterprise can contribute to a system change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic quantitative literature review was conducted to analyse and synthesise the extant corpus of knowledge on dialogic pedagogy within school settings, and thus identify theoretical and methodological gaps in the literature, which might suggest new avenues for research. A search of eight databases (2014–2020) revealed an initial pool of 2443 papers, which was reduced to 61 after screening for eligibility. An analysis of the 61 papers was framed around the following questions: What is the dominant mode of classroom discourse (monologic or dialogic) reported in the literature? Where is dialogic pedagogy being researched? Who are the dominant voices in the field? and Which year levels and school subjects have been examined using which methodologies? A key finding of the analysis was the absence of substantial research by Australian or New Zealand authors, specifically where mathematics education is concerned. Similarly, there is little investigation focusing on the early years of schooling. While some education areas have been well researched with regard to dialogic pedagogy, further work is required that focuses on areas such as the early years of schooling; non-science contexts; and the use of qualitative research methods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if precast pre-stressed hollow-core (PPHC) slabs are usually designed as simply supported elements, continuity with the supporting beam may exist when constructed together with a reinforced concrete topping and continuity reinforcing bars. During an earthquake (and possibly other lateral load), this continuity may result in bending moments being induced close to the supports as the buildings sway laterally. The response of precast floors to earthquake-induced demands has been addressed by past research. However, further investigation is required to improve understanding of several aspects of precast floor behaviour either revealed or emphasized by recent earthquakes in New Zealand. This paper proposes a mechanics-based modelling approach for the analysis of PPHC slab-to-beam seating connections. The model has been calibrated against existing test data to predict the failure of a PPHC slab under negative bending moments. The numerical outcomes allow comparison of the moment–drift response, principal tensile stresses, and crack progression during loading. The developed modelling approach will allow future studies to exhaustively investigate all aspects of precast floor behaviour by varying the properties and geometry of the PPHC seating connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Park rangers hold a unique set of knowledge—of science, of publics, of institutional structures, of place, and of self—that should be recognised as valuable. For too long, models of the knowledge of scientists and publics have set people like rangers in an inbetweener position, seeing them as good at communicating, translating or negotiating from one side to the other, but not as making knowledge that is powerful in its own right. In this paper we argue that focus groups with park rangers across regional and conservation parks in Aotearoa/New Zealand reveal the complexity and multiplicity of rangers' knowledge-making that shows the science-public model as incomplete. We argue further that the model is flawed for its focus on the making and holding of knowledge and not also on how it is enacted. Rangers, we argue, are responsible every day for making knowledgeable decisions for the health and well-being of parks and people. Making good decisions, though, requires not just knowledge but also care. An understanding of the many ways rangers know and enact their knowledge is important for biosecurity practice, especially in models of adaptive governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural ageing of the population is one of the key global trends of the 21st Century. In this paper, we outline four axioms that, along with easy interpretability, we believe should underpin a theoretically valid measure of structural ageing: (1) population size invariance; (2) strong dominance; (3) weak dominance; and (4) age sensitivity. We then present a class of structural ageing indices that satisfy the axioms and are easily interpretable, with root-mean-squared-age (RMSA) as our preferred measure within the class. Using historical and cross-national data from the World Population Prospects, state-level data from the US Census Bureau, and local-authority-level data from New Zealand, we demonstrate that our preferred measure is correlated with conventional measures of structural ageing. Nevertheless, in each case there are large disparities in ranking for some countries, states, or local authorities between the different measures. These ranking disparities could be highly consequential for the allocation of resources, particularly between states or local areas within countries. Our proposed class of measures may help to avoid these disparities due to their axiomatically-consistent nature. Finally, we present considerations for future extensions of this important work, including the development of equivalent measures based on prospective age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]