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In order to deal with severe problems such as environmental pollution and climate change, the Chinese government has proposed the goal of carbon neutrality in 2030 and carbon peak in 2060. Strategic emerging industries have become key areas of high-quality growth of green economy. In order to solve the practical problems of insufficient funds and financing constraints, this paper empirically measures the financing efficiency of strategic emerging industries. Based on the Super Slack-Based Measure model, this paper selects the data analysis of listed companies in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei from 2011 to 2020. At the same time, this paper systematically combs the index system that affects financing efficiency based on grounded theory. Based on the binary relation and structural level of adjacent matrix and reachable matrix, the explanatory analysis is carried out. On this basis, a systematic GMM model is established to explore the significance of different factors influencing financing efficiency. The research shows that the strategic emerging industry is still in the initial stage, the financing efficiency is not high and the financing output is insufficient. The factors affecting financing efficiency can be divided into 6 dimensions, 20 indicators in total and 5 multipole hierarchical levels. Credit financing, equity financing, financing constraints, technological innovation and government support are the important factors affecting financing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration plan rose to the status of a national-level strategy in 2014. This paper provides a deep analysis of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area's inter-city commuter big data. This research analyzed the overview of spatial structure, polycentric structure, hierarchical structure and clustering characteristics of the BTH based on network analysis methods. It reveals that the inter-city commuter network exhibits clear polycentric characteristics, with Beijing acting as the central hub. The degree of network correlation between cities in Tianjin and Hebei is notably low, indicating that the flow of people primarily revolves around Beijing, while interactions between other cities remain limited. Therefore, it is necessary to further decentralize Beijing's non-capital core functions. The level of connectedness among the areas surrounding the Bohai Rim is not very high, and it has not developed the coastal advantage. The cooperation could be strengthed among the cities within Bohai Rim. The polycentric structure has initially taken shape, but it exhibits obvious polarization characteristics. It is necessary to strengthen the interaction of talents between cities to form secondary central units in BTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The 2022 Winter Olympics were held in the three competition zones of Beijing, Yanqing and Zhangjiakou, China. The venues of this Winter Olympics were scattered and the terrain was complex. Moreover, the medical resources of Hebei and Beijing were relatively unbalanced. In the medical security of major events, the connection between first aid and in-hospital processes is of the utmost importance to rescue quality. 5th generation mobile network (5G) applications in medical scenarios are on the rise. It would be of great relevance to fully use 5G's low-latency and high-speed features to share the process information of patients, ambulance personnel, and the destination hospital's rescue team at emergency scenes and in transportation, improving rescue efficiency. This paper proposes a system scheme of cross-institutional emergency health information sharing based on 5G and augmented reality wearable devices. It also integrates the construction method of monitoring and other sign data sharing, in addition to testing the proposed scheme's service quality in 5G environments. In the deployment area of the 5G emergency medical rescue information sharing scheme for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games, we selected two designated medical support institutions for testing. The test adopted a combination of fixed-point and driving tests to experiment on the service data, voice service, and streaming media indicators. The 5G signal's coverage rate was close to 100%, the standalone connection's success rate was 100%, and the drop rate was 0. The average downlink rate of multiple scenarios was 620mbps, and the average uplink rate of 5G was over 71.8mbps, which is higher than the average 5G level in China. The downlink rate was more than 20 times larger than the 4th generation mobile network (4G) rate. This study's proposed scheme demonstrates the importance of 5G applications in emergency response and support, in addition to providing a suitable scheme for the integration of 5G networks in the medical scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Internet data to carry out geographic study has become an academic hotspot in recent years. We referred to the "Zhongke Beauty Index" and crawled 530 thousand POIs (POI: Point of interest) to carry out regional construction evaluation in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The results showed that: (1) Geographic big data provided detailed information for fine-grained regional research, and the POI evolution tree model revealed the shortcomings of regional development. (2) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei comprehensive beauty index in 2019 was 0.21, and Beijing and Tianjin are far ahead of Hebei in terms of ecology and culture. Specifically, the POI types of eco-environment construction of research area were single; the industrial development construction presented a trend of multi-center gathering; the social harmony construction has formed a gathering circle in Beijing; the eastern and central regions were the dominant regions in terms of institutional improvement construction; and the cultural inheritance construction was the shortest board in research area. (3) The evaluation ranking was sensitive to the population and the size of the area in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. When evaluating, the uncertainty caused by the characteristics of indicators and POIs should be fully considered. This article indicated the shortcomings in five dimensions of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and can provide reference for the evaluation of regional construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a politically and culturally important city cluster, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region (BTH) has huge electricity and water consumption, while the local power generation capacity and water resources may not be sustainable long term according to the current power generation ratio. We introduced up-to-date strategic policies in China, carbon peaking and carbon neutrality (dual carbon goals), to assess their impact on environmental protection and economic development. Thus, we constructed a dynamic multi-regional computable general equilibrium model to simulate these changes in BTH. We designed four carbon reduction scenarios to explore the impact of policies including carbon taxes, investment, and renewable energy subsidies individually or combined. The findings reveal that implementing these policies together can increase the proportion of renewable energy in power generation to 17.2% (Beijing), 9.4% (Tianjin), and 33.2% (Hebei) by 2060. Under various policy scenarios, the Tax Scenario shows the largest water withdrawal savings, while the Investment Scenario shows the largest GDP growth by 2060. The combined implementation of these policies may minimize the negative impact on the economy while developing an environmentally friendly region. The results of the Combination Scenario are closest to carbon neutrality, narrowing the gap to 10.71%, 9.98%, and 9.85%, respectively. Conservation (water and electricity) and carbon reduction can provide significant support for carbon neutrality and sustainable development strategies. This study contributes to the evaluation of mitigation policies in BTH and provides a concrete policy option to achieve carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological security and sustainable utilization of water resources have become increasingly important focal areas in today's conversation about water resource management. Ecological footprint models of water resources are commonly used to analyze these factors; however, traditional models do not consider regional and interannual differences. Here, an improved model by calculating water resource equilibrium factors (γw) was used to simulate the water resources ecological footprint (EFw) and water resources ecological carrying capacity (ECw) of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. Ecological deficit and surplus (EDS), water load index (WRL), and ecological footprint of water resources per 104 Chinese yuan (WFG) were used to evaluate sustainable water usage. The findings reveal that γw is discrepant in across regions and years, as were EFw and ECw. Over the course of the study, EFw and ECw of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei increased by > 25 and 46%, respectively. The sustainable utilization of water resources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was found to be poor, but the utilization efficiency had improved through time. Finally, an uncertainty analysis was performed to determine how to improve sustainable development of water resources in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei. Results suggested that reducing the discharge of sewage could reduce EFw and reducing the water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP could reduce WRL. This study provides valuable support for the sustainable utilization of water resources and the protection of ecological security in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projecting the future extreme high-temperature risk under the background of global warming and urbanization is essential to the collaborative development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei (BTH). In this study, based on the global climate simulation data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the fine land-cover data, we use the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model coupled with the building effect parameterization (BEP) and building energy model (BEM) at 3-km grid spacing to project the changes in the intensity, frequency, and risk of extreme high temperature over the BTH urban agglomeration. The results show that under the future shared socioeconomic pathway scenario (SSP245), the average extreme high-temperature intensity (EHI) in the BTH will increase by 0.71 °C and 2.12 °C in the middle and late twenty-first century, respectively, compared with that in the reference period (2005–2014), which are 0.23 ℃ and 0.58 ℃ more than that only considering global warming, respectively. The average extreme high-temperature frequency (EHF) will increase by 99 h and 200 h, 53 h and 72 h more than that considering only climate change, respectively. The average high-temperature risk in the BTH for 20-year and 50-year return periods will increase by 1.9 times and 2.4 times in the middle twenty-first century, respectively, and expand to 8.0 times and 12.9 times in the late twenty-first century, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to take adaptation approaches to reduce the future risk of extreme high-temperature events in the BTH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, road traffic carbon emissions and their share in total carbon emissions have significantly increased. In the context of double carbon, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the largest urban agglomeration in northern China, is receiving more and more attention. Due to the unbalanced development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, this thesis presents three computational models to calculate road traffic carbon emissions for large, medium-sized, and small cities and intercity traffic arteries based on the road network. The results show that in 2019, Beijing has the highest road carbon emissions reaching 19.91 million t CO2 which is almost three times that of Shijiazhuang, the capital city of Hebei province. Dwellers' commuting usually results in an increase of 2.9%, 3.3%, and 4.5% on weekdays compared with weekends for Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and Beijing, respectively. As for the intercity road, the daily traffic flow is about 1.92 million vehicles, leading to total carbon emissions of 22.97 million t CO2. In addition, the reduction potential of carbon emissions in Beijing is evaluated. If the average road speed is increased to 0.9Vf (road design speed) during the morning rush hour in Beijing from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m., the road emission reduction could reach 57.85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant improvement in wastewater treatment is the most effective way for eutrophication control, especially in semiarid regions. However, its effect on the nutrient status and stoichiometry of the receiving water body has remained poorly considered and understood at broad temporal scales. Taking Guanting Reservoir (GR) in Hebei-Beijing (P. R. China) as an example, we present a study that links a continuous monitoring dataset for GR with corresponding estimates of human-induced nutrient discharges in its watershed from the year 2006 to 2019. We find that current GR belongs to strict P limitation and the faster decrease of TP than TN concentrations and continuous increase of TN/TP mass ratios in GR are attributed to the water restoration investment-induced declining of nutrient loadings. The improved municipal wastewater treatment capacity is mainly responsible for these significant changes, due to the higher removal efficiency of TP than TN in municipal wastewater. Given the potential ecological impact on aquatic biodiversity as well as ecosystem function of changes in TN/TP ratios and higher retention rate of TP (97.4%) compared with TN (93.1%) in GR, our findings highlight that future strategy for water pollution control should not only concentrate on more nutrient reduction efficiencies but attach importance to their stoichiometric balance to reduce the potential risk of phytoplankton blooms and toxin production during the water quality recovery of lakes or reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the "Digital China" strategy and "Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality" goal, it is significant to explore the carbon reduction effect from the digital economy development in a multi-dimensional way. Based on the panel data of 13 cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from 2011 to 2019, this study uses mechanism test model, threshold effect model, and spatial Durbin model which empirically test the influence mechanism and spatial spillover effect of digital economy development on regional CEI. The research found that (1) the digital economy development in the BTH region can reduce regional CEI, and it passes the endogenous test; (2) the digital economy indexes of 13 cities in the BTH region have significantly increased with time evolution, but there is obvious spatial unevenness; the CEI of each city except Tianjin decreases significantly with time evolution, and Tianjin shows a trend of decreasing and then increasing; (3) digital economy has a positive spatial correlation, showing the characteristics of "H–H" and "L-L" clustering. Furthermore, the digital economy has a spatial spillover effect on the CEI of neighboring cities; (4) the digital economy development can promote the industrial structure rationalization and upgrade, improves the urban green innovation quantity and quality, then reduces the regional CEI through them; and (5) the impact strength of digital economy on CEI varies at different threshold intervals of the mechanism variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, with the capital Beijing as the core, carries a profound geo-culture and gathers numerous intangible cultural heritages. Studying the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage can help to propose positive suggestions for protection and development from the perspective of sustainable development. Taking 329 national intangible cultural heritages in Beijing-Tianjin—Hebei as the research objects, and using ArcGIS spatial analysis technology, combined with methods such as kernel density analysis, standard deviation ellipse and geographical detector, to visualize the spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritages and explore the influencing factors of their distribution. The results show that: (1) the distribution of intangible cultural heritage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is not balanced, mainly concentrated in the central and southern regions, and three high-density core circles are formed in Beijing, Tianjin, and Handan-Xingtai in Hebei Province, showing large differences in spatial distribution density; (2) Traditional techniques, traditional arts, dramatic balladry, sports, music, and medicine show the characteristics of aggregated distribution. folkways, dance, and drama show the characteristics of random distribution. Folk literature shows the characteristics of uniform distribution; (3) The Cultural Development Period is an important evolutionary turning point in the spatial and temporal distribution of intangible cultural heritage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, as well as an accelerating period in the development of intangible cultural heritage, and completes the transformation from decentralized distribution to localized aggregation distribution. In The Period of Regional Cultural Integration, the peak value is reached; (4) Economic development and social culture have the greatest influence on the spatial distribution of intangible cultural heritage in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, while the influence of physical environment is relatively small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main form of the new urbanization strategy, urban agglomeration promotes inter-regional economic development, population flow, and industrial cooperation. It is not only an important platform for the country to participate in international competition, but also an important carrier to explore the multiple influencing factors of urbanization. Based on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, the temporal and spatial characteristics of its evolution from 1990 to 2020 are analyzed by using the models of urban evolution and industrial transfer. The results show that at the level of urban land use evolution intensity, Beijing > Tianjin > Hebei, and the evolution of urban land use showed an obvious pattern of concentration of resources in central cities (districts) and weak development in sub-central cities (counties). The overall level of urban sprawl showed a downward trend, and only 0.50% of districts and counties were in the stage of high sprawl. Before 2010, the urban sprawl of Beijing, Tangshan, and southern Hebei province remained at a high level, and after 2010, the urban sprawl of central Hebei province remained at a high level. In terms of comprehensive development, the index of cities decreased, including Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan, while the index of cities increased including Shijiazhuang, Handan, Xingtai, and Baoding. There is a trend of agglomeration and diffusion of regional industries in geographical space. Middle- and high-end manufacturing industry and service industry gather in the first city, and middle- and low-end processing industry, labor-intensive industry, and agriculture move to surrounding cities. The research results can provide policy suggestions for the coordinated development of regional integration in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the political and technological innovation center of China, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA) is an important engine of national economic development. However, the BTHUA is faced with uneven industrial development and environmental pollution problems. Energy efficiency of the industrial sector, critical to energy conservation and environmental protection, is the key to achieving green economic transformation. For this reason, this study adopts the parametric meta-frontier approach to measure the industrial total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) of the BTHUA, centering on the evaluation of regional technology gap ratio (TGR). Empirical results indicate that there are significant regional disparities of industrial TFEE in the BTHUA. In particular, industrial TFEE tends to be underestimated without considering technological heterogeneity in production technology. The TGRs of manufacturing cities, tourist cities, and the modernized metropolis (Beijing) are the highest among the region. On this basis, the influencing factors of industrial TFEE of the BTHUA are further accessed based on the fixed effects model and the Tobit model. This article verifies that the evaluation of TFEE in the BTHUA must take regional technological gap into account, and provides additional empirical evidence on how to promote coordinated regional industrial development and energy efficiency improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem services provided by river ecosystems rely on healthy ecosystem structure and ecological processes. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban is a typical water-deficient area. As an important part of the urban–rural integration construction, evaluating the health status of the Beiyun River Basin and discovering the weak links in the water environment are the basis for improving the health of the basin. In this study, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to establish an evaluation index system for the Beiyun River Basin from 5 aspects including water quality, biology, ecology, hydrology, and social functions, and the principal component analysis (PCA) was then used to assign weights to the index layer. The evaluation results showed that the health evaluation results of the Beiyun River Basin in 2019 are "sub-healthy," and the overall health status is getting worse from northwest to southeast. In the middle reaches of the region, the evaluation result is "healthy," followed by the upstream, and the downstream is the worst. The results showed that areas with less human interference or orderly intervention are in better health. High eutrophication level, low bio-diversity, and low vegetation coverage are the main indicators that leads to poor ecosystem health in the Beiyun River Basin. For the comprehensive management of the Beiyun River, the improvement of water quality and habitat ecological restoration are key actions to the health of the upstream ecosystem. The improvement of the health status of the downstream should focus on equal emphasis on water quality and quantity, restoration of biodiversity, and improvement of the quality of the riparian ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of the urban agglomeration population has changed increasingly in rapid urbanization. It affects the urban economy, environment, transportation, and so on. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the changes in the spatial distribution of population in urban agglomerations. This study used methods such as population center of gravity migration and Gini coefficient to explore changes in the spatial distribution of urban populations. The study found that the population center of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration first migrated toward Beijing and then away from Beijing. During this process, the Gini coefficient increased from 0.62 to 0.64 and then decreased to 0.58, indicating that the population balance of the urban agglomeration firstly increased and then decreased. This result is consistent with the conclusion that we have established a simulated urban agglomeration for theoretical derivation. That is: in the early stage of urban agglomeration development, the population migrated to the central city; as the population of the central city became saturated, the urban agglomeration developed to a mature stage, and the population began to migrate to the peripheral cities. In this process, the population distribution center of urban agglomeration gradually shifted from central towns to peripheral towns. The degree of equilibrium in the spatial distribution of population has undergone an inverted u-shaped transition from non-equilibrium to equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies indicate that the incidence of bacillary dysentery is closely related to meteorological factors. However, the impact of temperature and the spatial heterogeneity of the disease in regions of unbalanced socioeconomic development remains unclear. Therefore, this research collected data for 29,639 daily bacillary dysentery cases in children under 5 years of age, as well as the meteorological variables from China's Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, to analyze the spatial pattern of bacillary dysentery and reveal its nonlinear association with temperature. The SatScan method was employed first, to detect the spatial heterogeneity of the disease risk, and then the distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to analyze the relationships between the daily minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures and bacillary dysentery in the stratified heterogeneous regions. The results indicated that bacillary dysentery incidence presented statistically significant spatial heterogeneity. The area of highest risk was found to be Beijing and its neighboring regions, which have high population densities. There was also a positive association between bacillary dysentery and temperature. Hotter temperatures were accompanied by higher relative risks. In the most likely spatial cluster region, the excess risk (ER) values for a 1°C rise in minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures above the median were 4.65%, 11.30%, and 19.21%, respectively. The effect of temperature on bacillary dysentery peaked at a lag of 3 to 4 days. The findings of this study will aid risk assessments and early warning systems for bacillary dysentery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of urban waterlogging is increasing with global climate change and rapid urbanization, especially for urban agglomeration like Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. In this study, we obtain the urban waterlogging risk index of the BTH urban agglomeration and considering the hazard, exposure, and vulnerability factors, we assess waterlogging risks in the built-up area of the BTH for two periods (1961–1990 and 1991–2019). We analyze the economic and social data as well as the climate data from 149 meteorological observation stations in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces. The results showed that for the two considered periods, the area with the lowest (level 1) waterlogging risk has decreased by nearly 50%, and the second-lowest (level 2) ones have increased by nearly 55%. Although the area higher risk has decreased by 17%, the difference among each city is quite large. Among them, the areas at level 3 have increased by 52% and 51% in Beijing and Handan, respectively. During the years 1991–2019, the areas with risks of level 3 and above are mainly found in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Handan, and Xingtai. Among them, Beijing has the highest waterlogging risk. In particular, the areas with risk of level 3 and above have increased by 76% in the past 30 years. The areas with the highest risk level (level 4) of waterlogging in Beijing were mostly found in the downtown areas (Haidian, Chaoyang, Dongcheng, and Xicheng districts). This study provides a scientific background for urban waterlogging risk management and implementation of the national and regional strategy for the development of the BTH region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]