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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational learning (OL) and business sustainability (BS) and to carry out its empirical examination. Design/methodology/approach: Extensive literature research was carried out. Then, an empirical study was conducted in 694 Polish and Danish companies. Two phenomena related to OL were adopted: OL processes and organizational learning capability (OLC). BS was examined through the concept of sustainable performance (SP). Research models were tested using structural equation modeling. Findings: The empirical studies have shown a positive, statistically significant relationship between OL and BS. The research supports the view that the intensification of the OL processes is substantial for BS, whereas the OLC concept is less relevant to the development of BS. The effect of OL on total SP was stronger than on any SP dimension. OL supports the synergies of the results obtained by the organization for the benefit of BS. Research limitations/implications: The model verification is based on the samples from two countries, and, therefore, the hypothesis requires further verification in different business contexts. In addition, there are different factors influencing BS, which have not been included in the research and should be analyzed in the future. Originality/value: An in-depth, critical literature analysis shows that the theoretical foundation of the role of OL in shaping BS is fragmented and poorly empirically verified. The value of this paper is the presentation of large-scale empirical studies comparing the relationship between BS and two phenomena: OLC and the OL processes. The results obtained in the course of the research open up new research directions with respect to both the relationship between OL and BS as well as between OL and organizational performance.

Purpose: The development of entrepreneurship is associated with both the activity of entrepreneurs and with the involvement of public authorities. Through its decisions the public administration can influence the building of a business-friendly environment. The aim of this research paper is to present the competences of public authorities in the field of entrepreneurship development and the business environment, as well as to indicate the most important factors related to running a business from the perspective of entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: The main method used in the writing of this article is the analysis of source materials. It covers the achievements of public authorities in the field of entrepreneurship development in Poland since 1989. The criteria related to the appropriate conditions for running a business are also considered. Findings: The research examines reports and rankings run by editorial staff of prestigious business magazines and international organizations in terms of criteria as well as actions of countries for the development of entrepreneurship. The tools and methods of public administration that influence the economy through the development of entrepreneurship were also analysed. Originality/value: The article demonstrates the instruments of public authority in Poland, both at the national and regional level, in terms of their potential to nurture a business-friendly environment. The paper can be valuable both for managers and investors, as well as for managers at various levels of public administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poland turned in an impressive performance since the fall of communism, and even during the global financial crisis beginning in 2008. Highly innovative public policies helped catalyze a vibrant private sector, which in turn enabled high economic growth, low unemployment, increased exports and labor productivity, leading to a muchimproved standard of living for many citizens. However, comparatively low wages have led up to 12 percent of the population to live and work in other countries. One of the reasons for this is lower rates of innovation and R&D spending than in peer countries. In the context of these various innovative forces and disruptions, this paper focuses on a set of policy actions supported by the Government to promote innovation and competitiveness in Poland's private businesses. The paper seeks to answer two main questions: What is the nature of initial innovations in Poland's public sector that enabled private sector innovation? And, were more recent government programs supported by the World Bank successful in promoting increased business innovation and competitiveness? The paper draws on the authors' recent mission to Poland as part of a World Bank evaluation of the policy operation series (IEG 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including rural development in Poland; household and business income growth; and educational improvements for rural residents.

Access to financing plays an eminent role for a small enterprise sector in any economy. Research usually finds a positive size efficiency relationship, but few studies focus on sectors dominated by small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). This paper fills this gap by analyzing this relationship in the Polish industry sector, which is both successful and increasingly dominated by SMEs. It is envisaged that this study will contribute to the existing literature on small enterprise financing, with an emphasis on financial constraints in the Polish small enterprise industry sector. The paper presents only part of research. Analysis of the data will present an insight into the actual barriers for small enterprises constraints associated with debt financing arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Innovation strategies and the cooperation between three groups of entities contribute to the development of the institutional environment, e.g. business incubators or science parks. The existing relations within the framework of joint project implementation by science, business and administration environments, including investments in development, technology and research, facilitate the process of knowledge transfer, network connection and innovations. The objective of the present paper is to assess the readiness of foreign investors investing capital in Poland to initiate cooperation with the scientific and administrative environment, as well as formulate recommendations for business representatives in order to improve the efficiency of external cooperation. Design/methodology/approach: This is a research paper and the author utilized survey method and elements of descriptive statistics. Findings: Before writing the paper we put a hypothesis stating that there will be a dynamic inflow of foreign investments to Poland, and investors will participate in the cooperation networks, thus creating a coherent ecosystem of innovation in the economy. Originality/value: The research was carried out in foreign enterprises in provincial capitals (seats of Voivodeships) of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inzynieria Mineralna is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Przerobki Kopalin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, was presented a study of consumer preferences for mobile telecommunications plans and operator characteristics. The objective of the study was to identify consumer preferences for the following characteristics of mobile plans: the importance of using the same provider as friends and family, the market share of the provider, the length of the commitment period, monthly fee/recharge obligations and per minute call charges for calls made within and outside the provider network. Mobile telephony has quickly established itself in the telecommunications services sector, and a mobile phone is probably in every household today. Mobile phones operators’ services in Poland are growing dynamically in recent years. Existing companies on the market strive to achieve the desired position and market share. There are four major operators on the market of mobile telephony services in Poland, which provide services to 96.8% of the market. Nowadays customers very carefully analyze the offers of operators before making decisions about buying a service or changing operator. There are many individual and business buyers on the mobile telephony market. Research shows that each of the discussed companies is better in some field of activity than other operators. Each company offers something special to its client. Research shows that customers choosing the mobile network operator suggest the influence of family and friends, but they pay attention to the advantageous offer that the mobile network operator has to offer. It is noticeable the changing preferences and fancy of customers in the choice of the mobile operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The European Disability Strategy (2010-2020) seeks to significantly raise the proportion of people with disabilities working in the open labour market. The ERGO WORK project is a collaboration of academic and industrial partners in six European countries, focused on understanding and tackling barriers to workplace inclusion for workers with disabilities. Methods: This study sought to explore the perceptions and needs of stakeholders in terms of workplace adaptation to the needs of employees with disabilities. An exploratory online survey was completed by 480 participants across six countries. Results: The analysis suggests that workplaces could be further improved to meet the needs of employees with considerable scope for training within companies to raise awareness about employees' needs, employers' obligations and workplace adaptation. Conclusions: This snapshot suggests there is still a gap between intent and reality in workplace inclusion and further strategies are needed to improve the opportunities for employees with disabilities. The paper argues that ergonomics may have a key role to play in tackling these challenges and adapting the workplace environment and job design to suit the needs of individual employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to investigate selected aspects of organic food consumption in Poland. We conducted a survey in a representative sample of 1000 consumers. Polish consumers are convinced that organic food is more expensive, healthier, more environmentally friendly, more tasty and more authentic than conventional food. They believe its arouses more trust, has a better quality, is subject to more strict controls, and is produced in a more traditional way. According to Polish consumers, the most important characteristics of organic food are healthiness and high quality. The perceived authenticity of organic food depends on its natural taste, product quality, labelling, in particular having a European quality sign, as well as the retailer type and a separate exposition place in the points of purchase (merchandising). The critical barrier to the development of the organic food market in Poland is the high price, followed by an insufficient consumer awareness, low availability of organic products, short expiry dates and low visibility in the shop. The principal motives of organic food selection in Poland include: healthiness, ecological character of the product, food safety considerations, superior taste, and quality assurance. We identified the motives for and barriers to organic food consumption in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to foster discussion on the issue of cooperation patterns typical for the supply side of the tourism market. Poland is used as a case study and an email survey was conducted in order to gather the relevant information from Polish tourist companies, mostly SMEs. The data obtained are analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques: factor analysis and logistic regression. Aside from cooperation between tourism firms, attention is also paid to relations between tourism firms and their partners in other sectors of the economy. The authors argue that there are certain characteristic groups of partners with which companies operating on the tourism market usually cooperate. The study also found that the size of a company affects its ability to cooperate with particular groups of partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Europe's Beating Cancer Plan aims to create a "Tobacco-Free Generation" by 2040. To generate meaningful public health policy to achieve this target, we must understand more clearly the determinants of youth smoking initiation.Aims and Methods: We examine the determinants of cigarette-smoking initiation in Poland using survival analysis techniques and data from four youth smoking surveys: the 2003, 2009, and 2016 Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (GYTS) and the 2019 PolNicoYouth survey (number of person-period observations N = 164 807). Split-population duration models are employed. The hazard of smoking initiation is modeled as a function of cigarette prices, nonprice tobacco-control measures, and socioeconomic variables.Results: Our study finds a negative and significant relationship between cigarette prices and the hazard of smoking initiation in all models (hazard ratio from 0.86 to 0.91). Lower hazards of smoking initiation were also associated with a comprehensive advertising ban (hazard ratio from 0.69 to 0.70) and with the introduction of pictorial warnings (hazard ratio from 0.65 to 0.68).Conclusions: This study concludes that cigarette price increases, such as from higher cigarette excise taxes, could further significantly reduce cigarette youth smoking initiation in Poland. Removing promotional and advertising elements from cigarette packs and making the health warning more noticeable through plain packaging laws would further accelerate the reduction in smoking initiation.Implications: The European Union is currently formally reconsidering the Tobacco Tax Directive. This makes this analysis of the impact of cigarette prices on youth smoking initiation both timely and germane. As ever more countries implement standardized cigarette packaging, findings here provide support for this measure that removes advertising elements from the packs and makes the health warning more noticeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - Despite the broad extent of the scientific activity dealing with university-business cooperation, Poland has yet to develop a satisfactory cooperation strategy that takes business needs into account. This issue is still relevant due to the need for continuous improvement and resulting benefits aimed at improving enterprise competitiveness. Methodology/Technique - Authors of this article attempt to select an overriding determinant that has an impact on maintaining the balance of cooperation between businesses and universities, constituting the basis for further research on the creation of a cooperation strategy. Finding - Based on the conducted pilot studies, the authors propose the implementation of marketing orientation towards business-university relations, influencing the improvement of communication and selective drawing of ideas from the experiences of other countries. Novelty - The proposed solutions aim to initiate further activities to build global cooperation networks using artificial intelligence tools, i.e. a broker platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore cross‐level mechanisms stimulating employees' innovative behavior in small firms, specifically emotional contagion between small business owners and their employees. Using data from three European countries and applying a multilevel approach, we tested how small business owners' work‐related affect—enthusiasm and comfort—relate to their employees' work‐related affect and innovative work behavior. The sample consisted of 85 small business owners and 711 employees from firms operating in the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. Controlling for country, the results of multilevel modeling showed that small business owners' work‐related affect was positively related to their employees' work‐related affect. The hypothesized contagion of work‐related affect in small firms was, thus, supported. Employees' work‐related affect, in turn, was positively associated with their innovative behavior. Employees' work‐related affect mediated the relationship between small business owners' work‐related affect and employees' innovative behavior. The results also showed cross‐country differences in the strength of some of the relationships. The study is a step forward in understanding innovation in small firms, extending the insights gained from single‐level investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economic, social and cultural processes occurring around the world are rapidly influencing the historical relations of countries. An example of this is the relations between Azerbaijan and Poland. Here we can talk about intercontinental relations as well as the extent to which they are located on two different climatic zones and have different natural resources and their impact on business relationships. Today's business environment has become more dynamic, more competitive and increasingly complex, and we have a new game. The problem of cultural diversity is not only affected by the fact that we operate. It is clear that a Polish citizen faces a variety of problems in opening an Azerbaijani business. For this purpose, a foreign citizen can only establish a business, let his partner be a citizen of Azerbaijan and help him in this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the aspirations of young people in the Polish city of Kraków who wish to 'be their own bosses' – to become entrepreneurs. The article makes a rejoinder to portrayals of 'the fine salesperson' as a man or woman who 'can sell anything'. The forms of personhood and aesthetics favoured in Krakowian renderings of selling instead place emphasis on a good entrepreneur not as one who persuades, but as one who provides. Comprehension of these areas explains why the salient 'moment of sale' is when an aspirant businessperson comes up with their 'good idea' for a product. Drawing from the observation that the indiscriminate promotion of goods is widely disdained in Kraków, I argue that the topic of selling opens up discussions about the local constitution of difference and the ways in which successful entrepreneurs are able to match products to demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is analyze of SMEs in Poland and presented sources of financing for small and medium enterprises. SMEs play a key role in economic growth, job creation, regional and local development and social cohesion. SMEs in Poland account for 99.8 % of businesses in the Polish "non-financial business economy". There are still administrative and financial barriers that inhibit the development of SMEs. The research is financed by National Science Centre in Poland and is a part of a project titled “Financing of the development of loan and guarantee funds” – grant number 2016/23/B/HS4/00348 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European countries are known to India for high returns and successful investment with long traditions. Investment either for profit making or human development- both ways Indian-European partnerships were well appreciated in the past, and creating new road maps for the future . In terms of doing business- Poland ranked 1st as most attractive FDI destination in Central Eastern Europe and 5th most attractive in Europe (after Germany, UK, France and Netherlands)1, at the same time India ranked 9th as most attractive destination in the wold (2016)2. India and Poland- both governed by single Party governments, and bringing successful changes in policy making mechanism on daily basis in order to minimisethe barriers for foreign investors and increase foreign collaborations in the interest of national income. With such new policies and openness- trade between India and Poland has been increased up to $2.23 billion in 2015 and expected to be doubled as $5billion by 2018³. But there is an identified untapped potential area which may boost this cooperation is- 'Education'. Education as a business sector has yet to be acknowledged by both countries in order to fulfil each-others need and desires. Poland is known for well established educational system and institutions for research & development with high class study programs from centuries. But in current scenario, facing huge demography problems and struggling for survival. Many private universities are getting closed (not getting enough number of students), and public universities are depending on public funded students (from public schools). At the same time Indian is facing trouble to accommodate it's own young people under territorial universities due to huge number of applicants and less number of universities. Growing Indian middle class is in the capacity to expand $500 - $15000 for their quality higher education abroad. Thus, Poland-India has space to work together based on 'demand and supply' policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explain the mechanisms of entrepreneurs’ goal realisation in the work and family domains. It contributes to the understanding of the role of positive and negative goal‐related affect and positive orientation in personal goal realisation. A multilevel perspective is applied, as goal realisation varies not only between but also within individuals. The participants in the study were 246 entrepreneurs; each of them had started and owned a business and was either married or had a stable partner. Three scales assessing three components of positive orientation (self‐esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism) and the Personal Projects Analysis method were used. Each of the entrepreneurs rated five personal goals related to work and five goals related to family life on dimensions measuring goal realisation and goal‐related affect. The results of multilevel structural equation modeling show that positive goal‐related affect and positive orientation are positively related, whereas negative affect is negatively related to personal goal realisation in entrepreneurs at the individual and goal levels. The relation of positive affect to family‐related (but not to work‐related) goal realisation can be further strengthened by positive orientation, both at the individual level and at the goal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]