185 results
Search Results
2. Chronotopic relations: Chronotopes, scale, and scale-making.
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Goebel, Zane and Manns, Howie
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CHRONOTOPE , *RESEARCH papers (Students) , *EMPIRICAL research , *SEMIOTICS - Abstract
Recent work on scale, chronotope and scale-making offers exciting ways for rethinking what we often refer to as "context". In this paper, we review these ideas pointing to how we might reconcile some of the overlaps in the concepts of scale and chronotope, while examining how we might look at chronotopic connection across quite different empirical divides drawn from a number of separate research projects in Indonesia. We propose that scale can be thought of as chains of chronotopes and that the semiotic forms that connect them as scale-makers, thus helping relate these two concepts to that of scale-making. • Explores how overlaps in the literature on scale, chronotope and scale-making might be reconciled. • Examines chronotopic connections across quite different empirical divides. • Explores how imitations connect chronotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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3. Multi-objective optimization hydrogen network in refinery expansion with improved transport constraint.
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Juwari, Renanto, Arifin, Rizal, Anugraha, Rendra Panca, Tamimi, Fa'izul Qholbi, and Roostewen, Kelben
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PRESSURE drop (Fluid dynamics) , *HYDROGEN , *PROBLEM solving ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
In developing countries like Indonesia, adding a new unit for hydroprocessing facilities is more efficient than modifying the existing equipment. When the addition occurs, refiners should analyze if the existing hydrogen network can supply enough hydrogen to the new unit before constructing a costly hydrogen plant. Current studies on the hydrogen network have yet to consider pressure drop adequately. Therefore, this paper integrates pressure drop estimation and density prediction into the multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network. The multi-objective problem is solved sequentially by adding a minor unit to obtain each configuration's maximum flowrate and total annual cost. The optimal configuration based on the combined objective function is to add 1 PSA and compressor for a hydrogen purity of 0.84 and specified pressure requirements. The pressure drop integration shows an insignificant impact averaging 0.004 m3/s of maximum flowrate difference compared to optimization without pressure drop. • The addition of a new hydroprocessing unit is more efficient than existing refiners. • Multi-objective MINLP-based hydrogen network is used to analyze retrofit options. • The pressure drop integration shows a small impact on the overall. • Network. • The optimal configuration is to add one PSA and one compressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Occurrence of fungi on deteriorated old dluwang manuscripts from Indonesia.
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Oetari, Ariyanti, Susetyo-Salim, Tamara, Sjamsuridzal, Wellyzar, Suherman, Edvan Arifsaputra, Monica, Michelle, Wongso, Roni, Fitri, Reno, Nurlaili, Dafina Ghossani, Ayu, Dhian Chitra, and Teja, Teguh Prasetia
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PAPER deterioration , *PAPER mulberry , *MANUSCRIPTS , *FUNGAL cultures , *RIBOSOMAL DNA - Abstract
Dluwang was made from the bark of the paper mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.). Old Javanese manuscripts were handwritten on dluwang . Fungi samples from deteriorated dluwang manuscripts from the libraries of royal palaces in Indonesia and from the faculty library of Universitas Indonesia were collected by using cotton swabs and adhesive tape. Fungal isolates were obtained by the culture-dependent method. Identification of 38 fungal isolates was carried out by the molecular method using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA. Phenotypic description of the isolates was obtained by classic culturing and direct microscopic observation. The results showed that fungi from the genera of Aspergillus and Penicillium were commonly found on old dluwang manuscripts. According to the molecular identification, species obtained were Aspergillus awamori , Aspergillus clavatus , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus jensenii , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus pulvericola , Aspergillus ruber ( Eurotium rubrum ), Aspergillus versicolor , Penicillium citrinum , Penicillium oxalicum , Penicillium rubens , Pseudocercospora chiangmaiensis , and Trichoderma longibrachiatum . The isolated fungi were xerophilic and cellulolytic in nature. All isolates were able to grow on dluwang paper, 29 isolates (76%) were able to utilize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and 18 isolates (47%) were able to utilize CMC and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The present study showed that the deterioration of the written heritage was potentially caused by diverse fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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5. Toward a circular economy: A system dynamic model of recycling framework for aseptic paper packaging waste in Indonesia.
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Kuo, Tsai-Chi, Hsu, Ni-Ying, Wattimena, Reza, Hong, I-Hsuan, Chao, Chin-Jung, and Herlianto, Jonathan
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PACKAGING recycling , *ASEPTIC packaging , *PACKAGING waste , *WASTE paper , *DYNAMICAL systems , *DYNAMIC models - Abstract
In a circular economy, extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a regulatory approach that accounts for all environmental costs associated with a product throughout its life cycle. When considering the EPR, the regulator must (1) design an integrated framework for different stakeholders and (2) provide effective policies to create financial incentives to accelerate the circular system. Recycling funds and subsidies are the most prominent financial strategies that can either encourage or curtail the flows of recycled products. In Indonesia, a few companies provided recycling bonus s to their customers as incentives to increase the recycling rate. However, the recycling rate was not as effective as expected by the enterprise because recycling was practiced by a limited number of companies, rendering it economically unviable. The enterprises hope the government could develop a recycling fund system. In order to develop the recycling fund system, a system dynamic model was proposed and simulated to optimize the recycling funds and subsidies based on decentralized reverse supply chains. Although it is not a novelty model; however, the research show a very significant results for the government in Indonesia. This enabled a more precise, well-planned, and sustainable decision-making process for the EPR. In addition, by utilizing the system dynamic model with different scenarios in a real case study (aseptic paper packaging waste), we found that the capacity of the recycler could become the reference for the funds to be paid by the importer-producer group, wherein the recycling rate will increase with an increase in the recycling fund. • When formulating an EPR scheme, two points must be considered: framework and policies. • A system dynamic model was proposed and simulated to get the optimal solution. • A related case study involving aseptic paper packaging (APP) was considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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6. Cleaner production in the Indonesian pulp and paper sector: Improving sustainability and legality compliance in the value chain.
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Susilawati, Depi and Kanowski, Peter
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PULPING , *VALUE chains , *FORESTS & forestry , *NONCOMPLIANCE , *SUSTAINABILITY , *PAPER pulp , *FOREST management - Abstract
Indonesia's internationally- and domestically-significant pulp and paper industries source their feedstock from tree plantations. A suite of regulatory (Indonesian Sustainable Production Forest Management Certification and Timber Legality Verification) and market instruments (forest certification) have been introduced to promote sustainability and legality of production from tree plantations, and some producers have also adopted other voluntary sustainability measures. This study investigates sustainability and legality compliance by actors in an Indonesian pulp and paper value chain as a case study of environmental innovation. Results are based on primary fieldwork along segments of the value chain, and analysis of audit reports and other publicly-available information. The value chain sources fibrewood from tree plantation concessions and pallet wood from a variety of suppliers. Audit reports suggest high levels of compliance with sustainability and legality requirements, but our research suggests that these reports might not reflect some area of poor performance and non-compliance. We identify weaknesses in the design of regulatory systems, and in auditing and monitoring processes, as the principal reasons for these deficiencies. Drawing on relevant theory and on practice elsewhere, we suggest that compliance and sustainability can be improved by addressing key areas of regulatory silence, by shifting auditing to be more performance-than paper-based, by strengthening independent monitoring from civil society, by increasing the frequency of witness auditing from the National Accreditation Board, and by fostering synergies between regulatory instruments and voluntary forest certification. These changes would improve the effectiveness of regulatory and voluntary instruments to promote cleaner production in Indonesian pulp and paper value chains. Image 1 • Indonesian pulp and paper value chains are globally significant. • These value chains must comply with national sustainability certification and legality verification systems. • Audit reports suggesting high levels of compliance do not appear to reflect areas of poor performance and non-compliance. • Weaknesses in regulatory design, auditing and monitoring are the main reasons for poor performance and non-compliance. • Changes in regulatory design and implementation would promote cleaner production in Indonesian pulp and paper value chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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7. Circular business model, technology innovation and performance: A strategic-based theoretical framework in the Indonesian energy transition.
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Sumarsono, Nareswari, Kasali, Rhenald, and Ezni Balqiah, T.
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TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *PERFORMANCE technology , *BUSINESS models , *INNOVATION adoption , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *CIRCULAR economy - Abstract
Along with the popularity of the environment, social and governance (ESG) concerns, the circular economy concept has gained tremendous attraction from the industries, policy makers and academicians. On a firm level, this is implemented through the so-called Circular Business Model (CBM), which is seen through various initiatives. This includes firms in the energy industry, who are transitioning from conventional to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, despite of the importance and the omnipresence of the practice, there is still lack of empirical research within the CBM topic. In particular, empirical research combining the CBM and technological innovation topic within energy industry (as technology-intensive and high risk industry) in developing country such as Indonesia, is still lacking. To answer this gap, using literature review as research method, this paper has arrived into the following propositions as main result; (1) there is a positive relationship between firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption to firm's performance, where (2) the two antecedents that are positively impacting firm's level of CBM and technology innovation adoption are leader's innovativeness and perceived level of technology. For academicians, this research is expected to provide contribution to the energy transition literatures within CBM and technology innovation adoption topic. Propositions provided in this paper is expected to serve as valuable basis in conducting further empirical research. For practitioners, this research is expected to provide valuable insights to make improvements and/or innovations in terms of business model, technology adoption, and strategy. At last, this research is expected to support energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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8. A bibliometric analysis of preclinical trials of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees in diabetes mellitus.
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Arifah, Fitriana Hayyu, Nugroho, Agung Endro, Rohman, Abdul, and Sujarwo, Wawan
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BIBLIOMETRICS , *DIABETES , *ANDROGRAPHIS paniculata , *MEDICINAL plants , *ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY - Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased over time. Medicinal plants, including Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Nees, are recognized for their use to manage hyperglycemia. Nowadays, plenty of papers are published about A. paniculata as an antidiabetic; however, no bibliometric study about the topic exists. This study examines the existing papers about the preclinical trial of A. paniculata as an antidiabetic agent using bibliometric analysis focusing on countries, institutions, publishers, authors, documents, and keywords. Bibliographic information of relevant research and conference articles were obtained from the Scopus database. In total, 97 articles published between 1994 and 2021 were selected, covering 376 authors and 1270 keywords. Data were analyzed bibliometrically using Vosviewer 1.6.16. A total of 97 published papers occurred from 1994 to 2021 were selected. India, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Agung Endro Nugroho (Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia) were the most productive country, institution, publisher, and author, respectively. The analysis of the most influential papers, co-citation network of the most influential papers, bibliographical coupling network based on authors, and keyword co-occurrence network and overlay demonstrated that the abundance and variety of existing papers about preclinical trials of A. paniculata as an antidiabetic were from phytochemistry, pharmacology, and drug formulation. The findings of our analysis have implications for managerial and theoretical aspects on this topic, such as encouraging research collaborations by analyzing the contributions of countries, institutions, publishers, and authors and revealing research gaps (molecular mechanisms, toxicities and side effects, drug formulations, and clinical trials) to accept a phytomedicine as a therapeutic option. [Display omitted] • The abundance of preclinical trials of Andrographis paniculata as antidiabetic. • India, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and Agung Endro Nugroho were the most productive country, institution, publisher, and authors, respectively. • Research mapping is needed to determine the expansion of the research fields. • The related fields were phytochemistry, pharmacology, and drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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9. Achieving Supply Chain 4.0 and the Importance of Agility, Ambidexterity, and Organizational Culture: A Case of Indonesia.
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Alamsjah, Firdaus and Yunus, Erlinda N.
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CORPORATE culture , *SUPPLY chains , *AMBIDEXTERITY , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *STRUCTURAL equation modeling - Abstract
This study explores the key determinants of Supply Chain 4.0 (SC4.0) maturity in the context of a developing country by examining the relationships between supply chain ambidexterity, supply chain agility, and the maturity of SC4.0. The study was carried out using the survey method involving 154 managers from Indonesian manufacturing companies. The SC4.0 maturity model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling. From our analysis, it was found that supply chain ambidexterity emphasizing on innovation positively influences the companies' agility and SC4.0 maturity levels, and supply chain agility partially mediates supply chain ambidexterity. This paper contributes to the operationalization of SC4.0 maturity determinants that incorporate innovation and technological aspects and extends the extant literature by empirically elaborating the determinants and antecedents of SC4.0 maturity that may expedite the achievement of SC4.0 maturity. This implies that companies and supply chain professionals aiming at achieving their SC4.0 maturity should do so by being outward-looking and, at the same time, foster supply chain collaboration with external networks. This paper is pioneering the empirical study on SC4.0 and offers a means to achieving SC4.0 maturity through SC ambidexterity and SC agility, particularly in the context of a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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10. Dynamic analysis and optimal control strategies of a predator–prey mathematical model for the pest eradication in oil palm plantation.
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Zevika, Mona, Triska, Anita, Kusdiantara, Rudy, Syukriyah, Yenie, Fairusya, Nuha, and Guswenrivo, Ikhsan
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PEST control , *OIL palm , *PLANTATIONS , *LIFE cycles (Biology) , *MATHEMATICAL models , *BIFURCATION diagrams - Abstract
Oil palm cultivation stands as a crucial industry in Indonesia, significantly contributing to the nation's economy by generating employment opportunities and fostering social welfare for communities residing near plantations. Despite its economic importance, oil palm plantations face various challenges, with one prominent issue being the infestation of nettle caterpillar pests. These pests cause leaf skeletonization, resulting in a staggering 36% reduction in oil palm productivity over a two-year period. This paper explores diverse strategies for pest management in oil palm plantations, encompassing biological control through the stimulation of natural predators, mechanical control involving the collection and incineration of cocoons, and chemical control through pesticide application. The research introduces a predator–prey mathematical model for oil palm plantation pests, where the leaf area serves as the primary food source for caterpillars, acting as prey. Through dynamic model analysis, four equilibrium points are identified, with interconnected conditions dictating their existence and stability. These conditions are visually represented in a bifurcation plane, providing concise information. The study further includes bifurcation diagrams of equilibrium points to elucidate the influence of each parameter on pests, predators, and the leaf area of oil palm plants. Additionally, sensitivity analysis of the stable interior equilibrium point is conducted to understand the impact of individual parameters. The paper extends its investigation to optimal control strategies, evaluating six scenarios categorized into two population conditions: with predators and without predators. Within each population condition, three control strategies are considered—chemical control only, mechanical control only, and a combination of chemical and mechanical control. Simulation results from the optimal control study reveal that the presence of natural predators emerges as a pivotal strategy in effectively managing nettle caterpillars. Notably, the control of resistant pests through pupa incineration has a substantial impact on reducing the caterpillar population in subsequent life cycles. • In current study, the MELP-S-B predator-prey model is proposed for managing nettle caterpillar pests in oil palm plantations involving the control measures. • The inclusion of prey populations, specifically oil palm leaves, in this predator-prey model constitutes the most fundamental novelty of this study. • The main objective of this research is to determine the dynamics of pests in plantations and avoid economic losses due to pests in oil palm plantations. • In-depth analysis of system dynamics around four equilibrium points conducted. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to measure the influence of parameters at the interior point. • Optimal control study conducted to manage pest abundance in oil palm plantations under varying predator presence. Numerical simulations of six strategies, blending mechanical and chemical measures, offer insights into effective pest control combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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11. Introducing site selection flexibility to technical and economic onshore wind potential assessments: New method with application to Indonesia.
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Langer, Jannis, Zaaijer, Michiel, Quist, Jaco, and Blok, Kornelis
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WIND power plants , *ELECTRIC power consumption , *CARBON taxes , *TECHNICAL reports , *ACCOUNTING methods - Abstract
Onshore wind potentials are commonly mapped with site selection criteria that either fully include or exclude land for wind farms. However, current research rarely addresses the variability of these criteria, possibly resulting in overly conservative or optimistic potentials. This paper proposes a method to account for the variability of site selection criteria in resource assessments. We distinguish between static and flexible, non-binary criteria and assess onshore wind's technical and economic potential with bias-corrected ERA5 data, 28 turbine power curves, and a turbine-specific cost model. For Indonesia, we show that our flexible mapping approach improves the transparency of resource potential assessments and could contribute to more informed and useful recommendations. These recommendations could address the (1) calibration of site exclusion thresholds, (2) dilemmas of preferring one land type over others, (3) location-specific challenges of wind farm deployment, and (4) more direct support schemes for affected stakeholders and wind farm operators.. We report a technical potential of 207–1,994 TWh/year in Indonesia, which could cover more than 50% of 2030 electricity demand on all islands. LCOEs range between 5.8 and 24.5 US¢(2021)/kWh with an economic potential of 16 TWh/year, which improves to 31–212 TWh/year with a carbon tax of 100 US$(2021)/tCO 2 e. • New method to account for variability of onshore wind site selection criteria. • We differ between static and flexible site selection criteria for resource mapping. • Their use may change onshore wind potentials by several orders of magnitude. • Flexible site selection enables more transparent and informed recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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12. Factors affecting the continuation to use and e-WOM intention of online library resources by university students: A study in Indonesia.
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Ramadhan, Arief, Hidayanto, Achmad Nizar, Evik, Cindy Sonesha, Rizkiandini, Nabila, Rahimullah, Nadia Adilah, Muthiah, Riana Hasna, Anggreainy, Maria Susan, and Phusavat, Kongkiti
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DIGITAL libraries , *LIBRARY resources , *INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems , *PARTIAL least squares regression - Abstract
Online library resources can act as a trusted source to find various references for conducting research or writing research papers. With the increasing number of published papers, the use of online library resources becomes increasingly important for academics, including for university students. This study aims to investigate the factors that lead to the continued use of online library resources among university students in developing countries, especially Indonesia. We investigate the impact of resource quality, confirmation, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment of users on their intention to continue using online library resources and the effect on e-WOM intention. This study will enhance the Post-Acceptance Model of Information System (IS) Continuance by adding several other constructs and tested using data from 215 university students in Indonesia who have used online library resources. The method used to analyze the data is Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the study indicate that satisfaction and perceived enjoyment have a significant effect on the intention to continue using online library resources. In addition, it was also found that the continuation intention to use online library resources also affects the user's intention to convey it to others (e-WOM intention). This study provides insight to online library resources service providers in making improvements and formulating strategies to increase users' intentions to continue using their online library resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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13. An implementation of coloring of non-disjoint union of fuzzy graphs and fuzzy inference systems to coordinate traffic flows in paired intersections.
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Rosyida, Isnaini, Wiyanti, Dian Tri, Safaatullah, M. Fajar, Narendra, Alfa, and Nurhaida
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FUZZY logic , *FUZZY systems , *TRAFFIC flow , *FUZZY graphs , *INTERSECTION graph theory , *FUZZY numbers - Abstract
In this paper, we have extended the formula of fuzzy chromatic number (FCN) for the non-disjoint union of two fuzzy graphs. Further, we constructed an algorithm based on the FCN for determining a fuzzy phase system in order to coordinate traffic flow of two paired intersections. By combining the fuzzy phase system and the fuzzy inference system, we were able to construct another algorithm to determine all possible phase timings for coordinating the intersections. Performance of the algorithms was evaluated through a case study at two intersections in Semarang City, Indonesia. The results showed that the proposed phase and timing systems for the two paired intersections could reduce the red and cycle times compared with the control of two intersections separately. The present findings might serve as a feasible proposal for congestion problems in any paired intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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14. Sustainable Education and Open Innovation for Small Industry Sustainability Post COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.
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Charina, Anne, Kurnia, Ganjar, Mulyana, Asep, and Mizuno, Kosuke
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OPEN innovation , *COVID-19 pandemic , *EDUCATIONAL innovations , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *COMMUNITY-based participatory research , *PACKAGING recycling , *CHARCOAL , *SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
COVID-19 severely impacted small industries in Indonesia and many collapsed. Sustainable education is essential to help small industries recover post-pandemic through an open innovation design program to improve small industries' economic, social, and environmental performance. This paper examined the impacts of the sustainable education program implemented and explored open innovations suitable for the sustainability of small industries in developing countries, such as Indonesia, after the pandemic. This research employed a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach involving academics, government, the community, and four small industries in West Java, Indonesia. Our findings reveal that the sustainable education program through learning activities and direct practice provides valuable knowledge and experience for small industries in designing economic, social, and environmental innovations. Open innovations post-pandemic suitable for small industries in Indonesia include simple business digitalization for company economic growth, the recruitment of people losing their jobs due to the pandemic to achieve social benefits, and innovations in using environmentally friendly packaging and charcoal briquette fuel as an environmental awareness effort. This study recommends that the open innovation designed for small industries be right on target and done using a participatory method to achieve sustainability after the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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15. The Dynamics of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) toward Bankability with Coronavirus Pandemic Adjustment.
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Prijadi, Ruslan, Wulandari, Permata, Pinagara, Fajar Ayu, and Desiana, Putri Mega
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SMALL business , *COVID-19 pandemic , *CORONAVIRUSES , *BANK loans , *FACTORING (Finance) , *SYSTEM dynamics - Abstract
The objective of this study is to elaborate on the development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) at the bottom of the economy, where most of them began as unbanked micro-ventures and may continue to be micro-enterprises even after being elevated to higher levels. This study contributes to the field of entrepreneurial finance by identifying the factors that influence the drivers and constraints of MSE upgrading. This paper employed models to show how unbanked MSEs transition to bankable ones, as well as to reveal the dynamics of MSEs' transition to bankability during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study's unit of analysis is MSEs, which initially have little or no access to bank loans. This study employs system dynamics (SD) modeling to investigate and manage the multifaceted response system of MSEs' growth toward bankability in the face of a coronavirus pandemic in Indonesia. This study also simulates a coronavirus pandemic outbreak to fine-tune MSEs' progress toward bankability. The dynamic models in this study reveal a number of variables that are critical in accelerating the bankability status of MSE from un-bankable to bankable, namely entrepreneurial MSE time to bankability, channel business, and MSE NPL. Policymakers can create high leverage policies for MSE bankability progression by changing these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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16. Understanding travel and mode choice with emerging modes; a pooled SP and RP model in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Ilahi, Anugrah, Belgiawan, Prawira F., Balac, Milos, and Axhausen, Kay W.
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DISCRETE choice models , *CHOICE of transportation , *WILLINGNESS to pay , *METROPOLITAN areas , *ELASTICITY - Abstract
• We conducted a state-of-the-art RP and SP survey and presented its methodology with a total of 5,143 respondents, which covers 52,731 observations. • The development of On-Demand Transport (ODT) is popular in many cities. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) will become a new alternative mode of transportation. • This paper presents the travel behavior of respondents in each mode of transportation. • We explored willingness to pay (WTP): VTTS, VTAT, elasticity, and the preference of all choice alternatives, including ODT and UAM using pooled SP and RP data sets. The research presented in this paper analyzed two data sets Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP), obtained with a new travel diary and mode choice survey. This survey, called Mobility Jakarta, combined both RP and SP parts and was conducted in the Greater Jakarta region. This is the first survey that collected responses from a substantial sample of the whole metropolitan area population. We estimated the discrete choice model pooling SP and RP data sets. We explored the Willingness To Pay, e.g., the Value of Travel Time Savings, and the elasticity for all mode choice alternatives, including On-Demand Transport and Urban Air Mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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17. The effect of growth, deforestation, forest fires, and volcanoes on Indonesian regional air quality.
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Rahman, Rizky Aulia, White, Benedict, and Ma, Chunbo
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FOREST fires , *AIR quality , *DEFORESTATION , *AGRICULTURAL pollution , *COST benefit analysis , *WILDFIRE prevention - Abstract
As a rapidly developing country, Indonesia faces a challenge in improving air quality that is made more difficult by frequent forest fires linked to deforestation and volcanic eruptions. This paper analyses the link between development and air pollution in 30 Indonesian cities from 2002 to 2019. Air quality is measured using two novel regional air quality indicators (AQIs) for PM 2.5 and PM 10 estimated from weather observations and NASA satellite data on Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). Results from an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis, based on a dynamic panel data model, show that forest fires and volcanic activity have significantly worsened regional air quality in Indonesia. The model also shows that the EKC hypothesis is rejected for Indonesia as cities have followed a monotonically increasing trend in air pollution with respect to economic growth. An additional 1% of economic growth increased long run pollution as measured by AQI PM 2.5 and PM 10 by 0.35% and 0.46%, and forest fire events by 0.11% and 0.06%. A partial Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA) of forest fires shows that particulate matter pollution is excessive. Decreasing the frequency of forest fires by 1% would generate a net benefit of between US$17 million to 145 million. The lower estimate of the health benefits exceeds the agricultural benefits of forest fire without accounting for other non-market costs due to forest fires. Our results imply that, as Indonesia grows economically, air quality is likely to continue deteriorating. Further, regions affected by regular volcanic activity and wildfires should apply tighter emission standards to controllable point source emissions from industry and non-point source emissions such as agricultural forest fires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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18. Building typology classification using convolutional neural networks utilizing multiple ground-level image process for city-scale rapid seismic vulnerability assessment.
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Firmansyah, Hafidz R., Sarli, Prasanti Widyasih, Twinanda, Andru Putra, Santoso, Devin, and Imran, Iswandi
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CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks , *CLASSIFICATION , *IMAGE recognition (Computer vision) , *FIELD research , *DECISION trees , *SEISMIC networks - Abstract
Several studies have focused on generating seismic vulnerability maps for earthquake-prone areas, particularly in Indonesia. Building typologies are a key factor in determining vulnerability to earthquakes. However, conducting large-scale field surveys to determine the spatial distribution of building typologies in a city is uneconomical. This paper explores the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect building typologies from diverse regions in Indonesia, utilizing both conventional and automated building image acquisition processes. In this study, datasets from three distinct image acquisition methods are trained with four unique CNN architectures to identify the best-performing model to classify building typologies. The sample size effect on CNN performance is also investigated. The results showed that randomly sampled Google Street View (GSV) images are the most effective dataset for the CNN model, achieving an f1-score of 84.33%. Among the network architectures tested, MobileNet demonstrated superior performance on the majority of evaluated datasets. As the sample size increases by about 350% in the dataset, there is a positive correlation with up to 2.3% f1-score improvement. Using the best-performing CNN model, two building vulnerability models were employed to assess the spatial distribution of building damage in the urban area of Bandung, considering a hypothetical scenario of an M7 earthquake. Incorporating local construction data, one of the generated maps estimated that approximately 55% of buildings in Bandung would experience moderate to severe structural damage. This study showcases the potential of CNN models in automating regional seismic assessments and providing valuable insights for comprehensive seismic mitigation strategies. • A decision tree to label building typology objectively in Indonesia was developed. • CNN model trained with randomly sampled GSV dataset outperforms other models. • The CNN and probability model generated a city-scale building vulnerability map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
- Full Text
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19. Scaling-up sustainable commodity governance through jurisdictional initiatives: Political pathways to sector transformation in the Indonesian palm oil sector?
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Bahruddin, Macdonald, Kate, Diprose, Rachael, and Delgado Pugley, Deborah
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PALM oil , *SUSTAINABILITY , *SUPPLY chains , *PALM oil industry - Abstract
• We investigate the use of jurisdictional approaches to promoting sustainable palm oil production. • We theorise the intervention pathways through which jurisdictional approaches promote sustainability. • We analyse the effects of implementation contexts for how jurisdictional interventions are combined and sequenced. • We propose contextually adaptive strategies to improve the impact and resilience of jurisdictional approaches. Voluntary systems of sustainable commodity governance have come under intensified criticism for failing to catalyse transformative change beyond directly regulated supply chains. In response, there has been a surge of efforts to 'scale-up' sustainability impacts through governance interventions at landscape and jurisdictional scales. While these ambitious, scaled-up approaches are attracting significant interest, such approaches demand substantial changes to established repertoires of policy interventions and associated understandings of the pathways through which these contribute to sustainability outcomes. Drawing theoretical insights from scholarship on multi-stakeholder sustainability governance together with findings from a qualitative study of jurisdictional governance experiments in the Indonesian palm oil sector, this paper explores how emerging jurisdictional initiatives are promoting change pathways towards more sustainable commodity production, and how the political, environmental governance and economic contexts in which these interventions are implemented influence these pathways. Analysis shows that by integrating a distinctive mix of market and policy-driven interventions, jurisdictional approaches are contributing to three core pathways of change, centred respectively on network and coalition-building, collaborative governance, and resource mobilisation. However, which of these pathways are most influential, how interventions are sequenced and operationalised, and how the pathways interact in shaping change is highly sensitive to varied subnational implementation contexts, with important implications for the impact and resilience of jurisdictional programs. These findings highlight the need for jurisdictional policy interventions to respond flexibly to contextually-variable configurations of actor interests, coalitions and power relations within contested multi-scalar processes of sustainable commodity governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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20. Building a capital city, carving out a megaproject legacy?
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Hudalah, Delik
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CAPITAL cities , *COVID-19 pandemic , *ECONOMIC uncertainty - Abstract
This paper examines the importance of legacy as a hidden agenda behind the ambitions and haste attitude of Indonesian state leaders in relocating the capital. It also elucidates the institutional mechanisms employed to achieve this lofty goal. In 2019, President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) issued a controversial declaration on the relocation of Indonesia's capital city from Jakarta to Kalimantan Island. Despite the protracted COVID-19 pandemic and the prevailing global economic and geopolitical uncertainties, he marshalled all necessary means and resources under his command to ensure the capital megaproject could commence and the inauguration could be held before his presidential tenure ends in 2024. As formal and technical arguments for Indonesia's capital relocation have been criticised for inconsistencies, a comprehensive understanding of the real phenomenon necessitates an exploration of the hidden agendas behind this unpopular move. The argument posits that the new capital city serves as a megaproject legacy, signified by the construction of monumental and iconic buildings and structures that will reflect the enduring power and memories of the politicians. Furthermore, the institutional mechanisms of the megaproject legacy tend to be pragmatic, whereby quick, concrete and symbolic actions become the top priority at the expense of the quality of the planning process and outcome. • This paper explores megaproject legacy as a hidden agenda behind capital relocation. • Indonesia's capital relocation can manifest a megaproject legacy. • Official motives for capital relocation are criticized for inconsistencies. • Capital cities reflect state leaders' ambitions and enduring power and memories. • Megaproject legacy building involves pragmatic uses of institutional mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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21. A paradigm shift of energy sources: Critical review on competitive dynamics of solar PV industry in Indonesia.
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Sumarsono, Nareswari, Wahyuni, Sari, and Sudhartio, Lily
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HELIOSEISMOLOGY , *RENEWABLE energy industry , *THRESHOLD energy , *SOLAR heating , *SOLAR thermal energy , *PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems , *EMERGING industries - Abstract
The development of solar PV industry, both on a global and local level (in Indonesia) has shown a great paradigm shift in the source of energy, from the conventional into the renewables. This condition enhanced the importance of analyzing the competitive dynamics of renewable energy industry, in particular, the solar PV industry. This study examined the competitive dynamics of solar PV industry in Indonesia, through first analyzing the ecosystem and stakeholders in the industry and followed by the analysis of the competitive dynamics and strategy within energy industry in general and within the solar PV industry in specific. Literature review was conducted as basis for the analysis. 21st centuries competition theory of Grimm et al. [13] was used as framework for the general energy industry analysis. Whereas Porter [23]'s framework was used as reference to analyze the competitive strategy of solar PV industry in Indonesia. Analysis on the structural characteristics of solar PV industry in Indonesia indicates that the industry is on its introductory stage, or also called as emerging industry. Challenges potentially constraining the development of the industry ranges from the absence of infrastructure and technological standardization until the response of threatened entity. Criteria determining the adoption of the product, which in this case is the solar PV system, is also a crucial factor to understand. This ranges from the nature of expected benefit until perception of technological change. At last, the findings also pointed out that despite of its drawbacks (such as uncertainty and risk) of this emerging industry condition, an appropriate implementation of strategic choices will enable solar PV industry in Indonesia to achieve an optimum yield. This study was conducted using literature review as basis. An empirical study might be valuable to complete this study. For academicians, this paper can be considered as a valuable starting point to conduct research on solar PV industry, particularly within the strategic management area. For practitioners, this study may serve to enhance understanding on solar PV industry in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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22. New Product Development from Inactive Problem Perspective in Indonesian SMEs to Open Innovation.
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Prabowo, Rony, Singgih, Moses Laksono, Karningsih, Putu Dana, and Widodo, Erwin
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NEW product development , *OPEN innovation , *PARTICLE swarm optimization , *PROFIT maximization , *INDUSTRIAL costs - Abstract
New product development is an important innovation that should be done to meet consumers' new trends. This paper is prominent as it discusses new product development through the inactive problem perspective in SMEs in Indonesia as a way to explore customers' expectations, which are often challenging to analyze. The capability to develop a new product based on the inactive problem perspective allows SMEs to become pioneers that possess various competitive advantages, including strong brand awareness. This study included 14 samples of SMEs to represent the characteristics of SMEs in Indonesia between 2016 and 2018. We used the particle swarm optimization approach for the decision making of several SME parameters with the profit maximization function. This paper is the first paper to discuss the relationship between the cost of ideas and production costs in the types of SMEs with an inactive problem perspective in Indonesia to obtain maximum profits by considering various factors that affect the costs and revenue of SMEs. This paper also analyzes the cost used for an idea realization to get maximum profit. This study shows that differences were found in each type of SME, and these difference were related to the amount of funds that were used to explore, realize, and make a profit out of a specific idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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23. Overview of the eruptions of Sinabung Volcano, 2010 and 2013–present and details of the 2013 phreatomagmatic phase.
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Gunawan, Hendra, Surono, Budianto, Agus, Kristianto, Prambada, Oktory, McCausland, Wendy, Pallister, John, and Iguchi, Masato
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EARTHQUAKES , *LAVA domes , *VOLCANIC eruptions , *EMERGENCY management , *DISASTER relief , *HAZARD mitigation - Abstract
A small phreatic eruption of Sinabung Volcano, North Sumatra on 28 August 2010, at 18:30 local time marked the first eruption in the past ~ 1200 years. The eruption took place from two small vents in the south crater area. Explosions and ash emissions from these vents generated multiple ash plumes that reached altitudes of up to 5 km during early- to mid-September. By the end of September 2010, only low level steam plumes were visible and the alert level was reduced from Level 4 (highest) to Level 3. The 2010 eruption effectively ended at this time. Beginning two days after the initial 2010 eruption, activity of the eruption has been monitored continuously by a telemetered seismic network surrounding the volcano and by remotely sensed observations. This monitoring system was supplemented with a near-field continuous GPS network, beginning in February 2011. Persistent fumarolic emissions continued for almost 3 years following the 2010 eruption, before a new eruption began on 15 September 2013. This eruption continues to the present. The ongoing eruption is divided into 5 major phases: 1) phreatomagmatic phase (July 2013–18 December 2013); 2) first dome and collapse phase with pyroclastic density currents (PDCs; block-and-ash flows and related surges) to south (18 December 2013–10 January 2014); 3) lava-flow and collapse phase (10 January 2014–mid-September 2014); 4) second lava dome and collapse phase with PDCs to south (mid-September 2014–July 2015); 5) lava dome collapse and ash explosion phase with PDCs to southeast and east (August 2015–present). The volcano erupted intermittently during the early phreatomagmatic phase with small vertical ash explosions. Then the eruption became increasingly vigorous with more repetitive and intense vertical ash explosions during late October through November. The first small pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) began on November 1. These pyroclastic flows descended the southeastern flank to a distance of 2 km. Swarms of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes and volcanic tremor lasting hours occurred repeatedly during the phreatomagmatic phase and some of these VT-swarms were followed by explosions. In early December 2013, during the transition between phreatomagmatic and dome-collapse phases, swarms of hybrid earthquakes took place preceding and accompanying dome growth. The first lava dome was observed in satellite images on 18 December near the main crater rim. Partial collapses of the dome produced PDCs beginning on 30 December. Growth of this first lava dome continued into January and was accompanied by additional collapses and PDCs. By about 10 January, the lava had transitioned from a summit dome morphology into a lava flow morphology. The resulting lava flow descended the southeast flank of the volcano, producing flow-front and marginal collapses with associated PCDs. One such flow-flank collapse on 2 February 2014 resulted in a PCD that killed 16. The lava flow phase continued through mid-September 2014, when a second summit lava dome began to grow and collapse, producing PDCs initially to the south and southeast, and then beginning in July 2015 to the east and southeast. The eruption of Sinabung resulted in major impacts on the population of the resort and farming area near the volcano and in the Ginting and Karo Regencies of North Sumatra. Local residents, having not experienced eruptions in their lifetimes, were initially curious and eager to receive any information about the eruption regardless of its source. Various institutions provided information with little coordination, resulting in confusion. With time communications have improved and communities and the responsible governments have become better prepared in dealing with the persistent eruption. The Government of Indonesia has provided funding to support villagers who lived within a 5 km radius danger zone to stay in relocation camps as a permanent relocation area is being identified. Unfortunately, on 21 May 2016, 9 additional fatalities took place in the village of Gamber, within the danger zone, when a dome collapse sent a pyroclastic density current into the area. Throughout the eruption, the volcano has been monitored by the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geologic Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) in partnership with the USGS-USAID Volcano Disaster Assistance Program and the Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University. Monitoring techniques have included seismic, geodetic, gas, satellite and field observations, as well as occasional sampling of ash and lava for geochemical analyses. In this paper, we summarize key aspects of the monitoring data, their interpretations and their use in forecasting eruptive behavior and in issuance of alerts and warnings. More detailed interpretations of the monitoring data and their use are found in other papers of this special issue. • In this introductory paper to the Special Issue on the eruptions of Sinabung and Kelud volcanoes, we focus on the 2010 and 2013–present eruptions of Sinabung volcano, North Sumatra, Indonesia. • We provide information on the monitoring system used and we highlight how the monitoring data (seismic, geodetic, gas and observations) were used to forecast activity and to issue alerts and warnings. • We also describe the chronology of the 2013-present eruption and we review how the eruption has impacted the lives of residents of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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24. Association and textural-compositional evolution of pyrite-organic matter in coals of the Tarakan, Barito, and Pasir Basins, Kalimantan, Indonesia.
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Patria, Aulia Agus, Suhendra, Renaldi, Anggara, Ferian, Agangi, Andrea, Obrochta, Stephen P., and Setiawan, Iwan
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COAL , *ELECTRONIC probes , *ORE deposits , *SEDIMENTARY basins , *BOTTOM water (Oceanography) - Abstract
The Barito, Pasir, and Tarakan Basins in Kalimantan Island is the most extensive coal-bearing sedimentary basin in Indonesia, mined since 1989. The coal is notable in having high sulfur coal content, exceeding >10% in some cases, contributed by the presence of pyrite. The latter issue contributed to interest in the coal, forming economic mineral deposits hosted by the sedimentary pyrite and organic matter. Novel findings of this research providing valuable information of trace element behavior during the diagenetic conditions. This paper documents the textural and compositional evolution of pyrite-organic matter of coals using coal petrographic, proximate, ultimate, total sulfur content, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), electron probe micro analyser (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy. Coals from Kalimantan are mainly characterized by medium-high sulfur content (>3%) and the maximum temperatures reached by organic matter during diagenesis are 166 ± 10 °C for the Pasir Basin, 136 ± 11 °C for the Barito Basin, and 132 ± 12 °C for the Tarakan Basin. Pyrite is mainly found as large size framboids (mostly >5 μm), indicating formation in the sedimentary layer with dysoxic bottom water conditions during early–late diagenetic stages. The framboidal pyrite was preferably formed in detrovitrinite and gelovitrinite under topogenous mire conditions, due to the degradation of macerals and biochemical gelification, which provided the organic templates. High concentrations of trace elements (TEs) of framboidal pyrite, such as 1) Cu, Ni, and Co in the Pasir Basin and 2) As in the Barito Basin, likely reflect the local sedimentary provenance and underlying basement rocks. Pyrite texture evolved with increasing diagenetic temperatures from 1) framboidal pyrite, 2) recrystallized framboidal pyrite rims, and 3) anhedral, anhedral-euhedral pyrite transition, and euhedral massive pyrite. This study shows a similar average TE concentrations of various pyrite textures, suggesting that the TEs are not remobilized during the evolution of pyrite at the diagenetic stages. • Medium-high sulfur coals from Indonesia. • Association of pyrite and organic matter. • Textural and compositional evolution of pyrite in coals. • Trace elements of pyrite in coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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25. Case study of performance of a jetty structure after 25 years of exposure in a marine environment considering earthquake load.
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Sigit Darmawan, M., Bayuaji, R., Anugraha, R.B., Saputra, D.A., and Victoriawan, M.A.
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EARTHQUAKES , *REINFORCED concrete corrosion , *REINFORCED concrete , *STEEL pipe , *SAFETY factor in engineering , *EFFECT of earthquakes on buildings - Abstract
Chloride attack is the main cause of corrosion of reinforced concrete structures subject to marine environment. This paper deals with the assessment of a reinforced concrete jetty structure in Indonesia after 25 years of service life and simultaneously investigate the effect of applying newest Indonesian earthquake code on jetty structural element safety. The work comprises detailed inspection of the structure, on-site and laboratory tests of the structure, and analyses of existing and future structural strength based on the tests data. Current and future strength prediction is performed by assuming average and worst-case scenarios for corrosion. Based on the average-case scenario, the concrete jetty structural elements have no strength reduction up to 2028. By contrast, using the worst-case scenario, the concrete jetty structural elements start experiencing strength reduction in 2003. Applying the 2019 Indonesian earthquake code to analyze the jetty, shows significant reduction of safety factor of steel pipe pile element of the jetty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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26. Development of typical meteorological years based on quality control of datasets in Indonesia.
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Putra, I Dewa Gede Arya, Nimiya, Hideyo, Sopaheluwakan, Ardhasena, Kubota, Tetsu, Lee, Han Soo, Pradana, Radyan Putra, Alfata, Muhammad Nur Fajri, Perdana, Reza Bayu, Permana, Donaldi Sukma, Riama, Nelly Florida, and Karnawati, Dwikorita
- Subjects
- *
QUALITY control , *CLIMATIC zones , *STATISTICAL bias , *DEW point , *TEMPERATURE distribution , *WIND speed - Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the comprehensive development of typical meteorological years (TMYs) under relatively limited observational data. The distribution of missing hourly observational data of the 2011–2020 period at all sites was examined. This paper proposes a quality control method for filling the gaps in the missing hourly observational data using bias-corrected ERA5 reanalysis data in the process of developing TMYs. Initially, the temperature bias distribution from −4.5 °C to 2.7 °C was reduced to a range of −0.014 °C to 0.005 °C. The relative humidity bias distribution was −6 % to 10 %, and was reduced to −0.32 % to 0.07 %. The bias distribution of wind speeds ranging from −4 m/s to 2 m/s was reduced to −0.02 m/s to 0.35 m/s. The Sandia method with a modified weighting of Finkelstein-Shaffer (FS) statistics was applied to eight climate elements, namely, global horizontal irradiance, direct normal irradiance, diffuse horizontal irradiance, temperature, precipitation, wind speed, relative humidity, and dew point temperature to generate TMYs at 106 sites across eight climate zones in Indonesia. The verification results showed that the average correlation and RMSE between TMYs and their long-term averages were 0.96 and 75 w/m2 for global horizontal radiation, respectively, while those for temperature were 0.86 and 1.3 °C, respectively. • Quality control was performed on the datasets for the process of developing TMYs. • The ERA5 reanalysis datasets have been improved using a bias correction method. • TMYs have been proposed for 106 sites based on 8 climatic elements. • The climate pattern of each climate zone can be well represented by TMYs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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27. Flex commodities and intertwining world-ecologies: Indonesian palm waste as an environmental fix in the New Zealand dairy industry.
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Gellert, Paul K. and D'Onofrio, Sarah
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DAIRY industry , *PALM oil industry , *CLIMATE change , *PALMS , *NEOTECTONICS , *COMMERCIAL policy , *ENVIRONMENTAL crimes - Abstract
Palm kernel expeller (PKE), a by-product of the palm oil production process in Indonesia, has evolved into a billion-dollar export 'flex' commodity to feed cows in intensified dairy production in New Zealand. As the PKE trade grew in New Zealand, the dairy industry became a transnational behemoth and a leading global exporter. Through our examination of PKE, an understudied commodity, we reveal the ways that ecological degradation to local, regional, and world-ecologies are exacerbated and intertwined. This paper argues that neoliberalisation of regulatory and trade policy, both within and between the two countries, laid the groundwork for the growth of the ecologically destructive palm oil operations of Indonesia as well as the intensified dairy operations in New Zealand, both of which rely on dispossession of Indigenous lands. Our theorisation builds on the flex commodity literature by analyzing the ways PKE became an 'environmental fix' and part of a transnational waste regime linking two semiperipheral regions. This environmental fix for the dairy industry temporarily limits the negative impacts of climate change induced drought. The world-ecology(ies) of such 'fixes' is becoming increasingly urgent and increasingly tenuous in the face of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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28. Impact of transboundary air pollution on service quality and consumer satisfaction.
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Agarwal, Sumit, Wang, Long, and Yang, Yang
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CUSTOMER satisfaction , *TRANSBOUNDARY pollution , *QUALITY of service , *AIR pollution , *COMMERCIAL aeronautics , *JOB satisfaction - Abstract
This paper exploits random and exogenous transboundary haze pollution in Singapore caused by forest fires in Indonesia to examine the causal effects of air pollution on firm productivity and consumer satisfaction. To measure firm productivity in the private sector, we use the subcategory review scores on service quality, and to estimate consumer satisfaction, we use the individual-level overall online review scores. We find that a significant reduction in consumer satisfaction related to increases in haze pollutant intensity is followed by a substantial rebound in consumer satisfaction for eight months after the haze completely dissipates. We also employ sentiment analysis to illuminate review data and to uncover the underlying mechanisms: the decreased consumer satisfaction during the haze shock is caused by changing consumer mood, rather than by decreases in service quality; after the haze dissipates, consumer satisfaction is quickly restored and soon exceeds the previous level due to substantial improvements in service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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29. Burial practices in the early mid-Holocene of the Wallacean Islands: A sub-adult burial from Gua Makpan, Alor Island, Indonesia.
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Samper Carro, Sofia C., Stewart, Tahlia J., Mahirta, Wood, Rachel, and O'Connor, Sue
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FUNERAL industry , *ISLANDS , *HUMAN migrations , *BONE shafts , *NEOLITHIC Period - Abstract
Mortuary contexts in geographical and chronological settings such as islands are key to investigating human migration pathways, population replacements, diet, health, occupational activities, belief systems as well as other aspects of social behaviour. Located between Mainland Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Island Southeast Asia is of particular interest in this respect. As yet, however, few complete burials predating the Neolithic have been recovered and described from within this vast region. This paper presents a sub-adult burial from Gua Makpan, Alor Island, Indonesia, which is dated to the early mid-Holocene. The anatomical description and bioskeletal profile of the remains is complemented by the analysis of mortuary practices. Our results suggest a delayed primary burial or a secondary treatment, where long bone diaphyses were removed prior to interment. The stratigraphical position of the remains indicates that the skeleton was not interred in anatomical position, which supports the hypothesis of secondary treatment of the remains. The mortuary practices documented in the sub-adult burial from Gua Makpan are compared to burial practices documented for sites from elsewhere in Island Southeast Asia. We assess differences and similarities in mortuary treatments, that could inform on shared mortuary rituals across this maritime region and changing social practices with human migrations, or the introduction of new burial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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30. Cosmopolitanism, Pluralism and Self-Orientalisation in the Modern Mystical World of Java.
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Schlehe, Judith
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COSMOPOLITANISM , *PLURALISM , *ISLAMIZATION - Abstract
At present, a great deal of the scholarly research on Indonesia focuses on the processes of Islamisation. This paper will discuss a phenomenon that seems to point in a different direction, namely the contemporary reconfiguration of dukun /spiritual experts called paranormal. These mystics indicate a peculiar form of pluralism. They are an assemblage of tradition and modernity, locality and translocality, religion and mysticism, spirituality and business, and global esotericism and popular psychology. Most of them belong to the urban middle class, are highly professional, and make extensive use of modern mass media to advertise their supernatural skills. Yet, how do they position themselves in Indonesian and global cultural contexts? This paper identifies the ongoing ambivalence between cosmopolitan ideas and their rupture in polarising, orientalist, and occidentalist imaginaries. Finally, a new understanding of cosmopolitanism is suggested that expands the reference beyond the world of humans by also including a plurality of supernatural powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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31. Framing the sharing economy: A media analysis of ridesharing platforms in Indonesia and the Philippines.
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Yuana, Suci Lestari, Sengers, Frans, Boon, Wouter, and Raven, Rob
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SHARING economy , *RIDESHARING services , *PROBLEM solving , *ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Abstract Few studies on ridesharing have so far been conducted in developing countries. To explore this, the present paper presents a frame analysis of news content on ridesharing platforms in Indonesia and the Philippines. We identify five distinct frames, perceiving ridesharing as a (1) commuter solution, (2) unregulated public transport service, (3) cooperative business, (4) non-conformity solution, and (5) informal livelihoods. We show how these frames emerge from a particular developing-economy context characterized by gridlock problems in densely populated cities, the utilization of "informal transport" as a gap-filler, and an emphasis on collectiveness. The paper furthermore argues that the identified frames shape different policy responses to ridesharing in Indonesia and the Philippines, which 1) address the absence of legal status; 2) ease traffic congestion. The paper concludes that these responses are driven primarily by commercial and legal concerns rather than sustainability concerns. Highlights • Ridesharing in developing economies is framed differently than in developed economies. There are 5 identified frames. • 1) Commuter solution, (2) unregulated public transport,(3) cooperative, (4) non-conformity, and (5) informal livelihoods. • These frames emerge from a particular developing-economy context. • The differences in frames lead to different policy responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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32. The political economy of teacher management reform in Indonesia.
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Rosser, Andrew and Fahmi, Mohamad
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TEACHERS , *EDUCATION , *GOVERNMENT control , *REFORMS , *BUREAUCRACY , *TEACHER selection , *SOCIAL advocacy , *HIGHER education - Abstract
Indonesia faces serious problems in the number, cost, quality and distribution of teachers. In recent years, its central government has introduced a range of reforms to address these problems but they have produced modest results. This paper suggests that this outcome reflects the way in which predatory political and bureaucratic elites have used the school system for decades to accumulate resources, distribute patronage, mobilize political support, and exercise political control rather than promote improved learning outcomes. Efforts to reduce teacher numbers, enhance teacher quality, and improve teacher distribution have accordingly constituted an assault on the interests of these elites, provoking powerful, if often subterranean, resistance. Broadly, reform has only occurred where the central government has employed policy instruments that have disciplined local governments and maintained a commitment to these instruments in the face of resistance. The paper concludes by assessing the implications for Indonesian education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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33. Does the mobile phone affect social development? Evidence from Indonesian villages.
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Rezki, Jahen F.
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SOCIAL development , *INFORMATION & communication technologies , *INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) , *SMALL business , *GOVERNMENT accountability - Abstract
This paper analyses the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on social development in Indonesian Villages. In this study, I use data from different waves of the Indonesian Village Potential Statistics (Potensi Desa) to determine whether mobile phone signal strength affects social development indicators. The results indicate that villages with a strong signal are statistically more likely to possess the proper infrastructure programs. Furthermore, mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Using the plausibly exogenous variation of lightning strike intensity as the instrumental variable, this study suggests that higher mobile phone signal strength is positively associated with the policies implemented by the village head and leads to better social development. As the mechanisms, this study shows that mobile phones increase the likelihood of having collective action and civic engagement, increasing villagers' political participation and use of telecommunication services, thus leading to an increase in village government's accountability. • Villages with a strong signal are more likely to possess infrastructure programs. • Mobile phones increase the availability of village libraries and access to credit. • This paper uses the variation of lightning strikes as the instrumental variable. • There are several mechanisms to explain the impact of mobile phones on policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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34. Growing status observation for oil palm trees using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images.
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Zheng, Juepeng, Fu, Haohuan, Li, Weijia, Wu, Wenzhao, Yu, Le, Yuan, Shuai, Tao, Wai Yuk William, Pang, Tan Kian, and Kanniah, Kasturi Devi
- Subjects
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OIL palm , *DRONE aircraft , *ECOLOGICAL impact - Abstract
For both the positive economic benefit and the negative ecological impact of the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in tropical developing countries, it is significant to achieve accurate detection for oil palm trees in large-scale areas. Especially, growing status observation and smart oil palm plantation management enabled by such accurate detections would improve plantation planning, oil palm yield, and reduce manpower and consumption of fertilizer. Although existing studies have already reached a high accuracy in oil palm tree detection, rare attention has been paid to automated observation of each single oil palm tree's growing status. Nowadays, with its high spatial resolution and low cost, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has become a promising tool for monitoring the growing status of individual oil palms. However, the accuracy is still a challenging issue because of the extreme imbalance and high similarity between different classes. In this paper, we propose a Multi-class Oil PAlm Detection approach (MOPAD) to reap both accurate detection of oil palm trees and accurate monitoring of their growing status. Based on Faster RCNN, MOPAD combines a Refined Pyramid Feature (RPF) module and a hybrid class-balanced loss module to achieve satisfying observation of the growing status for individual oil palms. The former takes advantage of multi-level features to distinguish similar classes and detect small oil palms, and the latter effectively resolves the problem of extremely imbalanced samples. Moreover, we elaborately analyze the distribution of different kinds of oil palms, and propose a practical workflow for detecting oil palm vacancy. We evaluate MOPAD using three large-scale UAV images photographed in two sites in Indonesia (denoted by Site 1 and Site 2), containing 363,877 oil palms of five categories: healthy palms, dead palms, mismanaged palms, smallish palms and yellowish palms. Our proposed MOPAD achieves an F1-score of 87.91% (Site 1) and 99.04% (Site 2) for overall oil palm tree detection, and outperforms other state-of-the-art object detection methods by a remarkable margin of 10.37–17.09% and 8.14%-21.32% with respect to the average F1-score for multi-class oil palm detection in Site 1 and Site 2, respectively. Our method demonstrates excellent potential for individual oil palm tree detection and observation of growing status from UAV images, leading to more precise and efficient management of oil palm plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Modelling effects of changes in travel time and costs of toll road usage on choices for residential location, route and travel mode across population segments in the Jakarta-Bandung region, Indonesia.
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Andani, I Gusti Ayu, La Paix Puello, Lissy, and Geurs, Karst
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HOMESITES , *TOLL roads , *TRAVEL costs , *CHOICE of transportation , *DISCRETE choice models , *BUS travel , *TOLL collection - Abstract
• Toll road travel time and costs can affect residential location choice and travel behaviour. • Travel characteristics and socio-economic background play a role in demand to travel via the toll road. • Residential self-selection affects mode-route choice. • High-income respondents and car users were found to be the most sensitive toward increased travel costs. This paper provides insight into how variations in Level of Service (LoS) of a toll road, socio-economic attributes, and latent factors simultaneously affect residential location, route, and mode choices across population segments in the Jakarta – Bandung region in Indonesia. Three discrete choice models were developed based on a stated-revealed preference survey on residential location, route, and mode choices. Our analysis shows that toll road usage affects both residential location preferences and travel behaviour. This influence varies across income groups and used travel mode and also depends on trip characteristics. Overall, the respondents in our survey prefer toll road options, as also shown by positive attitudes towards the toll road, except for low-income respondents and bus users. Furthermore, we found a significant association between residential location preference and route and mode choices for frequent users of the toll road, low-income respondents and residents who live close to the toll road. It means that self-selection exists between residential location choice and mode-route choice, and it is linked to the distance to the toll gate and frequency of using the toll road. Furthermore, we found that high-income car users are the most sensitive to increased travel costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Geospatial analysis of Indonesia's bankable utility-scale solar PV potential using elements of project finance.
- Author
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Langer, Jannis, Kwee, Zenlin, Zhou, Yilong, Isabella, Olindo, Ashqar, Ziad, Quist, Jaco, Praktiknjo, Aaron, and Blok, Kornelis
- Subjects
- *
PROJECT finance , *INVESTORS , *IMPORT quotas , *FINANCIAL risk , *RISK perception - Abstract
Geospatial analysis is useful for mapping the potential of renewables like solar PV. However, recent studies do not address PV's bankable potential for which project financing can be secured. This paper proposes a framework that incorporates project finance into geospatial analyses to obtain the bankable potential of renewables. We demonstrate our framework for Indonesia, and compare the bankable potential with the socio-economic potential mostly used in literature. Using average inputs On average, the technical potential is 12,200 TWh/year and the socio-economic potential is 152.7 TWh/year if capped by 2030 demand (34% coverage). Considering PV's financing risks, PV's bankable potential is 16.0 TWh under current conditions if capped by 2030 demand (3.6% coverage). Both economic potentials are mainly in East Indonesia and absent on Java due to tariffs and land availability. For the bankable potential, the risk perception by banks and investors is another key influence. With a feed-in tariff of 11.5 US¢(2021)/kWh and temporary lift of import restrictions, the bankable potential is 23 TWh if capped by 2030 demand (5.2% coverage) and spreads to Java. For more widespread bankability, additional temporary measures are recommended until the PV's costs have decreased further and trust by financial institutions has increased. • Geospatial analysis with project finance for PV's bankable potential in Indonesia. • Technical PV potential (8,077 TWh/year) meets future demand in all areas but Java. • Up to 26.2 TWh/year bankable under current conditions, mostly in rural areas. • Short-term policies spread potential to rest of country (up to 348.6 TWh/year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Fish to fight: Does catching more fish increase conflicts in Indonesia?
- Author
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Lu, Yifan and Yamazaki, Satoshi
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL resources , *FISHERIES , *VIOLENCE , *MARINE resources - Abstract
To what extent do marine-based economic activities influence the onset of violent conflict? Despite ongoing debate over several decades around the relationship between natural resources and violent conflict, little of the relevant research has addressed the marine environment. Based on satellite data in Indonesia, this paper exploited geographical variations in ocean productivity to provide new evidence on the relationship between fisheries and violent conflict. Using a search-by-radius approach, we compiled a sample of 757 cells to represent spatial interactions and spillovers between land-based conflicts and catch landings on the sea. We found that both industrial and non-industrial catches exhibit a statistically significant positive influence on the occurrence of conflict events. Additionally, increased illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) catches are more likely than legal catches to cause violent conflict. An increase in fish catches in Indonesian waters fuels conflict of every kind, among which protests and riots are most sensitive to fisheries while fighting and terrorism are least sensitive. Overall, these empirical findings support the hypothesis that increased competition for common-pool resources contributes to the onset of violent conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A qualitative analysis of health information-sharing networks in the Indonesian poultry sector.
- Author
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Chapot, L., Hibbard, R., Ariyanto, K.B., Maulana, K.Y., Yusuf, H., Febriyani, W., Cameron, A., Paul, M., Faverjon, C., and Vergne, T.
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH information systems , *BUSINESS networks , *HEALTH care networks , *VALUE chains , *POULTRY , *ANIMAL health , *POULTRY manure - Abstract
Animal production systems are developing into increasingly complex value chains involving a large diversity of actors with multiple and dynamic linkages, concurrently creating many opportunities for disease spread. Access to timely and good-quality animal health information is vital for designing effective disease management strategies. However, several factors may hamper information flows along those chains. Understanding the structure and dynamics of information networks is essential to develop effective and acceptable health information systems. We applied a qualitative network approach to understand how information about poultry health is generated, disseminated and used for decision-making along the poultry value chain in Indonesia. Maps of the value chain and information networks were generated based on data from key informant interviews to illustrate the linkages and information-sharing patterns between stakeholders. Four types of farm business models were identified: company-owned, contract, partnership and independent. Although companies and most independent farmers collected health and production data routinely, their systems were strongly siloed and still relied on a mix of digital and paper-based methods, which impaired their analytical capacity. Technical service providers from the upstream sector and industry associations were identified as key intermediaries in the information-sharing network with the ability to create informal bridges between separate business networks and public actors. These actors can play a strategic role in the development of integrated information systems to improve stakeholders' capacity to monitor, anticipate and manage disease threats at all levels of the value chain. This study contributes to fill an important knowledge gap regarding the layer sector and may help decision-makers to design effective policies and interventions tailored to the type of business model. • The layer sector is fragmented, with a large proportion of independent farmers. • Health and production data is managed in siloed systems. • The lack of formal data-sharing mechanisms impairs capacity for surveillance and forecasting. • Private service providers have a central role in informal information-sharing networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Smallholders do not Eat Certificates.
- Author
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Glasbergen, Pieter
- Subjects
- *
FARM produce , *SUSTAINABILITY , *CERTIFICATION , *AGRICULTURAL productivity , *SUSTAINABLE agriculture , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Voluntary standards and certification schemes aim to play an important role in the creation of a more sustainable production of agricultural commodities in the South. In this paper, we contend that most studies on the sustainability of these certifications take the objectives of voluntary standard-setting and certifying arrangements as the reference point, thereby implicitly accepting a problem definition that is not necessarily aligned with the needs, interests and preferences of the smallholder producers in a developing context. Based on the results of a four years research project on coffee and palm oil smallholders and certifications in Indonesia, this paper questions the transformative capacity of the standards and certifications regarding a more sustainable agricultural production. This capacity is located at the interface of the global demands, which are channeled down from the top of the value chain, and the local context where local producers take their decisions. Based on the empirical research it is argued that voluntary standards and certifications pave the way for a more sustainable agricultural production, but are not necessarily the right way forward to a more systemic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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40. Can Geographical Indications Modernize Indonesian and Vietnamese Agriculture? Analyzing the Role of National and Local Governments and Producers’ Strategies.
- Author
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Durand, Claire and Fournier, Stéphane
- Subjects
- *
AGRICULTURE , *MODERNIZATION (Social science) , *SELF-reliant living , *LAW ,INDONESIAN politics & government - Abstract
Summary This paper investigates the way Geographical Indications (GIs) are implemented by national and local governments in Indonesia and Vietnam. The two States are active at all stages of GI development, from the selection of the products candidates for GI registration to the supervision of the GI implementation. Thanks to the involvement of national experts from public agencies in the establishment of the Codes of Practices (CoP), they are able to push for the substitution of traditional local techniques with “good practices” (i.e., mostly those recommended by research centers worldwide). Thus, they put GIs at the service of agricultural modernization when GIs apply more conventionally to specific products based on traditional know-how. However, the implementation of the CoPs and thus the achievement of this objective of modernization depend on the perceived interest of producers in the whole GI dynamic. Indeed, the cases studied in Indonesia and Vietnam highlight the variable level of participation of local producers in the GI. In the four studied cases, the CoPs are mainly based on expert knowledge which differs from the actual practices of farmers and processors. Moreover, GIs are implemented in order to create or reinforce reputations rather than legally protecting preexisting ones. For these two reasons, producers’ motivation to invest in GI certification is weak, which makes difficult the necessary collective involvement. In both countries, the involvement of local governments in GI construction and management modifies the situation. Thanks to their knowledge of local situations and stakes, they are more likely than national experts to identify the most strategic supply chains at local level, enable participatory approaches in GI construction and facilitate the involvement of local producers in the GI managing group. But if competences have been given to local governments in the Indonesian and Vietnamese legal frameworks, the distribution of roles between central and provincial governments in GIs are not clearly enough specified. The nature and the importance of local public intervention differ from one case to another. Finally, this paper recognizes the legitimacy of State intervention in GI development, at least as long as producers’ awareness of GIs is still low. However, this State intervention should not only let enough space for producers in GI governance, but also design a frame for arousing their interest and adhesion and for facilitating their collective involvement. That may be facilitated by a concrete and clearly established decentralization of competences in national policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. A fractional model for the dynamics of competition between commercial and rural banks in Indonesia.
- Author
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Fatmawati, Khan, Muhammad Altaf, Azizah, Muftiyatul, Windarto, and Ullah, Saif
- Subjects
- *
COMMUNITY banks , *BANKING industry , *CAPUTO fractional derivatives , *GENETIC algorithms - Abstract
• This paper presents a parameter estimation of Lotka–Volterra competition model by using genetic algorithm method. • Parameter estimation is done based on annual profit data of commercial and rural banks in Indonesia. • Next, the competition model between commercial and rural banks in Indonesia is explored in the fractional sense. • The fractional model is examined through the Atangana and Baleanu and Caputo derivative. • Comparison of Atangana-Baleanu and Caputo derivative in the form of graphical results for various values of the fractional order parameters are presented. In the present paper, we propose a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of competition between commercial and rural banks in Indonesia through two different fractional operators Atangana-Baleanu and Caputo. We present a parameter estimation of the Lotka–Volterra competition model by using the genetic algorithm method. Parameter estimation is done based on annual profit data of commercial and rural banks in Indonesia. The estimation results capable to predict the profit of commercial and rural banks every year which is not much different from the real data. Next, the competition model between commercial and rural banks in Indonesia is explored in the fractional sense of Atangana–Baleanu and Caputo derivative. The fractional model is examined through the Atangana–Baleanu and Caputo fractional derivative and present the results. A recent numerical procedure is used to obtain the graphical results using various values of the fractional order parameter for the dynamics of the model. A comparison of both the operators for various values of the fractional order parameters are given. We discussed briefly the results and then summarized briefly in section conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Sultanates and the Making of Nationhood in Indonesia and Malaysia.
- Author
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Ikhwan, Hakimul and Aidulsyah, Fachri
- Subjects
- *
RELIGIOUS identity , *ISLAM ,BRITISH colonies - Abstract
This paper seeks to answer the question of how the sultanates of Malaysia maintained their authority in the current nation-state era as almost all of Indonesia's hundreds of sultanates (except for the Sultanate of Yogyakarta in Java) lost formal power. It proposes three findings. First, Dutch and British colonialism had different legacies in Indonesia and Malaysia, respectively. Second, following their independence, Indonesia and Malaysia adopted different government systems, with the former becoming a unitary republic and the latter becoming a federal state; consequently, the sultanates of Indonesia had to submit themselves to the central government in Indonesia, whereas those in Malaysia were given broader space to exercise their authority within a federal state. Third, the sultanates of Malaysia have a two-layered identity, resulting from the convergence of ethnic Malay and Islamic identities that eventually strengthened the Sultanate's authority and legitimacy in the eyes of the people and the federal state; conversely, convergence between ethnic and religious identity was limited in Indonesia's sultanates, subsequently undermining the sultans' ability to uphold authority and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Destruction from sky: Weakly supervised approach for destruction detection in satellite imagery.
- Author
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Ali, Muhammad Usman, Sultani, Waqas, and Ali, Mohsen
- Subjects
- *
REMOTE-sensing images , *DEEP learning , *SOURCE code , *SKY - Abstract
Natural and man-made disasters cause huge damage to built infrastructures and results in loss of human lives. The rehabilitation efforts and rescue operations are hampered by the non-availability of accurate and timely information regarding the location of damaged infrastructure and its extent. In this paper, we model the destruction in satellite imagery using a deep learning model employing a weakly-supervised approach. In stark contrast to previous approaches, instead of solving the problem as change detection (using pre and post-event images), we model to identify destruction itself using a single post-event image. To overcome the challenge of collecting pixel-level ground truth data mostly used during training, we only assume image-level labels, representing either destruction is present (at any location) in a given image or not. The proposed attention-based mechanism learns to identify the image-patches with destruction automatically under the sparsity constraint. Furthermore, to reduce false-positive and improve segmentation quality, a hard negative mining technique has been proposed that results in considerable improvement over baseline. To validate our approach, we have collected a new dataset containing destruction and non-destruction images from Indonesia, Yemen, Japan, and Pakistan. On testing-dataset, we obtained excellent destruction results with pixel-level accuracy of 93% and patch level accuracy of 91%. The source code and dataset will be made publicly available.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies.
- Author
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Ahmad, Fayyaz, Draz, Muhammad Umar, Su, Lijuan, and Rauf, Abdul
- Subjects
- *
ECOTOURISM , *ENVIRONMENTAL degradation , *MIDDLE-income countries , *POLLUTION , *TOURISM impact , *ENVIRONMENTAL quality - Abstract
The contribution of tourism to economic development is an open secret but it is a double-edged sword. The opportunity cost for this significant share is environmental degradation without required measures to protect the environment. Using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squared approach from 1995 to 2014, this study aims to explore the nexus between tourism and environmental pollution for three lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies: Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. This paper uses carbon emissions as a proxy for environmental pollution against tourist arrivals with a few control variables for analysis. The Zivot-Andrews unit root test is applied to deal with structural breaks in data and the Gregory-Hansen test for robustness. The results confirm a negative impact of tourism on the environment for Indonesia and the Philippines; however, tourism improves the environmental quality of Vietnam. This implies that the relationship varies for different countries in the same region, depending on the country-specific characteristics and corresponding policies to protect the environment. The impact of governmental policies also differs for high and lower middle-income countries as one size cannot fit all. This study provides a comprehensive milieu of the impact of tourism on the environment. The identified dominant factors can guide Southeast Asian and other developing countries' governments at all levels in systematically formulating policies; by using these policies, carbon emissions from tourism can be reduced efficiently, resulting in sustainable development in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Monitoring, forecasting collapse events, and mapping pyroclastic deposits at Sinabung volcano with satellite imagery.
- Author
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Pallister, John, Wessels, Rick, Griswold, Julie, McCausland, Wendy, Kartadinata, Nugraha, Gunawan, Hendra, Budianto, Agus, and Primulyana, Sofyan
- Subjects
- *
VOLCANIC eruptions , *REMOTE-sensing images , *VOLCANOES , *LAVA domes , *LAVA flows , *VOLCANIC ash, tuff, etc. , *DATA distribution - Abstract
During the ongoing (2013–present) eruption of Sinabung volcano, north Sumatra, we have routinely used a variety of satellite remote sensing data to observe and forecast lava dome and lava flow collapse events, to map the resulting pyroclastic deposits, and to estimate effusion rates. In this paper, we focus on the first two years of the current eruption (September 2013–December 2015), and we summarize major events in 2016. We divide the eruption into 5 major phases: 1) phreatomagmatic (July 2013–18 December 2013), 2) first dome growth and collapse (18 December 2013–10 January 2014), 3) lava-flow (10 January 2014–mid-September 2014), 4) second lava dome and collapse (mid-September 2014–July 2015), 5) lava dome collapse and ash explosion phase (August 2015–present). Throughout the eruption, remotely sensed information has been instrumental in assessing the stability of the lava dome and flow and to forecast collapse events that produce pyroclastic density currents (PDCs: block-and-ash flows, co-ignimbrite surges, and blasts). Forecasts based on remote sensing data in combination with seismic, geodetic and gas-monitoring data have also helped inform decisions related to alert levels and evacuations. Relatively unusual aspects of the Sinabung eruption include the transition from dome to flow morphology (phase 2 to phase 3 transition) and the frequent occurrence during phase 3 of collapses from the lava flow-front and flow-margins—collapses that produced extensive pyroclastic density currents. By analogy to the well-known "Merapi type" collapses and pyroclastic deposits, we propose that lava flow-front and flow-margin collapses with associated PDCs be known as "Sinabung type." Although detailed study of deposits has not been possible due to continuing hazards, our observations suggest that the transition from lava dome to lava flow and the occurrence of flow-front and flow-margin collapses reflect a particular combination of lava viscosity and steepness of slope. Our observations also show clear evidence of at least one slope-parallel high-velocity and dilute PDC (a "blast") that emanated from a lava-margin collapse site 500 m downslope from the vent. This 1 February 2014 blast downed and singed a forest out to at least 3.9 km from the collapse site and killed 16 people. We also use a combination of field and remotely sensed data to map the distribution of Sinabung deposits. We estimate eruptive volumes and extrusion rates by combining sequential measurements of lava surface and pyroclastic flow areas with thickness estimates derived from simple geometric assumptions, oblique photographs and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from remotely sensed data. Our estimates of short-term effusion rates vary widely on a daily to weekly basis, from <1 to >20 m3 s−1. In a few cases, periods of increased extrusion precede lava flow-front collapses by a few days to a week, suggesting delays in transmittance of effusion pulses as lava moves from vent to flow front. We find that, as of 1 January 2016, the total area of deposits is 107 m2, and their approximate deposit volume is about 0.3 km3, equivalent to 0.2 km3 Dense Rock Equivalent (DRE). We anticipate that our deposit maps will be valuable in the future as a framework for the study of the magmatic and textural evolution of eruptive products through time. • Satellite remote sensing was used with and ground-based monitoring was used to issue warnings and reduce risk during the eruption of Sinabung volcano. • Eruption rates and volumes and distribution of lava and pyroclastic deposits were determined with remote sensing. • Unusual lava flow front and margin collapses were deadly; eruptions with these types of collapses are deemed "Sinabung type." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Characterization of bone surface modifications on an Early to Middle Pleistocene bird assemblage from Mata Menge (Flores, Indonesia) using multifocus and confocal microscopy.
- Author
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Meijer, Hanneke J.M., d'Errico, Francesco, Queffelec, Alain, Kurniawan, Iwan, Setiabudi, Erick, Sutisna, Indra, Brumm, Adam, and van den Bergh, Gerrit D.
- Subjects
- *
TAPHONOMY , *CONFOCAL microscopy , *SURFACE analysis , *MATERIALS testing , *BIRDS , *HUMAN evolution - Abstract
Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) is a key region for the study of human evolution. New fossil and archaeological evidence, from several islands, suggests an Early to Middle Pleistocene colonisation date by hominins. A taphonomic framework, however, such as that exists for Africa, is currently lacking, and taphonomical studies of ISEA vertebrate assemblages are very limited. In this paper, we apply multifocus and confocal microscopy to surface modifications on an Early to Middle Pleistocene avian assemblage from Mata Menge, in the So'a Basin of central Flores, Indonesia, with the aim of characterizing material and testing the relevance of 3D reconstructions to study the taphonomy of ISEA bone assemblages. Our observations document a number of bone surface modifications, including individual parallel grooves, overlapping spindle-like striations, elongated impacts, short composite grooves, and rows of pits. These features suggest that several taphonomic agents were at play during and after the accumulation of the Mata Menge small vertebrate assemblage. We find no unambiguous evidence for the exploitation of birds by the So'a Basin hominins, or for hominins being a significant accumulating agent of avian remains at Mata Menge. However, our work should be seen as preliminary, as direct comparative data on relevant biological agents are lacking. The markedly distinct faunal composition and climatic regimes of many Southeast Asian islands, and the potential use of different tools by hominins, warrants the development of a comprehensive taphonomical framework that is specifically relevant for ISEA. • A taphonomic framework for bone assemblages from Insular Southeast Asia is lacking. • We apply 3D microscopy to an avian bone assemblage from Mata Menge, Flores. • We document a number of intriguing bone surface modifications. • This suggests a role for several taphonomic agents during or after accumulation. • We find no unambiguous evidence for exploitation of birds by So'a Basin hominins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Investing in school readiness: A comparison of different early childhood education pathways in rural Indonesia.
- Author
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Nakajima, Nozomi, Hasan, Amer, Jung, Haeil, Brinkman, Sally, Pradhan, Menno, and Kinnell, Angela
- Subjects
- *
READINESS for school , *EARLY childhood education , *EDUCATION of mothers , *QUALITY of service - Abstract
• Children pursue a variety of pathways through early childhood education. • Household wealth, maternal education and service quality predict pathways. • A full course of early education at the right age is linked to higher test scores. This paper documents that children in rural Indonesia participate in a great variety of early childhood education pathways. Three key factors predict early education pathways: household wealth, mother's education, and the quality of available services. We also find that children who enrolled in playgroup programs at age 3–4 followed by kindergarten programs at age 5–6 scored significantly higher on primary school tests than those enrolled only in playgroup programs or only in kindergarten programs. This suggests that the sequence of these pathways is important for future learning. We also provide illustrative estimates of the cost-effectiveness of different pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Recycled Rubber Fiber Reinforced Bearings (RR-FRBs) as base isolators for residential buildings in developing countries: The demonstration building of Pasir Badak, Indonesia.
- Author
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Calabrese, A., Losanno, D., Spizzuoco, M., Strano, S., and Terzo, M.
- Subjects
- *
DWELLINGS , *BASE isolation system , *RUBBER bearings , *FINITE element method , *RUBBER ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
• RR-FRBs are extremely light-weight and low-cost. • RR-FRBs could be widely employed as an effective seismic risk mitigation technology. • The performances of RR-FRBs are generally as good as those of conventional devices. • Response of RR-FRBs base isolated building match those obtained with FPS and LRB. • Results of RHAs show a significant reduction of the seismic demand in the structure. The aftermath of the Mw 7.1 Central Mexico earthquake struck at 13:14 CDT on 19 September 2017 confirmed, once again, the need of introducing seismic mitigation technologies that can effectively be implemented on a wide scale to reduce the seismic risk in developing regions of the world. With this in mind, the aim of this paper is the validation of Recycled Rubber-Fiber Reinforced Bearings (RR-FRBs) as base isolation devices for low-cost houses in developing counties. Results of Response History Analyses (RHAs) of a RR-FRBs base isolated residential building are discussed in this work, together with the design, Finite Element Analyses (FEAs), manufacturing and testing of full-scale prototype bearings for the building under investigation. In addition, the seismic performance of the RR-FRBs base isolated structure is compared to the response of the same building when isolated at the base with conventional devices, namely Laminated Rubber Bearings (LRBs) and Friction Pendulum Systems (FPSs). Results of this work underline the high potential of these low-cost bearings as base isolation devices for residential buildings, confirming the possibility of achieving a significant improvement of the seismic performance of ordinary structures by using the low-cost and easy to manufacture RR-FRBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Urbanisation, dietary change and traditional food practices in Indonesia: A longitudinal analysis.
- Author
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Colozza, David and Avendano, Mauricio
- Subjects
- *
DIET & psychology , *FOOD , *CONVENIENCE foods , *DIET , *ECOLOGY , *FOOD habits , *METROPOLITAN areas , *CULTURAL pluralism , *RURAL conditions , *SOCIAL change , *TIME , *ECONOMIC status , *RESIDENTIAL patterns , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *WESTERN diet , *ECONOMICS ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The nutrition transition hypothesis poses that as low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) become wealthier and more urbanised, they experience a shift in dietary consumption towards 'Western' diets high in sugars, fats, animal-source foods, processed and packaged products. This paper uses panel data covering a period of 23 years to examine how changes in the urban environment relate to food expenditures, dietary diversity and traditional practices (food self-production and sharing) in Indonesia, a country that has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanisation over the last few decades. We first examine trends separately for urban and rural areas, and then use fixed effect models to examine whether change in urban residence is associated with changes in food expenditures, traditional practices, and overall dietary diversity. Results show that, despite some increases in acquisitions of animal-source foods and of packaged and ready-made foods, budget allocations for other food groups has remained constant, and that changes have largely occurred in parallel across urban and rural areas. In turn, traditional diets high in cereal and plant products, as well as traditional food practices continue to be dominant in both rural and urban areas, despite the context of rapid socio-economic change and urbanisation. Fixed effect regression suggests that transition from rural to urban residence is not significantly associated with changes in food expenditures for any of the outcomes examined. On the other hand, there is some evidence that moving specifically to Jakarta is associated with some change towards 'Western' food preferences. • Limited evidence of shift to "Western" dietary patterns for 13 Indonesian provinces (1993–2015). • Little or no change in expenditures for foods associated with the local traditional diet. • Urban residence not associated with "Western" dietary patterns except for Jakarta. • Pace of change similar in urban and rural areas; faster in rural areas for some foods. • Traditional food practices (self-production, transfers) retained in both urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Pyrethroid residues in Indonesian river Citarum: A simple analytical method applied for an ecological and human health risk assessment.
- Author
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Ariyani, Miranti, Yusiasih, Retno, Endah, Een Sri, Koesmawati, Tiny Agustini, Ridwan, Yohanes Susanto, Rohman, Oman, Wulan, Diana Rahayuning, Amran, Muhammad Bachri, and Pitoi, Mariska Margaret
- Subjects
- *
HEALTH risk assessment , *PYRETHROIDS , *ENVIRONMENTAL health , *DELTAMETHRIN , *CYPERMETHRIN , *BIFENTHRIN , *ECOSYSTEM health - Abstract
Pyrethroid residues in the Citarum River, Indonesia, was first investigated based on their occurrences, water assimilative capacity, and risk assessment. In this paper, first, a relatively simple and efficient method was built and validated for analysis of seven pyrethroids in a river water matrix: bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin. Next, the validated method was used to analyze pyrethroids in the Citarum River. Three pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in some sampling points with concentration up to 0.01 mg/L. Water assimilative capacity evaluation shows that β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin pollution exceed the Citarum river water capacity. However, due to hydrophobicity properties of pyrethroids, removal through binding to sediments are expected. Ecotoxicity risk assessment shows that β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin pose risks to the aquatic organisms in the Citarum River and its tributaries through bioaccumulation in food chain. Based on bioconcentration factors of the detected pyrethroids, β-cyfluthrin poses the highest adverse effect to humans while cypermethrin is the safest. Human risk assessment based on hazard index suggests that acute non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin is unlikely. However, hazard quotient shows that chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to consuming fish from the study location polluted with β-cyfluthrin is likely. However, since the risk assessment was performed separately for each pyrethroid, further assessment on the impact of mixture pyrethroid to aquatic organisms and humans should be performed to explore the real impact of pyrethroids to the river system. [Display omitted] • Pyrethroids occurrence and risk assessment in the Citarum River was first reported. • A simple and efficient method was built and validated for pyrethroids analysis. • β-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, were detected in the Citarum River. • β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin have exceeded the Citarum river water capacity. • Chronic non-carcinogenic risk associated to β-cyfluthrin is likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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