Search

The forerunner of CPB and its arms, NPR and PBS, the NAEB developed and distributed educational radio programs and accompanying print materials to schools and communities across the United States. What’s more, the NAEB lobbied extensively to unlock the airwaves—to access precious frequency space—in order to bring the voices of poet Robert Frost, architect Frank Lloyd Wright, anthropologist Margaret Mead, and conservationist “Ranger Mac,” among many other individuals, into American homes and classrooms. The NAEB’s history is the dramatic story of idealists who believed in the utopian possibilities of technology for education and social uplift and who faced considerable challenges in pursuit of those goals, including economic depression, world war, and the scarcity of the electromagnetic spectrum. It’s a story that has much to tell us about 20th century American culture, as well as the 21st century’s environment of online educational technology and podcasting that we live in today. Despite its historic importance and contemporary relevance, most of the NAEB members’ programs were never heard again after their initial brief moments on the air. The archives for the radio programs and their related paper documentation have been split for over 25 years between two institutions: the University of Maryland and the Wisconsin Historical Society. Unlocking the Airwaves reunites the split collections, finally realizing the potential of the collections of the NAEB for exploration and and the broader public.

When it comes to the race for the White House, have you ever wondered what becomes of those who finished behind the victor? Even those who did not have a successful campaign–regardless of party–still constitute an important, yet often-overlooked body of archival records in most cases. The diversity of candidates and where their manuscript collections ultimately end up is an interesting study in how their respective legacies are preserved. This panel will explore various aspects of political records, including the topic's background, acquisition stories, and examples of research use. An emphasis will be placed on advocating for resources needed to process and make these collections complete and dynamic. Individual examples will include Bill Bradley, Thomas E. Dewey, George McGovern, and Adlai Stevenson among others whose legacies have lived on past Election Day.

Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) has been used to measure trace quantities of analytes and cost-effective paper-based SERS substrates have been used in the field to detect heroin and fentanyl in low-resource settings. However, due to the inherent properties of paper and the manufacturing process, these SERS substrates have limited capabilities in detection of lipophilic and hydrophobic analytes. This is of critical importance in markets such as the detection of delta9-THC, which is found in trace amounts (parts per billion) in saliva of intoxicated drivers. In this defense, I will show the how the paper-based SERS substrate manufacturing process can be modified to allow for the detection of hydrophobic analytes. Then, I will show how an alternative detection protocol can be applied to concentrate and measure larger volumes of hydrophobic analytes in an aqueous solution.

We analyze the development and influence of turbulence in three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of guide-field magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause with parameters based on observations of an electron diffusion region by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. Along the separatrices the turbulence is a variant of the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI) that produces electric field fluctuations with amplitudes much greater than the reconnection electric field. The turbulence controls the scale length of the density and current profiles while enabling significant transport across the magnetopause despite the electrons remaining frozen-in to the magnetic field. Near the X-line the electrons are not frozen-in and the turbulence, which differs from the LHDI, makes a significant net contribution to the generalized Ohm's law through an anomalous viscosity. The characteristics of the turbulence and associated particle transport are consistent with fluctuation amplitudes in the MMS observations. However, for this event the simulations suggest that the MMS spacecraft were not close enough to the core of the electron diffusion region to identify the region where anomalous viscosity is important.

Geof Huth describes how he changed archives and records management systems and practices at the New York State Unified Court system through a process of conversation and quick and wrenching change.

We analyze the development and influence of turbulence in three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of guide-field magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause with parameters based on observations of an electron diffusion region by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. Along the separatrices the turbulence is a variant of the lower hybrid drift instability (LHDI) that produces electric field fluctuations with amplitudes much greater than the reconnection electric field. The turbulence controls the scale length of the density and current profiles while enabling significant transport across the magnetopause despite the electrons remaining frozen-in to the magnetic field. Near the X-line the electrons are not frozen-in and the turbulence, which differs from the LHDI, makes a significant net contribution to the generalized Ohm's law through an anomalous viscosity. The characteristics of the turbulence and associated particle transport are consistent with fluctuation amplitudes in the MMS observations. However, for this event the simulations suggest that the MMS spacecraft were not close enough to the core of the electron diffusion region to identify the region where anomalous viscosity is important.

The food-energy-water (FEW) nexus is increasingly emphasized and prioritized as a framework for research, technology, and policy to deal with complex socio-environmental problems. Producing food in sufficient quantity and of sufficient quality, ensuring enough but not too much water, and generating energy, all to meet human needs and desires, requires an understanding of how those goals complement or counteract one another in specific places and through specific processes. FEW nexus research focuses on understanding the interconnections among each system, in order to provide a more complete picture about the causes and consequences of changes within and across aspects of those systems. This paper synthesizes the current state of thinking and research in FEW nexus field. We first overview the systems underpinnings of the FEW nexus as a conceptual framework, and identify the assumptions, similarities and contrasts among the most cited models from current literature. Several analytical approaches – coupled systems, ecosystem services, flows and risk analysis – are emerging as key tools for conducting interdisciplinary FEW nexus research, and we identify their conceptual connections to systems thinking broadly as well as the specific assumptions that each make about the relationships among systems. Finally, based on expert consultations and assessment of current data availability, we highlight several topical areas of contemporary relevance for FEW nexus research at various scales. Characterizing the conceptual, analytical and empirical similarities and distinctions among approaches to FEW nexus research with a starting point for identifying innovative research questions and approaches.

"Papers and Parchments" tells the story of large archives projects in New York State carried out by the New York State Unified Court System, the Dutchess County Department of History, and the New York State Archives. This presentation covers the issues that arise when addressing bodies of records that are both very old and voluminous. The focus of the talk is on how to properly describe, manage, and make such records available.

Presentation from the MARAC conference in Newark, NJ on April 20–22, 2017. S5: From Ballot Box to Document Box: Exploring Contemporary Challenges with Congressional Papers

Dear Reader, you are invited to experience the creative process, execution, pedagogy, failures, and visceral response of Render Edit – a semester-long project that culminated in an evening-length dance theatre event of three simultaneous performances in one space with subdivided stages and audiences. Render Edit asked audiences to engage with a scaffolding that concealed and revealed emotional arcs and structural narrative via movement, sound, and prop. This document is meant to provide you something sustainable, concrete, and explanatory to the dance’s ephemeral experience. Both dance and document are a womanifesto of challenge and agency. Both are meant to be duplicitous, triangulated, and experienced from multiple points of view. Both were completed in partial fulfillment and challenge of the Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Maryland’s School of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies.

The needs of an ever growing human population are fueling demands for better and cheaper sensors for the early detection of harmful chemicals, pathogens and diseases markers from a variety of sources such as food, water, bodily fluids and contaminated surfaces. To address this, recent innovations utilize Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology to integrate multiple laboratory functions onto millimeter-sized chips to form Micro Total Analysis Systems (µTAS) or Lab-on-chip (LOC) devices. While sophisticated and powerful, the use of these devices for chemical and biological sensing is limited by complicated fabrication processes, high cost and robustness of the sensors. In this work we have developed a simple and inexpensive but exceptionally sensitive portable chemical and biological sensing platform through the innovative use of paper combined with Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Paper is functionalized with plasmonic nanostructures to transform it into a SERS substrate, while the natural properties of paper are leveraged for sample collection, cleanup, and analyte concentration in user-friendly formats such as wipes, dipsticks, and filters. The use of simple deposition methods such as inkjet printing for sensor fabrication combined with paper as the construction material means that sensors can be made at a very low cost. Additionally, the ability to be printed on demand eliminates issues with sensor shelf-life, while the absence of mechanical components makes these paper sensors much more robust than conventional sensors. In this work, practical applications of paper SERS sensors for the detection of food contaminants, narcotics, pesticides and other chemicals at trace levels are presented. Paper SERS sensors, by virtue of their low cost, simplicity of fabrication, high sensitivity and ease of use, promises to make chemical and biological sensing more accessible to the common user.

Many researchers extensively interact with documents using both computers and paper printouts, which provide an opposite set of supports. Paper is comfortable to read from and write on, and it is flexible to be arranged in space; computers provide an efficient way to archive, transfer, search, and edit information. However, due to the gap between the two media, it is difficult to seamlessly integrate them together to optimize the user's experience of document interaction. Existing solutions either sacrifice inherent paper flexibility or support very limited digital functionality on paper. In response, we have proposed PapierCraft, a novel paper-based interface that supports rich digital facilities on paper without sacrificing paper's flexibility. By employing the emerging digital pen technique and multimodal pen-top feedback, PapierCraft allows people to use a digital pen to draw gesture marks on a printout, which are captured, interpreted, and applied to the corresponding digital copy. Conceptually, the pen and the paper form a paper-based computer, able to interact with other paper sheets and computing devices for operations like copy/paste, hyperlinking, and web searches. Furthermore, it retains the full range of paper advantages through the light-weighted, pen-paper-only interface. By combining the advantages of paper and digital media and by supporting the smooth transition between them, PapierCraft bridges the paper-computer gap. The contributions of this dissertation focus on four respects. First, to accommodate the static nature of paper, we proposed a pen-gesture command system that does not rely on screen-rendered feedback, but rather on the self-explanatory pen ink left on the paper. Second, for more interactive tasks, such as searching for keywords on paper, we explored pen-top multimodal (e.g. auditory, visual, and tactile) feedback that enhances the command system without sacrificing the inherent paper flexibility. Third, we designed and implemented a

Business journalism comes under persistent criticism for serving its historic readership of brokers and business people while lacking sufficient autonomy and failing to sufficiently question or challenge powerful corporate and economic interests. This is a dominant theme in media criticism of the savings and loan crisis⁠ and 2008 financial crisis.⁠ Against this backdrop, this dissertation asks: Is this critique valid, and if so, how can business journalism improve? To engage these questions, this dissertation examines the question of autonomy in business journalism in an unlikely place: the trade press. The central case study is coverage of the savings and loan crisis by the National Thrift News, a small financial services newspaper that won a George Polk award for its reporting in 1988. How could a small trade newspaper succeed in some instances when larger news organizations failed to connect the dots? The National Thrift News created a newsroom environment that celebrated reporter autonomy and independence. In some cases, it used its insider knowledge and consistent beat reporting to serve both its core readers and the broader society by uncovering savings and loan corruption. This study will highlight a long-running debate among theorists of journalistic professionalism by arguing that the commercial and advertising model in journalism does not inevitably compromise journalistic independence⁠ but rather can help pave a way forward for a more independent press. It therefore challenges the political economy critique of journalism, which holds that external forces such as capitalism harm press independence. This case suggests journalistic independence and individual agency remain powerful forces in newsrooms. Lastly, the dissertation argues that in an era of media downsizing, the trade press can perform an even more useful watchdog role over industry if the mainstream news media acknowledges and pursues some of the innovative trade reporting.

A number of studies reveal a strong linkage between SC use and avoiding positiveurine creens. Despite this work and given the high rates of criminal justice supervision among Black men in the U.S., little is known about SC usage among Black men under criminal justice supervision. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 Black men under criminal justice supervision treated by an urban ED for violent injury. Themes that emerged from the analysis include 1) prevalence of use, 2)health literacy, 3) availability and costs, 4) negative side effects, and 5) criminal justice supervision. Criminal justice supervision policies are a contributing factor to SC use among Black men under criminal justice supervision.

Much academic research on computer security has followed a perfectionist approach, seeking a system so secure that it cannot be penetrated. However, in reality security is breached and systems are penetrated. This working paper outlines some preliminary concepts for thinking about such less fortunate circumstances. It also reviews a hardware mechanism called security master for addressing them.

Much academic research on computer security has followed a perfectionist approach, seeking a system so secure that it cannot be penetrated. However, in reality security is breached and systems are penetrated. This working paper outlines some preliminary concepts for thinking about such less fortunate circumstances. It also reviews a hardware mechanism called security master for addressing them.

In order to improve human health it is critical to develop low-cost sensors for chemical detection and healthcare applications. Low-cost chemical detectors can enable pervasive monitoring to identify health threats. Rapid yet accessible infectious disease diagnostics have the potential to improve patient quality of care, reduce healthcare costs and speed recovery. In both cases, when multiple targets can be detected with a single test (multiplexing), accessibility is improved through lowered costs and simplicity of operation. In this work we have investigated the practical considerations and applications of ink-jet printed paper surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) devices. SERS enables specific simultaneous detection of numerous analytes using a single excitation source and detector. Sensitive detection is demonstrated in several real-world applications. We use a low-cost portable spectrometer for detection, further emphasizing the potential for on-site detection. These ink-jet printed devices are then used to develop a novel DNA detection assay, in which the multiplexing capabilities of SERS are combined with DNA amplification through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this assay, the chromatographic properties of paper are leveraged to perform discrimination within the substrate itself. As a test case, this assay is then used to perform duplex detection of the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) genes mecA and femB, two genes which confer antibiotic resistance on MRSA. Finally, we explore statistical multiplexing methods to enable this assay to be applied to perform highly-multiplexed detection gene targets (5+), and demonstrate the differentiation of these samples using partial least-squares regression (PLS). By averaging the signal over a region of the SERS substrate, substrate variability was mitigated allowing effective identification and differentiation, even for the co

This is a conceptual paper to study the effects of external factors on public perceptions of social welfare. The study reviews literature on the history of social welfare during the presidencies of Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, and William Clinton. The paper goes on to analyze three factors that play role on perceptions. These factors are values, environmental factors (economics and politics), and the media. Studies and surveys from Gilens, Gilliam, Los Angeles Times, and the National Election study were analyzed and discussed throughout the paper in the context of factors that influence perceptions. The factors outlined in the paper are analyzed using the theoretical framework of symbolic-interactionism. Symbolic-interactionism states that people act toward things based on the meaning those things have to them; and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation (Blumer, 1969).The model is appropriate for this inquiry because it allows the reader to understand how public perceptions are influenced. Minimal biased methods were used for acquiring literature for the paper. A number of databases in fields such as sociology, social sciences, psychology, and economics were used to acquire literature on the topic. Methods for conducting future research on the effects of experience on perceptions and attitudes towards welfare are provided. The findings of the paper include the types of factors that play a role on perceptions (values, environmental factors, and media), what factor appears to be most influential (media) and whether public perceptions of welfare has changed over time. Conclusions from the literature are drawn that states that living in society plays a key role in how perceptions are made, but the individual’s interpretation of the information should be taken into consideration. The paper ends with recommendations on future research on how experience with welfare affects perceptions and attitudes towards welfare

By the 1960's a sub-urban lifestyle had taken over the island of Puerto Rico, bringing with it cars for everyone and a culture of consumption. Today the population has grown with such rapidity that an uncontrollable amount of garbage is being generated. This is an overwhelming concern for an island that measures only 35 by 110 miles. The goal of this thesis is to design an industrial building that tackles the need for proper waste management on the island. The premise is to recycle at three scales landscape, building, and material. This project seeks to transform the former foundry, commonly known as Fundición Abarca in San Juan, Puerto Rico into a paper recycling mill. By studying the correlation between "recyclable" buildings, cultural landscapes, and the recycling process of solid waste, a paradigm for a new sustainable culture can be created before it is too late.

Paper Augmented Digital Documents (PADD), are digital documents that can be manipulated either on a computer screen or on paper. PADD, and the infrastructure supporting them, can be seen as a bridge between the digital and the paper worlds. As digital documents, PADD are easy to edit, distribute and archive; as paper documents, PADD are easy to navigate, annotate and well accepted in social settings. The chimeric nature of PADD makes them well suited for many tasks such as proofreading, editing, and annotation of large format document like blueprints. We are presenting an architecture which supports the seamless manipulation of PADs using today's technologies and reports on the lessons we learned while implementing the first PADD system. Keywords: Paper Augmented Digital Document, Paper based user interface, digital pen UMIACS-TR-2003-40

A Collection of Transcriptions of the Lloyd Family Papers, scans of original documents located in Archaeology in Annapolis archive.

Drawing and watercolor were important in shaping the modernism of artist Georgia O'Keeffe and photographer Alfred Stieglitz. In his gallery 291 and journal Camera Work, Stieglitz introduced European avant-garde art to early twentieth-century America and promoted American modernists including O'Keeffe. Stieglitz as a child collected drawings and watercolors and learned traditional drawing connoisseurship that valued revelation of the artist's character through the marks he made on paper. Stieglitz's journals Camera Notes and Camera Work asserted connections between photography and other graphic media. Stieglitz and Edward Steichen founded 291 as a pictorial photography gallery but later exhibited modern paintings and many drawings and watercolors. O'Keeffe studied academic art at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Art Students League in New York, but she wanted more creative freedom. Art educator Arthur Wesley Dow introduced O'Keeffe to abstract design principles and prepared her to appreciate modern art. While O'Keeffe was training as an art teacher at Columbia University Teachers College in New York in 1914 and 1915, she visited 291 and became interested in modern art. The modern art O'Keeffe had seen was mainly in form of drawings and watercolor at 291 and reproductions in modernist journals, so her original conception of modernism was graphic. Her first modern art works, made in South Carolina in 1915, were abstract charcoal drawings that combined academic drawing techniques with modernist approaches from charcoal drawings by Pablo Picasso and Marius de Zayas. Stieglitz interpreted O'Keeffe's drawings as naïve expressions of female sexuality and showed them at 291 in 1916. O'Keeffe taught art in Texas and made modernist watercolors of the Texas sky and landscape. Stieglitz showed her new works at 291 in 1917. In 1918 O'Keeffe returned to New York and moved in with Stieglitz. She concentrated on painting in oils for the rest of her career. Stieglitz photographed

The document serves as supplementary material for the manuscript titled, “Beyond Epistemological Deficits: Dynamic explanations of engineering students’ difficulties with mathematical sense-making,” published in International Journal of Science Education, 2011.

This dissertation utilizes quasi-experimental and experimental techniques to contribute to the literature on environmental and resource economics in three distinct ways but with the overarching goal of demonstrating the usefulness of experimental techniques to explore topics related to the environment. First, chapter one demonstrates the feasibility and draw-backs of using a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity approach to analyze the ozone regulation contained in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Chapter two explores the impacts how economic and social-psychology factors affect the adoption of an environmental technology, namely compact fluorescent light bulbs. In order to consider these factors, chapter two utilizes a large-scale field experiment informed by a theoretical model of adoption. Finally, chapter three utilizes a field experiment designed for a large apartment management company, to advance the literature on presumed (opt-out) and explicit (opt-in) consent procedures by exploring a willingness to pay to forgo the decision to opt-out of the installation of an environmental technology.

The notion of invariant subspaces is useful in a number of theoretical and practical applications. In this paper we give an elementary treatment of invariant subspaces that stresses their connection with simple eigenvalues and their eigenvectors.

The paper focuses on medieval menstruation in the Islamic religion. The primary source is Marriage and Sexuality in Islam: a Translation of al-Ghazali’s Book on the Etiquette of Marriage from the Ihya by Madelain Farah, who translated and edited al-Ghazali’s work to English. The paper explores other scholarly work on menstruation in the medieval time period or in various religions. Ultimately, the paper discovered that al-Ghazali’s writing on menstruation was a male oriented view, based in the 11th century, and was therefore very strict. al-Ghazali's views did not follow all of Muhammad’s original views on women, prayer, and menstruation.

"Olde Towne, New Townspeople" is a research paper written for the Honors Humanities Keystone project at the University of Maryland. It uses an anthropological research perspective to describe three main stages of life that young 1.5 Generation Latinos in Gaithersburg, Maryland go through on their immigration journey to the United States. This paper discusses survey, interview, and focus group results to tell the largely untold story of Latino immigrants in Gaithersburg in order to shine a light on the younger generation and their growing need for documentation.

This research project aims to shed light on Jonathan Swift's satire present in the third part of Gulliver's Travels (1726). The paper examines current discourse regarding whether Swift sought to satirize absolute sovereignty or the Royal Society and evaluates these claims using textual evidence and two Royal Society pamphlets. In doing so, this project argues that the Royal Society's corruption demonstrates the dangers of absolute sovereignty that can impose faulty innovations upon the populace. The paper also compares the novel to Hayao Miyazaki's film, Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1989), to demonstrate how it effectively embodies and adapts Swift's warnings for the present day.

This thesis analyzes the connection between prénoms (first names) and l’identité française (French identity). Today, l’identité française is a term that can be used to create a negative view of immigrants, favoring a homogenous national identity. This paper analyzes the history and evolution of l’identité française to better understand how and why the term can be negatively associated. Simultaneously, this paper tries to connect the evolution of l’identité française with analyses of the changing prénoms in France.

This PhD dissertation examines Victorian theatrical combat on the London stage to place it in both historical and cultural context. By first establishing a possible dance-based origin for stage combat, the paper explores the overlapping modes of practice in different forms of popular and elite entertainments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as they influenced the development of historically inspired movement. Using archival documents, literary analysis of stage fights, physical culture and gender studies, the study aims to contribute original research to the field of stage combat history and propose new theoretic lenses with which to examine historical practice. The paper discusses the relationship between dueling as cultural habit and representations in dramatic literature, as well as the influence of changing patterns in physical culture. Finally, this dissertation examines the role of spectacle theatre and acting theory in the development of new Modernist ideas of representing sword fights on stage.

This dissertation consists of three papers that investigate the working and caregiving roles of middle-to-older adults and their implications for well-being in China. While existing literature predominantly focuses on older adults as care recipients, this research sheds light on the significant number of older individuals who actively participate in the labor market and provide informal caregiving to family members. Studies usually focus on either caregiving or employment while keeping the other in the background, leaving the intersection of work and caregiving responsibilities understudied. I then ask whether and how work-life conflicts, commonly discussed in the context of middle-aged women, are also applicable to the older population and are shaped by gender. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Study, the study investigates work and caregiving patterns among middle-to-older adults and explores the well-being consequences of juggling these roles. Furthermore, the research examines whether gender-based patterns persist in work and caregiving dynamics during this stage of life. The study is conducted in China, a developing country experiencing accelerated population aging, and the boundaries between work and family responsibilities are less distinct compared to developed societies. Early retirement age in the formal sector provides opportunities for older workers to engage in caregiving, while informal sector and agricultural workers may need to continue working until old age due to low pension rates. The culture of filial piety and intergenerational solidarity further encourages older generations to provide financial and caregiving support to their younger family members, leading to the common occurrence of middle-to-older adults taking on both work and caregiving roles. The first paper explores the association between living arrangements and middle-to-older adults’ work prospects, considering gender and work sector differences. The second paper examine

Sketching is considered a helpful activity in STEM design and education. Scholars have argued for including children in designing technology as it has been found to improve product design and leads to social and cognitive benefits for children. However, little is known about children’s learning and sketching experiences when participating in design activities. How do children sketch during design activities? How do children learn about sketching in design activities? What information do they share via their sketches? What information do they use for sketching? How do they use sketching in the overall design process? How do learning and sketching relate to STEM design? This three-paper dissertation uses empirical and theoretical approaches to address these questions. The first paper uses an ethnographic case study approach to qualitatively examine information-sharing practices and learning opportunities from children’s engagement in interest-driven sketching. Findings suggest that sketching can provide multiple learning opportunities to children. Also, it can be helpful to gather information about the broader contexts of children’s lives which can help identify their needs and improve the future design of technologies for children. The second paper presents a theoretical framework, Radical Constructivist Cooperative Inquiry (RCCI), for understanding children’s learning in design activities. Based on the theoretical synthesis of the cooperative inquiry design approach and the radical constructivist perspective of learning, RCCI establishes six pillars of learning in design. Finally, the paper discusses how these six pillars can be utilized in design activities to support children’s learning. The third paper is a secondary analysis of video data of children’s learning and sketching experiences in engineering design in their home environments. It focuses on examining the relationship between children’s sketching and learning following the RCCI framework with the themati

This paper explores the role of Indigenous and queer embodiment in understanding the current limitations of sociotechnical systems as they relate to cultural heritage institutions. Through the utilization of a critical case study the paper highlights the ways in which the ideologies of colonialism and cisnormativity render Indigenous and queer identities invisible within cultural heritage institutions. In particular, the case studies highlight information organization, archival description, and cataloging as sites of ideological reinforcement for colonialism and gender binaries. In response, the paper identifies methods for not only naming such normative ideologies, but actionable ways to challenge such inequities through community-led, Indigenous, and queer affirming descriptive practices. Additionally, the paper attends to the way findings impact other historically marginalized identities and theorize methods for confronting such inequities within sociotechnical systems more broadly.

An experimental study of the dynamics and droplet production in three mechanically generated plunging breaking waves is presented in this two-part paper. In the present paper (Part 1), the dynamics of the three breakers are studied through measurements of the evolution of their free surface profiles during 10 repeated breaking events for each wave. The waves are created from dispersively focused wave packets generated with three wave maker motions that differ primarily by small changes in their overall amplitude. Breaker profiles are measured with a cinematic laser-induced fluorescence technique covering a streamwise region of approximately one breaker wavelength and over a time of 3.4 breaker periods. The aligned profile data is used to create spatio-temporal maps of the ensemble average surface height and the standard deviation of both the local normal distance and the local arc length relative to the instantaneous mean profile. It is found that the mean and standard deviation maps contain strongly correlated localized features and indicate that the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is a highly repeatable process. Regions of high standard deviation include the splash created by the plunging jet impact and subsequent splash impacts at the front of the breaking region as well as the site where the air pocket entrained under the plunging jet at the moment of jet tip impact comes to the surface and pops. In Part 2 (Erinin et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 967, 2023, A36), these features are used to interpret various features of the distributions of droplet number, diameter and velocity.

This paper reports the discovery of a series of computational social media accounts (Fanbots) on Twitter that may have played a critical role in sustaining the entrepreneurial narratives of Tesla, the electric-vehicle maker. From 2010 to 2020—a period of trial, error, and eventual success for Tesla—these computational agents generated pro-firm tweets (Corporate Computational Propaganda, CCP), accounting for more than 10% of the total Twitter activity that included the cashtag, $TSLA, and 23% of activity that included the hashtag, #TSLA. Though similar to programmed social media content in the political sphere, the activities of these accounts predate the existence of political computational propaganda associated with foreign support for, for instance, Brexit in the United Kingdom (2016) and Donald Trump in the United States (2016). The paper (a) characterizes the extent of Fanbot content in two large Tesla tweet corpora, (b) identifies possible motivations for the creation of these accounts in relation to the firm’s entrepreneurial narratives, and (c) explores possible mechanisms by which the Fanbots might have acted. Although we are unable to directly observe the source or stated purpose of these accounts, based upon the timing of Fanbot creation and other indirect indicators, we infer that these accounts and the social media activity they generated were intended to influence social perception of Tesla. The conclusion assesses the generalizability of a Fanbot-based strategy, highlighting contextual limitations, while also pointing to ways that firms may already be using CCP to manage social approval in emerging-industry contexts.

An experimental study of the dynamics and droplet production in three mechanically generated plunging breaking waves is presented in this two-part paper. In the present paper (Part 2), in-line cinematic holography is used to measure the positions, diameters (d ≥ 100 µm), times and velocities of droplets generated by the three plunging breaking waves studied in Part 1 (Erinin et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 967, 2023, A35) as the droplets move up across a horizontal measurement plane located just above the wave crests. It is found that there are four major mechanisms for droplet production: closure of the indentation between the top surface of the plunging jet and the splash that it creates, the bursting of large bubbles that were entrapped under the plunging jet at impact, splashing and bubble bursting in the turbulent zone on the front face of the wave and the bursting of small bubbles that reach the water surface at the crest of the non-breaking wave following the breaker. The droplet diameter distributions for the entire droplet set for each breaker are fitted with power-law functions in separate small- and large-diameter regions. The droplet diameter where these power-law functions cross increases monotonically from 820 to 1480 µm from the weak to the strong breaker, respectively. The droplet diameter and velocity characteristics and the number of the droplets generated by the four mechanisms are found to vary significantly and the processes that create these differences are discussed.

Balancing concerns for fairness with group dynamics, including preferences for one’s ingroup and attitudes about peers viewed as members of the outgroup, emerges early in childhood. While children understand fairness and act on their judgments about it, they also display preferences for others who are similar to themselves. Further, their mental state knowledge, that is, beliefs about others’ beliefs, desires, and intentions, is related to their ability to give priority to fairness considerations. The present dissertation includes a collection of three papers which explore the influence of children’s ingroup biases and mental state understanding skills on their intergroup moral decisions. Empirical Paper 1 documents circumstances in which intergroup factors are associated with increased group biases. Specifically, hearing an outgroup member claim that someone has performed a moral transgression was associated with children displaying heightened ingroup biases. Next, Empirical Paper 2 explores whether mental state understanding might serve as a mediator between children’s ingroup biases and their moral decisions. Children’s mental state understanding skills did in fact mediate the relationship between ingroup bias and children’s ability to attribute intentions and decisions to exclude peers. Finally, Empirical Paper 3 addresses the role of mental state understanding skills in children’s judgments of gender inequalities and their attributions of emotions to individuals who are harmed by or benefitted by gender inequality. Children’s advanced mental state understanding skills were associated with them judging gender inequality more negatively and recognizing that benefitting from gender inequality is not necessarily a positive experience. Together, these three empirical papers provide evidence that children are balancing concerns for groups and their ability to understand others’ mental states when making intergroup moral evaluations. This collection has implications f

From an early age, children prefer fair and just treatment of others. Young children often reason about the importance of establishing equality between individuals and groups, with concerns for equity emerging by middle childhood. At the same time, children expect that individuals who counter gender stereotypic norms will face exclusion from the peer group, and give preferential treatment towards gender ingroup members over gender outgroup members in resource allocation tasks. Denying individuals from friendships, resources, or opportunities based on gender stereotypic expectations constitutes unfair treatment. Intergroup contact has been shown to reduce children’s prejudicial attitudes, but less research has investigated how intergroup contact with counter-stereotypic peers shapes children’s friendship preferences. Furthermore, research indicates that children rectify inequalities for historically marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Women have historically been marginalized and excluded within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Though some research has investigated the extent to which children rectify inequalities between racial groups, less research has focused on how children rectify inequalities between gender groups in stereotypic contexts, such as those involving science inequalities. The present dissertation contains three empirical papers that explore how gender stereotypic expectations shape children’s friendship preferences and distributive justice beliefs. Empirical Paper 1 explored how children’s own reported gender stereotypes and playmate experiences relate to their desires to play with peers who hold counter-stereotypic toy preferences. Empirical Paper 2 assessed children’s evaluations, resource allocation decisions, and reasoning in contexts involving inequalities of science supplies between groups of boys and girls. Empirical Paper 3 extended work from Empirical Paper 2 to investigate how children and young adults consid

This paper covers the history of how workers at the University of Maryland, College Park won collective bargaining rights on campus through their union, AFSCME Local 1072. Starting in the late 1960s, UMCP campus workers, including housekeepers, dining service workers, and maintenance workers began to organize despite racial divisions on campus. An opportune political moment, along with strategies associated with the 9-to-5 movement to bring in clerical workers was what established AFSCME on campus as workers' exclusive bargaining representative after nearly 50 years of organizing.

This research paper analyzes why and how the CIA participated in the “Lavender Scare,” specifically why and how they discriminated against gay and lesbian employees from the 1950s to the 1980s. The CIA discriminated against gay and lesbian employees because they feared that they could be blackmailed into revealing United States secrets and that they were unreliable and immoral. This justification remained largely the same from the 1950s to the 1980s. Additionally, they were able to discriminate against gay and lesbian individuals for longer than other agencies and departments of the federal government. This is because of their extensive use of polygraph examinations, or lie detector tests, as well as the lack of both internal regulations from the CIA itself, and external regulations from areas like the U.S. government. It’s important to remember this history of CIA discrimination given their recent hiring campaign targeted at LGBTQ+ individuals. This research aims to contribute to the historiography on the Lavender Scare, and specifically the CIA’s involvement in it, both of which are under-discussed.

Our popular and scientific reconstructions of Neanderthals have varied greatly over the past 200 years, following trends in Enlightenment thought and race science. This paper traces Neanderthal reconstructions over time from the Enlightenment to the 1970s, connecting them to Western imperialist ideals and actions, and builds on previous literature by extending the imperialist influence past World War II and into the Vietnam War era. Through analyzing political thought, scientific reconstructions, and artistic/popular work, it is evident that a post-Enlightenment imperialist influence permeated not only the Western sociopolitical sphere, but also the scientific sphere. This research, through its focus on Neanderthal reconstructions, therefore additionally serves as a case study in how sociopolitical activity and scientific approaches reify each other in order to perpetuate a certain dominant narrative.

This paper emphasizes several fields of interconnected research in my investigation of the linguistic and psychological roots of radicalization among self-described “incels” or “involuntary celibates”. Through a close analysis of academic writings and primary sources, I relate my findings on the radicalization of incels to the processes of radicalization seen in established terrorist groups worldwide. What differentiates this essay from other research papers that I have written is its interdisciplinary approach. Furthermore, because of the rapidly shifting landscape and user makeup of online communities as well as the contemporariness of the issue that I analyze, I was very selective with the sources that I included in my work. To verify that the claims and findings from my sources were up to date, I personally reviewed chatrooms and message boards on incel forums and compared them to scholarly research on the topic, even if this research was only two to three years old. By incorporating a broad range of research and analysis and directly monitoring the rhetoric of the groups investigated in my paper, my essay sheds light on how online communities are uniquely capable of radicalizing individuals and pushing them towards acts of terror. My paper’s findings are relevant to present-day discussions over online speech, which have been motivated by the continued power of online groups and individuals to perpetrate violent attacks inspired by white supremacy, misogyny, and conspiracy theories.

This paper explores gender discrepancies in public commemoration rhetoric in the context of current environmental activism. Simply who deserves to be remembered reveals a long history of gender inequality in the United States. In 2017, a group of students at the University of Maryland recognized the same pattern of the unequal representation of men to women in building dedications and attempted to reform that by starting a petition to dedicate the Plant Sciences building to ecologist and writer, Rachel Carson. Though the final result was unsuccessful, the recognition of this problem of unequal representation and taking action to reform is a step forward towards a more equitable future. Through this case study, this paper also looks at the wider uprise of youth-lead environmental activism.

The infrastructure and methods for developed countries' economic statistics, largely established in the mid-20th century, rest almost entirely on survey and administrative data. The increasing difficulty of obtaining survey responses threatens the sustainability of this model. Meanwhile, users of economic data are demanding ever more timely and granular information. “Big data” originally created for other purposes offer the promise of new approaches to the compilation of economic data. Drawing primarily on the U.S. experience, the paper considers the challenges to incorporating big data into the ongoing production of official economic statistics and provides examples of progress towards that goal to date. Beyond their value for the routine production of a standard set of official statistics, new sources of data create opportunities to respond more nimbly to emerging needs for information. The concluding section of the paper argues that national statistical offices should expand their mission to seize these opportunities.

In this paper, we show how volume rendering with a Programmable Transfer Function can be used for the effective and comprehensible visualization of WiFi signals. A traditional transfer function uses a low-dimensional lookup table to map the volumetric scalar field to color and opacity. In this paper, we present the concept of a Programmable Transfer Function. We then show how generalizing traditional lookup-based transfer functions to Programmable Transfer Functions enables us to leverage view-dependent and real-time attributes of a volumetric field to depict the data variations of WiFi surfaces with low and high-frequency components. Our Programmable Transfer Functions facilitate interactive knowledge discovery and produce meaningful visualizations.

Kain's spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH) (1968) highlights the segregation of Black population in the inner city as well as the decentralization of jobs, both of which played a role in the poor labor market outcomes for Black residents in the inner city. Demographic and economic changes in U.S. metropolitan areas since the late 20th century have transformed the urban spatial structure. This paper aims to revisit the SMH and investigate whether the spatial pattern of mismatch has changed as a result of geographic shifts in the Black population. This paper specifically examines how the suburbanization of the Black population has affected the geographic patterns of mismatch and whether the mismatch is disappearing in the major U.S. metropolitan areas. Using spatial measures of mismatch, this paper presents intra-metropolitan spatial mismatch patterns that capture the clustering of jobs and the Black population based on their relative distributions, showing that the overall level of spatial mismatch declined in major U.S. metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2015. However, geographical evidence reveals that the spatial mismatch has shifted to the outer suburbs, replicating city-suburb spatial inequality, implying that although mismatch may have declined in the inner city due to Black suburbanization, spatial mismatch continue to persist in U.S. metropolitan areas in Black suburbs. The findings also demonstrate that although spatial mismatch generally declined in the inner city, it increased in cities with high inner city polarization, particularly New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Seattle.

This paper develops an estimation methodology for network data generated from a system of simultaneous equations, which allows for network interdependencies via spatial lags in the endogenous and exogenous variables, as well as in the disturbances. By allowing for higher-order spatial lags, our specification provides important flexibility in modeling network interactions. The estimation methodology builds, among others, on the two-step generalized method of moments estimation approach introduced in Kelejian and Prucha (1998, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 17, 99–121; 1999, International Economic Review 40, 509–533; 2004, Journal of Econometrics 118, 27–50). The paper considers limited and full information estimators, and one- and two-step estimators, and establishes their asymptotic properties. In contrast to some of the earlier two-step estimation literature, our asymptotic results facilitate joint tests for the absence of all forms of network spillovers.

Digitizing brittle paper can be a difficult task that may cause tears and fractures, even when the material is carefully handled. Brittle paper in many formats can be found in archival collections. Bound newspapers in large, unwieldly, and deteriorating bindings pose a challenge for digitization by their size and number of pages. When charged with preparing late 19th- and early 20th-century brittle newspapers for digitization, the University of Maryland (UMD) Libraries developed a new process that serves as an effective, time- and budget-conscious approach to stabilizing brittle paper while preparing it for digitization. Those tasked with preservation and digitization can use a minimal amount of archival-quality tape, PhotoTex™ paper, and polyester folders, to enable extremely brittle newspaper to withstand the turns, flips, and movements required for optimal digital capture. Project staff can then select appropriate digitization and digital preservation standards available through their institution or partnerships to ensure a one-time digitization process, ideally using an overhead digitization setup to facilitate minimal pressure on the brittle pages. Lastly, the repository can store stabilized original newspapers in perpetuity in an organized and space efficient manner.