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For the forty-fifth time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented online and onsite during the annual AECT Convention. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume #1 contains papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. Papers dealing with the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues are contained in Volume #2. This year, both volumes are included in one document.

For the thirtieth year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the National AECT Convention in Anaheim, California. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains several dozen research and development papers dealing with instructional technology and instructional design. (Individual papers contain references, figures, and tables.) [For Volume 2, see ED499896.]

This third volume of the 31st annual proceedings of the International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education conference presents research reports for author surnames beginning Han- through Miy-. Reports include: (1) Elementary Education Students' Memories of Mathematics in Family Context (Markku S. Hannula, Raimo Kaasila, Erkki Pehkonen, and Anu Laine); (2) Mistake-Handling Activities in the Mathematics Classroom: Effects of an In-Service Teacher Training on Students' Performance in Geometry (Aiso Heinze and Kristina Reiss); (3) Gender Similarities instead of Gender Differences: Students' Competences in Reasoning and Proof (Aiso Heinze, Stefan Ufer, and Kristina Reiss); (4) Studying Lesson Structure from the Perspective of Students' Meaning Construction: The Case of Two Japanese Mathematics Classrooms (Keiko Hino); (5) A Framework for Creating or Analyzing Japanese Lessons from the Viewpoint of Mathematical Activities: A Fraction Lesson (Kenji Hiraoka and Kaori Yoshida-Miyauchi); (6) Revisiting Discourse as an Instructional Resource: Practices that Create Spaces for Learning and Student Contributions (Lynn Liao Hodge, Qing Zhao, Jana Visnovska, and Paul Cobb); (7) An Illustration of Students' Engagement with Mathematical Software Using Remote Observation (Anesa Hosein, James Aczel, Doug Clow, and John T. E. Richardson); (8) Geometric Calculations are More than Just the Application of Procedural Knowledge (Hui-Yu Hsu); (9) Constructing Pedagogical Representations to Teach Linear Relations in Chinese and U.S. Classrooms (Rongjin Huang and Jinfa Cai); (10) Teachers as Researchers: Putting Mathematics at the Core (Danielle Huillet); (11) Can You Convince Me: Learning to Use Mathematical Argumentation (Roberta Hunter); (12) On the Mathematical Knowledge under Construction in the Classroom: A Comparative Study (M. Kaldrimidou, H. Sakonidis, and M. Tzekaki); (13) Students' Beliefs and Attitudes about Studying and Learning Mathematics (Eleftherios Kapetanas and Theodosios Zachariades); (14) "How Can We Describe the Relation between the Factored Form and the Expanded Form of These Trinomials? We Don't even Know If Our Paper-and-Pencil Factorizations are Right": The Case for Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) with Weaker Algebra Students (Carolyn Kieran and Caroline Damboise); (15) What Is a Beautiful Problem? An Undergraduate Students' Perspective (Boris Koichu, Efim Katz, and Abraham Berman); (16) Can Lessons Be Replicated? (Angelika Kullberg); (17) Problem Posing as a Means for Developing Mathematical Knowledge of Prospective Teachers (Ilana Lavy and Atara Shriki); (18) Activity-Based Class: Dilemma and Compromise (KyungHwa Lee); (19) Induction, Analogy, and Imagery in Geometric Reasoning (KyungHwa Lee; MinJung Kim; GwiSoo Na, DaeHee Han, and SangHun Song); (20) The Analysis of Activity That Gifted Students Construct Definition of Regular Polyhedra (KyungHwa Lee, EunSung Ko, and SangHun Song); (21) Multiple Solution Tasks as a Magnifying Glass for Observation of Mathematical Creativity (Roza Leikin and Miri Lev); (22) Interactive Whiteboards as Mediating Tools for Teaching Mathematics: Rhetoric or Reality? (Steve Lerman and Robyn Zevenbergen); (23) From Construction to Proof: Explanations in Dynamic Geometry Environment (Allen Leung and Chi Ming Or); (24) Prospective Middle School Teachers' Knowledge in Mathematics and Pedagogy for Teaching--The Case of Fraction Division (Yeping Li and Dennie Smith); (25) Improving Students' Algebraic Thinking: The Case of Talia (Kien Lim); (26) The Effect of a Mentoring Development Program on Mentors' Conceptualizing Mathematics Teaching and Mentoring (Pi-Jen Lin); (27) Uses of Examples in Geometric Conjecturing (Miao-Ling Lin and Chao-Jung Wu); (28) Algebrification of Arithmetic: Developing Algebraic Structure Sense in the Context of Arithmetic (Drora Livneh and Liora Linchevski); (29) The Potential of Patterning Activities to Generalization (Hsiu-Lan Ma); (30) Infinite Magnitude vs. Infinite Representation: The Story of [Pi] (Ami Mamolo); (31) The Ability of Sixth Grade Students in Korea and Israel to Cope with Number Sense Tasks (Zvia Markovits and JeongSuk Pang); (32) Creating Your Own Symbols: Beginning Algebraic Thinking with Indigenous Students (Chris Matthews, Tom J. Cooper, and Annette R. Baturo); (33) Exploring Students' Mathematics-Related Self Image as Learners (Silvana Martins Melo and Marcia Maria Fusaro Pinto); (34) Difficulties on Understanding the Indefinite Integral (N. Metaxas); (35) Detecting the Emergence and Development of Mathematical Discourse: A Novel Approach (Christina Misailidou); and (36) The Nature and Role of Proof When Installing Theorems: The Perspective of Geometry Teachers (Takeshi Miyakawa and Patricio Herbst). (Individual papers contain references.) [For other volumes in the series, see ED499417, ED499418, and ED499419.]

COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic had led to the confrontation of higher education system with enormous challenges. That necessitated the urgent transition from face-to-face teaching to online-teaching. The change was an innovation in higher education. A comparative study of digital education based on the survey in 2020-2021 in seven different countries was conducted at Shanghai University. The study was based on grey comprehensive evaluation model. In general, developed countries had high comprehensive evaluation value, while Finland, United States of America, South-Korea and Latvia had relatively low grey correlation coefficient in several certain indicators, leading to a sharp drop in the overall score. Romania ranked last while China ranked second as a developing country as well. The study launched a conclusion that research and development personnel, infrastructure funds and university financial investment in digital education had relatively more obvious effects on improving the innovations and quality of higher education system including the leadership system of universities. [For the full proceedings, see ED639633.]

COVID-19 pandemic has led to the confrontation of higher education system with enormous challenges. This necessitated the urgent transition from face-to-face teaching to online teaching. A comparative study of digital education in seven different countries was conducted. This study established grey comprehensive evaluation model based on entropy weight method, which was successfully validated by reliability test. In general, developed countries tend to have high comprehensive evaluation value while Finland, South-Korea and Latvia have relatively low grey correlation coefficient in several certain indicators, leading to a sharp drop in the overall score. Romania ranked last while China ranked second as a developing country as well. This is followed by model optimization though input-output analysis method based on the upgrading of higher education system due to the pandemic's influence. The study launched a conclusion that research and development personnel, infrastructure funds and university financial investment in digital education have relatively more obvious effects on improving the quality of higher education system. [For the full proceedings, see ED621892.]

Emotional and cultural intelligence are very important for foreign students during cross-cultural adjustment. Asian students from China, Vietnam, South Korea and Mongolia face different problems during their stay in People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University). In this intercultural context of living and studying they learn to communicate and interpret facial expressions not only of Russian people, but also students from all over the world. The main purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Emotional and cultural intelligence among Asian students from China, Vietnam, South Korea and Mongolia, who study in Russia. We used two questionnaires: Emotional Intelligence Test developed by D.V. Lusin and Cultural Intelligence Scale developed by S.Ang et al. We conducted Kruskal-Wallis H-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rho test. Results indicate the following. Vietnamese students have the highest level of cultural intelligence and its metacognitive, cognitive and behavioral dimensions and lowest level of emotional intelligence namely expression and emotion control, managing their own emotions and intrapersonal emotional intelligence. Chinese students have the highest level of emotional intelligence and all its aspects. Mongolian and Chinese students have the highest level of emotion control. Mongolian students have lowest level of cultural intelligence namely in its metacognitive, and behavioral dimensions. South Korean students have the lowest level of cultural intelligence motivation dimension. Emotional intelligence has negative weak correlation with cognitive dimension of cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence correlates positively with understanding others emotions, emotion control, interpersonal emotional intelligence and negatively with expression control, intrapersonal emotional intelligence, emotion control. [For "NORDSCI International Conference Proceedings: Education and Language Edition (Athens, Greece, August 19, 2019). Book 1. Volume 2," see ED603411.]

This paper shows how satellite television programs can be used to advance Asian students' listening ability in English. Particular focus is on news broadcasts. The paper is divided into three sections, an introduction, some concluding remarks, and the substantive discussion headed "Using News Broadcasts in the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) Classroom." The discussion answers the following questions: (1) What are the advantages of using the news for language learning?, (2) What can students do to become better news listeners?, (3) What kinds of stories should I choose?, (4) How can I teach a videotaped news broadcast?, and (5) Can I use other news and information programs? It is concluded that if teachers help students to learn effective ways of using language to get information or to do the things they find interesting, they will continue to learn and to enjoy learning long after they leave their classrooms. (AB)

The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. The following purposes summarize the work of the Commission: (1) To develop linkages with adult education associations in other countries; (2) To encourage exchanges between AAACE and associations from other countries; (3) To invite conference participation and presentations by interested adult educators around the world; and (4) To discuss how adult educators from AAACE and other nations may cooperate on projects of mutual interest and benefit to those served. The Commission holds its annual meeting in conjunction with the AAACE conference. The following papers are presented at the 2012 CIAE Pre-Conference: (1) Religious Rites and Celebrations As Frameworks for Lifelong Learning in Traditional Africa (Mejai B.M. Avoseh); (2) A Confucian Model for Scholarly Development (Elizabeth Anne Erichsen and Qi Sun); (3) The Use of Learning the Contract Within a University Setting in an Italian University (Monica Fedeli, Ettore Felisatti, and Mario Giampaolo); (4) The Cross-Culture Readiness Exposure Scale (CRES) (Emmanuel Jean Francois); (5) International History and Philosophy of Andragogy: Abbreviated for 2012 with Newer Perspective and Insights (John A. Henschke); (6) Exploring Cross-Cultural Learning Styles Differences of African and American Adult Learners (Alex Kumi-Yeboah and Waynne James); (7) An Educational Preparatory Program for Active Aging: Preliminary Results Based on Proactive Coping Theory (Ya-Hui Lee, Hui-Chuan Wei, Yu Fen Hsiao, Liang-Yi Chang, and Chen-Yi Yu); (8) Global Work Competencies and the Identification and Selection of Candidates for Expatriate Assignments (Arthur Ray McCrory); (9) Adult Education/Learning in South Africa: Promises and Challenges (Matata Johannes Mokoele); (10) Cross-Cultural Use of Surveys and Instruments in International Research: Lessons Learned From A Study in Turkey and the United States (Claudette M. Peterson, Anita Welch, Mustafa Cakir, and Chris M. Ray); (11) English Only? English-Only Policies, Multilingual Education and its Ramifications on Global Workforce Productivity (Orlando A. Pizana and Alex Kumi-Yeboah); (12) Reflections On A Research Experience at an International Treasure: The Alexander N. Charters Library of Resources for Educators of Adults (Lori Risley); (13) Bridging Adult Education Between East and West: Critical Reflection and Examination of Western Perspectives on Eastern Reality (Qi Sun and Elizabeth Anne Erichsen); (14) The Challenges and Prospects of Adult Education Programmes in Nigerian Universities (Nneka A. Umezulike); (15) The Perceived Impact of Women for Women International (WFWI) Non-formal Learning Programmes for Rural Women in Nigeria (Loretta C. Ukwuaba and Nneka A. Umezulike); (16) Perceptions of Needed Attitudinal Competencies Compared by Geographical Region (Helena Wallenberg-Lerner and Waynne B. James); (17) Identifying Intercultural Sensitivity Competencies Through Focus Group Research (Melanie L. Wicinski and Arthur Ray McCrory); and (18) Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity at the Army Medical Department Center and School: The IRB Process--Challenges and Lessons Learned (Roberta E. Worsham and Melanie L. Wicinski). Individual papers contain figures, tables, references and footnotes.

The Research Institute for Higher Education (RIHE) at Hiroshima University established a program of research on the Changing Academic Profession (CAP) in 2005. The first conference of this new project was held in Hiroshima in February 2011. This conference was organized by the Research Institute for Higher Education, Hiroshima University, Japan in cooperation with Hijiyama University, Japan. The following papers are presented at the conference: (1) Universities Reforms in Japan (Tsuyoshi Enomoto); (2) International Trends in the Academic Profession from a Japanese Perspective (Akira Arimoto); (3) The Rise of Asian Research Universities: Focus on the Context (William K. Cummings); (4) Is There an Asian Academic Profession? Common and Diverse Features in Comparative Perspective (Ester Ava Hohle and Ulrich Teichler); (5) The Same Term but Different Connotations: Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Studying the Academic Profession in Asia (Fengqiao Yan); (6) The Academic Profession in East Asia: Change and Realities (Futao Huang); (7) The Academic Profession in Japan: Work, Careers and Scholarship (Hideto Fukudome); (8) The Academic Profession in Malaysia 2010: A Proposed Study (Vincent Pang, Morshidi Sirat, Aida Suraya Md Yunus, Ambigapathy Pandian, Fauziah Mohd. Taib; Munir Shuib, Norzaini Azman, Koo Yew Lie, Shukran Abdul Rahman, Rosni Bakar, Lay Yooh Fah, Ramayah Thurasamy, Worran Kabul, Roszehan Md. Idrus, Lai Yew Meng, and Mohd. Rahimie Abd. Rahim); (9) The Korean Academic Profession Revisited: Academic Activity, Performance and Governance (Jung Cheol Shin); (10) The Internationalization of Universities in South Korea: Networking Strategies and Research Performance (Soo Jeung Lee and Yangson Kim); (11) The Changing Taiwanese Academic Profession: From Regulation to Supervision (Hsiou-Hsia Tai and Chia-Yu Chen); (12) Connect ASEAN: Promoting Regional Integration in Higher Education in Southeast Asia (Supachai Yavaprabhas); (13) The U.S. as a Prototype for an Asian Academic Profession: What Does That Prototype Really Look Like? (Martin J. Finkelstein); and (14) Changes in and Issues of Academic Profession in Asia (Futao Huang). Appended are: (1) Conference Program; and (2) List of Participants. Individual papers contain figures, tables, references and footnotes.

This book contains an introduction and 10 papers from the International Conference on New Trends of Development and Models of Reform in the Field of Vocational Education and Training in the 21st Century. The following papers are included: "Introduction to the Reports Held on the International Conference"; "The Development and Reform of the Vocational Education in China--Oriented toward the 21st Century" (Yu Zuguang); "The Dual System of Vocational Training--Structures--Problems--Prospects" (Hans-Guenter Wagner); "Strategies for Development of Vocational Education and Training in Korea" (Ikhyun Shin); "The Integrated-Technology Teaching and Learning (ITL) Concept--An Effective Approach for Technical Education" (Edward Ho, Evangeline Chen); "The Situation of Vocational Education and Training in Thailand" (Pavanuj Fungladda); "A Technological and Vocational Education Perspective: Past, Present and Future in Taiwan" (Fu Hung Yuan); "Internationalizing Business Education Programs: The Evolving Vision of Education for and about Business" (Kuang Ku Chen); "A Brief Survey of Knowledge Economy and Vocational-Technical Education" (Liu Chunsheng); "The Organization, Focus of Vocational Education Study and Its Impact on the Development of Vocational Education--A Survey Also on the Status, Characters, Functions and Significance of Shanghai Institute of Vocational and Technical Education" (Cheng Yonglin); and "New Trends of Development and Reform of Technical and Vocational Education in the 21st Century: The Outline" (Zheng Junhua). The conference agenda is appended. (MN)

This study examined culture-specific attachment systems in Japan (including an Okinawan sample), Korea, China, United States, and the United Kingdom, using a questionnaire to measure the relative importance of various categories of interpersonal relations. Subjects were male and female university students and fathers and mothers of kindergarten children in five Asian and Western countries. The purpose of the questionnaire--which took into account beliefs about family relationships stemming from Confucian ethics present in East Asian people--was to determine a complex hierarchical structure by comparing the relative values of each attachment in a particular culture. Results indicated no cultural differences for 22 of the 38 attachment-related questions dealing with parent-child attachment and cross-sexual love. Asian subjects responded positively to questions regarding ancestor worship, whereas all Western subjects responded negatively. A cluster analysis using Ward's method revealed first-order boundaries between Asian and Western countries, between China and the Korea-Japan groups, and between the United States and Britain. There were second-order boundaries between parents versus students in each country. The distance between Japanese and Japanese Okinawan students was closer than that between Japanese students and Korean students, suggesting the greater influence of contemporary culture over historical cultural conditions. (The questionnaire is appended.) (KDFB)

These proceedings contain an introduction and 26 papers arranged in five sections: (1) People's Republic of China and Taiwan (Republic of China); (2) Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand; (3) Korea; (4) Japan and the Western Pacific; and (5) United States. Paper titles and authors are as follows: "Recent Social Security Policies and Developments in the People's Republic of China (PRC)" (Liu); "Long-Term Care for the Elderly in China" (Liang, Gu); "Retirement Policy, Health and Social Services for the Elderly in Shanghai" (Wong); "Informal Social Support Systems in China" (Liu); "Cognitive Impairment among the Elderly in Shanghai, China" (Yu et al.); "Intergenerational Relations in Contemporary China--Descriptive Findings from Shanghai" (Barusch et al.); "Family Structure and Elderly Problems in Taiwan" (Shu); "Taipei Municipal Government Budgetary Issues for Elderly Services" (Bai); "The Family as a Social Welfare Support System for the Elderly in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China" (Yang); "Need of the Elderly for Home Care Services in a Changing Society--The Case of Taipei Metropolitan City" (Chan); "Survey of an Interdisciplinary Study on Aging in Taipei--Sample, Instrument and Interview" (Hsieh); "Welfare Policies for the Aged on Both Sides of the Taiwan Strait--A Comparison" (Tsai); "The Coping Behavior of Caregivers in Hong Kong" (Kwan); "Segregated Housing and Residential Services for the Chinese Elderly in Hong Kong" (Ngan); "Social Support Networks for the Elderly in a High Rise Public Housing Estate in Singapore" (Cheung); "The Impact of Living Arrangements of the Elderly on Government Programs in Thailand" (Wongsith); "Operation and Development of Programs for Community Care for the Low Income Elderly in Seoul" (Cho); "Indicators of Health Status of Older People in Korea" (Koh); "The Korean-American Urban Elderly" (Kim, Kim); "The Roles of Government, Family, and the Elderly Individual Caring for Older Persons in Japan" (Maeda); "An Overview of Aging in the Western Pacific" (Andrews); "Gerontology in Higher Education in the United States" (Rich); "A Theoretical Overview of Ageism in the United States: Criticisms and Proposals toward a New Outlook" (Jan, Thacker); "Direct Care Personnel Shortages in Long-Term Care: Global Implications" (Cowart); "Quality of Care in Sheltered Housing--Regulation or Education?" (Streib); and"Financial Models for Long-Term Care: USA" (Sutton-Bell). (NLA)

The Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE) is an international, non-profit educational organization. The Association's purpose is to advance the knowledge, theory, and quality of teaching and learning at all levels with information technology. "EdMedia + Innovate Learning: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology" took place in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 25-29, 2018. These proceedings contain 308 papers, including 14 award papers. The award papers cover topics such as Open Education Resources (OER) certification for higher education; a cooperative approach to the challenges of implementing e-assessments; developing an e-learning system for English conversation practice using speech recognition and artificial intelligence; the Learning Experience Technology Usability Design Framework; developing strategies for digital transformation in higher education; pre-service teachers' readiness to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education; teacher development through technology in a short-term study abroad program; Austria's higher education e-learning landscape; a digitised educational application focused on the water cycle in nature carried out in a secondary school in Ireland; evaluative research on virtual and augmented reality for children; how children use computational thinking skills when they solve a problem using the Ozobot; a strategy to connect curricula with the digital world; the learning portfolio in higher education; and adult playfulness in simulation-based healthcare education. [For the 2017 proceedings, see ED605571.]

This document contains 123 papers from an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The papers focus on the following themes: (1) societal and ethical issues; (2) human resource development and personnel training; (3) international issues; (4) information technology in VET; (5) partnership for VET; (6) program development; and (7) skills for the new millennium. The following are among the subthemes addressed in the individual papers: manpower planning; social issues; cross-border and culture issues; partnership issues; modeling and process; future directions; training effectiveness; language teaching; curriculum development and competency; curriculum and standards; leadership and professional development; distance education; program development; new information technology initiatives; teacher training; workplace initiatives; program outcomes; teaching and learning; VET in the workplace; modeling and training; teaching practice and assessment; educational approaches; industrialization and technological change; learning systems; management and planning; program design and teaching; competency and benchmarking; technological issues; knowledge development in VET; Web-based learning; impacts of VET; strategies and partnerships; pedagogical issues; skill testing, work-based training, and industrial partnerships; and international and multinational issues. Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

The International Communication Division of the proceedings contains the following 18 papers: "Press Freedom in Asia: New Paradigm Needed in Building Theories" (Jiafei Yin); "Entertainment East and West: A Comparison of Prime-Time U.S. and Asian TV Content Using the Methodology of the National Television Violence Study" (Anne Cooper-Chen); "Policing Press Freedom in Post-Soviet Central Asia: The Monitoring Role of Press Rights Activists and Their Web Sites" (Eric Freedman and Richard Shafer); "Online Journalists in Germany 2002: The First Representative Survey on German Online Journalists" (Thorsten Quandt, Klaus-Dieter Altmeppen, Thomas Hanitzsch, and Martin Loeffelholz); "Nepalese Journalists: Idealists, Optimists, and Realists" (Jyotika Ramaprasad); "The Demise of Nicaragua's'Barricada' Newspaper: Slipshod Journalism or Political Sabotage?" (Kris Kodrich); "Comparative Critical Analysis of Advertorials and Articles in Nigeria's Fourth Republic Mass Media" (Emmanuel C. Alozie); "Media and the Crisis of Democracy in Venezuela" (Eliza Tanner Hawkins); "New News for a New South Africa?: The Possibilities of Public Journalism and Development Journalism as Interventionist News Models" (Margaretha Geertsema); "Women in Advertisements Across Cultures" (Pamela K. Morris); "German and American Students' Perceptions of Social Values as Depicted in Magazine Advertisements: A Copy Testing Approach" (Frauke Hachtmann); "Thank You Newton, Welcome Prigogine: 'Unthinking' Old Paradigms and Embracing New Directions" (Shelton A. Gunaratne); "Acculturation and Media Usage Among the Chinese Students in the US" (Cui Yang, Huaiting Wu, and Ma Zhu); "Images of Islam: Exemplification as Elegance in the Post-9/11 Works of Thomas Friedman" (Lise Rodgers); "Audience Involvement and Its Antecedents: An Analysis of the Electronic Bulletin Board Messages about an Entertainment-Education Drama on Divorce in Korea" (Hyuhn-Suhck Bae and Byoungkwan Lee); "Punch and Counterpunch: Jurisdiction Over International Libel Suits in the Internet Age" (Robert L. Spellman); "Cultural Profiles of Global and Local Advertising on Primetime Chinese Television: A Comparative Content Analysis" (Yuan Zhang); and "Globalization through Global Brands: Purely an American-Made Phenomenon?" (Daniel Marshall Haygood). (RS)

The International Communication Division of the proceedings contains the following 18 papers: "Spy or Scapegoat: A News Framing Study of the 'New York Times'' Coverage of the Wen Ho Lee Case" (Jia Lin & Junhao Hong); "Individual Perceptions of International Correspondents in the Middle East: An Obstacle to Fair News?" (Dina Ibrahim); "British vs. U.S. Newspaper Framing of Arabs in Coverage of the Middle-Eastern Conflict Pre and Post Sept. 11: A Case Study" (Mia Moody-Hall); "The Role of Journalism in 19th Century National Movements in Estonia and Finland: Apples and Apples?" (Janis Cakars); "Covering the Dead: U.S. and Chinese Magazine Reportage of the Crackdown on the Tiananmen Square Movement" (Yu Shi); "Perceptions of Brazilian Journalists about Media Roles and Foreign Influences" (Heloiza G. Herscovitz); "Public Broadcasting Systems Demise Within the Dominant Private System Model: The Netherlands Case" (Tony R. DeMars); "Bridging Latin America's Digital Divide: Government Policies and Internet Access" (Eliza Tanner Hawkins and Kirk A. Hawkins); "A Profile of Ugandan Journalists in the New Millennium" (Peter G. Mwesige); "The Media & Foreign Affairs: A Comparative Content Analysis of 'The New York Times'' Coverage of Zaire" (Peter G. Mwesige); "Framing Environmental Destruction on U.S. Army Camps in South Korea" (Haejin Yun); "International News Flow and the U.S. News Media: A Model Proposed from a Critical Review of the Literature" (Takuya Sakurai); "Post-Communist Broadcast Media: A Case Study of Estonia's 1994 Broadcast Law" (Max V. Grubb);"Assessing the Hierarchy of Influences Theory of Content: Coverage of the Cultural Revolution in China by 'Time' and 'Newsweek', 1966-69" (Guoli Li and Anne Cooper-Chen); "Press Freedom in Hong Kong Before and After 1997--Newspapers' Coverage of China" (Tianbo Huang, Juyan Zhang, and Yi Lu); "The Possibility of Adoption of the Actual Malice Rule in Foreign Countries: From the Fourth Estate Perspective" (Taegyu Son); "'Glocalizing' a Dam Conflict: 'Thai Rath,''Matichon' and Pak Mun Dam" (Suda Ishida); and "Propaganda vs. The Market Economy: A Study of the Conglomeration of China's Newspaper Industry" (Ernest Y. Zhang and Brian S. Brooks). (RS)

The Public Relations section of the proceedings contains the following 11 selected papers: "If We Build It, Will They Come? Testing the Theory of Planned Behavior as a Predictive Model for Use in Determining How Career Counseling Centers Can Better Promote Their Facilities and Services" (Carolyn Ringer Lepre); "Student Preferences for University Recruiting Brochure Designs" (Ann Befort and Roger C. Saathoff); "Investigating Corporate Social Responsibility: A Content Analysis of Top Chinese Corporate Web Pages" (Shu Peng); "The Effect of the World Wide Web on Relationship Building" (Samsup Jo, Yungwook Kim, and Jaemin Jung); "Media Coverage of Risk Events: A Framing Comparison of Two Fatal Manufacturing Accidents" (Michael J. Palenchar); "Public Relations Worldview and Conflict Levels in the Client-Agency Relationship" (Youngmin Yoon); "Company Affiliation and Communicative Ability: How Perceived Organizational Ties Influence Source Persuasiveness in a Company-Negative News Environment" (Coy Callison and Dolf Zillmann); "Public Relations Excellence in Alliances and Coalitions: An International Perspective" (Mark A. Van Dyke); "Framing Effects of Genetically Engineered Food Labels n the Consumers' Attitudes toward Genetically Engineered Foods" (Hyun Soon Park and Sun Young Lee); "Co-Acculturation in a Korean Manufacturing Plant in Mexico" (Glen M. Broom, Suman Lee, and Woo-Hyun Won); and "Gender Discrepancies in a Gendered Profession: A Developing Theory for Public Relations" (Linda Aldoory and Elizabeth Toth). (RS)

Among the 25 refereed papers, 14 refereed poster sessions, 17 invited papers, and 14 panel/workshop sessions are the following: "Forces Driving Change in Food Safety" (Foreman); "Are Two Incomes Needed to Get Ahead Today?" (Walden); "Financial Manager Profile Scale" (Lytton, Grable); "Real World Financial Management Tools and Practices" (Muske, Winter); "Personal Information Privacy Issues Relating to Consumption in the U.S. Marketplace" (Bonavia, Morton); "Shopping for a Credit Card" (Lee, Hogarth); "Debt Structure of Small Businesses Owned by Women in 1987 and 1993" (Haynes, Haynes); "Consumer Educators, Now Is the Time for a Paradigm Shift Toward Employee Financial Education" (Garman);"Studying Welfare Reform" (Fletcher et al.); "Work Efforts and Welfare Receipt by Poor Single Mothers" (Kim et al.); "Reinventing the Power Community" (Morrison); "Are You Able and Willing to Borrow?" (Yieh); "Do Households Make Saving and Investment Decisions Together?" (Chen et al.); "Price of Time for Informal Female Caregivers of the Elderly" (Torre, Kolodinsky); "Determinants of Defined Contribution Plan Employee Participation" (Grable et al.); "Consumer Acceptance of a New Product" (Eastwood); "Noncustodial Fathers Who Pay Supplemental Support for Their Children After Divorce" (Lown, Chandler); "Characteristic Philosophies of Families toward Time Resource Use" (Song);"Measures of Healthful Dietary Practices of College Students" (Denson); "PEP: Personal Economics for Preteens" (Shotick, Gordon); "Economics and Nutrition" (Huang); "Consumer Education in China" (Yin, Yin);"Rules for a Global Marketplace" (Asher et al.); "Information and Advertising Policy" (Ippolito); "Using Food Consumption Data to Estimate Dietary Exposure to Chemical Contaminants in Foods" (Kidwell, Tomerlin); "Consumer Adviser Certification Program in Korea" (Lee et al.); "Consumer Science in Korea" (Park); "Accredited Financial Planner in Korea" (Yoon, Sohn); "Consumer Movement Today" (Brobeck et al.); "Prevalence of Businesses Owned and Operated by Families" (Scannell, Heck); "Viable Model of Sustainable Family Businesses" (Stafford et al.); "Studying Family Businesses" (Fitzgerald, Winter); "Gathering and Inputing Data about the Family and Business" (Haynes, Danes); "Consumers and the Changing Health Care Environment: Policy Issues for Consumer Education and Research" (Rider);"Financial Education for Youth" (Olson, Dolan); and "Study Tour Courses Teach Consumer Issues and Policy" (Marlowe et al.). (YLB)

The Advertising, Part 2 section of the Proceedings contains the following 8 papers: "Made in Taiwan and the U.S.A.: A Study of Gender Roles in Two Nations' Magazine Advertisements" (Kim E. Karloff and Yi-ching Lee); "The Impact of Culture on Political Advertising: A Comparison between the U.S. and Korean Newspaper Ads" (Chun-Sik Kim and Yoo-Kyoung Kim); "A Content Analysis of Internet Banner Advertising: Focusing on Korean and U.S. Cultural Differences" (Hwi-Man Chung and Euijin Ahn); "Sneak Attack: Exploring the Effects of Nike and Reebok Sponsorship on Two College Athletic Programs" (Jan S. Slater and Carla V. Lloyd); "Qualitative Evaluation of Print Ads by Assessors Using the Creative Product Semantic Scale" (Alisa White Coleman and Bruce L. Smith); "A Study of the Facets of the 'Country-of-Origin' Image and Its Comparison among Different Countries" (Jang-Sun Hwang); "International Advertising Strategies in China--A Worldwide Survey of Foreign Advertisers" (Jiafei Yin); and "Does Reputation Management Reap Rewards? A Path Analysis of Corporate Reputation Advertising's Impacts on Brand Attitudes and Purchase Decisions" (Jongmin Park, Lisa Lyon, and Glen T. Cameron). (RS)

This proceedings contains the texts of 5 invited papers and 28 refereed papers. The following are among the papers included: "Consumer Interest in the 1990's and Beyond" (Turner); "Esther Peterson and the Consumer Movement" (Galbraith); "The Public's Right to Government Information" (English); "Partnerships in Fighting Consumer Fraud" (Armstrong et al.); "Building Linkages in the Consumer Interest" (Schuchardt, Garman, Hogarth); "Retirement Decisions" (Hong, Yu); "Retirement Timing Decisions of American Men" (Kolodinsky, Avery, Pelch); "Confidence in a Financially Secure Retirement" (DeVaney); "Financial Preparation for Retirement" (Malroutu, Xiao); "Factors Affecting Human Capital Expenditures of Female-Headed Households" (Jang); "Do Marital Status and Presence of Children Affect Women's Wage Rate?" (Wang); "Impact of the Expanded Earned Income Tax Credit on Work Incentives for Welfare Recipients in North Carolina" (Walden); "Financial Knowledge and Behavior of Welfare Recipients" (Marlowe, Godwin, Maddux); "Wife's Employment and Food Expenditures Away from Home" (Jensen, Yen); "Welfare Analysis of Agricultural Policies Using Complete Demand Systems for Different Representative Households in the U.S." (Zuo, Chern); "Lifecycle, Financial and Attitudinal Characteristics of Charitable Donors" (Drollinger, Johnson); "Transaction Costs, Value Structures, and the Economic Organization of Marital Incomes" (Fletcher); "On Taking a Values-focused Approach to the Teaching of Consumer Economics" (Garman, Leech, Ellerbrock); "Protesting Food Price Rises in Retail Markets" (Friedman); "Consumerism in Korea" (Rhee, Lee); "Global Consumer Education" (MacGregor, Greenfield); "Cigarette Consumption in China" (Wang, Halbrendt, Jensen); "Are All Debts Created Equally?" (Godwin); "Determinants of Bank and Retail Credit Card Use" (Choi, DeVaney); "Households Showing Financial Characteristics of Potential Bankrupts" (Yieh, Widdows); "Trends in Environmental Marketing Claims Since the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) Guides" (Mayer et al.); "Consumer Activism to Secure Ecological Objectives" (Friedman); "Consumer Education for Limited Resource Families" (Hogarth, Harrison, Cascio); "Impact of Medicare HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) on Business, Private Consumers, and Government (Steiman, Reiboldt); "Portrayal of Children in Advertisements in Selected Magazines" (Hood et al.); "Housing Affordability" (Combs, Combs, Ziebarth); and "Household Demand System Analysis" (Fox). Also included are abstracts/descriptions of 12 refereed showcase and poster presentations; summaries of 10 panel, workshop, and invited paper sessions; and abstracts of 4 graduate student papers. (MN)

Expansion of the past 10 years in Asian higher education and associated problems, as well as the role of colleges and universities in national development, are discussed in 11 papers from a 1985 International Seminar. Paper titles and authors include: "Prospects and Problems in Asian Higher Education: Introductory Presentation by the Secretariat" (Toru Umakoshi, Hirotoshi Yamasaki, Joe Hicks); "Higher Education Development in Indonesia" (Ir. S. Pramoetadi); "Prospects and Problems in Higher Education Expansion: Malaysia" (Azman Wan Chik); "Prospects and Problems in Higher Education Expansion in Thailand" (Prasarn Malakul; comments by Yoshiya Abe); "Prospects and Problems in Japanese Higher Education: An Age of Adaptation sans Expansion" (Masakazu Yano, Fumihiro Maruyama); "Higher Education Expansion in the Philippines: Problems and Prospects" (Benwardo V. Umila); "Higher Education Expansion in Korea: Its Process, Problems and Prospects" (Byung-Rim Koo, Jong-Chol Kim); "Development and Reform of Chinese Higher Education" (Wang Yingjie); "Why Asian Overseas Students Prefer the United States" (William K. Cummings); "The Situation of Asian Students in Japan: Can Japanese Universities Handle a 10-Fold Increase?" (Joe Hicks); and "UNESCO and Higher Education in the Asia-Pacific Region" (Muhammed Selim). (SW)

The following papers were presented at this international conference: (1) "Key-Note Report by the Research Institute for Higher Education" (Kazuyuki Kitamura); (2) "Major Dimensions in the Relations between the State and Higher Education" (Neil J. Smelser); (3) "The Role of Government in Japanese Higher Education" (Motohisa Kaneko); (4) "The Role of Government in the Philippine Higher Education System" (Nilo L. Rosas); (5) "The Role of Government in Higher Education--Country Report: Korea" (Bom Mo Chung); (6) "Higher Education: A Proposal for Positive Interventions by the Thai Government" (Apichai Puntasen); (7) "The Role of Government in Indonesian Higher Education--A Search for Equity and Good Quality in Higher Education" (Sukadji Ranuwihardjo); (8) "The Role of the Government in Higher Education in Malaysia" (Isahak Haron); (9) "The Role of Government in Higher Education in Australia" (David Beswick); and (10) "The Structure and Governance of Chinese Higher Education" (Wang Yongquan). The seminar program, a list of participants, and a discussion of the seminar's background and objectives are provided. References are given at the conclusion of each paper. (KM)

The rapid pace of improving relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China during the late 1970s has been well scrutinized by mass media scholars, but most of the research has focused on the press coverage emanating from the United States, the People's Republic of China, and Taiwan, the major nations involved in normalization. A study examined how the press of the Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea) reported Sino-United States normalization during 1978 and 1979 through six critical events related to Sino-U.S. normalization in two leading daily newspapers of the ROK and the official party press organ of the DPRK (272 news stories were examined in all). Results showed that (1) only one story involving Sino-United States normalization appeared in the DPRK press, suggesting evidence for the "delaying hypothesis"; (2) more than a quarter of the normalization stories in the ROK press linked normalization to inter-Korean affairs; (3) there was some evidence suggesting that the ROK press reported normalization in a manner that promoted peace and understanding; and (4) normalization stories involving Korean affairs contained more "mixed" stories (with both positive and negative assertions) than those not involving Korean affairs, suggesting that when the ROK press linked this ambiguous external event to internal affairs it did so in an informative manner that weighed the positive and negative consequences of normalization on Korean affairs. (Three tables of data are included, and 83 references are appended.) (MS)

Proceedings of an international conference on open education cover five themes: philosophy and concept, development trends in international perspective, dichotomy of equity and quality, graduates' employment, and the management challenge. Among the 41 conference papers and authors are: "The Idea of an Open University" (Preeda Pattanathabutr); "Open Higher Education: Philosophy and Concept" (Lewis R. B. Elton); "International Association for Community Development" (Pierre Rozen); "Open Higher Education: The Mainstay of Universal Access (Pornchulee Achava-Amrung); "A Philosophical Conceptual System of Lifelong Open Higher Education of National Development: A Peaceful Approach" (Weerayudh Wichiarajote); "Distance Education: Concept, Philosophy, and Approach" (K. L. Kamal); "Open Higher Education: From Open Admissions to Open-Minded Person" (Paitoon Sinlarat); "Open Higher Education: Development Trends: An International Perspective" (Robert McCaig); "Impact of Media and Technology on Open Higher Education in India" (Y. B. Mathur); "Radio and Television Universities in China" (staff of Central Radio and Television University, China); "The Adaptability of the Radio and TV Universities to Society" (Tang Yi); "Strategies for Development of Curriculum, Personnel, and Instructional Materials" (Ali Bin Ahmad); "India's Experiment in Open Higher Education: A Study of Andhra Padesh Open University" (R. S. Ramachandran, V. S. Prasad); "The Dichotomy Between Equity and Quality" (Udom Warotamasikkhadit); "Equity and Quality: Must There Be a Dichotomy?" (Lewis R. B. Elton);"The Development of Experiential Learning Programs for the Open University" (Frederick Baker); "Distance Education in Canada: Toward a Typology of Learning Activities for Adults" (John P. Minnis); "Computing in Open Higher Education: Some Lessons" (Christ Sauer); "Open Higher Education and Graduates' Employment" (Michael Debeauvais); and "Open Higher Education: The Management Challenge" (Lloyd McCleary). A conference program and names and addresses of participants are provided. (SW)

The roles of public and private sectors of higher education in Asia and relationships to national systems are explored in reports from the Third International Seminar on Higher Education in Asia. The focus was China, Indonesia, Korea, the Philippines, Japan, and Thailand. Patterns by which national systems of higher education are differentiated between public and private sectors are compared, and alternative forms of provision and support for higher education are examined. Policy implications for higher education in these Asian countries are also addressed. Seminar paper titles and authors are as follows: "Key-Note Report by the Research Institute for Higher Education" (Kazuyuki Kitamura); "Patterns of Public-Private Differentiation in Higher Education: An International Comparison" (Robert Geiger); "Public and Private Sectors in Japanese Higher Education" (Motohisa Kaneko); "Public and Private Sectors in Philippine Higher Education" (Andrew Gonzalez); "Past, Present, and Future Trends in the Public and Private Sectors of Korean Higher Education" (Kwan Lee); "Public and Private Sectors in Indonesian Higher Education" (Willi Toisuta); "Public and Private Sectors in Thai Higher Education" (Paitoon Sinlarat); and "Governance of Higher Education in the People's Republic of China" (Maoyuan Pan). (SW)