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This paper is a report from extensive field research in eastern, Oriente Cuba on sacred religious spaces of the nations indigenious sacred practices. The experiences are of the African Atlantic Research Team and we have been able to "transgress the boundaries" that divide U.S. investigators and Oriente practitioners of four of the eight Cuban religions. The paper will discuss the epistemological approach our Team has taken to achieve intimate levels of familiarity and data gathering despite structural and organizational barrieriers designed to thwart U.S. researchers in Cuba. A major import of this paper are the insights it may provide to those attempting cross-cultural field research in arenas of non-mainline religious traditions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we take a longitudinal perspective to analyze gender differences in academic career attainment. We improve upon prior research both theoretically and methodologically. Theoretically, we introduce and conceptualize the influence of a heretofore-neglected factor in career attainment: the extent of research specialization. We conceive of the extent of research specialization as a form of professional capital that improves two career outcomes of great import: productivity and visibility. Specializing allows a scholar to gain in-depth knowledge of a body of literature and thus should make successive papers on that topic easier to write, thereby increasing productivity. Specializing allows scholars to come to know, and be known by, other scholars in a specialty area, thereby improving visibility. We expect that specialization, like other forms of capital, will have differential effects on men's and women's career processes. Methodologically, we take a holistic perspective and examine scholars' career trajectories to understand how advantage and disadvantage unfold over time. In contrast to previous research on this topic, we specifically examine how men's and women's productivity and visibility unfold over time rather than examining discretized periods of scholars' careers. We find that specializing is most beneficial with regard to productivity - that is, it helps scholars publish more. Specialization's effects on visibility are less general: surprisingly, only women's visibility seems to benefit from specialization. We discuss these findings, their implications, and suggest avenues for future research on this important newly recognized form of capital. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are "strong" religious groups necessarily "strict"? This paper examines a major but understudied religious movement - New Buddhist Organizations (NBOs) in Taiwan - in the light of three variants of Strictness theories: Theological Strictness, Deviant Strictness, and Subcultural Identity. These theories highlight some interesting aspects of the movement, but ultimately NBOs belie the proposition that a strong, growing religious organization is necessarily "strict." Rather than abandon the insights of Strictness theories altogether, the paper argues that they can contribute to understanding the success of religious groups as part of more broadly conceptualized strategies of boundary work. A multi-dimensional framework is proposed, separating three aspects of the content, structure, and mechanisms for religious groups' boundary work. This expanded framework is shown to provide better leverage on understanding Taiwanese NBOs' success than uni-dimensional Strictness theories. Further development of a more complex framework for understanding the boundary work of religious organizations should allow us to ask, not "are strict churches strong?" but "under what circumstances are certain strategies of boundary work more or less successful for religious organizations?" ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through stories, tellers convey their stance towards what they are reporting. However, given a general interactional preference for recipients to adopt an affiliative stance towards the telling, tellers generally monitor recipients for whether or not they are both a) aligning with the telling activity and b) affiliating with the content of the telling. Conversely, recipients can be observed to display alignment and afffiliation. This paper examines the interactional resources through which participants in story tellings accomplish the respective monitoring and displaying of alignment and stance during story tellings. The primary finding of this paper is that whereas vocal continuers convey alignment with the activity in progress, nods are calibrated to convey preliminary affiliation with the teller and his/her stance towards what he/she is telling about. Nods then can be conceptualized as a "servo mechanism" that works to bring the telling in "on target" achieving recipient affiliation at story completion. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From art to automobiles, from restaurants to refrigerators, from movies to music, we constantly confront choices about what product to buy. The best-known theory of how people make such choices comes from neo-classical economics and it places special emphasis on prices. This paper develops an alternative, sociological theory of choice. This theory is grounded in core issues in sociology: the study of status and hierarchy. Using restaurant reviews as a case study the paper shows how people use the hierarchies created by published reviews to help them make choices. The hierarchies supply audiences with information when price information is unavailable or uninformative. Price information is weakest for many cultural products and this is exactly where reviews and the sociology of choice are most important. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies central state gender equality policy in Spain since the transition to democracy. In the 1970s, Spain used to be characterized as a backward country regarding gender equality. Since the transition to democracy, central state policy makers have been enacting gender equality policies. Progressive measures, such as an ambitious Act Against Violence Against Women, have been recentrly passed under a socialdemocratic government formed in Spring 2004. Other progressive gender equality measures are been seriously considered, such as the approval of a comprehensive (Gender) Equality Act.This paper explains the vanguardist gender equality measures mainly by: 1) secularism and the (imperfect) separation of church and state; 2) the influence of the European Union; 3) the activities of gender equality institutions; 4) the convergence of the conservative party towards the positions on gender equality of the socialdemocratic party; 5) and the characteristics and increasing strength of the women's movement. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on agrifood standards in developing countries has highlighted that the values of labor tend to be traded off against the priorities for particular food safety and quality standards. As Chile emerged as a world leader in the export of fresh fruit, their efforts to meet stringent quality standards resulted in large-scale use of pesticides becoming the norm with serious health consequences for farm workers, especially women. Within the context of weak public regulation, poor labor conditions, and low levels of organization among agricultural workers, some critics argue that standards for corporate social responsibility could improve labor conditions. This paper explores the implications of labor standards established by EUREP, an association of major UK and European supermarkets. In-depth interviews and participant observation revealed that these standards appear to reduce the risk of agrichemical exposure for permanent, male workers but not for temporary female workers. The paper argues that these standards fail to address the health and safety concerns of female laborers because they ignore how Chile's agricultural labor market is gendered. Furthermore, private retailer standards are constrained in their ability to improve welfare standards for women workers because retailer supply chain strategies reinforce gender divisions and inequities within the labor market. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although relationships between organized athletics and the U.S. military are not new, this paper argues that a system is emerging in which sport culture has moved beyond its customary role as an ideological support to the corporate state. Drawing on a case study about connections between the National Football League and the Bush administration, the paper explores the ways in which the league has incorporated military policy into their business strategy and, conversely, the ways in which the military has incorporated the business of sport into their military strategy. There is, in other words, an intensified depth and mutuality to the sport-war nexus, a shift that offers a further indication of the militarization of everyday life--and, simultaneously, of the sportification of political life--in the contemporary United States. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to amend Bourdieu's field theory by means of the idea of spaces between fields. It first demonstrates that without such a notion, Bourdieu's account of the distinction between fields is unsatisfactory by Bourdieu's own standards, namely, it is not relational. In the second part of the paper, an attempt is made to overcome the apparent opposition between Bourdieu's field theory and Latour's actor-network theory, since the latter provides conceptual resources with which to engage this notion of spaces between fields. In the final part of the paper, I analyze several concrete examples - some taken from my own work, and some from the work of others - of how this notion of a space between fields might be used. First, as a better treatment of the problem of field boundaries and boundary work; second, as an interstitial space of opportunity, whence change might emerge; and finally, as a way to rethink the relationship between ecluders and the excluded. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper casually explores the central question in sociology of law: How law and society relate to each other in different societies and at different times. Using the equally relevant works of Weber and Durkheim as background, the paper supports that these classic authors have emphasized, respectively, a central aspect of law and society: Authority and socio-cultural interaction. Examples have been included that suggest the significance of both authority and social interaction in relation to each other. The search for a comprehensive sociolegal theory has assumed extra importance in the current world. The invention and use of terror as a potential device for destroying existing societies calls for constructive counteraction. One tool that might be useful in these circumstances is the application of scientific investigation into the evolution of legal systems as grounded in a popular belief in their legitimacy. Perception that research in our field could help to illegalize and then marginalize terror could lead to better original, focused, and theoretically coherent research-with the resultant advances in knowledge for its own sake and for its potential social utility. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses three puzzles in inequality to illustrate a new type of account of changes in inequality. The puzzles are first, the combination of falling racial wage inequality with rising racial employment inequality; second, the failure of large numbers of degree holders to drive down the relative returns to degrees; and third, the rise in inequality within and between groups. The paper discusses the overall logical structure of the explanations offered, what those explanations do and do not show, and how they compare to other accounts. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the determinants of homelessness among day laborers in San'ya, Tokyo's largest yoseba, or day labor ghetto. Yoseba have long served as kakikomidera, or "temples of refuge," for Japan's unemployed. However, under the Heisei Recession since 1990 demand for day laborers has dramatically declined and homelessness has exploded. While the link between the recession and rising homelessness among day laborers has been affirmed by social science researchers in Japan, this paper is the first research effort to empirically explore the factors that determine whether or not an individual day laborer becomes homeless. A binomial logistic regression analysis is performed on survey data from day laborers in San'ya, showing that, contrary to expectation, characteristics such as youth and possession of job-related skills were not found to significantly prevent homelessness. However, day laborers were able to draw on their formal education, past experiences as a day laborer, and interpersonal connections with labor brokers to avoid homelessness. These relationships with employers proved to have the largest impact, suggesting that this form of social capital is the most important asset in avoiding homelessness in Japan's yoseba. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an exploration of symbolic politics of the Anti-Imperialist Plaza in Havana, Cuba. Built in 2000 as a setting for anti-US protests, during the Elián González crisis, the Anti-Imperialist Plaza's rich symbolism captures both the certainties and the ambivalences of Cuba's complex relationship with the United States. That relationship is reflected in its location on the Malacón adjacent to the American Interests Section, as well as near the monument commemorating the Maine, and the Hotel Nacional. The structures that comprise the Plaza include carefully selected references to the past that connect the revolutionary struggles of the 19th century with the efforts to repatriate Elián. At the same time, the structures demonstrate official admiration for American people and culture, embodied in an intriguing and specific assortment of Americans whose names are mentioned in commemorative plaques. After an exploration of the symbolic content of this plaza, the paper examines the way the use of the plaza has changed in the five years since its construction. The Plaza can shed light on the dynamics of Cuba-US relations as well as the Cuban government's use of history and social memory to rally support. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When is employment discrimination acceptable? The notion of a bona fide occupational requirement is central in both the United States and Canada to determining the legal permissibility of discriminatory choices by employers. There are grounds on which employees or potential employees cannot be legally discriminated against, such as sex, race, religion, age, and disability. However, employers are free to make employment decisions that discriminate so long as those decisions are based on an employee's ability to meet a bona fide occupational requirement. This paper explores the evolution of what constitutes a bona fide occupational requirement in Canadian case law, focusing on the period 1982 to 1992. This paper describes the boundaries that were drawn between acceptable and unacceptable discrimination, and highlight how those decisions were subject to two particular social influences - changing public conceptions of risk and safety and changing public moral and aesthetic preferences. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, sexual contact remains the primary mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission-despite more than two decades of safe sex public health campaigns. Social research, however, has demonstrated the need to be especially attentive to contextual factors that influence the social and sexual interactions of HIV-infected persons in order to understand the nature of HIV disease transmission. The purpose of this paper is to explore sociodemographic, health-related, and substance use correlates that affect the sexual health of HIV-positive men. Our paper uses baseline and 12-month follow-up data of a 24-month prospective cohort study entitled, "Predictors of Outcomes in HIV-Infected Men." We operationalize sexual health using four indicators: having sex in the past month, sexual quality, sexual drive, and sexual function. Bivariate analyses reveal moderately strong, positive correlations between each of these variables. Income, the presence of a domestic partner, and moderate alcohol use consistently exhibit positive associations with sexual health indicators; acquiring HIV via homosexual contact and depression are negatively related to sexual health indicators. We discuss the implications of our findings by drawing on recent literature and conclude by offering suggestions for future research on the correlates of sexual health among HIV-infected persons. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the preliminary findings of a comparative analysis of sexual citizenship and immigration policies as they relate to the human rights of gay men and lesbians. This preliminary analysis forms part of a larger investigation of sexual citizenship in international context. Since the 1990s, the sexual citizenship of gay men and lesbians, and same-sex couples has been placed on the political agenda in many countries. Calls for sexual citizenship rights include demands for reproductive rights, relationship rights, and immigration rights among others. This paper examines how different nation-states have responded to pressures to expand citizen rights for gays and lesbians. It includes a discussion of what factors contribute to the expansion of citizenship rights for gays and lesbians and assesses the models used by feminist and sexuality studies scholars who have conducted comparative research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at gender intervention in American comic books since the late sixties. Since this period women and men have intervened in this culture to transform the role and representation of women in comic book culture. This paper introduces the term modes of gender intervention to point to the complex array of practices and meanings found in gender intervention. Modes of gender intervention involve different sites and practices as well as different politics, identities and representations. In the case of comic book culture, interventions occur at sites like publishing, shops, conventions and the Internet and in practices ranging from creating comic books and fanzines to organizing panels and organizations. And content can range from feminist interventions to autobiographies from a female perspective to diverse female identities and representations. Also unlike most feminist media research, which focuses on female consumers, this paper looks at gender intervention in production and consumption. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although listing a child for sale in the local paper's classified section is unthinkable, and it is illegal to sell organs in the United States, there is a proliferation of advertisements recruiting young women and men to sell eggs and sperm. These advertisements are placed by organized donation programs whose paying clients use reproductive technologies to conceive children, thereby creating a 21st century medical market in genetic material. Eggs and sperm are symmetrical bodily goods, each constituting one half of the reproductive material needed to create life, which allows for a comparative analysis of the structure and experience of egg and sperm donation. This paper draws on interviews conducted with staff and donors at four programs in California to analyze gendered bodily commodification in egg and sperm donation. I argue that if a reproductive cell's origin in a woman's body or a man's body determines its status as thing or person, product or service, commodity exchange or gift exchange, then these distinctions will shape the experiences of the women and men selling genetic material. This paper contributes to debates in the sociology of gender about the relationship between biological differences among women and men and the gendered norms attributed to these differences and debates in economic sociology about how social factors affect the expansion of the market. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper focuses on the claims and efforts of U.S. microenterprise development programs (MDPs) to build social capital among poor and low income entrepreneurs. MDPs offer business training and lending services to individuals operating very small businesses (with five or fewer employees and less than $20,000 in start-up capital). We begin our paper with a short review of the varied definitions and claims about the role of social capital in promoting civic and economic empowerment. Then, drawing on interviews with practitioners from 50 programs, we consider the nature and extent of social capital building in U.S. MDPs. We consider the degree to which our sample MDPs directly promoted networks among clients, and between clients and individuals/organizations outside the program. More than half of the programs tried to network clients with each other, but only a few programs focused on building networks between clients and the larger community. From a critical perspective, we discuss more expanded notions of social capital building in poor communities and the barriers to their implementation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in school violence and prevalence of students carrying weapons in the past twenty years has led to implementing strict disciplinary policies in schools- most notably, "zero tolerance policies." Despite their prevalence in schools, criticism and skepticism as to their effectiveness and appropriateness increase daily. The implementation of these policies has resulted in dramatic increases in student suspensions and expulsions. Research suggests that a disproportionate number of minority and lower socioeconomic status students are excluded from schools as a result. Alternative school programs are one option for keeping students in school who are removed from their traditional school. This paper will focus on the effects of zero tolerance policies on students, as well as the most common criticisms of their implementation. The author will argue that alternative school programs are underutilized as a response to student exclusions. In conclusion, this paper will address a recent concern many of these students are never referred to an alternative program at all. They are "left behind" in their classes while they are excluded from school - resulting in more problems for these students when they return to school. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘new normal’ may be defined as: a state of perceived insecurity that has entered the public consciousness after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It is argued in this paper that such a worldview has emerged from a tenuous relation between two competing social forces - a neoliberal inspired movement towards the withdrawal of government from certain sectors (that predated September 11) that is countered by the reimposition of aggressive state power in other sectors. With an instrumental focus on the identification and containment of dangerous individuals through detailed information surveillance techniques and the patrol of national borders, the ideology of the ‘new normal’ has become insidiously hegemonic in its influence on a more pervasive level. In particular, this type of orientation has significant implications for public health, especially during times of social duress such as those experienced during a disease outbreak. This paper uses the case of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in Toronto as an empirical referent to reflect upon and discuss the general implications of the ‘new normal’ for the relationship between civil liberties and public health. In particular, we examine how public health measures such as quarantine, surveillance, and hygienic containment converge with conceptions of an expanded view of the border that now includes social control measures over not only the nation state border, but also the borders of the city, the hospital, and the body. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main question addressed by this paper is whether or not there are some grounds for optimism that since the 2004 elections some of the problems pertaining to the institutionalization of democracy in Romania since 1989 are likely to be corrected. The problems include serious questions regarding the rule of law, the clientelistic nature of political parties, the lack of accountability of political elites, and the use of a constructive rather than a personalized and accusatory dialogue between political opponents. The conclusion of the paper is that so far, Romania seems to resemble the model of an “incomplete democracy” and is less likely in the foreseeable to approximate the model of a liberal democracy. It also remains to be seen whether the process of accession to the EU and the latter’s monitoring of the justice system will result in a real reformation or whether it will remain at the level of cosmetic surgery. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the uses of Internet dating sites by men and women interested in meeting a partner for a long-lasting relationship. In particular this paper is interested in understanding the ways in which Internet users mix and manage the rationality inherent in the Internet technology and the expectation that the technology will lead to the "irrational" emotion of love. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social movement scholars have long been interested in the role of students and college campuses in social movement recruitment and activity. For the most part, however, their attention has focused almost exclusively on liberal activism. This paper brings attention to the extensive conservative organizing that has long been present on American college campuses. It identifies several important processes by which conservative social movement mobilization is taking place on campuses today. It also clarifies the specific ways in which biographical availability and social networks-two of the key underlying mechanisms for social movement recruitment-- operate among today's students. The empirical data for the paper come from a national study of the pro-life movement in the U.S. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the cultural construction of the basis of well being by examining well being amongupper-caste, middle-class Hindu men in India in the 1980s. The paper suggests that because of a in afamily structure characterized by joint-household living and an economic structure that limits economicindependence, men's well being is rooted in being nourished by group support. That these men alsofind well being in limited independence suggests that a balance between independence and groupguidance is cross-culturally necessary for people to experience well being. Considering changes inIndian family and economic structures since the 1980s suggests that it is social structure (rather than acultural or psychological orientation) that grounds standards of well being. Social change thattransforms social structure without a corresponding change in cultural orientation prompts threats towell being. Scholarly notions of well being have been unduly influenced by consumer, capitalist cultures. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the effect of the perception of police repression on the diffusion of five direct action tactics from the anti-globalization movement into New York and Toronto activist milieus. The paper considers the spread of black bloc, puppetry, affinity-group/spokescouncil decisionmaking models, blockades, street parties and jail solidarity. The paper focuses on the impact of police repression at five protest events as it examines the ways that activists explain the relationship between their experiences of repression and their tactical decision-making. It argues that the severity, focus and predictability of repression influence the process of deliberation which indirectly impacts the diffusion process. By influencing deliberation, police repression impacted the diffusion of the "Seattle tactics". ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of my research paper is to examine the function of Pentecostalism in diasporic communities coming from the Caribbean. The phenomena of Caribbean diaspora cannot be subjected a priori as an African or Indian diaspora; rather, it must be perceived as cultures of hybridity migrating to new dwellings (Cohen, 1997). Pentecostalism, popularly known as a western religious movement, transcends its borders of singular ownership elucidating itself as identity markers in underdeveloped countries. Haiti, the poorest country in the western hemisphere, is no stranger to the evangelical projects coming from the United States. My study concentrates on Haitian diasporic communities who appropriate Pentecostalism as a meaningful social structure. The Haitian migrants in Guadeloupe will facilitate as a case study for this paper (Brodwin, 2003). I take a neofunctionalist perspective arguing that diasporic communities with strong Pentecostal beliefs are able to sustain cultural stability in the face of marginality and conflict from the host country. My paper reports on secondary sources before I begin fieldwork in the Miami, Florida area. The history of Pentecostalism in Haiti is included to substantiate its influence prior to migration. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds on recent work on regionalism by integrating theoretical understandings of politics of scale prevalent in work by geographers. Using this analytical lens, the paper finds that in Cleveland, a city with an active, elite-led push to construct regional mechanisms of governance, regionalism is not in fact a rational solution to the region's problems but a political project to rescale governance to the advantage of the private-sector. There are other regional projects in Cleveland that have other goals in mind, but this prominent effort indicates that to understand regionalism on the ground we nned to be attentive to the particularities of regional projects. Lastly, we need to situate these scalar projects in the prior history of scalar accommodations that have been reached. In Cleveland's case, elite dissatisfaction with the rescaling of some governance functions to the scale of the neighborhood is a significant motivation for regionalism along with other factors such as competition for mobile capital. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an event-history analysis of recruitment into the communist elite in Soviet Russia between 1945 and 1991. Using life history data from Szelenyi and Treiman=s 1993 survey of Social Stratification in Eastern Europe, I replicate and extend Walder, Li, and Treiman=s (2000) paper showing distinct career paths into the Chinese urban elite for professionals and administrators by applying the Adual career paths@ model to Soviet Russia. In that country as in China, entry into administrative posts required both educational and political credentials while entry into professional positions required educational but not political credentials. Unlike China, however, differences between the two paths became less sharp over time due to the declining importance of party membership in the screening of administrators and the of tertiary education in the screening of professionals. Once a distinction is made among Soviet administrators between state and party officials, the directors of large enterprises, and the managers of small firms, one finds evidence of distinct career paths within the administrative elite, in particular a politicized path leading to positions within party and state apparatus in which candidates were screened for both political and educational credentials and a professionalized path leading to top managerial posts in economy in which candidates were screened strongly for educational but not political credentials and recruited from ranks of professionals. In contrast to China, therefore, meritocratic criteria appear to have penetrated more deeply into the recruitment of administrators during the Soviet period, with potential implications in regard to system collapse. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of transnational architectural production in mega project developments in downtown Beijing. The study is situated within the ongoing debate about globalization and the production of new urban spaces. In the process of economic restructuring since the 1970s, local entrepreneurial city governments in the West have adopted urban mega project developments as a major strategy for urban regeneration. Previous studies have examined the rationale, mechanism and impact of mega projects in contemporary urban restructuring processes. However, little attention has been directed to the role of architecture and urban design in mega project development. What combinations of social forces determine the urban form of mega projects? What can the articulated urban form do? And what are the cultural meanings invested by various agencies in the new urban form? This paper addresses these questions through the lens of transnational architectural production in the process of rebuilding downtown Beijing. The study shows that local developers and politicians have consciously used signature design by international architects as a branding tool in marketing their urban mega projects, and in promoting Beijing as a new global city. By choosing modern, high-tech, and futuristic architectural designs by international architects, local elites have created a transnational urban space that caters to the needs of new city users. The paper argues that in post-industrial societies, as culture and economy have increasingly intertwined with each other, the articulation of spatial design has become a major force in the process of capital accumulation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines childhood as a period of queer possibilities. It surveys existing ideas about childhood sexuality generally, and about queer childhoods in particular. Through a close historical reading of the psychiatric diagnosis "Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood," it argues that a range of stakeholders (both those deemed "homophobic" and those ostensibly working for LGBTQ emancipation) share common and limited visions of queer childhood. The paper ends with a call to reassess how we might think about queer childhood, and suggests some of the material/institutional changes that could accompany such a reassessment. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2025, one quarter of the world's population aged 60 and over will be living in China. Therefore, the success or failure of China to reform its old-age pension system will affect a major proportion of the world's population. This paper explores old-age pension reforms in Latin America in an effort to obtain insights about the potential consequences of reforms in China. While numerous Western countries first experienced a cultural rationalization, then economic modernization, and after that faced the challenges of population aging, both Latin America and China are dealing with pension system reforms in the context of much less developed economies and stronger traditional cultures. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that these distinctive characteristics will shape the consequences of the reforms being implemented in China. First, financing the reform could be hard in a low income country and non-rationalized society prone to evasion and corruption problems. Second, China is likely going to be a traditional society where the traditional formulas to secure old-age income security are becoming stressed. Accordingly, China needs to improve the coverage of its old-age social pension system to provide alternative sources of income at older ages to the traditional family arrangements. However, there is no evidence in Latin American old-age pension reform suggesting that coverage of the Chinese system could become close to universal in the following decades. Therefore, family arrangements seem likely to continue being important sources of well-being at older ages. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines attitudes of unwed fathers towards father roles using data from the baseline study of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Logistic regression is used to measure how important new fathers report three measures of fatherhood: providing financial support, direct care, and being an authority figure for the child. The findings show differences between black, Asian, American Indian, and men who report their race as "other" when compared to white fathers and differences between Hispanic fathers when compared to non-Hispanic fathers. This paper highlights the need for more racial diverse studies within the fatherhood literature, given the findings presented that race and ethnicity have an affect on how men view fathering roles. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two objectives. The first objective is to analyze race, class, and gender differences in high school course-taking and achievement among 1996-97 Florida public high school graduates by playing students in high school educational pathways based on their mathematics and science courses taken and achievement in these course. We then supplement this analysis by determining the extent to which race, class, and gender differences in course-taking and achievement both contributed to patterns of educational achievement in high school. This paper is the first part of a larger set of analyses that examine the structural and individual influences on high school educational pathways in relation to the likelihood of students pursuing science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) college majors and careers after high school. Given educational opportunities provided in high schools embedded in specific local school districts and communities, students, presumably with input from school guidance counselors and parents, must decide how far to proceed in available mathematics and science sequences. This paper describes race, class, and gender patterns of educational pathways of individual students and finds that Asian students take more difficult courses and have higher achievement than white students. Both groups have more advanced course-taking and achievement than black and Hispanic students. Students on free lunch do not perform on the level of students who are not on free lunch. Females have high achievement than males and are more likely to take Algebra II and Chemistry, but are less likely than males to take Calculus and Physics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper on gender attitudes, Rosenstein (2005) finds that an interaction exists between individual and group threat, such that when only one type of threat is included in a model, it acts as a proxy for the omitted threat. Consequently, when a model includes only one type of threat, the findings may lead to erroneous conclusions. The frequent use of threat in studies of racial attitudes requires that we determine if a similar phenomenon occurs in this context. The models presented in this paper demonstrate that such interactions are relevant in the context of race. This leads to the conclusion that any analysis of racial attitudes that includes one type of threat should also include the other type of threat. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, there has been an extensive debate regarding the imposition of U.S. models for anti-racism on other countries such as Latin America. As Latin American countries struggle to re-define their identity and confront their problems amidst evidence of rampant racism in the region, some scholars have turned to the U.S. civil rights model, emphasizing racial consciousness and group identity, as a possible solution for the racial woes of Latin America. However, others have criticized this strategy as representing imperialist impositions and that these models are unfit to address the Latin American racial situation. In this paper we argue that the exchange of ideas regarding effective anti-racist strategies should flow in both directions. Traditionally, scholars have leaned on the U.S. example when interpreting racial dynamics in Latin America. In this paper we change the direction of the traditional dialogue by discussing ways in which research in Latin America can inform the theoretical foundation of U.S. anti-racism. Specifically, we discuss the implications of race mixing, minimization of racial consciousness, colorblindness, multiculturalism, racism literacy, and the perspective of new immigrants on current theories of anti-racism. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much queer theory is based on the white male experience and privilege, excluding people of color and severely limiting its relevance to Third World activism. Within the last decade, chronicles from South Asian GLBT communities have appeared, but the richness and the contradictions that characterize these communities have often been stifled. Too often, the limitations due to undertheorized South Asian GLBT history is compounded with a South Asian queer canon overwrought with the East/West:traditional/modern equation. In this paper, I visit paradoxes, unity, and diversity by unraveling the lives of two queer-identified second-generation South Asian-American women - Rupa and Ronica. The paper is divided into three rich and thick sections. I begin with a thorough discussion of the literature on South Asian-Americans - a canon overwrought with white hetero-patriarchal pedagogy. I suggest that the current discourse encompassing the lives of South Asian-Americans is monolithic and it does not adequately reflect the realities of the lives of the two women's stories I share. In the subsequent section, I investigate acts that validate human visibility (oppositional active whiteness) by reviewing the ethnographic data. Rupa and Ronica produce several oppositional identifications to entice and isolate the white gaze. Third, and finally, I attempt to conclude the paper by offering a possible solution to rigid category work. This article examines the acceptance of, manipulation of, and resistance to hegemonic power by an often invisible and marginalized group: queer South Asian-American women. I accomplish this by presenting partial data from a six-month long cross-national ethnographic study. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, significant research has been done on the rise of the gate as a central feature of cities across the globe. (Davis, 1990; Dillon, 1994; Blakely & Snyder 1998, 1999; Caldeira, 2000; Frantz, 2000; Rivera-Bonilla, 2000; Setha Low, 2001, 2003; Romig, 2004) Labeled "gates," "fortresses," and "walls," the majority of these studies focus on the rise of this physical form as an intervention of "fear," constructed by privileged residential clusters in the quest for security or a rationalized sense of security from crime, from the fear of crime, from declining property values, or in the name of privilege and prestige. Whereas current research has detailed the impact of gating on communities, this research suffers from the notable limitation that it is based on studying gating exclusively in private and high-income residential communities. This paper examines another type of community that has undergone gating in the 1990's-public housing communities. It exhibits how gating differs for private and public housing and the divergent impacts that the gates have on communities of different socio-economic profile. Relying on qualitative focus group data collected in the second largest public housing authority in the federal system (Puerto Rico), the paper details the range of experiences of the residents in the gated communities and discusses the symbolic meanings that these gates attain as a function of their form and locale. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze women's work and family demands and their decisions to enter or exit the labor market and begin with their daily experiences rather than with preconceived discriminatory ideologies or myths that have steered state policies. These state polices are usually one-dimensional and linear and are guided by an inner logic that full-time market work, regardless of pay, hours, and benefits, is the best solution for low-income mothers and their families. I argue that a single approach to self-sufficiency (e.g. full-time work) is shortsighted and that single low-income mothers' decisions on how they decide to choreograph their work and family time, and enter and exit the labor market, are based on strategies for sustaining their families' survival and well-being within a context of unstable, inflexible, and low-paid jobs. This paper is based on a three year ethnographic study, from 1998 to 2001 that followed forty-four low-income families in Milwaukee ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus specifically on the incidence and prevalence of three bacterial STIs and their resultant impacts on the HIV/AIDS crisis in China. Chinese adults aged 20-64 will be analyzed as part of the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey. Research questions will include whether or not older ages and utilization of commercial sex are directly related to incidence of STI transmission as well as whether or not a hidden epidemic exists in China. The paper will encompass an analysis of adults in China including their self-reported responses and urine results. Logistic Regression is employed in order to model the results. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the transformation in the focus of the preservation movement in inter-war Britain. Specifically, this research details the first major change to the mission of the National Trust, a private charity preserving British national heritage. I show that during the 1930s the Trust received and responded to pressure from members of the aristocracy to shift its efforts to preserving country houses and great estates. At a time when the anachronism of an aristocracy was increasingly recognized, members of this social group, through co-opting the Trust, were able to obtain many benefits for their social class. By gaining concessions from the government allowing the Trust to take on their properties, members of the aristocracy now had an avenue out of crippling taxes and death duties. Rather than selling off or abandoning their properties, many families continued living on site in return for allowing minimum public access. The aristocracy was able to shore up their social position by framing their culture, their lifestyle, and indeed their social group, as an important facet of national heritage worthy of the tremendous resources needed for its preservation. They could now claim a newfound importance as 'guardians of the nation's heritage.' This paper provides evidence to suggest that elite co-optation of this national preservation organization led to dramatic changes in the definition of what constituted national heritage. As a result of elite influence, between the 1930s and the 1950s the Trust shifted its concern-and its definition of national heritage-towards elite domestic estates. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Second World War, the world discovers that nuclear science raises what contemporaries call the "most pressing problem" for the maintenance of a safe and stable international order. Whether its development should be curtailed or furthered lays on the very possibility to prevent its normal peaceful uses to be turned into national military and strategic advantages. This paper analyzes the emergence of a new field of expertise in the United States from 1945 to 1953: the field of nuclear proliferation studies. It analyzes what controversies about the definition of the sovereign power, defined as the "power to decide on the exception" (Benjamin 2000 [1921], Schmitt (1988[1928]), Arendt (1951)), were raised in this emerging field. It describes the dynamics of these debates between natural scientists and political scientists and it shows how classification struggles, boundary-making between scientists and other experts (such as political scientists), and collective strategies of institutionalization influenced the outcomes of these debates. The paper ends with hypotheses about how these ideas on sovereignty influenced the official nuclear posture of the United States in the 1950s. This analysis thus complements neo-institutionalist studies of expertise and globalization (Meyer et al. 1997; Risse and Sikkink 1999) which do not allude to this central dimension of sovereignty in their analyses of trans-national political movements, as they treat experts as diffusers of norms rather than as challengers of the nation-states' monopoly over the power to decide on the exceptional use of force. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that mobile, "portable" groupings should be considered genuine communities which generate authentic social bonds has been widely debated and contested, particularly as such groupings take new shape and form. Drawing on fifty in-depth, semi-structured interviews and over 200 e-mail surveys, the paper proposes and defines key concepts which can be used to bring these discussions into greater focus and provides a common vocabulary and much-needed overview of key types of mobile and virtual communities. It argues for "mobile" or "portable community" as the preferred terminology for most technologically generated groupings, and demonstrates that they are critical and authentic aspects of the social structure. Finally, the paper takes a look at the sociological implications, both positive and negative, of living in a world of mobile communities, and considers the ways in which participants in mobile communities are increasingly able to control or "harness" social interaction. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declining fertility rates and high levels of immigration predict dramatic demographic transformations in post-industrial societies. Such trends are especially advanced in North America, where large minorities of people have arrived from non-European countries within the last several decades. What impacts these demographic shifts will have on Canadian society is an interesting question. Research on the integration of immigrants has focused primarily on economic aspects of social experience, on the assumption that economic success predicts and precedes integration of all kinds. Political integration of immigrants has received far less attention. One series of questions concerns the kinds of political shifts we can expect as a result of the presence and/or the political participation of these most recently arrived immigrant groups. This paper concerns itself with research that asks the more preliminary questions of whether and how fast political integration is occurring and what predicts or explains this. My objectives in this paper are two-fold: to compile a list of factors influential in political integration to guide the collection of empirical evidence , and to identify a theoretical and methodological strategy best suited to accommodate both qualitative and quantitative insights and findings. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political economy has been employed by scholars both in aging policy and those in disability policy. However, these two literatures remain remarkably separate, despite overlapping sociopolitical concerns, including access to personal assistance services (PAS) to support community-based living, Federal prescription drug coverage, and debates over euthanasia and the right to die. This paper contends with the question of whether or not these two frameworks can and should be unified. After a brief introduction to political economy as a method of analysis and its application in the broader field of health and illness, the paper provides an overview of two approaches to the political economy of disability: 1) pluralist and 2) critical . Next, the Estes (1979, 2001) model of the political economy of aging is discussed for both its theoretical depth and its lacunae regarding the experience of impairment and by extension, disabled persons. The paper concludes by answering the question asked in the title of this presentation. Identifying the political economy of aging and disability as complementary frameworks, the final discussion focuses on unifying them; using the Estes model as a theoretical base upon which to build a model relevant to both groups. Areas of future research indicated by such a unified model are also identified. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federalism as a form of territorial organization for politics often involves conflicts about which level of government can craft policy in specific areas. Such conflicts are particularly prominent in multinational federal systems, that is, federal systems where a significant number of citizens identify with a nation distinct from the one projected by the central state. Our paper will focus on social policy and make two arguments about its relationship with sub-state nationalism within federal structures using the cases of Canada and Belgium. First, it will suggest that social policy is particularly likely to become the focus of political and jurisdictional battles in the context of multinational federalism because it represents a potent tool for constructing and consolidating national identities. Nationalist mobilization over social policy is occurring in both Flanders and Québec despite ideological and programmatic differences between the two movements. Second, the paper will argue that the structure of federalism and welfare arrangements will heavily condition the likelihood and extent of decentralization. In Canada, the competitive nature of federal/provincial relations and the Beveridge-style welfare arrangements explain why there has been decentralization of social policy towards Québec whereas consensual decision-making and the Bismarckian welfare arrangements has meant no such outcome for Flanders in Belgium. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is a broad recognition that styles and context of leadership are important factors in affecting the emergence, development, and ultimate impact of a social movement, the literature on leadership is underdeveloped (but see Morris and Staggenborg 2004; Robnett 1996). In this paper, we mean to contribute to an emerging literature by outlining an ideal type of a distinct model of leadership within movements, that of a platform leader who builds an organization with the primary purpose of supporting and amplifying her voice. The platform leader speaks on behalf of a position or a constituency, but beyond this, the actual relationship to that position or constituency is unclear.In this paper, we first discuss the ways scholars have dealt with the conflicting demands placed on leadership, including distinguishing between types of relationships leaders have with their followers, distinguishing between the kinds of audiences with whom leaders must communicate, and distinguishing between the types of activities in which leaders must be competent. We also discuss the broader trend in American associational life: the reduction of rank-and-file member participation within their organization combined with the rising importance of professional leaders. Next, we present two case studies of platform leadership within opposing organizations, comparing the development and maintenance of platform leadership. Finally, we discuss the implications for future research on the platform leadership model, including how it fits with the existing models of leadership, and what kinds of organizations and what kinds of movements are most likely to develop platform leaders. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: We live in a time when bodies are constantly remolded through plastic surgery and plastic debt to resemble a plastic person. This person is white, young, thin, able-bodied, clearly gendered as male or female, clearly heterosexual, and clearly human. Throughout the paper, I call this imperative to be a plastic person the Law of Plastic. This Law of Plastic is contrasted with Plasticity, a series of strategies to shape the body in ways that bend and even break many of the rules of Plastic. These forms of resistance include transgender, trans-species, and amputee-wannabe movements. This paper looks in particular at a group of female to male spectrum, genderqueer and transgender persons who use surgery, testosterone, and other interventions not to "be a man," but to refuse to be any gender or sexuality. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explain the behavior of the American guards who tortured or watched the torture of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib in 2004, as well as that of Joseph Darby, the whistle-blower, who was responsible for bringing the atrocities to the attention of the media. Various public accounts of these events have focused on the perpetrators and have relied on individualistic explanations of their behavior--the "bad apples in a good barrel" perspective.In contrast to this perspective, a symbolic interactionist approach suggests that all of the role-players involved acted in accordance with pre-existing definitions of the situation, as well as definitions shaped by various situational contingencies. In particular, reference group theory enables us to understand how ordinary people can engage in extraordinary behavior. The paper argues that for these perpetrators who were far from home, the definitions of significant others in their immediate environment became all-important. Conversely, Darby maintained a prosocial value orientation as a result of his continued attachment to his family back home. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between the social network positions of scientists and their perceptions of the research environment within their respective research organization. While the performance and productivity benefits of social networks in science have been amply demonstrated (Katz and Allen, 1985; Liebskind et al, 1996; Reagans and Zuckerman, 2001; Mote, 2005), there is still little understanding of how networks might affect scientists' perceptions of their research environment. Because the work environment has also been identified as a key factor for research success (Balachandra and Friar, 1997), it is essential to understand the interaction between social networks and the organizational research environment. In the context of this study, the research environment has been characterized as a set of specific organizational attributes previously identified by researchers as important for conducting high quality and relevant research (Jordan, 2005). This paper utilizes three related datasets that were gathered with a comprehensive survey instrument administered in Spring 2005 to a research organization consisting primarily of oceanographers and atmospheric scientists. The first is a network dataset of researchers and project affiliations, conceptualizing this type of network as a "project ecology" (Mote, 2005; Grabher, 2002). The second is a dataset that was gathered using a name generator question to solicit internal and external network contacts. The third dataset consists of responses to a comprehensive survey that measures the "health" of the research environment. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for managerial practice and future research. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]