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This paper investigates the challenges, mitigation strategies and transformative approaches in educational programme delivery in South African education amidst the adverse influence of the pandemic in schools' Further Education and Training phase with a focus on the integration of technology-enhanced effective teaching and learning; using data obtained from interviews of a data-rich sample of the school management team and teachers of five schools. The noteworthy contribution of this paper to knowledge in the context of Comparative and International Education pertains to transformative strategies for technology-enhanced programme delivery in education. This paper's final objective is to link the explored findings of challenges, trends and innovations in the South African education system to the theme of this book focusing on the different worlds common education challenges. Furthermore, the findings emphasised the need for innovation and transformation toward a technology-enhanced education environment, especially in the Fifth Industrial Revolution milieu. In addition, this paper presented noteworthy recommendations for educational stakeholders and future research. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

This conceptual paper proposes a model to describe the quality of student dialogue during participative collaborative problem solving. Drawing on the participation metaphor of learning, we argue that the construct of mathematical sophistication is useful to describe the quality. We then present two frameworks, mathematical competencies and mathematical practices, as ways to operationalise the construct in the collaborative problem-solving setting. We argue that by using a networking theories approach, the two frameworks will provide nuances of levels of mathematical sophistication that can be observed in student interaction. In addition, they could provide an analysis of both individual and group contributions to mathematical sophistication in a collaborative task setting. Implications of using two approaches for conceptualizing mathematical sophistication for future mathematics education research and teaching practices are provided.

For the forty-second time, the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Las Vegas, Nevada. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 1 contains papers dealing primarily with research and development topics. Twenty-three papers dealing with the practice of instructional technology including instruction and training issues are contained in Volume 2. [For Volume 1, see ED609416.]

This paper presents an ongoing comparative study of secondary teachers' education programs in France, Greece, and England, with a primary focus on strategies aimed at cultivating a positive learning environment in schools. Recent studies have underlined the significance of teachers' pedagogical competence formation as a determinant element which will form their future in the teaching profession. Globalization and technological development being major characteristics of our century have had an undeniable impact on educational thought and practice which imposes the need to acquire new types of knowledge and skills to ensure teachers' capacity to deal with the needs of the new generation. Secondary teachers must implement targeted handlings towards a special age group--adolescence--in combination with the principles of the curriculum. Through interviews and focus groups with secondary teachers of various specialization and teaching experience the aim is to understand their needs and level of preparation for the purpose of entering the classroom equipped to conduct their demanding role and to explore the ways the undergraduate studies of secondary teachers can be enriched both theoretically--and especially--at a practical level. [For the complete Volume 22 proceedings, see ED656158.]

The 2019 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CSCTFL), held in conjunction with the Ohio Foreign Language Association (OFLA), was held at the Hilton Downtown Columbus from March 14-16, 2019. In accordance with the goals set forth by the founders of CSCTFL, the 2019 conference endeavored "to support language teachers and to advance the study of foreign languages." The conference theme "Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges, Promoting Performance" inspired presenters of 27 workshops and over 200 sessions to focus on three areas: breaking barriers to learning languages, building bridges to new teaching practices and cultures, and promoting and improving student and teacher performance both within and beyond classrooms. A wide variety of sessions and workshop topics offered ideas for infusing world language instruction with music, art, film, literature, technology, current events and much more. Participants explored innovative techniques that integrated technology to enhance student learning. World language educators discovered strategies to engage students to help them take control of their learning. The authors of this year's volume focus on making the U.S. exceptional through language immersion programs, interactive digital technology tools, cross-district and multi-grade collaboration, task-based integrative curriculum and instruction, and more careful mentoring of pre-service teachers during their student teaching practicum.

"Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Education and Science" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES) which took place on April 1-4, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and science. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICRES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and science. The ICRES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and science, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and science. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Education and Science" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Research in Education and Science (ICRES) which took place on April 1-4, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and science. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICRES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and science. The ICRES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and science, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and science. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings.

Understanding key concepts in molecular biology requires reasoning about molecular processes that are not directly observable and, as such, presents a challenge to students and teachers. We ask whether novel interactive physical models and activities can help students understand key processes in viral replication. Our 3D tangible models are embedded with magnets that accurately represent chemical attractions and, in a study of 492 students, structured model use led to improved understanding of viral replication and self-assembly from pre- to posttest.

Prisms VR, a secondary math learning application, allows for users to see, manipulate, and engage with mathematical concepts in an embodied way in Virtual Reality (VR) environment. We examine cases in which mathematics teachers and middle school students worked through Prisms and reflected upon their experiences. Findings indicate that VR environments can help teachers find alternative ways of presenting algebraic concepts in a hands-on, interactive, and embodied manner; and these findings were confirmed based on the student experience. VR allows teachers to make connections through scaffolding and personalized experiences, while also aiding students in the exploration and meaning-making. [This paper was published in: "Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Learning Sciences - ICLS 2024," edited by R. Lindgren et al., International Society of the Learning Sciences, 2024, pp. 1610-13.]

In this paper we report on an aspect of the findings of a larger three-phase study exploring the factors that influence teachers implementing pedagogies that cultivate students' STEM capabilities and 21st century skills. Data were collected through an online questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, focus groups and case studies. This paper will focus on the findings from the first phase of this study and initial analysis of focus groups and semi-structured interviews data. Preliminary findings show that participants hold mixed beliefs concerning student proficiency in mathematics and there are common factors that influence decisions concerning the use of pedagogical practices that support students' mathematical proficiency and the development of students' 21st century skills. These factors include teachers' personal beliefs and attitudes, perceived time and curriculum constraints, student behaviour and students' academic ability.

This paper illustrates the integration of the hybrid Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach in the development of the prototype C[superscript 2]HADAM, a multimedia courseware that is intended for the teaching and learning of the Science subject for form two students in Malaysian secondary schools. The discussion begins with the Constructivist theory and conceptual frameworks underlying C[superscript 2]HADAM. The learning concepts of inquiry learning, contextual education, simulation, exploratory learning, self-directed learning, and student-centered learning are also incorporated into C[superscript 2]HADAM. Next, this paper details the development of the project using a popular development life cycle namely ADDIE. ADDIE life cycle consists of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation phases. This paper also highlights some of the screen snapshots taken from C[superscript 2]HADAM prototype. The final part of this paper presents some of the findings from the Effectiveness construct. The results show positive feedback on the use of the courseware, and the courseware proves to enhance learners' performance. The integration of the PBL principles in the development of the courseware, thus, promises more of its application in the teaching and learning of other scientific disciplines. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

This paper explores how learning analytics data provided by a math problem-solving educational technology platform informed 5th and 6th grade teachers' instructional decisions around socioemotional learning (SEL). MathSpring is an educational technology tool that provides teachers with data on students' effort, progress, and emotions while students are solving math problems. This paper presents findings from qualitative analyses of 11 classroom observations, 10 observation follow-up chats, and 35 teacher interviews that were collected as part of a randomized control trial conducted in the northeastern United States. The analyses include teachers who used the program with their students (treatment group) and teachers who implemented math instruction as usual (control group). Teachers in the treatment group viewed analytic data on students' effort and progress, which informed the discussions they had with their students around SEL topics including setting goals, the importance of effort, and using productive problem-solving strategies. Findings from these analyses suggest that analytic data on effort and progress can inform teachers' discussions of math-related SEL concepts with their students. [This paper was published in: "The 14th Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference (LAK '24), March 18-22, 2024, Kyoto, Japan," ACM, 2024.]

This paper reports on a study of choices about the use of a computer algebra system (CAS) or pen-and-paper (p&p) by a class of seven Year 11 Mathematical Methods (CAS) students as they completed a calculus worksheet. Factors that influenced students' choices are highlighted by comparing and contrasting the use of CAS and p&p between students. Teacher expectation of students' use of CAS and p&p reveals that, even in a small class, the students' use of CAS and p&p sometimes differed from what was expected. The analysis here indicates that there are a variety of factors that influence students' decisions, including speed of calculation and accuracy of p&p work.

For the thirty-seventh year, the Research and Theory Division and the Division of Instructional Design of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) sponsored the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the annual AECT Convention in Jacksonville, Florida. This year's Proceedings is presented in two volumes--Volume 1 includes twenty-seven research and development papers. Volume 2 includes thirty-one papers on the practice of educational communications and technology. The 27 papers with respective authors included in Volume 1 are: (1) Information Visualization in Students Eye: An Eye Tracking Study of Rising Sea Levels (Dalia Alyahya, Suzan Alyahya); (2) Interactive eBooks as a Tool of Mobile Learning for Digital-Natives in Higher Education: Interactivity, Preferences and Ownership (Aadil Askar); (3) Recognition of Prior Learning Occurring in Online Informal and Non-Formal Learning Environments: The Case of Higher Education in Turkey (Mesut Aydemir); (4) Open Dialogue: A Content Analysis of the #OpenEducation Twitter Hashtag (Fredrick W. Baker); (5) Enhancing Online Courses with Digital Storytelling (Sally Baldwin, Yu-Hui Ching); (6) Visualizing Learning for the Next Generation: Visual and Media Literacy Research, 2000-2014 (Danilo M. Baylen, Kendal Lucas); (7) Examining the Role of Emotion in Public Health Education Using Multimedia (Sungwon Chung, Kwangwoo Lee, Jongpil Cheon); (8) Students' Online Learning Experiences in Collectivist Cultures (Ana-Paula Correia); (9) Emphasis on Standards: What Do the Interns Report? (Lana Kaye B. Dotson); (10) A Comparison of Learner Self-Regulation in Online and Face-to-Face Problem-Based Learning Courses (Christopher Andrew Glenn); (11) Exploring the Influence of Academic Technology Professionals in Higher Education (Stephanie Glick); (12) Educational Technologies Working in Today's Classrooms: Tech Tools And Apps for Teaching in the Real World (V. Paige Hale); (13) Modeling the Processes of Diagramming Arguments that Support and Inhibit Students' Understanding of Complex Arguments (Allan Jeong, Haeyoung Kim); (14) A Review of Research on Collaboration via Blogs in Online Learning (Habibah Khan, Trey Martindale); (15) Competency of Teachers in Using Technology Based on ISTE NETS.T In Tatweer Schools-Saudi Arabia (Abdulrahman A Kamal); (16) Middle School Teachers' Perspective: The Benefits, Challenges, and Suggestion When Using the iPad (Jeungah Kim); (17) Concept Centrality: A Useful and Usable Analysis Method to Reveal Mental Representation of Bilingual Readers (Kyung Kim, Roy B. Clariana); (18) Adolescents' Internet Use and Usage in a Family Context: Implications for Family Learning (Wilfred W. F. Lau, Allan H. K. Yuen); (19) Leveraging Technology: Facilitating Preservice Teachers TPACK Through Video Self Analysis (James E. Jang, Jing Lei); (20) Use of the Flipped Instructional Model in Higher Education: Instructors' Perspectives (Taotao Long, John Cummins, Michael Waugh); (21) Evaluation of the "Let's Talk: Finding Reliable Mental Health Information and Resources" Pilot Program for Grades 7 and 8 Students in Three Ontarian School Boards and One Independent School in Quebec (Cameron Montgomery, Natalie Montgomery, Christine Potra); (22) Touching Our Way to Better Conversations: How Tablets Impact Cognitive Load and Collaborative Learning Discourses (Christopher Ostrowski); (23) The Effect of Self-Assessment on Achievement in an Online Course (Yasin Özarslan, Ozlem Ozan); (24) Perceptions of the Role and Value of Interactive Videoconferencing and Chat Rooms in Supporting Goals of Cross-Cultural Understanding among Three Educational Nonprofit Organizations (Shilpa Sahay, Pavlo Antonenko); (25) Pre-Service English Teachers' Achievement Goal Orientations: A Study of a Distance English Language Teacher Education Program (Hasan Uçar, Müjgan Bozkaya); (26) Perceptions of Online Program Graduates: A 3-Year Follow-up Study (Michael L. Waugh, Jian Su Searle); and (27) Course Structure Design Decision to Solve Academic Procrastination in Online Course (Yufei Wu, Tiffany A. Koszalka, Lina Souid, Jacob A. Hall). (Individual papers contain references.) [For Volume 2, see ED562048.]

While proving, and more broadly conceived "reasoning and sense-making," have received a great deal of attention in mathematics education research over the past three decades, recently scholars have argued for the importance of justification as a learning and teaching practice. As teachers work toward realizing goals for more equitable classroom environments, little is known about whether teachers' conceptions about mathematical practices, such as justification, reflect an understanding of how students' engagement in those practices can support more than just mathematical achievement. In this paper, we present findings from our analysis of interviews with 10 secondary mathematics teachers engaged in participatory action research to explore connections, and potential disconnections, between teachers' conceptions of justification and their visions for equitable instruction. [For the complete proceedings, see ED657822.]

For more than three decades, Morocco has been engaged in a major reform program in favour of gender equality. Several legal and institutional reforms have been adopted, and numerous policies to protect and promote women's rights in the socio-economic, political and educational spheres have been implemented. However, it turns out that unequal practices and differentialist representations that hierarchise men's and women's bodies have maintained the status quo. Men's and women's sexual experiences are still asymmetrical, and the female body is still under guardianship. This paper aims to analyze the educational discourse about sexuality in order to understand to what extent the school contributes to the (in)egalitarian building of bodies. This analyze concern textbooks, teacher's practices and reprenstations of adolescents/students. As a result, it seems that the Moroccan school still remains one of the spaces of resistance against gender equality and thus contributes to the (re)production of gender inequalities. [For the full proceedings, see ED652261.]

In this paper, we explore how students' algebraic noticing's and explanations changed across a two-year period with the introduction of designed instructional material. The data in this report is drawn from n=53 Year 7-8 students' responses to a free-response assessment task across two different years. Analysis focused on how students noticed and explained algebraic relationships in pairs of equivalent equations. Findings indicate that with the introduction of designed instructional material, there was a shift in student noticing of number properties to identify equivalence between pairs of equations. However, identifying the distributive property of multiplication and developing generalisations about the algebraic relationships remained challenging for students.

It is well accepted and understood amongst the mathematics education community that numeracy is the responsibility of all teachers, across all levels of schooling. However, the way numeracy is understood and actioned across the Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary contexts is different. This paper reports on a case study of secondary school teachers seeking to be more intentional in embedding numeracy across the curriculum. The findings indicate that dialogue and support to see, and make, numeracy connections result in greater cohesion in terms of understanding numeracy and making numeracy more visible for students.

Big Ideas in school mathematics can be seen as overarching concepts that occur in various mathematical topics in a syllabus. Although there has been much interest recently in the understanding of Big Ideas, there is little research done in the assessment of Big Ideas thinking. In this paper, we discuss our research on Big Ideas in School Mathematics. The study consists of three sub-studies: the first sub-study on developing an instrument to measure Big Ideas; two sub-studies on measuring students' and teachers' Big Ideas at test-points before and after a professional development on Big Ideas for primary and secondary school teachers and students.

South Australia's PISA performance has been in constant decline since 2003 with the proportion of PISA participants meeting the Australian national proficient standard dropping from 73% (in 2003) to 50% (in 2018). In contrast, Singapore is a consistently strong performer. To better understand student readiness in answering PISA questions, this paper reports a curriculum comparison between Australia and Singapore for Years 9 and 10 in Measurement and Geometry. The findings highlight the similarities and differences in the topics covered in both countries' curricula and raise questions about potential implications for student outcomes in PISA.

This study examined the effects of forest education on the environmental awareness and environmental attitudes of vocational high school students and their self-evaluations toward forest education. The study, in which the mixed research method was adopted, was designed with an explanatory design. Forest education was given within the scope of the experimental study carried out at the quantitative level. The importance of the education was emphasized and forest ecology, eco-social functions of forests, forest products were discussed with an interdisciplinary approach. The study group consists of 32 vocational high school students studying at vocational high schools in different provinces from the Thrace region. Data collection tools are the sustainable environmental awareness scale and environmental attitude scale at the quantitative level and structured interviews at the qualitative level. Related samples t-test was used for quantitative data and content analysis was performed for qualitative data. The results of the study show a permanent increase in environmental awareness and attitude of vocational high school students thanks to forest education. According to the self-evaluations of vocational high school students, it can be said that forest education provides positive environmental and academic contributions to them. Based on the results obtained, it can be suggested that forest education should be given importance to direct qualified intermediate staff candidates who can have a say in human-environment interaction to sustainable pro-environmental behaviors. [This paper was published in: "EJER Congress 2023 International Eurasian Educational Research Congress Conference Proceedings," Ani Publishing, 2023, pp. 463-475.]

The primary objective of this research was to investigate the effects of model-based science instruction on the conceptual development of 7th grade students in the topic of electricity. This qualitative research was conducted during the 2022-2023 academic year, using purposive sampling method. The study comprised 33 7th grade students (18 boys and 15 girls) from a secondary school located in the city center of the Aegean Region. Students' conceptions were introduced as a conceptual framework representing individuals' mental models. In the study, a conceptual understanding test consisting of five open-ended questions was developed as a data collection tool within the framework of the related literature and science curriculum. In order to evaluate the effects of the designed learning environment, this achievement test was administered to students before and after the instruction. Rubric was used in the analysis of the obtained data. Analyzes were carried out by one researcher and their accuracy was checked by another researcher. The effectiveness of the learning environment is based on the comparison of the pre- and post-test findings. The implementation process lasted 12 lesson hours. The data were analyzed descriptively and classified according to their conceptual knowledge levels. Conclusively, the study demonstrated that the implementation of model-based lessons within the 'Electric Circuits' unit had positive impact on the conceptual development of 7th grade students. In addition, model-based learning sequence reduced misconceptions of students about the topic of electric. Based on these results, model-based teaching was recommended to teachers in the instruction processes and researchers were recommended to investigate features of models and the nature of modeling, the relation between students' knowledge about modeling and the quality of the models they create. [This paper was published in: "EJER Congress 2023 International Eurasian Educational Research Congress Conference Proceedings," Ani Publishing, 2023, pp. 520-537.]

Physical programming (PP) is defined as the design of interactive physical systems between the real and virtual worlds using a combination of software and hardware. A physical programming platform (PPP) defines a structure that includes hardware and software where such applications can be made. The aim of this study is to introduce the MIDEP computer card, which can be used at all levels of education, does not require a computer and can be used as a computer, and to evaluate its usability in physical programming training. In the study, which was designed with a one-group pretest-posttest experimental model, the evaluation process was carried out in two stages with two different study groups. The study group of the application consisted of teacher candidates in the first stage and K12 level students in the second stage. In data collection, academic achievement tests prepared separately for pre-service teachers and K12 level students and focus group interviews with students were utilised. The findings show that the training given by using MIDEP card and MIDEP workbook increased the academic achievement of the students in physical programming at a statistically significant level. In addition, as a result of the findings, it can be said that the projects and activities included in the training exhibited a balanced distribution in terms of the gains related to the sub-dimensions of hardware, software and Internet of Things, and that the tools and materials used allowed students without any experience to learn gradually from easy to difficult. [This paper was published in: "EJER Congress 2023 International Eurasian Educational Research Congress Conference Proceedings," Ani Publishing, 2023, pp. 570-590.]

Anchored in the researchers' investigation and experience during the internship at a middle school in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, this dissertation, carried out under the guidance of the theory of chunk teaching method, sorts out the current research results and findings on chunk teaching method, and then analyzes the differences between the chunk teaching method and other traditional writing teaching methods from the perspectives of contents and functions, which draws a conclusion that the utilization of chunk teaching method in China is of great significance to the improvement of middle school students' abilities in English writing. Before writing this paper, researchers conducted a series of preliminary preparations such as questionnaires, interviews and the same-topic writing tests. With that in mind, this dissertation reveals the chunk teaching method's capability of more or strengthening middle students' English writing ability, and thus demonstrates the effectiveness of chunk recitation in English writing teaching in China's middle schools, which provides reference and critical materials for scholars in this field. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

The 2014 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages took place in St. Louis, Missouri with the cooperation of the Foreign Language Association of Missouri. The 2014 conference focused on ways in which foreign language teachers, "unlock" or help to open up lines of communication between their students and people who speak a language other than the native language of their students. Foreign language teachers do so not only by helping students to learn how to express themselves through oral and written communication, but also through cultural knowledge of the target culture. For students to become globally competent citizens, they need to know not only how to communicate through oral and written communication; they must also understand the nuances of a culture. An understanding of the products, practices, and perspectives of a culture are equally important to function in a given culture. The CSCTFL 2014 conference featured 28 workshops and more than 170 sessions. Nine of the 17 central states were represented by "Best of…" sessions. Several presenters from the 2013 conference returned to re-present their session as an "All-Star." The sessions and workshop topics represented at the 2014 conference included the connection to Common Core in the foreign language classroom, the use of technology, teaching for communicative competency, lesson planning, assessment, the integration of culture in the curriculum, and the use of literature, art, music, and film in language classes. The articles in this report pertain to developing communicative competency and cultural competency. By focusing on developing communicative competency and cultural competency, foreign language teachers are able to shape their students into citizens who will be globally competent and be able to communicate and interact effectively in a global society. The authors explain how to achieve these goals through the use of technology in teaching, studying abroad, the use of target language in the classroom, and the role of a textbook in the classroom while promoting communication.

Foreign language teaching achieves best learning outcomes when individual differences of learners are taken into account. While it is difficult for teachers to support internal differentiation in the classroom, digital tools can adaptively propose individual learning paths through activities so that students can practice with appropriately challenging exercises. But how can sufficiently varied, systematically parametrized exercises be provided to enable a system to match them to individual learner needs? We present an approach for high-variability exercise generation that transforms a single specification into a multitude of exercises varying in complexity. The approach is currently being evaluated in a randomized controlled study in regular German seventh grade English classes, facilitating a systematic empirical exploration of adaptive exercise complexity in relation to learning outcomes. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The present exploratory study investigated the efficacy of secondary face-to-face classroom-based English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction digitally supported by the FeedBook, an interactive computer assisted language learning web-based suite of exercises providing item-level scaffolded feedback. Seventy-seven native (L1) German seventh-grade students used the FeedBook during four two-week training periods (cycles, here we analyse Cycle 2 and 3). Classroom and FeedBook practice occurred in parallel, except for grammar constructions for which only FeedBook practice was provided (controls). At the end of Cycle 3, students engaged in a classroom-based communicative task for which the practised constructions were relevant. Custom-designed pre- and post-tests, administered via the FeedBook, assessed language accuracy in each cycle. Mixed-effect models revealed significant pre-/post-test accuracy gains independent of the learners' proficiency in English, but not in controls. Gains from digitally supported instruction were also positively related to accurate use of EFL grammar constructions in the communicative task. Overall, the results indicate learning benefits for face-to-face classroom-based instruction supported by the FeedBook, evidenced both in grammar tests and in communicative activities. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

We propose to use reading time as a metric to report progress in language learning applications. As a case study we use a web-based application that enables learners of a foreign language to read texts from the web and practice vocabulary with interactive exercises generated based on their past readings. The application captures generic interactions with the web page (e.g. switching to a different tab) but also interactions directly related to language learning (e.g. clicking on a word to get a translation). We propose two metrics for approximating reading times based on user interactions with the web application. We analyze the correlation between these metrics and other interaction metrics and show that active time is the best metric for estimating the user's actual involvement with the texts and that it can be approximated from interaction metrics. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

Science actions represent specific initiatives and demarches that involve investigation, experimentation, and even research, for raising the interest of the young generation in science, through particular approaches of STEM education. Important topics are promoted to students in various approaches, addressing nowadays problems, answering scientific questions, or trying to make them aware of sensible issues. In this respect, the topic of plastics biodegradability embraced the clothes of a Science action, a format based on the Care-Know-Do model, proposed in the frame of the CONNECT project. Having the view to evaluating the students' interest in science after the implementation of the project-designed science actions, the partnership proposed a 5-point Likert scale instrument. In Romania, 373 students who participated in the Biodegradable Plastics action expressed their feedback, underlining--in an important proportion--their strong confidence in science, being ready to participate in collaborative science projects or benefit from their family support who consider that understanding and knowing science is useful for the entire life. Moreover, the students offered positive feedback related to teachers' ability to emphasize the importance of science for their life and future, but also in society, in general. [For the full proceedings, see ED629086.]

The paper focuses on the influence of technology on communication between teachers and parents through electronic diaries. Theoretically, the paper is based on action-network theory and its understanding that non-human and human actors build a network of relationships. By using a qualitative research approach, including interviews with principals, teachers, and creators of the e-diaries, as well as focus groups with parents and students in several Bulgarian schools, opinions of the different stakeholders are explored in depth. The results show that communication is lacking or is really rare through electronic diaries or it can be one-sided, without the parents' possibility to reply to teachers. It is argued that the level of participation of parents in the educational process is low. Most parents and teachers do not really see the need to be more involved or to communicate through the diaries. If educational reforms and especially measures to increase parents' level of involvement are to be undertaken, they should take into consideration parents' understanding of the educational process and their views on how they could be more actively involved and how they could contribute to the overall change in the educational system and a more effective teaching and learning process. [For the complete Volume 20 proceedings, see ED622631.]

At the beginning of the new century, education of students faces an ambitious task, namely to realize the vision in which an individuals and institutions, all around the world, appreciate learning, not only as means of accomplishing an aim, but as an aim itself. To pursue the realization of that aim, Department for Educational and Psychological Training at Faculty of Arts in Osijek, has organized an international scientific seminar on Modern Teaching. Teaching is the central topic of the seminar, with emphasis on communication in teaching process, different approaches to the lesson plans, lesson realization and lesson evaluation. All aspects of educational system have been taken into consideration: pre-school education, primary school, secondary school and undergraduate university education. Partly, the works presented here have been directed towards theoretical analysis, and partly towards empirical approach. Collected papers give a survey on a nine-year primary school system in The Republic of Slovenia, as well as a comment on the changes that were brought along by the new educational system in Slovenia. This Collection of papers (further in the text--Collection) also deals with the issues of students' satisfaction with their studies and students' study interests. There is also a mention of the influence of constructivism, a scientific approach in pedagogy, on education of pre-school teachers. Communication in teaching process has been examined, as well as the realistic situation in primary schools. Modern education requires students' active participation in the educational process, and Collection attempts to present the realistic situation in our schools. Theory and practice in teachers' education have also been presented here. Collection points to the necessity of a practical training in the education of future teachers and to the importance of keeping the pace with modern trends in their education. Modern teaching includes all factors of education; therefore Collection examines the importance of cooperation between parents and teachers. What is also stressed here is the irreplaceable role of teachers and parents in the upbringing process. Children's rights are foundation of modern teaching, and they have become one of the everyday-school problems. One of the tasks of the modern education is to develop intercultural awareness, tolerance and prevention of discrimination, stereotypes and prejudices. Modern teaching brings along different changes and challenges, and Collection demonstrates how it influences children's value system. Another important issue mentioned in Collection is the necessity of setting precise evaluation standards for all aspects of educational activities. Teaching mathematics, as well as other natural sciences, particularly requires the modernization of education of its teachers and introduction of the new teaching technologies. Art education is still an important part of education. The influence of gender in development of artistic skills has been also presented here. Papers include: (1) Teaching in a Nine-Year Primary School in the Republic of Slovenia (Milena Ivanus Grmek); (2) Students' Study Interests and Satisfaction with Study (Marko Palekcic and Izabela Soric); (3) Constructivism and Education of Pre-School Teachers (Nada Babic and Stanislava Irovic); (4) Teaching as a (Non-)Mutual Process (Adelka Peko and Marija Sablic); (5) Paradoxes in Teaching and Learning: Synthesis of Theoretical Knowledge, Practical Experience and Personal Reflection (Marija Bratanic); (6) Teachers and Parents as Promoters of Learning and Responsible Behavior in Children (Sofija Vrcelj and Jasminka Zlokovic); (7) Cooperation Between Parents and School (Vesnica Mlinarevic and Edita Boric); (8) Contemporary Teaching and Teaching Values (Emerik Munjiza and Blanka Skender); (9) Contemporary Teaching: Intercultural Paradigms (Neven Hrvatic); (10) Precise Evaluation Standards--Conditions for Successful Teaching (Edita Boric and Andelka Peko); (11) Initial Natural Science and the Use of Contemporary Educational Technology (Samo Fosnaric); (12) Teachers' Contribution to the Modernization of Teaching Mathematics (Margita Pavlekovic and Zdenka Kolar-Begovic); (13) The Role of Gender in the Innovative Approach to the Evaluation of Fine Arts in the Primary School (Matjaz Duh); (14) Art Education: About Students' Spacial Experience in Contemporary Visual Media World (Beatriz Tomsic-Cerke); (15) Didactic Foundations for Visual Art Education (Tonka Tacol); and (16) Effectiveness of Different Methods in Developing the Feeling for Common Meters (Janja Crcinovic Rozman). (Individual papers contain tables, graphs, and references.) [This proceedings was published by the University Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Philosophy in Osijek. Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

In the study of focus in this paper, I analyze the curricular experiences of fifth- through eighth-grade culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) Latina learners in their English Language Arts (ELA) dual language gifted and talented education (GATE) program. This research aims to understand the curricular experiences of CLD students participating in DL GATE coursework to comprehend how to support the ELA academic achievement of CLD students in GATE. In this paper, I discuss student experience with the coursework and contemplate how the inclusion of culturally sustaining practices (CSP) might improve CLD student engagement as well as language and literacy in GATE programming.

The 2008 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, a joint conference with the Michigan World Language Association, focused on learning about the diverse backgrounds and needs of today's students and discovering new ways to help them succeed in reaching the goal of language proficiency. A wide variety of workshops and sessions offered practical advice on how to deal with reluctant learners on a variety of levels. Immersion-type workshops and sessions were offered to help participants brush up on their language skills, and participants were brought up-to-date on topics such as foreign language advocacy, advanced placement, technology, assessment, culture, brain-based learning, and much more. In addition to "Best of" presentations from 15 states, the program included several encore presentations from last year's "All-Star" presenters. This volume offers the reader a wealth of research based approaches and strategies to language teaching and learning designed to assist the language educator in creating a learning environment that will motivate and engage all students in the language classroom. These articles focus on best practices representing theory-based instruction designed to optimize language communication skills and cultural knowledge for all learners.

The 2006 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (CSC), a joint conference with the Illinois Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, celebrated languages of the world in the classroom and in the community. This volume of the CSC "Report" is the companion volume for the 2005 CSC "Report," "The Year of Languages: Its Challenges, Changes, Choices, and Celebrations" (see ED598294). This 2006 volume focuses on pre-service teacher preparation and its connected issues, and in-service teacher development and its related topics. Integrating the perspectives of language and communities for both present and future teachers is evident in the conference program and in the articles selected for this volume. The articles integrate the perspectives of a new vision for teacher development whether it is meeting the needs of a changing population, developing mentoring programs, studying abroad, or preparing for new requirements. The participants of the conference integrated the perspectives of language and communities. Both the CSC "Report" and conference integrated perspectives of foreign language education fundamental to meeting the future needs of students and teachers.

This brief research report examines the discursive shifts of a secondary mathematics teacher participating in a collaborative learning community centered on culturally responsive mathematics teaching. We draw on two frameworks to analyze the teacher's discursive moves. The first framework comes from Lefstein et al. (2020) on generative discourse practices in learning communities. The second framework -- FAIR (Louie et al., 2021) -- offers noticing practices for deficit versus anti-oppressive mathematics teaching. Through these lenses, we found that the teacher's initial discourse practices were marked by deficit framing and noticing. The teacher's discourse practices begin to shift towards a culturally responsive pedagogy in response to a particular artifact that captured student noticing and reframed the teacher's problem of practice. [For the complete proceedings, see ED657822.]

The research was conducted to examine whether the implementation of Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) was effective to enhance students' reading comprehension viewed from self-efficacy. This research was a quasi-experimental design, which consisted of 60 senior high school students in the eastern part of Indonesia, specifically Lombok. The participants were selected by purposive sampling technique, the participants were divided into two groups: the experimental group taught by CSR as the treatment, and the control group taught by the previous teacher's strategy that was Student Team Learning (STL). To obtain the data of this research, the instruments used were 25 items of reading comprehension based on the indicators of reading and 25 questionnaires used the likert scale test to see the level of self-efficacy of the participants. Furthermore, a two-way ANOVA and descriptive test were used to analyze the data. Finally, the results showed that Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) was significantly effective to improve students' reading comprehension. In addition, there was an interaction between teaching strategy and self-efficacy towards students' reading comprehension. [For the full proceedings, see ED652261.]

In modern school education, the integration of technology has revolutionized traditional teaching methods and introduced innovative approaches to curriculum design. Class blogs and student blogs have emerged as dynamic web 2.0 tools that hold immense potential to transform the learning experience in schools. This abstract explores the utilization of class blogs and student blogs when both used as a dynamic curriculum strategy, highlighting their benefits, challenges, and implications for enabling active student engagement, collaborative learning, and the development of essential 21st-century skills. Class blogs, often managed by educators, offer a platform for disseminating course content, assignments, and supplementary materials that can be flexibly modified. The ability to integrate multimedia elements such as videos, images, and interactive quizzes further enhances the learning experience, catering to diverse learning styles and promoting deeper understanding. Additionally, student blogs empower learners to become content creators. These blogs provide students with a space to express their thoughts, reflect on their learning experiences, and share their insights with a wider audience. The use of both class blogs and student blogs to build a curriculum, when properly deployed, will promote active engagement and motivation by offering individualized and interactive learning environments. Blogs encourage the development of digital literacy skills and critical thinking, as students learn to navigate online platforms, create multimedia content, and evaluate digital sources. These skills are essential in the 21st-century workforce. However, challenges do exist in the implementation of class blogs and student blogs. Privacy and authentication of student's assignments in their own blogs which require educators to be creative in choosing assignments that promote differentiations. Educators must also devote time to train staff for this technology. [For the full proceedings, see ED652261.]

Is there a pattern in how students solve Parsons puzzles? Is there a difference between the puzzle-solving strategies of C++ and Java students? We used Markov transition matrix to answer these questions. We analyzed the solutions of introductory programming students solving Parsons puzzles involving if-else statements and while loops in C++ and Java from fall 2016 to fall 2020. We present the results of our analysis qualitatively as heat maps and quantitatively using descriptive statistics. We found that most students solved the puzzles in the order in which lines appeared in the correct solution. Counter-intuitively, we found this pattern even in the solutions of the puzzles involving nested if-else statements, multiple while loops and nested while loops. Students who solved the puzzles with the fewest actions acted upon fewer lines out of order, i.e., not in the order in which they appear in the final solution. Whenever we found a statistically significant difference between C++ and Java solutions, C++ solutions involved fewer out-of-order and redundant actions than Java solutions. We discuss the implications of these results for the use of Parsons puzzles as a tool for teaching introductory programming. [For the complete proceedings, see ED630829.]

It is generally understood that both clear teacher instruction and orderly classroom climates support student achievement in mathematics. However, to what extent does instructional clarity "compensate" for classroom disorder? In this exploratory study, we analyse data from 8,864 Year 8 students sampled by TIMSS 2019 to investigate the relationship between instructional clarity, classroom disorder, and mathematics achievement. The findings demonstrate the deleterious effects of classroom disorder for mathematics achievement, even in the presence of high instructional clarity. The findings contribute to an emerging international body of work and reinforce the importance of teachers having an optimal combination of classroom skills to support student learning.

In response to the challenge of geometry's abstract and less engaging nature for students, this study explored the potential of connecting geometry to cultural elements, specifically geometric ornaments found in various cultures worldwide. Geometric ornaments, laden with cultural and spiritual significance, serve as a bridge between mathematics education and cultural contexts. The current research focused on in-depth interviews with 10 school students chosen randomly from two ninth-grade classes from an Arab middle school who were engaged in activities involving analyzing of geometric properties of ornaments, constructing ornaments using a compass and straightedge, and problem-solving exercises related to these ornaments. The qualitative data were analyzed to answer how the students perceived the learning of geometry in the context of geometric ornaments. The findings revealed a significant positive view of the students towards geometry after engaging in these activities. [For the full proceedings, see ED656038.]

Innovative learning media are very important in supporting the learning process, including learning Arabic. Therefore, this study aims to develop video media for learning speaking skills as a medium for learning speaking skills for seventh grade students at MTS Negeri 39 Jakarta. The research was conducted using the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluate). The stages carried out in the research were: (1) analyzing the needs of seventh grade students for Arabic learning video media; (2) designing products; (3) developing products through assessments from material experts and media experts; (4) implementing products directly to students; and (5) evaluating products through a questionnaire given to 30 students in seventh grade. The results of the study showed that: 1) Based on the needs analysis of 30 students, it was found that 93% of students expressed interest in and needed Arabic learning video media. 2) Based on the results of the questionnaire distributed to experts, the average score for the material category was 80%, which was included in the "very eligible" category. The media category received 96%, which also included the categories "very feasible" and 3) Based on the evaluation given by the students, an average score of 85% was obtained, which was included in the "very eligible" group. Thus, this Arabic language learning video medium is feasible to be used as an Arabic learning medium, especially in distance learning, so that it can have implications for supporting the student learning process. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

Educational software reinforces the learning process in high school. This way, GEO-line software for learning geometry will strengthen teenagers' skillset between 15 and 16 years old while using this new application. The SCRUM and ADDE methodologies applied include the analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation phases as the core principles for software development. The technological toolset selected was the NEXTJS framework with server-side rendering technology. Strapi API CMS handled the content used on the model, view, controller (MVC) patterns, and REST architecture for communication and the PostgreSQL database. ISO/IEC 25010 metric was considered for the usability evaluation and applied with a pool of 80 students who were surveyed using the adapted USE and PSSUQ QUESTIONNAIRES with a Likert scale. The findings demonstrate that GEO-line software meets the satisfactory higher standards usability level by measuring pedagogical capacity, ease-of-use, and ease-of-learning parameters. This research turns the geometry learning reinforcement tool for students into a fun and operational way to increase the student's skillset. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

The research aimed to know the result of validity, practicality, and effectiveness of products from the development of games-based learning media in terms of students' mathematical reasoning in three-dimensional shapes. The type of research and development referred to ADDIE model which included five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects of the research were the 25 VIII grades junior high school students in one of the junior high schools in Indonesia. The research instruments used were the validation questionnaire sheets, teacher responses questionnaire, and student responses questionnaire. The data collection used a Likert scale. Furthermore, the effectiveness data were collected from the post-test that was done by the student through learning media to know their mathematical reasoning abilities. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique used quantitative descriptive analysis. The result showed that media was very valid with an average of 91,86%. Moreover, it was very practical to see from the average of teacher response questionnaire which was 89,58%, and the average of student responses questionnaire which was 85,36%. The value of effectiveness was determined based on students' post-test scores which was 84%. Thus, it can be concluded that this media was effective to be applied as a learning media for junior high school. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

Communication skills and dialogue are key competencies of the 21st century and a condition for successful implementation and personal development in general. This requires their formation to be the subject of purposeful educational activity. At the same time, their implementation in the learning process is a complex and difficult task, requiring a change in learning models, teaching competencies, and the organization of learning. The present report examines the possibilities of forming skills for effective communication and dialogicity in high school students in the process of training in technical disciplines through teamwork on projects. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

This study describes students' learning obstacles in solving early algebra problems requiring functional thinking ability. To reach this aim, qualitative research was conducted in this study. Participants of this study were 39 ninth graders and a mathematics teacher at one of the lower secondary schools in Bandung, Indonesia. The data were collected through the written test about early algebra problems, interviews, and document study. The findings revealed that fewer students achieve the correspondence level in their functional thinking ability. Many of them are on covariation or recursive patterns level. The variety of students' functional thinking levels in solving the problem is influenced by their previous learning experiences with early algebra, mainly functions. By exploring students' learning experiences, this study shows that students have some learning obstacles, including ontogenic obstacles due to students' lack of prerequisite knowledge about the concept of variables, didactical obstacles due to the teacher's teaching implementation focusing solely on the operational rather than the structural conception of functions, and epistemological obstacles due to students' limited knowledge in the concept of variables and functions. Therefore, the identified learning obstacles can be one of the references when developing a lesson design about functions for enhancing students' functional thinking ability. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

Turkey started an innovative education reform called FATIH Project in 2010 in order to increase the equity of opportunity in education, enhance the technological infrastructure of the schools and ultimately improve teaching and learning processes. Smart boards were distributed to each classroom within the scope this project. Although these tools have the potential for student motivation and learning, it is also important to know what teachers think about and how they incorporate them in instruction. Therefore, this research aims to investigate teachers' opinions and experiences about the use of smart boards in their lessons. It was designed as a case study within the qualitative research paradigm. The participants were 11 teachers working at a junior high school located in a western city of Turkey. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive qualitative data analysis methodology. Teachers' responses were categorized under three main themes as potentials of smart boards in learning and teaching, problems encountered in the use of smart boards, and suggestions for improving the use of smart boards in the schools. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

The study was conducted to evaluate the implementation of the Concurrent Classroom (CC) modality, a type of hybrid learning modality wherein an in-person teacher teaches in-person and online students simultaneously. The study utilized a quantitative research design to assess the implementation of the CC based on its viability, functionality, and effectiveness. Grades 4 to 12 students, teachers, and subject coordinators participated in the study. Quantitative data were obtained from the self-rating survey, classroom observation rating and summative assessment results. Remarks about the implementation of the CC were also solicited. Obtained results show that the CC modality has high viability. It is practical, useful, and suitable for instructional delivery. CC also shows high functionality. It has enabled teachers and students to perform tasks that are expected from them. Lastly, it is an effective modality because it has produced favorable positive learning outcomes. Recommendations are focused on providing a targeted professional development to empower teachers in effectively handling CC classes, focusing on equitable cognitive engagement, active participation, and balanced support and attention for both in-person and online student groups. Also, provision and functionality of required devices, technical equipment, and connectivity in the CC learning environment must be ensured and emphasized. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

This paper demonstrates how to apply Machine Learning (ML) techniques to analyze student interaction data collected in an online mathematics game. We examined: (1) how different ML algorithms influenced the precision of middle-school students' (N = 359) performance prediction; and (2) what types of in-game features were associated with student math knowledge scores. The results indicated that the Random Forest algorithm showed the best performance in predicting posttest math knowledge scores among the seven algorithms employed. Out of 37 features included in the model, the validity of the students' first mathematical transformation was the most predictive of their math knowledge scores. Implications for game learning analytics and supporting students' algebraic learning are discussed based on the findings.

Artificial intelligence (AI) education is still in the exploratory stage for K-12 schools. There is a serious lack of studies that informed schools teachers about AI curriculum design. Accordingly, this paper presented an AI curriculum and examined whether the curriculum improves students' perceived AI knowledge, attitudes, and motivation towards AI, as well as caters to students with different genders and academic achievement. It involved 64 grade 8-9 students. Results show that in the AI curriculum, 1) the students' self-report indicated that they became more competent, developed more positive attitude and higher intrinsic motivation to learn AI, 2) there were insignificant differences between girl and boys, and 3) there were almost no significant differences between high and low achieving students.

As teachers begin to construct an understanding of 'inquiry', and incorporate IBL into their classroom practice, they are challenged to be sensitive to the 'constructivist' nature of the CLD. This paper presents a reflection model structured to trigger thinking about beliefs in teaching and learning in order for teachers to re-examine their practice and adopt new pedagogies. The reflections by two secondary school mathematics teachers are presented as they experiment with inquiry-based learning in the CLD. The teachers showed awareness, monitoring and regulation of their teaching practices including new and existing beliefs.