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For the twenty-eighth year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. Papers published in this volume were presented at the National AECT Convention in Orlando, Florida. The Proceedings of AECT's Convention are published in two volumes. Volume 2 contains over 100 papers dealing with instruction and training issues. (Individual papers contain references, figures, and tables.) [For Volume 1, see ED499958.]

Engagement in mathematics education is an important factor in a successful student experience. This paper reports findings from a study of Year 5 student perceptions of engagement during a two-week, inquiry-based learning (IBL), problem-posing investigation. The study triangulated data from semistructured interviews, video observations and student work samples to understand the student's perspectives of IBL; however, this paper reports the interview data. The findings indicate that most of the students were behaviourally, emotionally, and cognitively engaged during the IBL investigation, and that the investigation provided an opportunity for students to experience levels of competence, relatedness, and autonomy need satisfaction.

These proceedings contain the papers of the 11th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2014), October 25-27, 2014, which has been organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) and endorsed by the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education (JSISE). The CELDA 2014 conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aimed to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Designing Learning Environments in a Digital Age: The Quest for What to Consider," by Professor Jan Elen, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. The conference included a panel entitled: "Competencies, Challenges, and Changes: A Global Conversation About 21st Century Teachers and Leaders" by Lynne Schrum, Rose Dolan, Dirk Ifenthaler, Ronghuai Huang, Dale Niederhauser, and Neal Strudler. Papers in the proceedings include: (1) Interactive Application in Spanish Sign Language for a Public Transport Environment (José Guillermo Viera-Santana, Juan C. Hernández-Haddad, Dionisio Rodríguez-Esparragón, and Jesús Castillo-Ortiz); (2) A Game-Based Assessment of Students' Choices to Seek Feedback and to Revise (Maria Cutumisu, Doris B. Chin, and Daniel L. Schwartz); (3) Investigating Teachers' Readiness, Understanding and Workload in Implementing School Based Assessment (SBA) (Norsamsinar Samsudin, Premila A/P Rengasamy, Jessnor Elmy Mat Jizat, Hariyaty Ab Wahid, and Norasibah Abdul Jalil; (4) The Effects of Frequency of Media Utilization on Decision Making of Media Choice (Yasushi Gotoh); (5) Comparing Novices & Experts in Their Exploration of Data in Line Graphs (Bruce H. Tsuji and Gitte Lindgaard); (6) Assessment Intelligence in Small Group Learning (Wanli Xing and Yonghe Wu); (7) Collaborative Creativity Processes in a Wiki: A Study in Secondary Education (Manoli Pifarré, Laura Marti, and Alex Guijosa); (8) LSQuiz: A Collaborative Classroom Response System to Support Active Learning Through Ubiquitous Computing (Ricardo Caceffo and Rodolfo Azevedo); (9) Impacts of MediaWiki on Collaborative Writing Among Teacher Students (Said Hadjerrouit); (10) Teachers' Perceptions of the Individual Case Studies' Literacy Performance and Their Use of Computer Tools (Odette Bourjaili Radi); (11) Exploring Opportunities to Boost Adult Students' Graduation--The Reasons Behind the Delays and Drop-Outs of Graduation (Päivi Aarreniemi-Jokipelto and Asta Bäck; (12) Effective Use of a Learning Management System to Influence On-Line Learning (Xu Hongjiang, Sakthi Mahenthiran, and Kenton Smith); (13) Order Effects of Learning with Modeling and Simulation Software on Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Children's Cognitive Performance: An Interaction Effect (Charoula Angeli, Nicos Valanides, Eirini Polemitou, and Elena Fraggoulidou); (14) Comparative Case Study on Designing and Applying Flipped Classroom at Universities (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Jihyun Lee, Hyeonsu Kim, and Hyeongjong Han); (15) Organizational Leadership Process for University Education (Ricardo Llamosa-Villalba, Dario J. Delgado, Heidi P. Camacho, Ana M. Paéz, and Raúl F. Valdivieso); (16) Academic versus Non-Academic Emerging Adult College Student Technology Use (Joan Ann Swanson and Erica Walker); (17) Creative Stories: A Storytelling Game Fostering Creativity (Antonis Koukourikos, Pythagoras Karampiperis, and George Panagopoulos); (18) An EVS Clicker Based Hybrid Assessment to Engage Students with Marking Criteria (Steve Bennett, Trevor Barker, and Mariana Lilley); (19) ICT Competence-Based Learning Object Recommendations for Teachers (Stylianos Sergis, Panagiotis Zervas, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (20) Improving Content Area Reading Comprehension with 4-6th Grade Spanish ELLs Using Web-Based Structure Strategy Instruction (Kausalai [Kay] Wijekumar, Bonnie J.F. Meyer, and Puiwa Lei); (21) Preparing Special Education Teachers to Use Educational Technology to Enhance Student Learning (Teresa Wallace and David Georgina); (22) ASK4Labs: A Web-Based Repository for Supporting Learning Design Driven Remote and Virtual Labs Recommendations (Panagiotis Zervas, Stefanos Fiskilis, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (23) Digital Storytelling: Emotions in Higher Education (Sandra Ribeiro, António Moreira, and Cristina Pinto da Silva); (24) Design in Practice: Scenarios for Improving Management Education (Lee Schlenker and Sébastien Chantelot); (25) Factors Influencing Students' Choice of Study Mode: An Australian Case Study (Dirk Ifenthaler, Maree Gosper, Matthew Bailey, and Mandy Kretzschmar); (26) Addressing Standardized Testing Through a Novel Assessment Model (Catherine C. Schifter and Martha Carey); (27) "It's Just Like Learning, Only Fun"--A Teacher's Perspective of Empirically Validating Effectiveness of a Math App (Ka Rene Grimes); (28) A User Centered Faculty Scheduled Development Framework (Shohreh Hadian and Nancy Sly); (29) Musical Peddy-Paper: A Collaborative Learning Activity Supported by Augmented Reality (José Duarte Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, Lúcia da Graça Cruz Domingues Amante, and Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes); (30) Undergraduate Students' Experiences of Time in a MOOC: A Term of Dino 101 (Catherine Adams and Yin Yin); (31) The Answering Process for Multiple-Choice Questions in Collaborative Learning: A Mathematical Learning Model Analysis (Yasuyuki Nakamura, Shinnosuke Nishi, Yuta Muramatsu, Koichi Yasutake, Osamu Yamakawa, and Takahiro Tagawa); (32) Using Five Stage Model to Design of Collaborative Learning Environments in Second Life (Sevil Orhan and M. Kemal Karaman); (33) Students' Reflections Using Visualized Learning Outcomes and E-Portfolios (Takatsune Narumi and Yasushi Gotoh); (34) The Efficiency of Different Online Learning Media--An Empirical Study (Franziska J. Kößler and Marco M. Nitzschner); (35) Microblogging Best Practices (Shohreh Hadian and Maria-Elena Froese); (36) DIY Analytics for Postsecondary Students (Timothy Arndt and Angela Guercio); (37) Project "Flappy Crab": An Edu-Game for Music Learning (Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, José Bidarra, and José Duarte Cardoso Gomes); (38) Higher Education Institutions (HEI) Students Take on MOOC: Case of Malaysia (Jessnor Elmy Mat-jizat, Norsamsinar Samsudin, and Rusliza Yahaya); (39) A Cross Cultural Perspective on Information Communication Technologies Learning Survey (Hale Ilgaz, Sacide Güzin Mazman, and Arif Altun); (40) An App for the Cathedral in Freiberg--An Interdisciplinary Project Seminar (Cindy Kröber and Sander Münster); (41) Possible Science Selves: Informal Learning and the Career Interest Development Process (Leila A. Mills); (42) A Case Study of MOOCs Design and Administration at Seoul National University (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Mihwa Kim, Songlee Han, and Seungil Seo); (43) Persistent Possible Science Selves (Leila A. Mills and Lin Lin); and (44) Towards a Collaborative Intelligent Tutoring System Classification Scheme (Rachel Harsley). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference e-Learning 2013, which was organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and is part of the Multi Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (Prague, Czech Republic, July 23-26, 2013). The e-Learning 2013 conference aims to address the main issues of concern within e-Learning. This conference covers both technical as well as the non-technical aspects of e-Learning. The conference accepts submissions in the following seven main areas: Organisational Strategy and Management Issues; Technological Issues; e-Learning Curriculum Development Issues; Instructional Design Issues; e-Learning Delivery Issues; e-Learning Research Methods and Approaches; e-Skills and Information Literacy for Learning. Keynote papers in these proceedings include: (1) Thoughts on the Quality of Learning in MOOCs (Thomas C. Reeves); and (2) Social Networks as the support of the e-Learning (Jan Lojda). Full papers in these proceedings include: (1) Evaluation of Visual Computer Simulator for Computer Architecture Education (Yoshiro Imai, Masatoshi Imai and Yoshio Moritoh); (2) Understanding Children's Museum Learning from Multimedia Instruction (Asmidah Alwi and Elspeth McKay ); (3) How Does the "Digital Generation" Get Help on Their Mathematics Homework? (Carla van de Sande, May Boggess and Catherine Hart-Weber); (4) Productization and Commercialization of IT-Enabled Higher Education in Computer Science: A Systematic Literature Review (Irja Kankaanpää and Hannakaisa Isomäki); (5) Motivating an Action Design Research Approach to Implementing Online Training in an Organizational Context (Christine Rogerson and Elsje Scott ); (6) Social e-Learning in Topolor: A Case Study (Lei Shi, Dana Al Qudah and Alexandra I. Cristea); (7) Training Educators: Plan for Replicating the Experience (Ulanbek Mambetakunov and Marina Ribaudo); (8) Choosing Learning Methods Suitable for Teaching and Learning in Computer Science (Estelle Taylor, Marnus Breed, Ilette Hauman and Armando Homann); (9) Teaching AI Search Algorithms in a Web-Based Educational System (Foteini Grivokostopoulou and Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis ); (10) Digital Histories for the Digital Age: Collaborative Writing in Large Lecture Courses (Leen-Kiat Soh, Nobel Khandaker and William G. Thomas); (11) Promoting Scientific Literacy through the Online Argumentation System (Chun-Yen Tsai); (12) Using a Techno-Skepticism Framework to Evaluate the Perception and Acceptance of a New Online Reading List (Ajmal Sultany and Samantha Halford); (13) SMS-Based Learning in Tertiary Education: Achievement and Attitudinal Outcomes (Yaacov J Katz); (14) e-Portfolios @ Teacher Training: An Evaluation of Technological and Motivational Factors (Alfred Klampfer and Thomas Köhler ); (15) Effects of Facebook Tutoring on Learning English as a Second Language (Chang-hwa Wang and Cheng-ping Chen); (16) An Italian Experience of Social Learning at High School (Michelle Pieri, Davide Diamantini and Germano Paini); (17) Distance Education: Educational Trajectory Control (Andrey Isaev, Alla Kravets, Ludmila Isaeva and Sergey Fomenkov); (18) Leadership for Sustaining Pedagogical Innovations in ICT Implementation: A Case Study of Taiwanese Vocational High School (Yih-Shyuan Chen, Yu-Horng Chen, Shun-Jyh Wu and Fang-Kai Tang); (19) Towards to a Versatile Tele-Education Platform for Computer Science Educators Based on the Greek School Network (Michael Paraskevas, Thomas Zarouchas, Panagiotis Angelopoulos and Isidoros Perikos); (20) Adaptive Feedback Improving Learningful Conversations at Workplace (Matteo Gaeta, Giuseppina Rita Mangione, Sergio Miranda and Francesco Orciuoli); (21) Teachers Little Helper: Multi-Math-Coach (Martin Ebner, Martin Schön, Behnam Taraghi and Michael Steyrer); (22) Youflow Microblog: Encouraging Discussions for Learning (Rafael Krejci and Sean W. M. Siqueira); (23) Interaction Problems Accessing e-Learning Environments in Multi-Touch Mobile Devices: A Case Study in Teleduc (André Constantino da Silva, Fernanda Maria Pereira Freire, Alan Victor Pereira de Arruda and Heloísa Vieira da Rocha); (24) Integrating a Learning Management System with a Student Assignments Digital Repository. A Case Study (Javier Díaz, Alejandra Schiavoni, María Alejandra Osorio, Ana Paola Amadeo and María Emilia Charnelli); (25) On the Recommender System for University Library (Shunkai Fu, Yao Zhang and Seinminn); (26) Developing and Implementing a New Online Bachelor Program: Formal Adoption of Videoconferencing and Social Networking as a Step towards M-Learning (Roland van Oostveen and François Desjardins); (27) Developing a User Oriented Design Methodology for Learning Activities Using Boundary Objects (?lga Fragou and Achilles Kameas); (28) User Acceptance of a Haptic Interface for Learning Anatomy (Soonja Yeom, Derek Choi-Lundberg, Andrew Fluck and Arthur Sale); (29) e-Learning Software for Improving Students Music Performance Using Comparisons (M. Delgado, W. Fajardo and M. Molina-Solana); (30) A Digital Game for International Students Adjustments (Maryam Bisadi, Alton Y.K Chua and Lee Chu Keong); (31) Developing an ICT-Literacy Task-Based Assessment Instrument: The Findings on the Final Testing Phase (Jessnor Elmy Mat-jizat); (32) Peer Tutoring in the CIS Sandbox: Does it Work? (Mark Frydenberg); (33) e-Competent Teacher and Principal as the Foundation of e-Competent School e-Education, the Largest School Informatization Project in Slovenia 2008-2013 (Magdalena Šverc, Andrej Flogie, Maja Vicic Krabonja and Kristjan Percic); (34) Collaborative Tools in Upper Secondary School--Why? (Helle Mathiasen, Hans-Peter Degn, Christian Dalsgaard, Christian W Bech and Claus Gregersen); (35) Adaptation of Educational Text to an Open Interactive Learning System: A Case Study for RETUDIS (M. Samarakou, E.D. Fylladitakis, G. Tsaganou, J. Gelegenis, D. Karolidis, P. Prentakis and A. Papadakis); and (36) Using Podcasts in Distance Education (Herman Koppelman). Short papers in these proceedings include: (1) Big Data & Learning Analytics: A Potential Way to Optimize eLearning Technological Tools (Olga Arranz García and Vidal Alonso Secades); (2) Critical Factors in Mobile eLearning: A Quasi-Systematic Review (Sergio Assis Rodrigues, Rodrigo Pereira dos Santos, Lucas Arnaud and Jano Moreira de Souza); (3) Analysis of Instruction Models in Smart Education (JaeHyeong Park, JeongWon Choi and YoungJun Lee); (4) The History Harvest: An Experiment in Democratizing the Past through Experiential Learning (William G. Thomas and Patrick D. Jones); (5) Challenges of Mongolian e-Learning and An Improvement Method of Implementation (S.Baigaltugs, B. Munkhchimeg and J.Alimaa); (6) Towards a Trust Model in e-Learning: Antecedents of a Student's Trust (Woraluck Wongse-ek, Gary B Wills and Lester Gilbert); (7) Elemental Learning as a Framework for e-Learning (John V. Dempsey and Brenda C. Litchfield); (8) An Interactive Training Game Using 3D Sound for Visually Impaired People (Hsiao Ping Lee, Yen-Hsuan Huang and Tzu-Fang Sheu); (9) e-Learning Practice-Oriented Training in Physics: The Competence Information (Alla G. Kravets, Oxana V. Titova and Olga A. Shabalina); (10) Student Experiences on Interaction in an Online Learning Environment as Part of a Blended Learning Implementation: What is Essential? (Laura Salmi); (11) Usability Assessment of e-Cafe Operational Management Simulation Game (Chiung-sui Chang and Ya-Ping Huang); (12) System for Automatic Generation of Examination Papers in Discrete Mathematics (Mikael Fridenfalk); (13) Direction of Contents Development for Smart Education (YoungSun Park, SangJin An and YoungJun Lee); (14) Online Training in Australia (Joze Kuzic); (15) Using Facebook as a Virtual Classroom in a Public University in Mexico City (Miguel Angel Herrera Batista); (16) Exploring Competency Development with Mobile Devices (Maurice DiGiuseppe, Elita Partosoedarso, Roland Van Oostveen and Francois Desjardins); (17) A Study of the Metacognition Performance in Online Learning (Ya-Ping Huang and Chiung-Sui Chang); (18) Educational Company and e-Learning (František Manlig, Eva Šlaichová, Vera Pelantová, Michala Šimúnová, František Koblasa and Jan Vavruška ); (19) Structural Constructivism as an Epistemology for Professional e-Learning: Implications & Recommendations for the Design of ECPD Pedagogical Models (Gurmit Singh and Maggie McPherson); (20) e-Learning System for Experiments Involving Construction of Practical Electric Circuits (Atsushi Takemura); (21) Component-Based Approach in Learning Management System Development (Larisa Zaitseva, Jekaterina Bule and Sergey Makarov); (22) Learning Portfolio as a Service--A Restful Style (Shueh-Cheng Hu, I-Ching Chen and Yaw-Ling Lin); (23) Context Aware Recommendations in the Course Enrollment Process Based on Curriculum Guidelines (Vangel V. Ajanovski); and (24) A Model of e-Learning Uptake and Continued Use in Higher Education Institutions (Nakarin Pinpathomrat, Lester Gilbert and Gary B Wills). Reflections papers in these proceedings include: (1) The Development of Logical Structures for e-Learning Evaluation (Uranchimeg Tudevdagva, Wolfram Hardt and Jargalmaa Dolgor); (2) Ethics in e-Learning (Alena Bušíková and Zuzana Melicheríková); (3) A Comparative Study of e-Learning System for Smart Education (SangJin An, Eunkyoung Lee and YoungJun Lee); (4) Alternative Assessment Techniques for Blended and Online Courses (Brenda C. Litchfield and John V. Dempsey); (5) Assessing the Structure of a Concept Map (Thanasis Giouvanakis, Haido Samaras, Evangelos Kehris and Asterios Mpakavos); (6) Implementations for Assessing Web 2.0 on Education (Gabriel Valerio and Ricardo Valenzuela); (7) Storytelling: Discourse Analysis for Understanding Collective Perceptions of Medical Education (Yianna Vovides and Sarah Inman); (8) Perception and Practice of Taiwanese EFL Learners' Making Vocabulary Flashcards on Quizlet (Chin-Wen Chien); (9) A Study of Perceptions of Online Education among Professionals (Parviz Ghandforoush); and (10) The Design of the Test Format for Tablet Computers in Blended Learning Environments: A Study of the Test Approach-Avoidance Tendency of University Students (Takeshi Kitazawa). Posters in these proceedings include: (1) Blended Lessons of Teaching Method for Information Studies in Which Students Produce a Learning Guidance Plan (Isao Miyaji); (2) Factors Affecting Teenager Cyber Delinquency (Young Ju Joo, Kyu Yon Lim, Sun Yoo Cho, Bo Kyung Jung and Se Bin Choi); (3) Personalized Virtual Learning Environment from the Detection of Learning Styles (M. L. Martínez Cartas, N. Cruz Pérez, D. Deliche Quesada, and S. Mateo Quero); (4) Distance Online Course for Librarian in Mongolia, Reflection and Learned Lesson (Uranchimeg Tudevdagva and Garamkhand Surendeleg); (5) The Design and Development of a Computerized Attention-Training Game System for School-Aged Children (Tsui-Ying Wang and Ho-Chuan Huang); (6) Discovering Visual Scanning Patterns in a Computerized Cancellation Test (Ho-Chuan Huang and Tsui-Ying Wang); and (7) The Effects of Self-Determination on Learning Outcomes in a Blended Learning (Young Ju Joo, Kyu Yon Lim, Sang Yoon Han, Yoo Kyoung Ham and Aran Kang). Luís Rodrigues is an associate editor of the proceedings. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

These proceedings contain the papers of the International Conference on Educational Technologies 2013 (ICEduTech 2013), which has been organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and co-organised by the Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29 November - 1 December 2013. ICEduTech is the scientific conference addressing the real topics as seen by teachers, students, parents and school leaders. Scientists, professionals and institutional leaders are invited to be informed by experts, sharpen the understanding what education needs and how to achieve it. Papers in these proceedings include: (1) Learning in the Networked Society (Piet Kommers); (2) Mediating Authentic Learning: The Use of Wiki's and Blogs in an Undergraduate Curriculum in South Africa (Simone Titus); (3) Professional Learning to Nurture Adaptive Teachers (Kar-Tin Lee); (4) Understanding TPACK in Practice: Praxis through Technological Pedagogical Reasoning (Glenn Finger and Paul Finger); (5) A Comparison of Low Performing Students' Achievements in Factoring Cubic Polynomials Using Three Different Strategies (Ugorji I. Ogbonnaya, David L. Mogari, and Eric Machisi); (6) Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Collaboration Technology within the Context of Virtual Teamwork Training (Joy J. Godin and Lars F. Leader); (7) Surveillance in Programming Plagiarism beyond Techniques: An Incentive-Based Fishbone Model (Yanqing Wang, Min Chen, Yaowen Liang, and Yu Jiang); (8) Elearning Strategic Planning 2020: The Voice of Future Students as Stakeholders in Higher Education (Glenn Finger and Vicky Smart); (9) Laptops in Classroom Interaction: The Dynamic Reach of the Laptoped Situation (Tomas Lindroth, Johan Lundin, and Lars Svensson); (10) Salapiggy: Usability Test of the Sifteo Cubes as a Game Interface for the Money Counting Game for Preschoolers (Adrian Orense, Berlyn Anne Decena, and Rommel Feria); (11) An Ontology for Software Engineering Education (Thong Chee Ling, Yusmadi Yah Jusoh, Rusli Adbullah, and Nor Hayati Alwi); (12) Technology Enhanced Analytics (TEA) in Higher Education (Ben Kei Daniel and Russell Butson); (13) Teachers' Learning in Online Communities of Practice: Two Case Studies from Australia (Ria Hanewald); (13) Teaching Teachers for the Future Project: Building TPACK Confidence and Capabilities for Elearning (Glenn Finger, Romina Jamieson-Proctor, and Peter Grimbeek); (14) The Comparison of Inductive Reasoning under Risk Conditions between Chinese and Japanese Based on Computational Models: Toward the Application to CAE for Foreign Language (Yujie Zhang, Asuka Terai, and Masanori Nakagawa); (15) Use and Production of Open Educational Resources (OER): A Pilot Study of Underground Students' Perceptions (Khe Foon Hew and Wing Sum Cheung); (16) Teaching 21st Century Competencies: Lessons from Crescent Girls' School in Singapore (Gucci Trinidad, Deepa Patel, Linda Shear, Peishi Goh, Yin Kang Quek, and Chen Kee Tan); (17) Research on Demand Analysis of the Users of the Senior English Diagnostic System (Chen Guo, Hui Zhang, Qian Yao, and Min Wu); (18) Using Self-Reflection and Badges in Moodle-Based Medical English Review Courses for Enhancing Learners' Autonomy (Jun Iwata, John Clayton and Sarah-Jane Saravani); (19) Investigating the Use of Social Media by University Undergraduate Informatics Programmes in Malaysia (Jane See Yin Lim, Shirley Agostinho, Barry Harper, and Joe F. Chicharo); (20) Educational Online Technologies in Blended Tertiary Environments: A Review of Literature (Kimberley N. Tuapawa); and (21) How Teachers Use and Manage Their Blogs? A Cluster Analysis of Teachers' Blogs in Taiwan. Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

This paper outlines the rationale for, and some elements of, a particular approach to teaching and learning mathematics in the early years. The researchers worked with two school systems to offer both centrally delivered and school-based teacher professional learning, which included the application of illustrative teaching resources. The project gathered a range of data from teachers and leaders on their dispositions and knowledge, as well as the opportunities and constraints they experienced, and the influence these variables had on planning, teaching and student learning outcomes.

We explored primary pre-service teachers' beliefs about challenging mathematical tasks and the role they perceived their initial teacher education played in influencing those aspects. Fifty-seven pre-service teachers completed an online questionnaire, and four participants were individually interviewed. Results showed that most participants recognised the importance of teaching with challenging mathematical tasks even prior to exposure to such content in their teacher education program. The teacher education program was perceived to have positively impacted final year pre-service teachers' perspectives about challenging tasks. Implications for teacher education regarding challenging tasks are discussed.

Despite curriculum expectations, many students, including a disproportionate number of girls, do not 'just know' (retrieve) single-digit addition facts by Year 3. The current study employed structured interviews to explore which strategies Year 3/4 students (n = 166) used when solving more difficult addition combinations. Results revealed that students preference the near-doubles strategy when the difference between the addends was one, the bridging-through-10 strategy when one of the addends was a nine, and the count-on-from-larger strategy when a derived strategy was more effortful. Moreover, whereas boys were more inclined to use derived strategies, girls were almost three times more likely to use the count-on-from-larger strategy.

The current study explored the reasons for students' preferences for the teach-first and task-first lesson structures, and whether students' preferences were influenced by their perceptions of the teacher's preference. Students (n=18) from two composite Year 3 and 4 classes (aged 8-10 years) completed a post-lesson drawing task and participated in a semi-structured interview following a series of lessons. Findings indicated students had a variety of reasons for their preference of lesson structure. Most focus students reported noticing aspects of the teacher's enjoyment during instruction. The results have implications for the way teachers inadvertently influence their students' own enjoyment of and preferences for instructional approaches.

With smartphone saturation at 100% among Japanese university students, educators are developing new and innovative ways to bring them to the forefront of learning, ensuring students are as engaged with their technology in their formal learning as they are with their informal learning. Smartphones of today are small, portable, have high spec cameras, microphones, and a large storage capacity. These devices also allow for videos to be edited within applications on the smartphone itself, without the need for a separate and expensive computer and editing software. Aspects such as these make using smartphones to make Digital Stories (DS) one possible way to effectively use this technology for formal learning purposes. This paper shows the results of a paper-based survey and discusses preliminary observations conducted with 38 Japanese university students undertaking a short-term study abroad experience in Australia and New Zealand. [For the complete proceedings, see ED600837.]

Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) is a powerful construct for examining the complexity of teacher knowledge. Together with teachers' moment-by-moment choices of action, it provides insight into teachers' knowledge and its influence on student learning. This paper investigates the PCK experienced by a senior secondary mathematics class during a lesson on probability. Data were gathered through observation, and student and teacher interviews. Multiple aspects of PCK were evident and were used in complex and dynamic ways.

National testing and reform agendas, with their focus on school improvement, has led to increased collection and scrutiny of student data. The analysis of these data usually occurs at a school level, often by school leaders. What is less common is the opportunity for students to scrutinise their individual data and take ownership over the results and subsequent learning experiences. This paper reports on a study whereby students and teachers collaboratively interpreted mental computation test results and identify future teaching and learning directions. The findings showed positive outcomes for students led to changes in teacher growth and approaches to their teaching of mathematics.

This paper contributes to the Symposium: "Research methods involving children's drawings in mathematical contexts" by providing insight into young children's attitudes towards mathematics through the use of drawings. Children in Years 2 and 3 (n=25) participated in this study which aimed to identify a range of attitudes towards mathematics using the Three-dimensional Model of Attitude (Zan & Di Martino, 2007). The analyses illustrate drawings in conjunction with written responses, interviews and classroom observations offers authentic evidence of young children's attitudes towards mathematics. Further, findings indicate that children's Vision of Mathematics contributes significantly to their overall attitude. [This paper is the third in a symposium of four papers. For the first paper, "Using the Drawing-Telling Approach to Reveal Young Children's Mathematical Knowledge," see ED604537. For the second paper, "Capturing the Mathematical Drawing Process Using a Digital Pen," see ED604538. For the fourth paper, "Coding Young Learners' Pictorial Responses to an Open-Ended Assessment Task," see ED604540.]

This paper contributes to the Symposium: "Research Methods Involving Children's Drawings in Mathematical Contexts" by exploring the use of digital pens as a data gathering tool. The availability of digital recording devices has been a boon to researchers wanting to capture the real-time dynamics of a research situation. When capturing a child's drawing process, an alternative to cumbersome video-recording equipment is a digital pen that records both the creation of the drawing and any nearby utterances. To highlight the affordances and limitations of the digital pen as a data collection tool for children's drawing we utilise examples from two different research projects, one with Australian children and the other with Canadian children. [This paper is the second in a symposium of four papers. For the first paper, "Using the Drawing-Telling Approach to Reveal Young Children's Mathematical Knowledge," see ED604537. For the third paper, "The Nature of Young Children's Attitudes towards Mathematics," see ED604539. For the fourth paper, "Coding Young Learners' Pictorial Responses to an Open-Ended Assessment Task," see ED604540.]

In these papers the authors consider the changing societal context for education, examine concepts and research on existing recurrent education practice, and document constraints on and future prospects of inservice education for teachers. The introduction provides an overview of the teaching role in the paper, "Recurrent Education for Teachers, Some Research and Development Considerations" (H. Beare and T. van Raay). In part 1, entitled the "Changing Context," the following are presented: "Technological and Social Changes--Implications for the Recurrent Education of Teachers" (B. W. Smith); "Non Formal Education: Implications for the Recurrent Education of Teachers" (M. Gloster); "Changing Patterns of Student Participation, Student Expectations and Employment Opportunities for Students--An Overview of Some Implications for the Recurrent Education of Teachers" (P. Cameron); "The Changing Age, Composition and Structure of the Teaching Force--Some Implications for the Recurrent Education of Teachers" (K. Keogh); and "Commentary, Part 1" (M. T. Hewitson). Part 2, the "Theory and Practice of Recurrent Education and the Teaching Role," includes: "Recurrent Education and the Professions--Some Research Findings" (E. A. Sommerlad); "Recurrent Education Needs Arising from Changes in Parent, Community and Employer Links with Schools" (D. Pettit); "Teacher Participation: Learning on the Job" (G. Evans); "A Case-Study of Four Religious Teaching Orders: Implications for Teacher Participation and Recurrent Education Needs" (E. Whitehead); "Recurrent Education for Teachers: A Knowledge Utilization Approach" (P. B. Botsman); "Concepts of Recurrent Education: Philosophies, Policies and Implications for Teaching Practice in Technical and Further Education in Australia" (M. Buxton and P. Keating); and "Commentary, Part 2" (M. T. Hewitson). Part 3, "Present Constraints and Future Prospects" (M. T. Hewitson), examines the role of research and development in relation to the future prospects of recurrent teacher education. (JD)

This study reports part of a larger study that explores three technologies--Padlet, video-embedded quizzes and Google docs and their effectiveness for enhancing pre-service teachers' (PSTs) learning engagement in online mathematics education. The data reported in this study are a survey, learning analytics and observation data. We found that Padlet heightened PSTs' social and collaborative engagement, and these dimensions were further enhanced in Google Docs activities. PST's cognitive engagement was enhanced through adding quizzes based on lecture videos. This study contributes to selecting relevant technologies to enhance PSTs' engagement in online learning in general and in mathematics education more specifically.

In this study, we examined whether generalised mathematics anxiety, application of mathematics in science anxiety, and positive attitudes towards mathematics influenced adolescents' intentions to study biology, chemistry, and physics in Grades 11 and 12. Participants were 477 students in Grades 8-10 from two schools in Western Sydney. Girls reported higher levels of generalised mathematics anxiety and application of mathematics in science anxiety. Positive attitudes towards mathematics were a significant and positive predictor of students' intentions to study all science subjects, while application of mathematics in science anxiety was a negative predictor of students' intentions to study chemistry and physics.

The use of manipulatives to develop conceptual understanding appears to be a prevalent practice in many mathematical learning experiences, particularly in the early years of schooling. This study evaluates the impact of mathematical manipulatives on young children's attitudes towards mathematics (YCATM). The modified three-dimensional model of attitude (MTMA) and Bruner's experiential stages were used to investigate how manipulatives influence YCATM. The findings suggest that young children enjoyed using manipulatives, contributing to their Vision of Mathematics and Perceived Competence. However, the transition between enactive, iconic, and symbolic experiences can contribute to the formation of negative attitudes.

This case study aims to describe the learning characteristics of a child and evaluate his preferences for using physical manipulatives (PM) and virtual manipulatives (VM) to solve fraction problems. The participant in this study was a fourth-grade child. The child was given similar problems to solve using PM and VM. Data sources were observations and interviews conducted with the child during and after the tasks were completed. The results showed that the child engaged and preferred solving fraction problems using PM more than VM. The child stated that PM helped him quickly understand the relationship between various representations of fractions and model them using manipulatives. He reported the VM did not help him solve the problems.

This paper attempted to make explicit some of the underlying characteristics of spatial visualisation using the concept of area of composite shapes. By engaging students with metric-free tasks, we identify the type of perceptual and visual/spatial manoeuvres that they deploy in such situations. Interview data collected from three students in Grade 7, 8, and 9 are used to exemplify three key constituents of spatial visualisation: figure-ground perception, global and local perception, and gesturing. An observable discontinuity was discovered in coordinating different pieces of spatial information after disembedding the parts that constitute the whole. This paper concludes with pedagogical implications.

The following papers, panel discussion, summaries, and comments are included in this conference proceedings document: "Education: The Essential Partnership" (Ramsey); "Australia's Involvement in Education in the Pacific: Partnership or Patronage?" (Baba); "Report by the Rapporteur to the Final Plenary Session" (Kimberley); "Adult Environmental Learning" (Chambers); "Londua Training School" (Vuti); "Idealism amongst New Secondary Teachers in Papua New Guinea" (Palmer); "Pacific Island Peoples" (Pamatatau); "The Treaty of Waitangi as a Basis for Maori/Non-Maori Partnerships in Education" (MacKenzie); "New Zealand Students Share in Life of Pacific Island Communities" (Latham); "The West Heidenlberg Early Literacy Project" (Sloane, Toomey); "Training Student Teachers to Work with Parents and the Community" (Muller, Middleton); "Community Involvement in Schooling: Meeting the Technological Challenge" (Moon); "New Technology in Education" (O'Malley, Hackwood); "Assault on Salt through Community Action" (Wells); "Entrepreneurial Activity in Higher Education" (Jeans, Hart, Forth); "Partnerships between Higher Education and Continuing Professional Education" (Brennan); "A Revolution in the Faculty: Industry University Initiatives" (McDonald); "Ageing and Growing Old: An Exploration of Children's Attitudes" (Battersby); "Education and Ageing: Recommendations from a New Zealand Inquiry" (Battersby); "The University of the Third Age: Playpen for the Oldies or New Community Force?" (Claydon); "Universities of the Third Age: An Exercise in Partnership" (Picton); "The Uxbridge Experience" (Bonnell); "A Second Bite of the Apple" (Wilkinson, Kaplan); "Creative Learning" (Brearley); "Philosophical Implications in Program Costing for Community Centres" (Evans); "Improving Participation Rates of Disadvantaged Young People in Education" (Sheen); "How to Succeed in Health Education" (Collins); "Victorian School of Languages and Ethnic Communities 1935-1988" (Abuiso, Kleinhenz); and "Doing It with Teachers and National Mutual" (Guest). Summaries of discussion groups, special interest groups, and the plenary session are included. (KC)

In this paper, we provide an overview of the "Maths Inside" project, funded by the Australian Maths and Science Partnership Program (AMSPP). The overall aim of the AMSPP is to improve uptake and participation of students in mathematics and science at secondary and tertiary levels. In this research project, we aim to improve student interest in mathematics and support mathematics teachers in their professional learning, through provision of rich and investigative learning resources, including video case studies of CSIRO scientists and mathematicians. Data collection on the outcomes of the project is ongoing and will be reported in subsequent papers.

With the increased workplace demand for STEM specialists, and the trend in capable students opting out of higher levels of secondary mathematics, the psychological influences on mathematics subject choice are important issues to explore. Expectancy-value theory is used to examine the factors influencing such achievement choices. In the present study, as part of a larger programme of research on mathematics subject choice, we sought to validate self-report measures of students' expectancies for success, values, and perceived costs associated with participation in mathematics. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesised factor structure, with the measures displaying acceptable levels of internal consistency.

Statistical terms are used in everyday language and, at times, used in non-statistical ways. It is often assumed students understand statistical terms because of their common use; however, research into their understanding of specific statistical terms is scant. This report focuses on 58 Year 3 students' responses to the basic question, "What does the term 'data' mean?", and associated examples of data and data representations. The results indicate students are making progress in establishing meaning about data and their representations. Recommendations include more use of varying contexts within which students can explore data to enrich and enhance their learning about the practice of statistics.

We report on the use of a data-gathering task requiring preservice primary teachers to 'graph' their emerging relationships with mathematics. A cultural-historical activity approach was used to analyse data from nine final year preservice primary teachers to reveal what and how key events in their lives helped shape their current mathematical identities. Oscillations between "high" and "low" points in their relationships with mathematics was a feature of participants' graphs regardless of their current mathematical identities. Combined with semistructured interviews, the graphing task is posited as a valuable method for researchers and practitioners to explore mathematics-related identity.

Secondary mathematics pre-service teachers often have different experiences of mathematics and its teaching and learning during their initial teacher education. This paper documents the beliefs about mathematics, its teaching, and its learning, of mathematicians and mathematics educators who teach secondary mathematics pre-service teachers. The beliefs of the surveyed sample of eighty-two academics and differences between groups were characterised using descriptive statistics and one-way comparisons between groups ANOVA. Generally, respondents had a Problem-solving view of mathematics and those with education backgrounds were more in agreement with that method of teaching.

Reflective practice in mathematical teaching improves teaching skills and confidence. This paper investigates affect-based critical moments as a reflective practice for pre-service teaching. An embedded case study is presented by one regional university as a discovery into the "reflective" phase of the Enhancement-Learning-Reflection process to uncover the types of emotions and themes from student chosen critical moments. An analysis of these critical moments found students' expressed mainly positive emotions combined with the negative emotion of anxiety. Themes emerged around pedagogical content knowledge: teaching strategies; student thinking; and appropriate mathematical content knowledge.

Student disengagement is influenced by the degree of success that is experienced in the mathematics classroom. In turn, success is often determined by the depth of understanding that students gain during predetermined time frames. This paper reports on the Five Question Approach to teaching mathematics which provides teachers with greater flexibility in content delivery, pacing and consolidation of content. This qualitative case study draws on data collected in three Australian secondary classrooms. Findings indicate that the Five Question Approach led to increased student engagement, academic improvement and a significant decrease in examination anxiety.

This paper reports the results of an investigation into the ways pre-service teachers engaged in structured problem solving as part of their first-year mathematics education course. The purpose of this study was to determine the preferred problem solving strategies of pre-service teachers and the types of difficulties they experienced. The written discourse of 179 pre-service teachers indicated difficulties with being able to articulate the strategies they used in their solution processes. The results also showed that pre-service teachers did not readily use models and relied largely on numerical procedures.

Senior secondary mathematics in Australia is generally characterised by a challenging prescribed curriculum, textbook usage, high homework expectations and externally imposed assessment tasks. An increasing number of senior secondary mathematics teachers are incorporating a flipped classroom approach into their teaching as a means of addressing this challenging teaching space. This paper looks at a case study undertaken with a Grade 12 class where the teacher utilised a flipped classroom approach to teach Mathematics 2. The results showed that it was the holistic approach and commitment and dedication of the teacher that primarily influenced students' uptake. The study has implications for other teachers who may be considering implementing a flipped classroom approach, particularly in terms of the commitment required.

In recent years an increasing number of Chinese international students have made a decision to attend regional Australian universities rather than following the large city tendency. However, so far little attention has been paid to this trend. This paper proposes a holistic theoretical framework to interpret Chinese students' decision-making in choosing regional Australian higher education. Inspired by the Engel-Kollat-Blackwell (EKB) model, according to which choices, factors and process are main components in people's decision-making, this paper combines the following three theoretical approaches. Firstly, in cognitive perspective, six choices relating to Australian higher education made by international students (Duan, 1997) provide a theoretical basis to explain core choices of Chinese students about regional Australian higher education. Secondly, using migration theory, Mazzarol and Soutar's push-pull model (2002) refers to factors influencing Chinese students' decision-making of regional Australian higher education. Thirdly, again in terms of cognitive perspective, three classic decision-making process models (Lawley (1993), Duan (1997), and Pimpa (2002)) offer an additional insight to analyze Chinese international students' decision-making process. By integrating these three approaches, the framework develops a multidimensional and systematic theoretical comprehension of Chinese international students' decision-making in selecting regional Australian higher education.

This paper reports on research conducted on the effectiveness and relevance of authentic assessment in a Mobile Application Development course, answering the research question "How practical is authentic assessment in Digital Media courses?" To facilitate this research, students were provided a set of tasks that consisted of developing a Mobile application for the Bundaberg Health and Wellbeing program. They were required to develop a working prototype mobile application that measures health related routine using the latest programming tool and APIs as used in industry. The mobile application is then used in the Bundaberg Health and Wellbeing program as a tool to monitor the progress of group members, providing a more authentic experience that connects and relates to the real needs and expectation of a client. A survey was then conducted to assess how students felt about the assessment piece and how it compared to other assessment they had done before. Overall, this indicated that most of the students favoured the introduction of authentic assessment in the course program; only a portion of the students feels otherwise. Based on this, the paper will conclude with strategies to encourage future technology-based courses in digital media courses to be based on authentic assessment.

This paper explores the value of different paradigms to explain dispositions towards mathematics among primary school students from different social backgrounds. As part of a larger project designed to elicit students' thinking and attitudes towards mathematics, we seek to develop an explanatory model for the socially-differentiated outcomes in students' responses. The three paradigms--psychology, sociology and post-modernism--form the basis of the paper where the data we collected from three geographically close but socially different schools were analysed.

This paper presents an analysis of pre-service teachers' reflections on the consequences of their perceived public humiliation in school mathematics classrooms, based on Torres and Bergner's (2010) model of the stages of humiliation. It analyses two examples of preservice teachers' critical incident reflections from studies at two Australian universities. This research contributes to the frameworks through which primary pre-service teachers' mathematics anxiety, and its implications for their identity development, might be understood.

In this paper, we report on developments in the Mastery Learning (ML) curriculum and assessment model that has been successfully implemented in a metropolitan university for teaching first-year mathematics. Initial responses to ML were positive; however, we ask whether the nature of the ML tests encourages a focus on shallow learning of procedures, and whether the structure of the assessment regime provides sufficient motivation for learning more complex problem solving. We analysed assessment data, as well as student reports and survey responses in an attempt to answer these questions.

In this research paper, I present the reasons why senior secondary students elect not to enrol in a higher mathematics course. All Year 11 and Year 12 mathematics students within Western Australian secondary schools were invited to participate in an online survey comprised chiefly of qualitative items. The key reasons espoused by students include an expressed dissatisfaction with mathematics, the opinion that there are other more viable courses of study to pursue, and that the Australian Tertiary Admissions Ranking (ATAR) can be maximised by taking a lower mathematics course. In addition, student testimony suggests that there are few incentives offered for undertaking a higher mathematics course.

The flipped classroom's pervasiveness in different educational contexts derives from the growing need to focus on student-centered and active learning approaches. The fact that the flipped classroom allocates the lecture delivery to the outside of the classroom endows teachers with the possibility of using the in-class time to develop active learning tasks. At the same time, since students gain insight of the learning material prior to attending the class, they are more prepared to actively engage with the resources and their peers inside the classroom. This paper presents a project developed by the School of Psychology from the University of Queensland in Australia that consisted in flipping a course, PSYC1030, and creating a series of four MOOCs. The students' evaluation of the experience was measured via a survey and showed that, in general, they found the outcomes to be positive, namely at the level of the assessment, collaboration, interaction and their understanding of the material. [For the complete proceedings, see ED579395.]

This paper explores how the creative experience and related dispositional outcomes can be fostered in undergraduate primary generalist pre-service teachers through the development of innovative learning approaches to visual and creative arts education. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the results and show how creative thinking and action can be fostered in pre-service teachers. I argue that the creative arts courses offered in teacher education programs need to design for levels of creativity by developing an understanding how the creative experience generates different dispositional outcomes during experiential studio-based workshops. Building on Eisner (1998) developmental work on creative dispositional outcomes, the paper explores how pre-service teachers develop their 'creativity' through flexibility and risk-taking attitudes; mindfulness and avoidance of premature closure and a willingness to visualise new possibilities through inquiry learning approaches. This paper reports on the findings of 350 pre-service teachers as part of the Creative Arts program offered at a Sydney-based university. The focus of the mixed-method approach was on how the creative experience affects participants' opinions and experiences of creativity. Pre-service teachers' creative expressions were queried before and after the studio-based workshops. Firstly, a questionnaire was given to the total cohort, followed by participant observations made during the creative activities using video footage. Twelve participants then contributed in qualitative semi-structured interviews; this follow-up part of the research was aimed at evaluating the impact of the creative experience specifically, the participants' changing opinions of creative experiences and how new approaches can be developed with children. The significance of this study is that it connects to a socio-cultural framework that works with a community of practice model. In this model, the core role of the teacher is to facilitate the development of primary school children's creativity learning in informal classroom settings. Consequences of this study suggest that pre-service teachers need to become more aware of the different levels of creativity and how to develop creative dispositional outcomes. The outcomes suggest that studio-based workshops encourage participants to become more mindful of the artistic creative experience and how to visualise new approaches to use with children.

This paper explores the participation of Muslim girls in Health, Physical Education (HPE) and Sports in Brisbane Muslim and non-Muslim schools. The debate of Muslim women's' participation in sports is strongly entwined with firmly held beliefs inherited through culture, religion, politics and tradition regarding the female body. Specifically, this study examines how Muslim female students interpret their participation in HPE and other school sporting activities. Muslim women experience certain difficulties, including undertaking strenuous exercise during the fasting month of Ramadan, mixed-gender participation and problematic dress codes. Additionally, because of reasons of religious and cultural ethnicity, they could confront certain constrictions in extracurricular activities. This paper seeks to develop an understanding of the importance of HPE and other sporting activities in the lives of Muslim girls accompanied by the views of parents and teachers; informed by in-depth, open-ended and semi-structured interviews with Muslim girls, their parents and teachers from Muslim and non-Muslim schools of Brisbane. Essentially, this paper presents the views of high school girls about their own involvement in HPE and other sporting activities. A phenomenological approach is adopted and the data is analysed using the Grounded Theory approach. Some of the findings of this study reveal that Muslim girls who attended the non-Muslim schools, in general are struggling between the cultural and religious limitations when it comes to their participation in sporting activities. The schools are making efforts to accommodate the needs of Muslim students but appear to be constrained by views of Muslim modesty impacting on their capacity to undertake many of the activities associated with HPE/Sport. However, this study reveals that the Muslim girls in Islamic schools are interested in participating in sport. Indeed, female students and their parents are very happy with their participation and encourage it. The insights gained from this study contribute to fostering a better understanding of the challenges Muslim girls face when it comes to their participation in HPE/Sport. Furthermore, it could also assist school leaders to make changes in educational settings, so as to enable Muslim girls to participate in HPE/Sport.

625 primary and secondary students from schools in Melbourne and Geelong completed the WIFI Questionnaire to nominate what they valued in their mathematics learning. A content analysis of students' responses to an open-ended question about what they valued most resulted in a list of 64 unique values. A new, fourth category of values in mathematics education is apparent in this range. "Smartness," "fun," and "effort" constituted the top 3 popular values. The four Australian Curriculum mathematics proficiencies are also highly valued by the students. None of the students nominated achievement as a value, while it is highly valued by students from countries that perform well in TIMSS or PISA.

Stephens (2008) described structural thinking as an awareness of the way different occurrences of a mathematical property develop into correct generalisations. Many primary pre-service teachers (PSTs) graduate from their tertiary studies without the ability to notice structural thinking. In this study, two primary PSTs learned to notice structural thinking in three cycles of professional learning workshops; teaching mathematics; and, interviews. Here, we report on how the PSTs attended to structural thinking in their classroom communication and their awareness of doing so in the workshops and interviews. Results indicate the PSTs improved their noticing of structural thinking.

Mathematics and spatial reasoning are inextricably linked. While this is increasingly recognised, a clearer understanding of how spatial reasoning improves your mathematics performance is needed. We sought to explore the role of spatial reasoning strategy use across a range of mathematics assessment tasks with Grade 7 and 9 students. Interviews were conducted and data from students with varying levels of spatial ability was explored to determine if spatial ability had an observable effect on strategy use and success.

Teachers of senior secondary mathematics are required to contend with a number of challenges including covering the prescribed curriculum, differentiating the content for a range of learners, and preparing students for externally imposed assessment tasks. The flipped classroom is gaining in popularity as an approach that can be used to address these challenges. This paper provides a framework that can be used to interpret the affordances of a flipped classroom within the context of teaching secondary mathematics and the motivational factors that influence the uptake of the approach. Data analysed through the framework showed that students believed that the approach enabled them to have autonomy over their learning and achieve their goals. The study has implications for senior secondary teachers and students, particularly in terms of meeting the challenges of curriculum coverage and preparation for externally imposed assessment tasks.

"The term 'research' is inextricably linked to European imperialism and colonialism. The word itself 'research' is probably one of the dirtiest words in the Indigenous world's vocabulary" (Smith, 1999, p. 1). For many Aboriginal communities educational research can be seen with suspicion. In Aboriginal education much of the research is completed by non-Aboriginal researchers whose interpretations maybe culturally biased against Aboriginal peoples and their research may not always go back to support the Aboriginal audience. This paper will highlight the importance of capacity building of Aboriginal researchers to investigate issues within Aboriginal education. Engaging culturally similar researchers to the research participants can base the research process on an equal foundation in the research practice. With the analysis founded through similar cultural filters of the participatory audience (such as Aboriginal students and/or community). Through building Aboriginal culturally sound researchers to walk the bi-cultural pathways of research between Aboriginal communities and non-Aboriginal institutions a more informed examination of the research material can be presented. This position that there is a greater need for Aboriginal educational researchers to be developed to investigate researcher questions in partnership with Aboriginal communities has grown through the development of my PhD research study on "What Form(s) of Pedagogy are Necessary for Increasing the Engagement of Aboriginal School Students?" (Donovan, 2016).

Observers of teachers' practice in their classrooms have typically been adults: academic researchers analysing professional practice, school executive members assessing teacher quality and colleagues engaged in professional development and school reform initiatives. This paper discusses observations of teachers' practice from a different vantage point: students. In 2011, two Year 9 students observed a teacher in her classroom. This student research event was part of a broader four-year Students-as-Co-Researchers initiative investigating teaching and learning in a low socio-economic high school receiving targeted funding. In 2013, these students were invited to remember and re-construct the 2011 research event in various configurations. This paper examines the affective flows at work in re-positioning students and teachers using the concepts of the "assemblage" (Deleuze & Guattari, 1980/1987), subjectivity as "lines" (Deleuze & Parnet, 2006/1977) and "rhizoanalysis" (Deleuze & Guattari, 1980/1987). It is argued that lines of flight -- ruptures in thought and experimentation in practice -- escaped in and through the 2011 research event and the 2013 research assemblages for both the students, the teacher and the researcher. Alternative ways of speaking, relating, teaching, learning and becoming prompted by these encounters in the classroom, the staffroom and the school are considered for their potential to convert the "education assemblage" (Youdell, 2011, p. 137).

Most universities are undertaking information technology (IT) strategic planning. The development of those plans often includes the voices of academics and sometimes engages alumni and current students. However, few engage and acknowledge the voice of future students. This paper is situated within the "Griffith University 2020 Strategic Plan," and refers directly to the "Griffith 2020 IT Strategic Directions" document. Specifically, this paper reports on a research project involving primary school students, aged 10-14 years old, who might be expected to participate in university studies in 2020. The students' ideas about studying in university in 2020 were used to complement other voices to inform the "Griffith 2020 IT Strategic Directions" plan. Data were collected using semi-structured focus groups at three schools located in close proximity to the university. The paper provides insights into future university students' views on the use of technologies in their future studies. [For the complete proceedings, see ED557168.]

Traditionally, the domain of higher education, the 'flipped classroom' is gaining in popularity in secondary school settings. In the flipped classroom, digital technologies are used to shift direct instruction from the classroom to the home, providing students with increased autonomy over their learning. While advocates of the approach believe it is more engaging and effective than traditional instruction, there is little empirical research into the benefits of this approach, particularly in relation to mathematics instruction. This paper adds to the limited research by reporting on students and parents' experiences with a flipped classroom in a senior mathematics class. The results indicated that there were five main components that influenced students' motivation to engage with the flipped classroom approach. The study has particular implications for students and secondary mathematics teachers who have limited time to make the curriculum comprehensible for students and to prepare them for external assessment tasks.

Despite the recognized importance of mathematical proof in secondary education, there is a limited but growing body of literature indicating how preservice secondary mathematics teachers (PSMTs) view proof and the teaching of proof. The purpose of this survey research was to investigate how PSMTs in Australia and the United States perceive of proof in the context of secondary mathematics teaching and learning. PSMTs were able to outline various mathematical and pedagogical aspects of proof, including: purposes, characteristics, reasons for teaching, and imposed constraints. In addition, PSMTs attended to differing, though overlapping, features of proof when asked to determine the extent to which proposed arguments constituted proofs or to decide which arguments they might present to students. [For the complete proceedings, see ED606531.]

This study evaluated pre-service teachers' (PSMTs) perceptions of their own readiness to teach secondary mathematics. The study was conducted at an Australian university across two campuses, in different states. Specifically, PSMTs' perceptions of their preparedness were explored in terms of mathematical content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and mathematical knowledge for teaching. Findings indicate that while the majority of participants feel that they have the requisite content knowledge to confidently teach Lower School secondary mathematics, further training is required to develop their content and pedagogical knowledge, especially for upper secondary mathematics.

The purpose of this study was to explore the factorial structure of motivation and perception items from a student survey utilised as part of the Reframing Mathematical Futures II (RMFII) Project. Data was collected in 2017 from 442 students in Years 7 to 10 from various different States across Australia. An exploratory factor analysis identified four factors which were consistent with the studies the items were adapted from: Intrinsic and Cognitive Value of Mathematics, Instrumental Value of Mathematics, Mathematics Effort, and Social Impact of School Mathematics. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) also revealed that there were statistically significant differences between Year Level and State for some of these factors.