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The 2021 EUROCALL conference engaged just under 250 speakers from 40 different countries. Cnam Paris and Sorbonne Université joined forces to host and organise the event despite the challenging context due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Originally programmed to be held on site in the heart of Paris, France, the EUROCALL organising team and executive committee agreed to opt for a blended and then for a fully online conference. The theme of the 2021 EUROCALL conference was "CALL & Professionalisation". This volume, a selection of 54 short papers by some of the EUROCALL 2021 presenters, offers a combination of research studies as well as practical examples fairly representative of the theme of the conference. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This volume draws together a selection of papers from YAC2018, the first meeting in the annual Year Abroad Conference series, which took place at Newcastle University in September 2018. The contributions collected here examine some of the opportunities, gains, and challenges the Year Abroad brings for both students and staff. They are presented around the five broad themes around which YAC2018 was organised: mental health, year abroad preparation, student perception of the year abroad, year abroad assessment, and employability. This volume will be of interest to academics and professional services staff involved in the preparation, administration, and management of the year abroad. [Newcastle University and the School of Modern Languages in particular provided organisational and financial support in the preparation of the event.]

This document contains two papers on globalization versus localization from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction). The first paper, "Implementing Modern Approaches to Teaching Computer Science: A Cross-Cultural Perspective" (Jill Slay and Kam W. Li), examines techniques that may be used to motivate and support computer science learning, focusing on implications for Asia and particularly for mainland China. The second paper, "Reflections on Educational Technology from Female Asian Faculty's (FAF) Perspectives" (Doris Lee, Amy S.C. Leh, Mei-Yan Lu, and Mei-Yau Shih), presents the perspectives of four panelists (four female Asian faculty members) on how the instructional technology field has influenced current faculty development, corporate training, in-service teacher education, and pre-service teacher education. (MES)

This document contains the following full and short papers on special education from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "Automated Quantitative Extraction Method of Aesthetic Impression from Color Images Using the Tone in the HLS Muncell Color Space" (Toshinori Yamasaki, Tetsuo Hattori, and Yukihiro Matsubara); (2) "Present State and Future Direction of Woman Informatization Education in Korea" (In-Hwan Yoo, Chul-Hyun Lee, Soo-Bum Shin, and Tae-Wuk Lee); (3) "Research on Teaching Da-Yi Chinese Keyboarding by Using Adaptive Input Interface" (Ming-Chung Chen, Hwa-Pey Wang, and Lih-Ching Chen Wang); and (4) "The Effectiveness of Integrating Adaptive Computer Device and Stimulus Fading Strategy on Word-Recognition for Students with Moderate Mental Retardation" (Ming-Chung Chen, Tien-Yu Li, Hwa-Pey Wang, and Kou-Ping Yang). (MES)

This document contains the following full and short papers on humanities and learning technology from ICCE/ICCAI 2000 (International Conference on Computers in Education/International Conference on Computer-Assisted Instruction): (1) "A Web-Based EFL Writing Environment: Integrating Information for Learners, Teachers, and Researchers" (David Wible, Chin-Hwa Kuo, Anne Liu, and Nai-Lung Tsao); (2) "Integrating Web-Based Materials into Course Design" (Lilly Lee Chen); (3) "Is Everyone on Board: Learning Styles and the Internet" (Michelle Hsiang, Ellen Storey Vasu, Marsha Alibrand, Nancy Atkins, and Jane Steelman); (4) "Research on Teaching Da-Yi Chinese Keyboarding by Using Adaptive Input Interface" (Ming-Chung Chen, Hwa-Pey Wang, and Lih-Ching Chen Wang); (5) "Strategies for Searching in the WWW" (Meng-Jung Tsai); (5) "The Internet-Based Educational Resources of the U.S. Federal Government" (Andy Wang and Krishelle Leong-Grotz); and (6) "Which Chinese Input Methods Is More Suitable for Sixth-Grade Pupils? Keyboarding or Non-Keyboarding" (Weichung Wang and Tainshu Ma). (MES)

Papers in this issue include the following: "Code-Mixing in Hongkong Cantonese-English Bilinguals: Constraints and Processes" (Brian Chan Hok-shing); "Information on Quantifiers and Argument Structure in English Learner's Dictionaries" (Thomas Hun-tak Lee); "Systematic Variability: In Search of a Linguistic Explanation" (Gladys Tang); "Aspect Licensing and Verb Movement in Mandarin Chinese" (Gu Yang); and "Intuitive Judgments of Hong Kong Signers About the Relationship of Sign Language Varieties in Hong Kong and Shanghai" (James Woodward). (JL)

Papers in this volume include the following: "Constraints on Dative Acquisition by Chinese ESL Learners" (Hua Dong Fan); "The Learnability of Locality Conditions on Quantification" (Thomas Lee); "Do Learning Environments Make a Difference? A Study on the Acquisition of the English Interrogatives by Three Types of Cantonese Classroom Learners" (Gladys Tang); "The Stress Patterns of Nonsense English Words of Cantonese-speaking ESL Learners" (Cathy Wong); "Relative Complexity: Beyond Avoidance: (Virginia Yip and Stephen Matthews); and "The Interpretation of Linguistic Signs and the Role of Inference" (Cheng Yumin). (Author/JL)

This volume recognises how many researchers across the social sciences, and in comparative and international education in particular, see themselves as insiders or outsiders or, more pertinently, shifting combinations of both, in the research process. The book revisits and problematises these concepts in an era where the global mobility of researchers and ideas has increased dramatically, and when advances in comparative, qualitative research methodologies seek to be more inclusive, collaborative, participatory, reflexive and nuanced. Collectively, the chapters argue that, in the context of such change, it has become more difficult to categorise and label groups and individuals as being 'inside' or 'outside' systems, professional communities, or research environments. In doing so, it is recognised that individual and group identities can be multiple, flexible and changing such that the boundary between the inside and the outside is permeable, less stable and less easy to draw.The book draws upon an exciting collection of original research carried out in a diversity of educational systems from British, European, Latin American, Indian Ocean, South Asian, African and Chinese contexts and cultures. This develops a deep and innovative reconsideration of key issues that must be faced by all researchers involved in the planning and conduct of in-depth field research. This is a challenging and stimulating methodological contribution, designed to advance critical and reflective thinking while providing practical and accessible guidance, insights and support for new and experienced researchers within and beyond the field of comparative and international education. Following a foreword by Caroline Dyer, the following chapters are presented: (1) Positioning Insider-Outsider Research in the Contemporary Context (Lore Arthur, Elizabeth McNess, Michael Crossley); (2) 'Ethnographic Dazzle' and the Construction of the 'Other': Shifting Boundaries between the Insider and the Outsider (Elizabeth McNess, Lore Arthur, Michael Crossley); (3) Exploring the Concept of Insider' Outsider in Comparative and International Research: Essentialising Culture or Culturally Essential (Anna Robinson-Pant); (4) Constructing the Insider and Outsider in Comparative Research (Peter Kelly) (5) Beyond 'Insiders' and 'Outsiders' in Research for Education Policy-Making? The Discursive Positioning of the Researcher in International and Comparative Education (Nilou M. Hawthorne); (6) Mind the Gap: Reflections on Boundaries and Positioning in Research in International and Comparative Education (Claire Planel); (7) Methodological Challenges: Negotiation, Critical Reflection and the Cultural Other (Nicola Savvides, Joanna Al-Youssef, Mindy Colin, Cecilia Garrido); (8) Insider-Outsider-In Betweener? Researcher Positioning, Participative Methods and Cross-Cultural Educational Research (Lizzi O. Milligan); (9) Multiplicities of Insiderness and Outsiderness: Enriching Research Perspectives in Pakistan (Sughra Choudhry Khan); (10) Outside Inside, Inside Out: Challenges and Complexities of Research in Gypsy and Traveller Communities (Juliet McCaffery); (11) (Re)constructing Identities beyond Boundaries: Revisiting Insider-Outsider Perspectives in Research on International Students (Qing Gu); (12) Investigating Processes Underlying Identity Formation of Second Language Master's Students in UK Higher Education: Insiders or Outsiders (Hania Salter-Dvorak); (13) Coming Alongside in the Co-Construction of Professional Knowledge: A Fluid Approach to Researcher Positioning on the Insider-Outsider Continuum (Ed Wickins, Michael Crossley); and (14) Sharing Insights: How Culture Constructs and Constricts Knowledge (Maroussia Raveaud).

This document contains 35 papers from the program development section of an international conference on vocational education and training (VET) for lifelong learning in the information era. The following are among the papers included: "Using Quality Indicators to Create World-Class Curricula: From Concept to Application" (Curtis Finch, Timo Luopajarvi, Paivi Sutinen); "What Is Missing from ISO 9000 International Quality Standards Training in the United States?" (Paul Krueger); "West Virginia Instructional Technology Program Design for Economic Development" (Michael M. Murphy); "A Perception of the Software Process Model" (Albert H.S. Scott); "Design of Internet-Related Courses for IT (Information Technology) Professionals" (Y.K. Choi); "A TQM (Total Quality Management) Study of Faculty and Trainees' Perceptions of Public Vocational Training Institutions in Taiwan" (Li-Mei Huang); "Curriculum Development in Vocational Education: Achieving Balance and Coherence" (Christopher Parkin); "Providing Competency-Based Education for Industry and Its Effect on Classroom Education" (Chin-Yen Lin, Tsung-Juang Wang); "Competency Based Training: An Evaluation of a Post-secondary Teacher Education Program" (Dale E. Thompson, Cecelia Thompson, Betsy Orr); "Perceptions of Participants in a Multi-site Distance Learning Bachelor of Science Degree Program" (Betsy Orr, Dale Thompson, Cecelia Thompson); "A Study of Relation between Assessment Dimension and Management Outcomes--A Sample of Sinyi Real-Estate Company" (Stanley Tsan-Ying Lin); "Exploring a New Pattern of Vocational Education and Training" (Haicheng Yang, Tingrui Wang); "Transforming Educational Practice for a Transformed Employment Environment" (Jeanne Dawson); "Pre- and Post-Assessment in Occupational Courses" (Teresa Yohon); "Transforming Young School Leavers and Mature Unemployed into Skilled IT Workers--The IT Assistant Training in Hong Kong" (Yat-chen Li); "Discussion and Design of High Vocational Education" (Wenyi Qin, Yanchun Guo); "Teaching Statistical Problem Solving in Vocational Education" (Ken W. Li); "Structure and Cultivation of the Knowledge and Abilities of Students of Higher Vocational Technical Education" (Jiyao Zhou, Kaiyu Zhen, Weihua Liu); "Telling Stories in the Use of Portfolio Assessment in Higher Education: Some Implementation Issues" (Annie Y.W. Nicholson, Sharon Bryant); and "The Effects of the Whole Educational Experience on Graduate Employability and Further Study" (Kwok Hung Lai, Michael Hohn Pomfret). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This document contains 18 papers from the partnership for vocational education and training (VET) section of an international conference on VET for lifelong learning in the information era. The following are papers are included: "School, TAFE (Technical and Further Education), and University Links, in Pursuit of a Seamless Pathway" (Robert Player); "Work-Based Training: Experiences of Student Interns" (Marcelle Hardy, Carmen Parent, Johanne Forget); "A New Model for Workforce Development: University of Nevada Las Vegas Educator Externship Program" (Sterling Saddler, Gina M. Toth, Lisa M. Bybee); "Workplace Learning as an Investment in Human Capital" (Johanna Lasonen, Reijo Parikka); "Supporting Lifelong Learning; The New Integrated Scottish Qualifications System" (Maida Grant);"Key Policy Issues in the Promotion of Information Technology in Vocational Education: Some Lessons from the Five-Year Strategy in Hong Kong" (Kathleen S.K. Ng); " Vocational Education and Training for Operators of Modern Enterprises" (Qinxiang Gao, Meichi Huang, Heping Yu); "The Condition and Competency of Multi-Entrances for Personnel Training of Industrial Design Engineer in Taiwan" (Jui-che Tu); "Establishment of the Advanced Printing Technology Centre at Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Kwun Tong)" (Lawrence W. Chan); "Profile of SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) Support in Hong Kong and the Setting Up of the Business Start-up Centre" (Robin Wong); "Attach Strategic Importance to High Quality Vocational and Technical Education" (Shengyun Yang); "Cross Disciplinary Continuing Professional Development" (Sai Hong Ko); "Attitudes of University Faculty Members toward Students with Disabilities" (Marie F. Kraska); "Mobility, Flexibility and Accessibility of Postsecondary Education in Hong Kong" (Shui-Kin Chan); "Vocational Education in Engineering in the Information Age" (C.W. Woo, Alan S.T. Tang, S.T. Poposka); "The Engineering Graduate Training Scheme and New Technology Training Scheme in Hong Kong" (T.L. Ng, Gary M.Y. Wong); "Developing a Competitive Program to Cope with the 3C (Change, Competitive, Complex) Trend in Industry" (S.T. Tsai, Shu-Hsiao Tsen); and "How Effective Are Our Teaching Methods for Vocational Education" (Yik-lung Wong). Most papers contain substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This paper highlights the developments in teaching methods in China in the era of the post-Cultural Revolution, and explains how these methods grew out of educational experimentation during the Yenan period. The Yenan period followed the historic "long march, "when Mao Tse-tung and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) established their base in Shensi province. At that time, a school was established characterized by political education, firm leadership, integration of theory with practice, and simplified curriculum. The basic method of teaching was the enlightenment method, an inquiry process involving initial questions and group discussion to develop answers. Many of these practices are now prevalent in Chinese schools. Political education stressing Maoist teachings is of primary importance and begins in the fourth grade. Schools are run by workers, revolutionary cadres, and local PLA Units. Curriculum is related to needs of individual communities. Productive labor is emphasized as well as book learning, a concept which helps produce a classless society. The teacher's authority is not absolute; traditional respect for teachers' intellectual superiority is no longer acceptable. This has created a need to re-educate teachers to have an ideological outlook consistent with Maoist tenets. Problems arising from this change include class discipline and blending Maoist thought into all lesson content. (Author/AV)

A description of "barefoot doctors" in the People's Republic of China is presented. These peasant doctors are commune workers who have taken basic courses in medical treatment. Because 80% of the population lives in a rural agricultural setting, and because most doctors and medical services are located in cities, there is a serious need for medical personnel in the rural areas of the country. After Chairman Mao declared in 1965 that emphasis in medical and health work should be stressed in rural areas, preparation of "barefoot doctors" began. They are selected by fellow commune workers on the basis of intelligence, educational level, desire to become doctors, and will to serve the commune. They can be of any age or sex. All undergo three to six months formal training in either a commune hospital, agricultural college, or medical college. This is followed by on the job training. Courses include anatomy, physiology, pathology, acupuncture, and medicinal herbs. Basic responsibilities are environmental sanitation and preventive medicine. They supervise collection, treatment, storage, and use of human excrement for fertilizer; spraying of pesticides; and storage of drinking water. They dispense first aid, immunizations, and health examinations; and decide when a person should be sent to the commune hospital. (Author/AV)

The controversy surrounding the Chinese film "Pioneers" is analyzed and presented as a case study of a film caught in the recent two-line struggle in literature and art in the People's Republic of China. Within the history of the arts in China, there has been a difference of opinion between those in favor of the continued portrayal of bourgeois themes and those who believe in the exclusive depiction of the struggles of the worker. Those two opposing views have come to be called the two-line struggle in literature and art. "Pioneers" is a feature length film documenting the successful establishment of a model revolutionary industrial community near Siberia. It was filmed in the early 1970s at the suggestion of Premier Chou En-lai. However, upon its completion in 1975, its release was banned by Chiang Ch'ing, Mao's wife, whom he had made overseer of all fine arts productions. She condemned the film for glorifying the achievements of specific individuals. Mao disagreed with her decision, but she persisted in keeping the film and its producers under surveillance. Since the arrest of Chiang Ch'ing in October 1976, Mao's successor has allowed the film to be released. Perhaps this indicates his support of Chou En-lai and Mao or perhaps he sees no serious errors in revolutionary thought in the film's content. (Author/AV)

As an introduction to the role of children's literature in the People's Republic of China, the author provides an overview of the content and themes of Chinese children's literature. The role of amateur writers is discussed and popular works of Chinese children's literature are summarized. The author also contrasts content and objectives of children's literature in China and the United States. Chinese teaching style, which emphasizes political education, publicizes models for emulation and fosters the ideology of collectivism. The American teaching style publicizes creativity, individual worth and gain, and fosters the ideology of capitalism. Eight stories for Chinese children are identified and summarized. All stress the children's contribution to protecting collective property and fighting against imperialism. The books are very inexpensive and are therefore accessible to the working class. In local communities, individual storytellers often become well known for helping to instill proper political and moral values. Books and storytellers both illustrate a basic belief, stemming from Mao's ideas, that influencing and shaping attitudes is by far the most important task of teachers and schools. (Author/AV)

The document analyzes Mao Tse-Tung's "Three Main Rules of Discipline" and "Eight Points For Attention" and presents, by way of comparison, the text of the "Code of Conduct" issued by the President of the United States for members of the armed forces during the Vietnam War. Mao's regulations were revised by the General Headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army in 1947 as follows: obey orders in all your actions, do not take a single needle or piece of thread from masses, and turn in everything captured. The "Eight Points for Attention" were revised to include the following: (1) speak politely, (2) pay fairly for what you buy, (3) return everything you borrow, (4) pay for anything you damage, (5) do not hit or swear at people, (6) do not damage crops, (7) do not take liberties with women, and (8) do not abuse captives. The "Code of Conduct" for American soldiers, intended to inform them of behavior expected of them during war time, contains six statements: I am prepared to give my life in defense of my country; I will never surrender of my own free will; if captured, I will continue to resist; if I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners; when questioned, I will make no statements disloyal to my country; and I will never forget that I am an American fighting man. (Author/DB)

A newly developed course on education in contemporary China is described. Objectives, curriculum materials, teaching strategies, learning activities, and evaluation are briefly outlined. The three-credit, college-level course explores educational policy and practice in the People's Republic of China since 1949, with emphasis on the interrelationship between political ideology and the educational system. The course outline provides an idea of the historical periods and educational topics to be covered and describes the course components, consisting of lectures, readings, research papers, student seminars, and a glossary project. Directions are given for preparation of the research papers, seminar presentations, and the glossary project. Two bibliographhies are provided. One lists periodicals available in English or Chinese from Taiwan and the People's Republic of China, as well as monitored broadcasts, journals, and special bibliographic sources. The other is a list of books published since 1965 on topics, such as periods in Chinese history, medicine, women and childcare, education of minorities, and other aspects of education. (AV)

The essays in this monograph (except one) were originally presented and discussed at the Conference on Sino-American Cultural and Scientific Exchanges held in Honolulu, Hawaii in February 1985. Frank Ninkovich presents some of the thoughts that characterized the U.S. approach to cultural exchanges before 1940. In her essay on the pre-World War II period, Mary Brown Bullock surveys the exchange experiences of the United States in China. Warren Cohen's chapter explores U.S.-China cultural relations from 1949 to 1971 and provides an integrated picture of the diverse forces that influenced U.S. thinking primarily up to the period of renewed relations. Joyce Kallgren writes about three of the key organizations that were and remain central to educational exchanges. Jan Berris provides an in-depth discussion of the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations. Major philanthropic organizations played an important role in U.S.-China exchanges. Francis Sutton discusses the work of the Ford Foundation in this area. Patrick Maddox and Anne Thurston point out some of the difficulties implicit in many of the educational exchange programs. Ainslie Embree provides an account of U.S.-Indian exchanges. Ruth Hayhoe contrasts the U.S.-China exchange experience with the European-China experience. The consequences of the exchanges in the humanities and social sciences are discussed by Richard Madsen. Richard Suttmeier examines the results of exchanges in the area of science and technology. The volume concludes with Denis Simon's discussion of the policy questions that are involved in the transfer of technology from the United States to China. (JB)

This collection, which is a product of a 23-day study tour of China, focuses on educational research and changing educational objectives and practices against the background of the changes that have occurred in the country since the Cultural Revolution of 1976. Sheldon Weeks' introduction to the collection explains how the study tour came about, and Philip Kerema presents a chronology of the tour. The following papers are included: "Educational Research in China," by Sheldon Weeks; "Primary Schooling," by John Khambu and David Knox; "Vocationalization of Secondary Education," by Pani Tawaiyole; "Tertiary Education for National Minorities," by Tom Seta; "Non-Formal and Adult Education," by Ephraim Apelis; "Language Use in China," by Willie Jonduo; "Learning from the Environment," by David Knox; and "Problems of Papua New Guinean Students in China," by Philip Kerema. (MN)

Current trends in armaments and militarism in the third world countries must be assessed against a background of imperialism and in relation to the tendency to use nuclear power for peaceful ends and oil power for militaristic ends. Discussion of these factors with relation to China, India, and the Arab countries requires examination of militaristic attitudes and the activities of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The Arab world's discovery of oil power and subsequent formation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are also discussed. It appears that interconnections among different sectors of policy exist along with interdependence among nations. The pursuit of disarmament or arms control cannot be separated from the struggle for equity in world politics. Since the power of the oil-producing nations is contributing toward a new world order, a new international military order becomes one precondition for a new international economic order. China's experimental rockets, India's nuclear devices, and the Arab consortium's arms industry may have to be placed alongside of OPEC as part of their total leverage if there is to be a change toward greater equity between developing and developed nations. Because nuclear capacity is linked with the third world's quest for dignity and power, some degree of proliferation may be the price for equality. (Author/KC)

The booklet discusses educational problems in China after the 1949 Revolution and describes policies of the Chinese Communist Party to counteract those problems. Examining the educational problems in the context of the sociocultural environment, the booklet identifies major problems as low levels of productivity, limited educational resources, and a high rate of illiteracy. The Chinese Communist Party based the educational and cultural reforms of the First Five Year Plan (1953-8) on the philosophies of Mao Tse Tung. The educational program consisted of two parts: first, improving the school system and, second, broadening educational opportunities to change the class composition of the educated. Instead of conceiving of education as compulsory schooling, the Party approached education as a sociopolitical movement to change traditional attitudes towards education. The Party adopted various institutional forms of learning (agricultural schools, literacy schools for peasants, regional schools of higher education) to accomplish "what is possible" in "any way possible" by "whomsoever is capable." The conclusion is that educational policies and methods adopted by the Chinese Communist Party have succeeded in alleviating illiteracy, improving economic productivity, and increasing interaction between party members and the masses. (Author/DB)

This bibliography is a selected reference source on the life, politics, philosophy, and works of Mao Tse-tung. It contains 800 documents in Chinese, Japanese, and Western languages that were selected from monographs and journal articles. Most of the entries pertain to Mao's role after 1949 when he emerged as the new leader in Mainland China. The guide follows the major events of the postwar movements of Mao's new China as evidenced in the writings of Western and Eastern scholars and political analysis. All the materials are divided under four main categories: life, politics, thought, and works. Items under the politics category are further subdivided under topics such as administration, guerrilla warfare, party work, and power seizure. Materials are listed alphabetically by author within each section. Each entry includes the author if any, title and its translation if in a non-Western language, place of publication, publisher, imprint date, and pagination. An author cross-index is provided. (Author/ND)

This document contains three papers on global knowledge transfer issues and human resource development (HRD). "Indigenizing Knowledge Transfer" (Gary N. McLean) explores examples of HRD in which ethnocentric perspectives predominate and argues that, unless a HRD develops a global perspective, efforts to transfer knowledge within academia and corporate HRD settings are nearly certain to fail. "How to Develop Human Resources: Technical Rationality or Social Moral Responsibility? A Comparison of Western and Chinese Human Resource Theory and Practice" (Baiyin Yang, De Zhang) proposes a theoretical framework for cross-cultural study in organizational behavior and uses the framework to compare U.S. and Chinese human resource theory and practice. The study demonstrates that Chinese managerial philosophy is centered on social morality whereas U.S. managerial philosophy is characterized as technical rationality. "Enhancing Commitment and Overcoming the Knowing-Doing Gap: A Case Study at the Technikon Northern Gauteng (TNG) in South Africa" (Hilda Martens, Jan Verhagen) reports on a case study during which a social constructionist framework was used to examine the problem of overcoming the knowing-doing gap and increasing commitment in an action research at a South African tertiary educational institution. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This volume contains papers submitted to the 10th Annual Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society, held in Kyustendil, Bulgaria, 12-15 June 2012. The overall goal of the 10th BCES conference is to facilitate discussion of different perspectives on international education providing a forum for scientific debate and constructive interaction in a multi cultural social environment such as Bulgaria. This is a jubilee conference. Ten might not mean too much for large scholarly societies in other countries, especially in the Western world. However, for a small society like BCES, ten means a lot. It means trust, international recognition, constant interest, well-developed academic cooperation, and the most important--it means an established conference tradition. The following papers are included in this volume: (1) Foreword: Remembering the Past--Anticipating the Future: Reflections on the BCES's Jubilee Conference (Karen L. Biraimah); (2) Editorial Preface: An Established Conference Tradition (Nikolay Popov, Charl Wolhuter, Bruno Leutwyler, Gillian Hilton, James Ogunleye, and Patrícia Albergaria Almeida; and (3) Introduction: A Framework for Understanding International Perspectives on Education (Alexander W. Wiseman). Part 1: Comparative Education & History of Education: (4) Also a door to the inside of a new house --yet another use for Comparative Education (Charl Wolhuter); (5) Structures of School Systems Worldwide: A Comparative Study (Nikolay Popov); (6) The Role of Comparative Pedagogy in the Training of Pedagogues in Serbia and Slovenia (Vera Spasenovic, Natasa Vujisic Zivkovic, and Klara Skubic Ermenc); (7) Konstantinos G. Karras & Evanthia Synodi Comparative and International Education and the teaching profession. The case of Marc-Antoine Jullien (Konstantinos G. Karras and Evanthia Synodi); (8) Comparing management models of secondary schools in Tamaulipas, Mexico: An exploration with a Delphi method (Marco Aurelio Navarro-Leal, Concepción Niño García, and Ma. Luisa Caballero Saldivar); (9) Classroom and Socialization: a case study through an action-research in Crete, Greece (Pella Calogiannakis and Theodoros Eleftherakis); (10) E-learning, State and Educational System in Middle East Countries (Hamid Rashidi, Abbas Madandar Arani, and Lida Kakia); (11) Approaches to internal testing and assessment of knowledge in relation to the pupils' achievements in national assessment of knowledge (Amalija Žakelj, Milena Ivanuš Grmek, and Franc Cankar); (12) The Stereotypes in Pupil's Self Esteem (Franc Cankar, Amalija Žakelj, and Milena Ivanuš Grmek); (13) Insecure identities: Unaccompanied minors as refugees in Hamburg (Joachim Schroeder); (14) The origins of religion as an historical conundrum: pedagogical and research methodological implications and challenges (Johannes L. van der Walt and Ferdinand J. Potgieter); (15) A brief overview of the history of education in Poland (Katarzyna Charzynska, Marta Anczewska, and Piotr Switaj); (16) "Everybody is given a chance, my boy … everybody who is willing to work for socialism": An Overview of English Textbooks in the Postwar Period in Hungary (Zsolt Dózsa); and (17) Situated literacy practices amongst artisans in the South West of Nigeria: developmental and pedagogical implications (Gordon O. Ade-Ojo, Mike Adeyeye, and F. Fagbohun). Part 2: Pre-Service and In-Service Teacher Training: (18) Constructivist Foundations of Intercultural Education: Implications for Research and Teacher Training (Bruno Leutwyler, Danijela S. Petrovic, and Carola Mantel; (19) Theory in Teacher Education: Students' views (Leonie G. Higgs); (20) Policy and practice of pre-service and in-service teacher training programmes and facilities in Nigeria (Stephen Adebanjo Oyebade); (21) Student Perceptions of the Distance Education Mode Compared with Face-to-Face Teaching in the University Distance Education Programme (Claudio Rafael Vásquez Martínez, Graciela Girón, and Antonio Ayón Bañuelos); (22) Environmental Education: From the Perspective of Scientific Knowledge for Constructivist Learning (Graciela Girón, Claudio Rafael Vásquez Martínez, Juan Sánchez López, and Antonio Ayón Bañuelos); (23) The Competencies of the Modern Teacher (Olga Nessipbayeva); and (24) Pre-service teacher action research: Concept, international trends and implications for teacher education in Turkey (Irem Kizilaslan and Bruno Leutwyler). Part 3: Education Policy, Reforms and School Leadership: (25) Changing policies changing times: initiatives in teacher education in England (Gillian L. S. Hilton); (26) Dealing with Change in Hong Kong Schools using Strategic Thinking Skills (Nicholas Sun-Keung Pang and John Pisapia); (27) Institutions' Espoused Values Perceived by Chinese Educational Leaders (Nicholas Sun-Keung Pang and Ting Wang); (28) Social Service Community Education as an area of training and participation for social development (Amelia Molina García); (29) English Language Education Policy in Colombia and Mexico (Ruth Roux); (30) Compensatory Programs in Mexico to Reduce the Educational Gap (Emma Leticia Canales Rodríguez and Tiburcio Moreno Olivos); (31) Changing times, Changing roles: FE Colleges' perceptions of their changing leadership role in contemporary UK politico-economic climate (Aaron A. R. Nwabude and Gordon Ade-Ojo); (32) Role perceptions and job stress among special education school principals: Do they differ from principals of regular schools? (Haim H. Gaziel, Yael Cohen-Azaria, and Klara Skubic Ermenc); (33) Multiculturalism: challenge or reality (Olivera Knezevic Floric and Stefan Ninkovic); (34) Privatization of higher education in Nigeria: Critical Issues (Phillips Olayide Okunola and Simeon Adebayo Oladipo); (35) Policies and initiatives: reforming teacher education in Nigeria (Martha Nkechinyere Amadi); and (36) Leadership in Educational Institutions (Esmeralda Sunko). Part 4: Higher Education, Lifelong Learning and Social Inclusion: (37) Validation of skills, knowledge and experience in lifelong learning in Europe (James Ogunleye); (38) Empowering women with domestic violence experience (Marta Anczewska, Joanna Roszczynska-Michta, Justyna Waszkiewicz, Katarzyna Charzynska, and Czeslaw Czabala); (39) Sixty Five Years of University Education in Nigeria: Some Key Cross Cutting Issues (Aloy Ejiogu and Sheidu Sule); (40) Brain Drain in Higher Education: Lost Hope or Opportunity? (George Odhiambo); (41) Searching for the Dividends of Religious Liberty: Who Benefits and Who Pays? (Donald B. Holsinger); (42) More than Mere Law: Freedom of Religion or Belief (Ellen S. Holsinger); (43) Intergenerational Learning in the Family (Sabina Jelenc Krašovec and Sonja Kump); (44) Students' Views on Important Learning Experiences--Challenges Related to Ensuring Quality of Studies (Barbara Šteh and Jana Kalin); (45) Campus life: The impact of external factors on emotional health of students (Dalena Vogel); (46) Education and Lifelong Learning in Romania--Perspectives of the Year 2020 (Veronica Adriana Popescu, Gheorghe N. Popescu, and Cristina Raluca Popescu); (47) Scientific reputation and "the golden standards": quality management system impact and the teaching-research nexus (Luminita Moraru); (48) The implementation of the Validation of Acquired Experience (VAE) in France would be a cultural revolution in higher education training? (Pascal Lafont); (49) Hilary English Transition of students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds to research led Universities (Hilary English); (50) Attitudes of Parents towards Contemporary Female Higher Education (Miss Shamaas Gul Khattak); (51) Structured Peer Mentoring: Enhancing Lifelong Learning in Pakistani Universities (Nosheen Rachel Naseem); (52) The Rise of Private Higher Education in Jamaica: Neo-liberalism at Work? (Chad O. Coates); (53) Educational Developments in the British West Indies: A Historical Overview (Chad O. Coates); (54) Focus Learning Support: Rising to Educational Challenges (Elizabeth Achinewhu-Nworgu, Gertrude Shotte, and Queen Chioma Nworgu); (55) Distance Education in Higher Education in Latvia (Daina Vasilevska); (56) Evidence-based research study of the Russian vocational pedagogy and education motivational potential in the internationalisation projection (Oksana Chigisheva); (57) Healthy lifestyle formation within the extra-curricular activities of students at universities (Saltanat Tazhbayeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; (58) Management based organisation of school's educational process (Tursynbek Baimoldayev) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; (59) Modernization of higher education in the context of the Bologna Process in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Sanim Kozhayeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; and (60) About the problem of self-definition of personality (G. T. Hairullin and G. S. Saudabaeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]. Part 5: Learning and Teaching Styles: (61) Learning Styles and Disciplinary Fields: is there a relationship? (Patrícia Albergaria Almeida); (62) ICT competences for teachers in 21st Century--a design framework for science primary teacher education courses (Cecília Guerra, António Moreira, and Rui Marques Vieira); (63) Teacher Education in the context of international cooperation: the case of East Timor (Patrícia Albergaria Almeida, Mariana Martinho, and Betina Lopes); (64) How would Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Enhance Assessment for Learning Mathematics by the Special Education Needs Students (SENs) in Secondary Education Sector (Aaron A. R. Nwabude); (65) A gender perspective on student questioning upon the transition to Higher Education (Mariana Martinho, Patrícia Albergaria Almeida, and José Teixeira-Dias); (66) Student-Centred Learning: A Dream or Reality (Sandra Ozola); (67) Problems of development of E-Learning content in historical education on the Republic of Kazakhstan (Gabit Kapezovich ?enzhebayev, Saule Hairullovna Baidildina, and Tenlik Toktarbekovna Dalayeva) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]; and (68) The world pedagogical idea in the context of comparison: Confucius--Al Farabi--Ibn Sina--Balasaguni (Aigerim Kosherbayeva, Kulmeskhan Abdreimova, and Asem Anuarbek) [title provided in English and Bulgarian, abstract in English and paper in Bulgarian]. A list of contributors in included. (Individual papers contain references.)

With the rapid expansion of university research budget both in amount and scale, the input-output efficiency has become a focus of research interest. Based on the analysis of the latest researches concerned, this paper is intended to investigate the advantages of applying BSC to constructing an input-output efficiency evaluation system for scientific research in universities. In addition, this paper aims to construct a strategy map and an index system by means of BSC. The findings of this paper will provide a model for the scientific research input-output efficiency evaluation for Chinese universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Social and Education Sciences" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Social and Education Sciences (IConSES), which took place on October 13-16, 2022, in Austin, Texas. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and social sciences. The IConSES invites submissions that address the theory, research, or applications in all disciplines of education and social sciences. The IConSES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and social sciences, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals, and all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

The UNESCO International Meeting on Innovation and Excellence in TVET Teacher Education took place in Hangzhou/China in November 2004. The main aim of this conference was to establish a platform for discussion about improving the quality of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). The focal point was the development and implementation of an international Master Degree Standard in teacher and trainer education in TVET. One year later, in December 2005 the conference, from which this book derives its content, entitled "Development and Implementation of a Master Degree Standard for Teacher and Trainer Education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in East and South East Asia," took place at the University of Tianjin in China. This conference represents an outcome of the close cooperation between InWEnt--Capacity Building International of Germany, the Ministry of Education (MoE) Beijing in China and the UNESCO-UNEVOC, International Centre for TVET, from Bonn in Germany, and set a precedent for the further development of Master degree programmes in TVET. At the conference, various existing Master degree programmes were discussed in the context of the international framework developed in Hangzhou. Thus, the structure and content of Master degree programmes of Asian universities were introduced and discussed with particular regard to the implementation of the international framework together with broader aspects of provision impacting on TVET. The book begins with key note papers which provide the reader with the (political) background to current developments in TVET. The subsequent three chapters summarise nineteen papers delivered by participants from different countries. Significant threads emerging from the conference presentations included debate and critical analysis of the identification of training needs, based on recent research findings and empirical evidence. In addition, discussions illustrated how standards in teacher and trainer education in TVET within the international Master Degree Standard could be implemented under different national and often frequently changing policy contexts. Following a preamble and editors' preface, the following key notes and papers are presented: (1) Importance of Developing and Implementing an International Master Degree Standard for Teacher and Trainer Education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (Rupert Maclean); (2) Capacity Building in TVET Staff Development in the Context of International Cooperation (Harry Stolte); (3) Increasing the Profile and Professionalisation of the Education of TVET Teachers and Trainers (Felix Rauner and Joachim Dittrich); (4) The International Framework Curriculum for a Master's Degree in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET): A Case Study of the Implementation of a Joint European-Asian Masters Degree Programme in TVET (Frank Bunnin and Klaus Jenewein); (5) International Master Degree in Technical Teacher Education: The Case of Islamic University of Technology (IUT) (Che Kum Clement); (6) Problems and Perspectives of Master's Degree Programmes for In-Service TVET Teachers: A Case Study at Tongji University (Zhang Jianrong and Le Yanyan); (7) Case Study: Example of Internationalisation through Development of a Master's Degree Dual Award between Anglia Ruskin University, UK and Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany (Gordon Bellamy and Frank Bunning); (8) On Problems and Countermeasures in TVET Master Education (Wang Wei-Bo and Diao Zhe-Jun); (9) Vocational Disciplines--What Could a General Framework Look Like? (Joachim Dittrich); (10) Modular TVET-Teacher-Training-System, Based on Teacher-Qualification-Standards--A Proposal of UNIP (Peter Gerds and Zhi-Qun Zhao); (11) Research for TVET Policy Development (Jon Lauglo); (12) Modular Employment Oriented Curriculum Development (Harry Stolte); (13) In-Service TVET Teacher Education and Training for Sustainable Development (Eb Trowe); (14) General Survey of a Sino-German Training Project for Teachers of Vocational Education (Wu Quanquan); (15) Virtual Learning Infrastructures for Process-Oriented Qualification of Teachers and Trainers in Germany (Gert Zinke); (16) Virtual Learning Community: A New Approach to Teacher Professional Development--Reflective Research into an eLearning Program of Intercultural Collaboration between China and the United Kingdom (Bangxiang Liu); (17) Experience and Perspective of the University-Based International Cooperation and Research (Tao Qiuyan, Gao Lin, and Bao Jie); and (18) VET from the Viewpoint of the Enterprises--New Challenges for Companies and Training Institutions (Winfried Heusinger). Appended is: International Conference on "Development and Implementation of a Master Degree Standard for Teacher and Trainer Education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in East and South East Asia." (Individual papers contain references.) [This imprint was prepared by UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training and published by InWEnt--Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH.]

This volume includes a collection of short papers presented at the second International Virtual Exchange Conference (IVEC) hosted virtually at Newcastle University in September 2020. The contributions address the conference theme, towards digital equity in internationalisation, and offer fresh insights into the current state and future of online intercultural communication and collaborative learning. Providing examples of interdisciplinary, multinational, and multimodal research and pedagogy in virtual exchange from around the world, this book will appeal to educators, administrators, researchers, and internationalisation leads in higher education interested in supporting and implementing virtual exchange. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This document contains the following papers on international issues from the SITE (Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education) 2001 conference: (1) "Attitudes of Malaysian Vocational Trainee Teachers towards the Integration of Computer in Teaching" (Ab. Rahim Bakar and Shamsiah Mohamed); (2) "Views from an Asian Bridge: How International Students See Us and Still Survive" (Richard Cornell and others); (3) "Creating Virtual Learning Communities in Africa: Issues and Challenges" (Osei K. Darkwa); (4) "ICTs for Learning: An International Perspective on the Irish Initiative" (Eileen Freeman and others); (5) "An In-Service Program in Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers" (Diana Jenkins and others); (6) "Virtual Exchange Program: Coming to a Computer Near You?" (Chris Junghans); (7) "An Overview of Information Technology on K-12 Education in Taiwan" (Greg Lee and Cheng-Chih Wu); (8) "Findings from the Project for the Longitudinal Assessment of New Information Technologies (PLANIT): 2000-2001" (Cesar Morales and others); (9) "Evaluation of the Girls Research Opportunities in Computing (Girls R.O.C.)" (A. Dale Mangoun and Charlotte H. Owens); (10) "Teacher and Student Attitudes toward Computers, 1999-2000: Findings from a Suburban Texas School District" (Gerald Knezek and Rhonda Christensen); (11) "Teachers and Students' Attitudes toward Computers in Mexico: Results of Phase 2000" (Cesareo Morales); (12) "Preservice Teachers' Attitudes toward Information Technology in Brunei" (Mint Swe Khine); (13) "Findings from Thailand for the Longitudinal Assessment of New Information Technologies" (Nanta Palitawanont); (14) "Multimedia in Chinese Elementary Schools" (John Ronghua Ouyang and James E. Yao); (15) "An Instrument To Measure Malaysian Teachers' IT Preparedness" (Wong Su Luan and others); (16) "An In-Service Program for Ecuadorian Teachers. The Innovation of Elementary Education in the Santa Elena Peninsula Project" (Martin Valcke and Katherine M. Chiluiza); and (17) "Critical Kiwi Chronicles: Technology and Teacher Education in New Zealand" (Cameron White). An abstract of the following paper is also included: "An Introductory Internet Skills Program for Teacher Education: Or from Practice to Theory: A Case Study" (Cameron Richards and Mita Bhattacharya). Most papers contain references. (MES)

This document contains the following papers on diversity and international issues from the SITE (Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education) 2001 conference: "Using Technology To Support Teaching for Social Justice in a Preservice Program" (Barbara Beyerbach); "Integrating Technology into a Teacher Education Diversity Course" (Ramona Maile Cutri); "Is Anybody Listening? Inherent but Typically Ignored Problems in Distance Learning" (Paula Furr and Ron McBride); "Integrating Human Impact into a Web-Based Multicultural Course for Teacher Education" (Viola Garcia and Linlin Irene Chen); "Developing Intercultural Understanding via the Internet: Canadian Student Teachers and English Students in China Study World Literature Together" (Jim Greenlaw); "Using Internet Technology To Facilitate Anonymous Communication in World Wide Web Delivered Multiculturalism in Education Courseware" (James G. Izat and others); "Diversity through Co-Operation: Creating and Delivering Content in In-Service Teacher Education" (Monica Johannesen and Leikny Ogrim); "'WorldGate': An Attempt To Close the Digital Divide" (Richard Knecht); "Technology and Social Change: Perceptions of Culturally Diverse University Students" (Shane P. Martin and Edmundo F. Litton); "Identifying School Conditions and Teacher Practices that Have Proven Effective in Increasing Mathematics and Reading Achievement for African American Students and Students in Schools with Substantial Minority Student Populations" (Michael McFraizier and M. Danita Bailey); "Using Technology in Early Childhood Environments To Strengthen Cultural Connections" (Mikki Meadows); "Where is the 'Any Key,' Sir? Experiences of an African Teacher-To-Be" (Guillaume Nel and Liezel Wilkinson); "The Digital Divide in Schools: We Can Make a Difference" (Tamara Pearson and Colleen Swain); "Technology Empowers a Diverse Population of Students: Results from a Technology Professional Development School" (Carrie Thornthwaite); and "Linking up through Solar Energy: The Story of the Gelukwaarts Farm School" (Fred Wilkinson and Annette Wilkinson). Most papers contain references. (MES)

This document contains three papers from a symposium on increasing job satisfaction that was conducted as part of a conference on human resource development (HRD). "A Systematic Model of Job Design by Examining the Organizational Factors Affecting Satisfaction" (Zhichao Cheng, Danyang Yang, Fenglou Liu) reports on a project in which multiple stepwise regression analysis and factor analysis were used to identify the main organizational variables affecting Chinese satisfaction in work design and proceeds to use the identified variables to develop a systematic job design model to improve the Job Characteristics Theory. "Are Managerial Women Getting What They Need to Succeed? A Look at Job Satisfaction" (Julia Morrison Chambers) reports on a national study of job satisfaction and other variables that revealed definite differences between managers and executives that may serve as a basis for the design of incentive and development programs. "An Assessment of the Validity of the Natural Work Goals Profile" (C. Layden Colby, R. Wayne Pace) reports on a study that used a test-retest method to examine the construct validity and reliability of the Natural Work Goals Profile with respect to male junior and mid-level enlisted Army personnel. The papers contain reference sections. (MN)

The papers in this collection discuss the challenges and opportunities inherent in the fundamental reforms under way in the higher education sector in China. The chapters are: (1) "Introduction: Changing Patterns in University Management" (Thomas J. Alexander); (2) "What Is Facing Chinese Higher Education in the New Century?" (Gu Mingyuan); (3) "Academic Freedom and Academic Duty in Chinese Universities" (Shen Hong); (4) "University Autonomy in China-History, Present Situation and Perspective" (Li Xiaoping); (5) "The Theory of Transaction Cost and Choosing Appropriate Reform Models for the Higher Education Administrative System in China" (Yan Fengiao); (6) "Diversification of Sources of Funding and Innovation in Management Methods in Chinese Universities" (Qi Yeguo and Chen Yukan); (7) "The Situation of Education Funds in China and the Establishment of a Tuition Collection System for Graduate Students" (Shen Yan and Du Zhiguo); (8) "Housing Management in Chinas Colleges and Universities" (Zhang Qiming); (9) "How University Research and Industry Should Co-operate and Promote National Economy" (Rong Yonglin); (10) "An Analysis of Innovation in Chinese Higher Education Adaptable to the New Environment" (Yuan Bentao); (11) "Internationalisation: A Challenge for Chinas Higher Education" (Zhang Xiaoming and Xu Hatiao); (12) "Modern Education from a Strategic Viewpoint and Optimisation of the Assessment System" (Dai Xiaoli); and (13) "The Analysis of College and University Employment Costs in China: A Case Study of a Major Chinese University" (Wang Sunyu and Wang Yan). Each paper contains references. (SLD)

"Proceedings of International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences (iHSES), which took place on April 22-25, 2021, in New York, New York. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues, and to connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education," and "social sciences." The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The iHSES invites submissions which address the theory, research, or applications in all disciplines of humanities, education, and social sciences. The iHSES is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education, and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

"Proceedings of International Conference on Studies in Education and Social Sciences" includes full papers presented at the International Conference on Studies in Education and Social Sciences (ICSES) which took place on November 11-14, 2021 in Antalya, Turkey. The aim of the conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, to discuss theoretical and practical issues and to connect with the leaders in the fields of education and social sciences. The conference is organized annually by the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (ISTES). The ICSES invites submissions which address the theory, research or applications in all disciplines of education and social sciences. The ICSES is organized for: faculty members in all disciplines of education and social sciences, graduate students, K-12 administrators, teachers, principals and all interested in education and social sciences. After peer-reviewing process, all full papers are published in the Conference Proceedings. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This monograph contains 14 papers on the role of higher education in the developing world stimulated by discussion of that issue in "Higher Education: The Lessons of Experience" (World Bank, 1994). The first two papers offer background on the World Bank paper: "World Bank Traditions of Support to Higher Education and Capacity-Building: Reflections on 'Higher Education: The Lessons of Expereince'" (Kenneth King) and "Shaping the World Bank's Higher Education Paper: Dialogue, Consultation and Conditionality" (Alison Girdwood). The next three papers explore related fundamental issues: "The Implications of Globalisation for Higher Education" (Noel F. McGinn); "Higher Education-Business Partnerships: The Dilemma of Competitiveness and Equity" (Wim E. Biervliet); and "The Challenge to the Liberal Vision of Universities in Africa" (David Court). The next four papers address World Bank reform areas: "Redefining the Role of Government in Higher Education: How Realistic is the World Bank's Prescription?" (Keith Watson); "Diversifying the Funding of Tertiary Institutions: Is the Bank's Agenda the Right One?" (Christopher Colclough); "Institutional Diversification of Higher Education" (Peter Williams); and "Responding to Ambiguity: A Critique of the World Bank's Analysis of Quality Assurance, Responsiveness and Equity" (H. R. Kells). The next three papers present empirical perspectives on the World Bank paper. They are: "Higher Education in India at a Cross-roads" (Jandhyala B. G. Tilak); "A Chinese Model of Higher Education? Lessons from Reality" (Kai-ming Cheng); and"Equity, Access and Excellence in South Africa Higher Education" (Pundy Pillay). The final two papers look at other policies and practices in aid to higher education and are "The Power of Knowledge: A Comparison of Two International Policy Papers on Higher Education" (Berit Olsson) and "French Aid and the Crisis of Higher Education in Francophone Africa" (Francois Orivel). (Many papers contain extensive references.) (JB)