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Physical, competitive activities played an important role in social life in early Iron Age Central Europe. In this paper, the iconography of the most common forms of sport competitions – dumb-bell fighting, chariot racing and horse racing – are followed across temperate Europe. Although these ‘barbarian’ images remain linked to Mediterranean models, differences in materials, technologies and details in the way persons are depicted reveal local variations and divergent cultural connotations of what might have been understood as ‘sport’ in the European Iron Age. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Innovation has become a key tool enabling museums to adapt to the major changes that have taken place in recent decades in the milieu in which such organizations operate. However, countries' differing cultural policies, coupled with the particular nature of museums themselves (size, type of collection, organizational structure, system of funding, etc.), have a practical impact on the ability of such organizations to innovate and adapt to the new situation. In this context, our study posits three aspects through which innovation may appear in museums: technological innovation in management, technological innovation in visitor experience and organizational innovation. We also explore the extent to which the nature of cultural policies in different countries, how museums are managed and their size and funding impact each type of innovation. The empirical analysis was conducted for art and history museums in four European countries: France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We felt that exploring these relations in cultural organizations would be of interest and would make an important contribution to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A damaged 12th-century Tournai marble tomb-slab built into the crossing tower of Trondheim Cathedral (Trøndelag, Norway) was probably carved in the same workshop responsible for a tomb-slab from the Premonstratensian abbey of St-Josse-au-Bois (later Dommartin) now in the west porch of the parish church at Tortefontaine (Pas-de-Calais, France). No documentary evidence indicates who commissioned these tomb-slabs, but possible candidates may be identified. The historical contexts of these tomb-slabs show that they were carved at a time when important developments in trade and ecclesiastical links were taking place in Flanders, England and Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history and importance of the 1990's art museums in Europe. Art museums are social entities designed to preserve and expand its aesthetic values, as well as to promote the belief of art assumed during its formation. It has retained its role as a value center and an active participant in changing that value.