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In this paper I analyse how the gradual reduction of research funds in Colombia can interrupt a key process in the generation of solutions to global urban problems. I draw on a bibliometric analysis to show that research funding flowing from North to South has created collaborations between researchers from North and South that have led to a better and more comprehensive understanding of the challenges facing cities around the world. To conclude, I propose four options to counteract these trends towards lower research funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As Latin America becomes an increasingly significant global economic presence, the governance of its corporations has been more closely scrutinized. In part due to the region's history, many of its largest corporations have been state-owned. 1 As state-held corporations across the region have been privatized, however, many states across the region have been reluctant to fully relinquish control. 2 This has created a system in which many large state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are partially owned by sovereign states and partially by private investors. As a result, states are confronted with inherent conflicts as they navigate the roles of governmental administrator and majority shareholder. This paper builds upon the foundational work of Curtis J. Milhaupt and Mariana Pargendler in RPTs in SOEs: Tunneling, Propping, and Policy Channeling. In their paper, Milhaupt and Pargendler name the state's conflicted roles in mixed-ownership enterprises as "policy channeling." 3 Policy channeling occurs when a state retains majority ownership of a formerly entirely state-owned enterprise and continues to use the corporation to achieve policy aims that hurt private investors. This has been seen across the developing world as governments pursue strategies that reduce SOE profits and, as a result, investor returns. 4 For example, in 2012 the Children's Investment Fund Management threatened legal action against the Indian government for allegedly artificially deflating coal prices and "robbing the company of billions of dollars in potential revenue and hurting shareholders." 5 As developing countries seek to attract more capital, particularly from foreign investors, it is imperative that they address policy channeling through improved corporate governance standards. In examining this phenomenon in Latin America, Peru and Colombia provide two distinct models for the management of mixed-ownership companies and the mitigation of policy channeling. By considering and comparing the countries' strategies, Peru and Colombia--and Latin America more broadly--can devise more sustainable, efficient, and beneficial paths to economic development and SOE management. Simultaneously, they can structure their partially state-owned enterprises such that private stakeholders are confident that their investments will be protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del ICDT is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Derecho Tributario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In most Latin American countries, there are significant numbers of missing people and forced disappearances, over 120,000 in Colombia alone. Successful detection of shallow buried human remains by forensic search teams is difficult in varying terrain and climates. Previous research has created controlled simulated clandestine graves of murder victims to optimize search techniques and methodologies. This paper reports on a study on controlled test site results over four simulated dismembered victims' clandestine graves as this is sadly a common scenario encountered in Latin America. Multispectral images were collected once post‐burial, electrical resistivity surveys were collected 4 times, and ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were collected three times up to the end of the 371 day survey monitoring period. After data processing, results showed that the multispectral data set could detect the simulated clandestine and control graves, with electrical resistivity imaging relative high resistances over some of the simulated graves but not over the empty control graves. GPR results showed good imaging on the Day 8 surveys, medium imaging on the Day 294 surveys, and medium to good imaging on the Day 371 surveys. Study implications suggest that, while clandestine graves of dismembered homicide victims would likely result in smaller‐sized graves when compared to graves containing intact bodies, these graves can still potentially be detected using remote sensing and geophysical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies recent inequality patterns and the distributional effects of schooling and job informality on wage inequality in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico during the 2002–2014 period. By means of a quantile regression framework, we decompose changes in the wage gap using several techniques including the Machado and Mata algorithm, the RIF regression unconditional quantile regression method and the random-coefficients quantile regression representation. Results show that the reduction in wage inequality is explained by the improvements in the lower part of the wage distribution in which the pricing rather than the composition effect explains most of the changes. We found that the composition effect of education was unequalizing, while their pricing effect was inequality reducing. Job formality favored relatively more workers in the lower part of the distribution and had an important pricing effect below the median for all countries, but only in the 2002–2008 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to focus on the way in which land transformation related to the grabbing process are directly involved in people's livelihoods and life projects. We use the term territorial grabbing instead of green grabbing (or just land grabbing), because even though the case that we illustrate in our work can be describe as a green grab, we make a call for the necessity of a comprehensive analysis of the socio-spatial implications that polices such as the governmental environmental conservation agenda can implicate for individuals and communities in terms of impacts, influences, and [re]significations of their territories and territorialities. Therefore, our objective is to go beyond the discussion on the appropriation of land and resources for environmental purposes (and therefore the discussion of land dynamics in relation to globalization, foreign investment, markets liberalization, violence, and control) to bring also into the debate the diverse socio-spatial implications and meanings that create a geographical imagination capable of having profound influences on the way in which people and groups understand their place in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ideological principles upheld in Nueva Granada with respect to the Spanish language in the late eighteenth century immediately before the independent movement of the colonies. Late standardization, the stage of historical evolution examined in Colombia, is related to the Borboun Reforms implemented in South America in order to revamp the economy and lifestyle of some areas formerly neglected by the Spanish Crown. Bogotá was enormously benefited by these Reforms and, as a result, changed its status from audiencia to Viceroyalty. One of the outcomes of these significant changes is the boom of language studies (e.g. grammar, philology, and guides to "good" linguistic usage). The concern for language appeared consistently in the nascent journalism of the times. A sample of seven papers from Bogotá (1765-1810) serve as coitus to examine the attitudes of linguistic purism, which gravitate toward Metropolitan Spanish. The attitudes of the status quo reflect, too, the desires to suppress lexicon originated in the indigenous languages and features of popular Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Co-herencia is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a developing region, South America's aviation industry has also developed rapidly, and its carbon emissions have a significant role in achieving carbon neutrality in the global aviation industry. However, the problem of carbon transfer caused by passenger flow on international routes has not been addressed, especially in South America. This paper uses the Modified Fuel Percentage Method (MFPM) method and the ICAO standard method to calculate the CO 2 emissions of international routes in South America, containing the emissions of each route and each airline. Then we calculate the carbon emissions transfer and carbon compensations generated from South American international routes. In addition, this paper reasonably predicts the carbon emission data from 2023 to 2027 under three different scenarios (L&2027&100%, M&2026&100%, and H&2027&90%). We find that the five countries receiving the most considerable amount of carbon compensation are Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Chile, which is different from the ranking in 2019–2021. In addition, frequently using old and low-efficient aircraft is also a fundamental reason for excessive carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper provides reliable data support and reasonable emission reduction suggestions for the carbon emission control of South America's aviation industry. • Calculated carbon transfers and offsets for South American international routes. • Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Chile are the five countries receiving the most considerable amount of carbon compensation. • The "H&2027&90%" scenario is optimal for South American aviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies of historical memory in South America were initially treated in the context of the struggle for human rights without paying attention to the gender issue. Nowadays, women groups, holders of the experience gained in the last few decades have entered this field, claiming their right to convey the past to the present from their own perspectives. Policies of memory applied in the region today seek a narrative that facilitates the encounter of different voices that coexist to reinterpret the past. The women's perspective in this domain allows for the differentiation of the types of violence against them in authoritarian regimes and internal armed conflicts. This paper examines some elements of analysis to understand the particularity of this perspective and highlights the specific dynamics and results thus generated theoretically and practically. The central argument considers that the various acts of violence against women in a time of repression and/or domestic war in South America are an extension of the discrimination and marginalization that they have historically and socially experienced; hence, the new practices of memory try to overcome these circumstances. To illustrate this situation better, it presents two emblematic "country cases" in South America: Argentina and Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General circulation models (GCMs) forced under different greenhouse gases emission and socioeconomic scenarios are currently the most extended tool throughout the scientific community that is used to infer the future climate on Earth. However, these models still have problems in capturing several aspects of regional climate variability in many parts of the globe. In this paper, the hydrological cycle of the La Plata Basin is simulated using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) distributed hydrology model and forced with atmospheric data from different GCMs to determine to what extent errors in temperature and precipitation fields impact the hydrology of the basin. The skill assessment is performed in terms of simulated runoff at different closing points. Simulated hydrographs show that all of the GCMs present deficiencies in simulating the regional climatology of southern South America, and this leads to a very poor representation of the hydrological cycle of the main rivers across the basin. Two unbiasing schemes are then proposed as a means of correcting the GCM outputs before forcing the hydrology model, and comparisons between biased and unbiased simulations are also performed. Results indicate that both schemes, though methodologically different, reduce the water cycle simulation bias. Finally, VIC is forced with bias-corrected data from the GCMs for future decades (2030 and 2070) under different socioeconomic scenarios [e.g., the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) scenarios A1B, A2, and B1] to determine the potential changes in streamflow due to climate change for the rest of the present century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista FAMECOS - Mídia, Cultura e Tecnologia is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While internationalization is among the top strategic priorities of universities and colleges globally, research into the expanse of internationalization in the kinesiology discipline is not well researched. Given this gap, critical consideration of the state and status of the phenomenon is needed. Knowing more about what is being done in the name of internationalization within kinesiology and reflecting on how those actions and outcomes are aligned, or not, with key theoretical guidance is necessary in order to plan for improvement accordingly. For these reasons, this paper first provides a primer on internationalization in higher education, including how the phenomenon has come to be defined as well as key contemporary critiques associated with it. In particular, we highlight Beck's (2012) theoretical concept of 'eduscape' to critically consider the influences of globalization on internationalization within higher education kinesiology as well as Khoo, Taylor, and Andreotti's (2016) principles of intelligibility, dissent, and solidarity to consider the ways kinesiology scholars engage critically with internationalization processes. Presented next is a review of the kinesiology literature that is explicitly focused on internationalization. Then, the results of a pilot survey into the views of National Association for Kinesiology in Higher Education (NAKHE) members and other Western kinesiology scholars on internationalization is reported next. The paper concludes with recommendations as to how NAKHE and the broader community of Western kinesiology scholars might best navigate internationalization moving forward. We recommend the complexity-informed and principle-driven approach of inclusive leadership as a means of pursuing cognitive justice in the 21st century.

Body mass is one of the most important phenotypic attributes in animal ecology and life history. This trait is widely used in the fields of ecology and macroevolution, since it influences physiology, morphological functions, and a myriad of ecological and social interactions. In this data set, our aim was to gather a comprehensive bird and mammal body mass data set from northern South America. We report body mass, discriminated by sex, for 42,022 individual birds and 7,441 mammals representing 1,317 bird species (69% of Colombia's avifauna) and 270 mammal species (51% of Colombian mammals) from the Neotropics. The data were sourced from vouchers collected between 1942 and 2020 and from individuals captured and released at banding stations over the last two decades for birds (2000–2020) and the last decade for mammals (2010–2020), by 10 research groups and institutions in Colombia. This data set fills gaps identified in other similar databases, as it focuses on northern South America, a highly diverse Neotropical region often underrepresented in morphological data sets. We provide wide taxonomic coverage for studies interested in information both at regional and local scales. There are no copyright restrictions; the present data paper should be appropriately cited when data are used for publication. The authors would appreciate learning about research projects, teaching exercises, and other uses given to this data set and are open to contribute in further collaborations using these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is not only a prominent, globally promoted policy to foster nature conservation, but also increasingly propagated as an innovative and self-sustaining governance instrument to support poverty alleviation and to guarantee water, food, and energy securities. In this paper, we evaluate a PES scheme from a multi-scalar and political-ecology perspective in order to reveal different power dynamics across the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus perspective. For this purpose, we analyze the PES scheme implemented in the Hidrosogamoso hydropower project in Colombia. The paper shows that actors' strongly divergent economic and political power is determinant in defining how and for whom the Nexus-related water, food, and energy securities are materialized. In this case, the PES scheme and its scalar politics, as fostered by the private/public hydropower alliance, are instrumental to guaranteeing water security for the hydropower scheme, which is a crucial building-block of Colombia's energy security discourse. For this, the water and food securities of the adjacent, less powerful communities are sacrificed. Examining the on-the-ground politics of WEF Nexus is key to understanding their impact on equitable and sustainable governance of water, energy, and food in the everyday lives of millions of resource users. We conclude that politicizing the Nexus can help to trace both the flows of resources and the flows of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 18th century explorer Alexander von Humboldt discovered the remnants of a dead language in a parrot he found in the South American rain forest. The Ature people had originated from the lands around the Orinoco river in Venezuela, but disappeared when the tribe was murdered by the rival group of Carib Indians in the last years of the 18th century. Von Humboldt discovered that the pet parrot of these dead people had survived with their language, albeit in a limited form, and he set about transcribing the language phonetically. Schützenberger tells a similar story of a parrot that retained the voice of a long dead family patriarch in France, who still had power over his family through his now disembodied voice being parroted by an old family pet. This paper will explore how depression can be perpetuated or kept alive in the words, phrases and voices, literal or metaphorical, which exist in families. Material from fictional and biographical family accounts will be presented in examining how families might learn to re-voice the language they use for each other and the world, to move away from maladaptive ways of interacting with the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of on-going archaeological and palaeoecological research on the floodplain of the river Cauca and adjacent piedmont, with the aim of reconstructing an outline history of the human occupation of the region and its interaction with the environment, beginning in the Late Pleistocene. The difficulties of locating occupation sites in this landscape cannot be overestimated. Although valuable for its preservation of palaeosols, the accumulation of sediment deposited by the river Cauca and its tributaries during periods of flooding can be extremely rapid and the earlier archaeological sites (1000 B.C. to 500 A.D.) are generally buried beneath several metres of alluvium. Under these circumstances, traditional site survey has limited potential and the most promising strategy is the location of palaeosols with evidence of human activity based on soil analysis and palaeobotanical studies. Sedimentology from a dozen deep cores is providing invaluable information on the environments that early human populations in the area would have enjoyed or coped with. The cores testify to a highly dynamic river Cauca and its tributaries resulting in a series of rapid local environmental changes. Besides extensive periodic flooding, past populations were probably affected by tectonic events since numerous faults cross the region. Volcanic ash is a component of many of the soil cores but much was redeposited material from earlier falls, probably during the Pleistocene. Direct archaeological evidence of human activity during the Early and Middle Holocene is limited to a mastodon skeleton with butchering marks on its ribs, and to a surface find of a stone tool (azada) characteristic of this period. Of the numerous fertile palaeosols detected in cores, some have agricultural characteristics and there is evidence of fires, possibly for clearing fields, from the late seventh millennium B.C. while by the third millennium B.C. a site provides evidence of burning in combination with the cultivation of maize (Zea mays) and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). While a relatively large number of archaeological sites testify to human activity over much of southwestern Colombia during the Early and Middle Holocene, research has drawn attention to a period of archaeological silence between 2500 and 1000 B.C. when Formative societies were developing in other regions of South America. An important focus of this project is the search for traces of human activity during this period. The palaeosols have important potential for acquiring information on this question since stratigraphical evidence suggests that many lie within this time range. By the Late Holocene (c. 500 B.C.) the Ilama population was established in that region of the alluvial valley centred on Lake Sonso and the town of Palmira, followed by Yotoco and, further south, Malagana; in contrast, in the northern sector of the valley evidence for this sequence remains tentative. Here the only settlement site located so far with very late Formative characteristics produced an entirely new style of pottery. This site (first century B.C.) was in wooded marshland where houses must have been built on stilts, contrasting with Late Period sites (c. AD 500–1500), occupied by a sequence of different cultural groups of the Sonsoide tradition and located on slightly higher ground within the flood plain or in the piedmont. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soon the Universidad del Norte, Colombia will publish the book Existential Voices in Latin America, to which I contributed a chapter on couples therapy titled: ‘Analysis with an existential-phenomenological approach to erotic-affective relationships’. This paper draws on my chapter. I do not refer to therapy because, rather than cure or change, I seek to thoroughly analyse and describe couples, in order to avoid assuming it is the only one way to form a relationship. The main focus is hermeneutic existential-phenomenological analysis. I consider existential-phenomenological work – in which epoché, unlike the phenomenological work of Husserl, consists in keeping all our judgments and ideas in mind although knowing that they are only our perspective and do not have to be so for everyone – can have enormous contributions for working with relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the level of stability or change in topic areas published by public health journals in Latin America and the Caribbean, using keywords and co-word analysis, in order to support evidence-based research planning. Methods. Keywords were extracted from papers indexed in Scopus® that were published by the Revista de Salud Pública (RSP; Colombia), the Salud Pública de México (SPM; Mexico), and the Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública (RPMESP; Peru) for three periods: 2005 - 2007, 2008 - 2010, and 2011 - 2013. Co-word analysis was used to examine keywords extracted. Textual information was analyzed using centrality measures (inbetweenness and closeness). The hypothesis of stability/change of thematic coverage was tested using the Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. VOSviewer was used to visualize the co-word maps. Results. A moderate level of change in thematic coverage was observed in 2005 -- 2010, as evidenced by the correlation coefficients for two of the 3-year periods, 2005 -- 2007 and 2008 -- 2010: 0.545 for RSP and 0.593 for SPM. However, in 2008 -- 2013, more keywords remained constant from one period to the next, given the size of the correlation coefficients for the last 3-year periods: 2008 -- 2010 and 2011 -- 2013: 0.727 for RSP and 0.605 for SPM. Conclusion. The research hypothesis was partially accepted given that just two consecutive 3-year periods showed a statistically-significant degree of stability in thematic coverage in public health studies. In that sense, this study provides compelling evidence of the effectiveness of using a combined approach for examining the dynamics of thematic coverage: centrality measures for identifying the main keywords and visual inspection for detecting the structure of textual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Díkaion is the property of Universidad de la Sabana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Reports of BHAB species and related harmful events in South America (SA) were reviewed. • Greater diversity of toxigenic species found in equatorial/tropical areas of the continent. • Prorocentrum lima complex is the most frequent and widespread BHAB taxon in SA. • Ciguatera events reported in Colombia and Venezuela since the 1970s and 80s. • Enhanced analytical capacity and BHAB monitoring are necessary in most parts of SA. Public awareness about Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms (BHABs) and their negative impacts has increased substantially over the past few decades. Even so, reports of BHABs remain relatively scarce in South America (SA). This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on BHABs in the continent, by integrating data from published articles, books, and technical reports. We recorded ∼300 different occurrences of potentially toxic BHAB species over the Caribbean, Atlantic and Pacific coasts, mostly in marine (>95%) but also in estuarine areas located from 12⁰36′ N to 54⁰53′ S. Over 70% of the data was published/released within the past 10 years, and ∼85% were concentrated in Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia. Benthic species were mainly associated with macroalgae, seagrass and sediment. Incidental detection in the plankton was also relevant, mainly in places where studies targeting BHAB species are still rare, like Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. The study listed 31 infrageneric taxa of potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates and eight of estuarine cyanobacteria occurring in SA, with the greatest species diversity recorded in the equatorial-tropical zone, mainly in northeastern Brazil (Atlantic), Venezuela and Colombia (Caribbean), and the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador (Pacific). Local strains of Amphidinium, Gambierdiscus, Coolia and Prorocentrum spp. produced toxic compounds of emerging concern. Prorocentrum lima species complex was the most common and widely distributed taxon, followed by Ostreopsis cf. ovata. In fact, these two dinoflagellates were associated with most BHAB events in SA. Whereas the former has caused the contamination of multiple marine organisms and cases of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in subtropical and temperate areas, the latter has been associated with faunal mortalities and is suspected of causing respiratory illness to beach users in tropical places. Ciguatera Poisoning has been reported in Colombia (∼240 cases; no deaths) and Venezuela (60 cases; two deaths), and may be also a risk in other places where Gambierdiscus spp. and Fukuyoa paulensis have been reported, such as the Galapagos Islands and the tropical Brazilian coast. Despite the recent advances, negative impacts from BHABs in SA are intensified by limited research/training funding, as well as the lack of official HAB monitoring and poor analytical capability for species identification and toxin detection in parts of the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tropical Andes is a biodiversity hotspot facing pressure from planned and ongoing hydropower development. However, the effects of dams on the region's river ecosystems, as mediated by physicochemical changes in the water quality, are poorly known. Colombia is unique among its peers in South America with respect to managing central public environmental databases, including surface water quality data sets associated with the environmental monitoring of dams. To assess the relationship between hydropower and Colombian river conditions, we analyze monitoring data associated with 15 dams, focusing on oxygen availability, thermal regimes and sediment losses because these properties are influenced directly by river damming and impose fundamental constraints on the structure of downstream aquatic ecosystems. We find that most Colombian dams (7 of 10) seasonally reduce concentrations of total suspended solids by large percentages (50 %–99 %) through sediment trapping. Most dams (8 of 15) also, via the discharge of warm reservoir surface waters, seasonally increase river temperatures by 2 to 4 ∘ C with respect to upstream conditions. A subset of four dams generate downstream hypoxia (< 4 mg L -1) and water that is 2 to 5 ∘ C colder than inflows, with both processes driven by the turbination and discharge of cold and anoxic hypolimnetic waters during periods of reservoir stratification. Reliance on monitoring data likely leads us to under-detect impacts: many rivers are only sampled once or twice per year, which cannot capture temporal shifts across seasons and days (i.e., in response to hydropeaking). Despite these blind spots, the monitoring data point to some opportunities for planners and hydropower companies to mitigate downstream ecological impacts. These findings highlight the importance of implementing environmental monitoring schemes associated with hydrologic infrastructure in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change might affect energy production and therefore the energy security of a country or region. This situation may impact renewable energy sources such as hydro power, leading to consequences on energy transition strategies. This might be critical in sensitive regions to climate change, one of them being the Caribe and northern South America. Since there are numerous energy systems based on sensitive technologies worldwide, it is necessary to introduce techniques to analyze the effects of climate change on different possible energy transition paths. The goal of this study is to develop and assess a method to analyze one of the most critical effects faced by climate change for societies worldwide: the sensitivity of the energy systems to climate change. This is especially critical in developing countries, in locations where temperatures will strongly increase in the following years. To assess this effect, this study proposes a vulnerability index (VI) to evaluate the vulnerability of an on-grid electricity system to climate change at the national and regional scales. This index was assessed using a Monte-Carlo method for uncertainty. The case of Colombia, a country with a system based on hydropower (> 70%) is used to illustrate the method. VI is based on variables related to climate change, the energy matrix, and vulnerability. Results show that the regions with the larger vulnerability correspond to the more energy-demanding ones. The VI for these regions is greater than 50% of the maximum possible vulnerability; meanwhile, the vulnerability of the whole country was estimated as 43%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a reemerging disease-causing agent in domestic dogs because it presents high divergence among circulating strains worldwide. In Colombia, the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages co-circulate in domestic dogs, both in the Medellin metropolitan area. In this paper, two full CDV genomes from each viral lineage circulating in Medellin were sequenced; we explored the phylogenetic relationship with the available genome sequences; we described the presence of CDV mutations in the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages associated with adaptation to human cells and a crossing of the species barrier and pathogenicity; and we established the evolutionary rates and time of the closest common ancestor for each gene and characterized the presentation of multiple genomic sites by positive selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northwestern corner of South America presents a highly complex geodynamical setting including the convergence between South America, Nazca, and Caribbean plates; which also entails heterogeneity and complexity in the lithospheric structure. Here, we present depth‐migrated common‐conversion point (CCP) teleseismic receiver function profiles carried out using seismological data between 2011 and 2020 from the Colombian Geological Service, combined with some stations of observatories and international networks. These profiles provide better constraints on the lateral interpretation of the main lithospheric discontinuities in this region. We provide an updated crustal thickness map displaying some differences from previous studies, especially in the northernmost part of the cordilleran system. Our results also show some intracrustal features such as the regional detachment surface beneath the Eastern Cordillera and the presence of deep melt reservoirs under the Central Cordillera and the Paipa‐Iza complex in the Eastern Cordillera. We also discuss the lithospheric thickness and the potential existence of a highly hydrated and serpentinized mantle wedge under the forearc over the slab segment south of the Caldas tear. Furthermore, the CCP profiles further support the subduction system segmentation under northwestern South America, with at least five slab segments, two of them overlapping between ∼5.5 and ∼8°N, three belonging to the Nazca plate, and two having a Caribbean origin. The Bucaramanga nest appears to be linked to the interaction between the two northmost slab segments, while the Cauca cluster might be related to a slab dehydration process of a highly fractured zone. Plain Language Summary: The Colombian tectonic configuration is highly complex with the convergence of three major tectonic plates. Despite extensive recent studies in this region, some of the important tectonic features are still under discussion. In this study, we present cross‐section images of the lithospheric and upper mantle structure beneath Colombia, carrying out an analysis of teleseismic wave conversions corresponding to data collected between 2011 and 2020 by the Colombian Geological Service, volcanological and seismological observatories, and international stations. The results show that the crust is thinner than estimated in previous studies in the northernmost part of the Colombian cordillera system, and provide some material on intracrustal features and lithospheric thickness. Moreover, our images support other studies on the subduction system in this area, showing the presence of five slab segments on the Pacific side subducting beneath Colombia, including an overlapping segment between ∼5.5 and ∼8°N. The two densest seismic clusters, the Bucaramanga nest and the Cauca cluster, seem to be linked to the interaction of two plates at depth and the dehydration of a fractured slab zone, respectively. Key Points: Crustal thickness beneath northwestern South America with some significant changes from previous studiesWe observe five different slab segments under northwestern South AmericaRegional detachment surface under the Eastern Cordillera ranging between 10 and 30 km depth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human pressure due to industrial and agricultural development has resulted in a biodiversity crisis. Environmental pollution is one of its drivers, including contamination of wildlife by chemicals emitted into the air, soil, and water. Chemicals released into the environment, even at low concentrations, may pose a negative effect on organisms. These chemicals might modify the synthesis, metabolism, and mode of action of hormones. This can lead to failures in reproduction, growth, and development of organisms potentially impacting their fitness. In this review, we focused on assessing the current knowledge on concentrations and possible effects of endocrine disruptor chemicals (metals, persistent organic pollutants, and others) in studies performed in South America, with findings at reproductive and thyroid levels. Our literature search revealed that most studies have focused on measuring the concentrations of compounds that act as endocrine disruptors in animals at the systemic level. However, few studies have evaluated the effects at a reproductive level, while information at thyroid disorders is scarce. Most studies have been conducted in fish by researchers from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. Comparison of results across studies is difficult due to the lack of standardization of units in the reported data. Future studies should prioritize research on emergent contaminants, evaluate effects on native species and the use of current available methods such as the OMICs. Additionally, there is a primary focus on organisms related to aquatic environments, and those inhabiting terrestrial environments are scarce or nonexistent. Finally, we highlight a lack of funding at a national level in the reviewed topic that may influence the observed low scientific productivity in several countries, which is often negatively associated with their percentage of protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the border shared by Peru, Colombia and Brazil has become an enclave of drug production and trafficking for the international markets. It is a territory whose control is disputed by non-state actors and where state security forces suffer from severe material and transport limitations. This paper takes an ethnographic approach to explain the limitations of border security and the institutional challenges of controlling drug and wood trafficking in this context. It places the ideas of reproduction and social change at the centre of the discussion on drugs and borders, as key ways of thinking about the dynamics of growing and processing coca-derived drugs in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the activities, members, and effects of an inter-American expert network for the diffusion of psychometric knowledge, specifically of standardized aptitude testing for university admission in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s. Within the framework of educational transfer studies, the role of international, nongovernmental, and philanthropic organizations is examined. It is argued that circulation of psychometric knowledge and technologies led to a new governing regime for learning and learners. The paper discusses the effect of convergence and Americanization, in the context of US-promoted "Alliance for Progress," but also of divergence and resistance.

The Caribbean plate is an enclosed oceanic basin whose formation and evolution are controversial. In the most commonly accepted model, the Caribbean plate is mainly composed of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (CLIP) and the buoyant characteristic of this oceanic plateau resisted subduction and allowed an eastward migration to its present position north of South America. In this study, we integrate a broad range of geophysical and geomorphological data to define structural elements and present‐day tectonics of the Caribbean plate and the surrounding region. We present a Bouguer gravity anomaly map and a new crustal thickness map that documents large areas of normal‐thickness oceanic crust within the Venezuela and Colombia basins of the Caribbean plate. Selected cross sections of seismicity and P‐wave anomalies from a seismic tomographic model depict the present‐day geometry of subducting oceanic plates within the Caribbean region. We observe that rather than resisting subduction, as expected for the thick crust of a buoyant large igneous province, the subduction of the Caribbean plate can be traced to a depth of 600 km beneath NW South America. This, together with the crustal thickness map, implies that a significant area of the Caribbean plate, including the subducted portion, is composed of normal‐thickness oceanic crust. As proposed by the Pacific origin model, the Caribbean plate likely migrated eastward from the Pacific Ocean as an oceanic plate mostly with normal‐thickness crust and limited portions of the crust thickened by hot spot volcanism (CLIP). Plain Language Summary: The Caribbean plate and northern South America are studied using topography and multiple geophysical data sets, including gravity, magnetics, crustal thickness, seismicity, and seismic images of the upper mantle. These data sets were used to analyze crustal properties as well as the past and present interaction of tectonic plates in this region. Our results show large areas of ocean crust with normal thickness within the Caribbean plate. Seismicity in the circum‐Caribbean subduction zones rarely exceeds 200 km in depth, whereas seismic imaging shows subducting slabs reach a depth of 600 km or more. This implies that subduction has been long‐lived at these active margins. These results also show that the Caribbean plate is subducting beneath NW South America, something that would not be expected for the thick crust of a buoyant large igneous province. As proposed by the Pacific origin model, the Caribbean plate migrated eastward from the Pacific Ocean as an oceanic plate mostly with normal‐thickness crust and limited portions of the crust thickened by hot spot volcanism. Key Points: A new crustal thickness map and gravity maps reveal large areas of normal‐thickness oceanic crust within the Caribbean plateP‐wave seismic tomography images show that the subducted Caribbean plate reaches 660 km depth, but slab seismicity terminates at 200 kmCombined seismicity, gravity, and magnetic maps reveal the active tectonics of the circum‐Caribbean accretionary and magmatic boundary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the main physical and human-induced stresses that have shaped the recent evolution of the Patía River delta, the largest and best-developed delta on the western margin of South America. During the Holocene, the Patía Delta moved southward and the northern part became an estuarine system characterized by large extensions of mangrove ecosystems. However, a major human-induced water diversion, starting in 1972, diverted the Patía flow to the Sanguianga River, and shifted the active delta plain back to its former Holocene location. This discharge diversion has led to sediment starvation of the southern delta lobe and changed the northern estuarine system into an active delta plain. In addition, coastal areas of the Patía delta subsided as a result of a devastating tsunami in 1979. Morphological changes along the delta coast are evidenced by: (1) coastal retreat along the whole delta front during the period 1986–2001; (2) coastal retreat along the abandoned delta lobe for the period 2001–2008; 56% of the southern delta shoreline is retreating and only 4% of the coast shows signs of accretion; (3) progradation of the northern delta region during the period 2001–2008; the discharge diversion of the Patía River to the Sanquianga has apparently balanced the observed trends in coastal erosion and sea-level rise (5.1mmyr−1 for the period 1984–2006, after the 1979 tsunami); (4) formation of transgressive barrier islands with exposed peat soils in the surf zone; and (5) abandonment of former active distributaries in the southern delta plain with associated inlet closure. In the northern delta lobe, major geomorphic changes include: (1) distributary channel accretion by morphological processes such as sedimentation (also in crevasses), overbank flow, increasing width of levees, inter-distributary channel fill, and colonization of pioneer mangrove; (2) freshening conditions in the Sanguianga distributary channel, a hydrologic change that has shifted the upper estuarine region (salinity<1psu) downstream; and (3) changes in vegetation succession; approximately 30% of mangrove forests in the current delta apex have been replaced by freshwater vegetation. Overall, the recent evolution of the Patía has been controlled by the interplay of (1) high basin-wide sediment load; (2) low discharge variability (Qmax/Qmin); (3) spatial switch of delta distributaries related to tectonic movements and subsidence; (4) a relative sea-level rise of 5.1mmyr−1 after the occurrence of the 1979 tsunami; (5) episodes of sea-level rise associated with the ENSO cycle; and (6) human-induced discharge diversion. The information presented here is valuable evidence for understanding the role of extreme events versus ‘normal’ conditions in creating and shaping deltas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: This paper evaluates the impact that the “Rural Education Project—PER” had on Colombian rural schools. This supply-side scheme program included the implementation of flexible educational models adapted to the needs of the rural community and the provision of specialized didactic material and teacher training. We find positive and significant effects on measures of efficiency (dropout, passing, and failure rates) and quality in the schools where PER was implemented. The estimation is based on census information comprising more than 21,000 rural schools and is robust to three different methodologies of estimation and different comparison groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The last decade has shown an increase in research on ethnopedology, the study of local soil knowledge, as such studies have shown their utility for land management. But such studies have rarely moved beyond the 'local' because by definition they are site specific. Our paper compares two similar ecological settings in South America, the Amazon and Orinoco River floodplains, where indigenous peasantries demonstrate a similar knowledge base about the soils they farm. Our results indicate that there are at least three categories of convergence of knowledge about soils and their management namely: i) soil classification and associated land use, ii) use and management of vegetation, and iii) management of sediment quantity and quality into agricultural fields. This permits us to conclude that the evolution of ecological knowledge related to soils and their management, held by local people in similar environments, is based on global principles and not primarily constrained by local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper includes two aspects: the first refers to corruption itself, its definition and manifestations, and the other refers to Liberator Simón Bolivar's profound struggle to fight against it which is evidenced mainly in his letters and acts of government. It includes some excerpts of documents and it concludes pointing out among other things the Liberator's proposal to create a Moral Power in order to fight against administrative corruption and the illegal management of public moneys. INSET: pa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Riedel, synthetic and antithetic type faults, principal displacement zones (PDZ), pull-apart basins (such as lazy-S shaped releasing bend, extensive and rhomboidal shaped and releasing sidestep basins) and minor folds located oblique to the main trace of the Algeciras Fault System (AFS) are interpreted from Landsat TM 5 images and geological mapping. These tectonic features are affecting Quaternary deposits and are related to major historical earthquakes and recent registered seismic events, indicating neotectonic activity of the structure. The AFS is classified as a right lateral wrench complex structure, with an important vertical component in which sedimentary cover and basement rocks are involved. In addition, the system represents a simple shear caused by the oblique convergence between the Nazca Plate and the northern Andes. The transpressive boundary in SW Colombia was previously located along the Eastern Frontal Fault System. However, this paper shows that the AFS constitutes the actual boundary of the current transpressive regime along the Northern Andes, which begins at the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador and continues into Colombia and Venezuela. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Atmospheric deep convection in equatorial continental regions is not homogeneously distributed in space or time, primarily due to surface inhomogeneities such as elevated topography and coastlines. This is the case in northwestern South America, which has particularly complex topography which, together with its geographical location, is responsible for some of the most prominent precipitation features around the globe. Although some of these features have been previously investigated in detail, others have not yet been studied, and some not even documented in the literature. The diverse atmospheric convective activity that takes place in this region constitutes a natural laboratory that can provide important insights into fundamental questions relevant for global climate. We use seven years of infrared brightness temperature data in 30 min intervals from the GOES‐13 geostationary satellite to estimate the spatial, seasonal and diurnal distributions of deep convective events in this region. By doing so, we bring forward several relevant features, providing a starting point for future investigations. For example, we find that deep convective events have a bimodal seasonal distribution throughout most of the Colombian Orinoco and Amazon basins, where precipitation is known to have a unimodal distribution. Furthermore, deep convective events in this region tend to be comparable in size to those offshore the Colombian Pacific coast or over the Magdalena river valley, but with significantly shorter lifetimes. On the other hand, nocturnal convection dominates at several continental locations; one of these, the middle‐lower Magdalena river valley, has been previously identified as one of the most active lightning hotspots on Earth, but its convective mechanisms have not yet been fully investigated. Another such location worth investigating is the middle Magdalena river valley, which may have strong similarities with the Maracaibo Lake area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847) was known only from localities in the Cordillera Oriental of the northern Andes in Colombia and Venezuela and the southern section in Colombia between 1,350-3,000 m. Herein, we provide the first record for Bolivia at low elevations (< 1,000 m), thus extending the geographic and altitudinal range of this species. Information about characters not yet used and the first description of the aedeagus are provided, accompanied with figures of those characters that facilitate the identification of the species. An identification key for Popilius species in Bolivia and a P. gibbosus distribution map are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This second paper from Mauricio Avella describes the complete cycle of capital exports originating in the United States in the 1920's: the conversion of United States into a creditor nation; the role of New York as the dominant financial center; and the distribution of United States investments, particularly in South America. Moreover, it examines the availability of these exports to Colombia, and the consequences from collapsing of external credit granted by the United States. Finally, it reviews the balance of the main international creditors when the export cycle of American capital closed in the 1920's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the role of the anthropologist investigating ethnic nationalism in the Colombian Vaupes. Differences between indigenous, fourth-world ethnic nationalist movements and nation-state nationalism; Dilemmas regarding Indian nationalism in Latin America; Reasons behind the criticisms against the Regional Indigenous Council of the Vaupes.

Objectives Latin America is among several regions of the world that lacks robust data on injuries due to neurotrauma. This research project sought to investigate a multi-institution brain injury registry in Colombia, South America, by conducting a qualitative study to identify factors affecting the creation and implementation of a multi-institution TBI registry in Colombia before the establishment of the current registry. Methods  Key informant interviews and participant observation identified barriers and facilitators to the creation of a TBI registry at three health care institutions in this upper-middle-income country in South America. Results  The study identified barriers to implementation involving incomplete clinical data, limited resources, lack of information and technology (IT) support, time constraints, and difficulties with ethical approval. These barriers mirrored similar results from other studies of registry implementation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Ease of use and integration of data collection into the clinical workflow, local support for the registry, personal motivation, and the potential future uses of the registry to improve care and guide research were identified as facilitators to implementation. Stakeholders identified local champions and support from the administration at each institution as essential to the success of the project. Conclusion  Barriers for implementation of a neurotrauma registry in Colombia include incomplete clinical data, limited resources and lack of IT support. Some factors for improving the implementation process include local support, personal motivation and potential uses of the registry data to improve care locally. Information from this study may help to guide future efforts to establish neurotrauma registries in Latin America and in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pubenza is a remarkable palaeontological site of Colombia, and a place that could hold some of the potentially oldest evidence of humans in northern South America. Previous palaeontological research at this site has mainly focused on the megafauna. Here we describe and establish the systematic palaeontology for the small fauna that inhabited this ancient lacustrine ecosystem, including the first report of birds, tortoises and vipers for the Late Pleistocene in Colombia. Furthermore, exceptionally well preserved fossilised wasp nests are morphologically and elementally characterised, which is the first report of an ichnofossil of this kind in northern South America. In addition, new material of kinosternid turtles, armadillos and rodents is also described. Our results reveal that the Bogotá River Basin, where Pubenza is located, was a rich ecosystem during the Late Pleistocene and a region of great interest for future articulated palaeontological and archaeological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe Serpocaulon psychotrium, a new species from northern South America, and provide for it a discussion of similar species, line drawings, field photographs, and a distribution map. It is often confused with, and probably related to, the species commonly called S. caceresii, also widespread in South America. We reinterpret S. caceresii as a heterotypic synonym of S. articulatum, an older name, and review the nomenclature of that species. Also, we provide a list of representative specimens for both species and a key to all pinnate species of Serpocaulon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires have increasingly damaged Andean tropical forests. However, both a poor understanding of wildfire dynamics and ecosystem response limits awareness about the magnitude of the problem and design management strategies. We estimate the impacts and significant drivers of wildfires by dating and mapping recent wildfires in an Andean tropical forest area, the Iguaque mountains. A large part of Iguaque hosts a population of the only Quercus species in South America, Quercus humboldtii. We used remote-sensing, official reports and social mapping to reconstruct the recent history of wildfires and change in oak forest patches in Iguaque. Between 1990 and 2017, 25 wildfires were recorded, with fire intervals between 4 and 21 years. These events burned 28.4% of the Iguaque mountains and showed a significant increasing trend in extent. Wildfires mostly occurred in the south, during the driest months, and their number and extent showed substantial interannual variations related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycles. Wildfires contributed to a 45% reduction in oak forests along with the fragmentation of existing populations. Our study presents evidence of the extent and impact of wildfires in Iguaque and provides new insights on fire dynamics in Andean tropical forests. We used complementary approaches to map wildfires and estimate their recurrence in a tropical Andean region, the Iguaque mountains, Colombia. Wildfires represent a significant disturbance in these forests and have contributed to the severe decrease in extent of Quercus humboldtii forests and their fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropsychological normative data for Latin America have been recently published, and for Colombia, in particular, but longitudinal neuropsychological outcomes after stroke have not yet been examined in this global region. The purpose of the current study was to compare functioning of individuals with stroke in Colombia, South America during the first year post-stroke to healthy controls across neuropsychological assessments of memory, language, and visuoperceptual impairments. A sample of 50 individuals with stroke (mean age = 51.58) and 50 matched healthy controls (mean age = 51.54) from Colombia were included in this study. Because of a lack of access to health services, individuals with stroke did not receive any inpatient or outpatient cognitive or behavioral rehabilitation. Participants were assessed on 10 visuoperceptual, language, and memory tasks at 3, 6, and 12 months. Trajectories of neuropsychological performance were significantly worse among individuals with stroke than healthy controls across every index. Further, hierarchical linear models suggested that although both individuals with stroke and controls generally improved over time on these assessments, the improvements among individuals with stroke were often of no greater magnitude than the improvements seen in controls, suggesting extremely low levels of rehabilitation gains in Colombia. Only three of the 10 neuropsychological assessments did a significant time*group interaction occur, suggesting greater gains for the stroke group than controls. These findings suggest profound disparities in post-stroke cognitive functioning in Colombia compared to other more developed global region and underscore the importance of comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation services for individuals with stroke in Colombia and other similar global regions. Because this study found only negligible cognitive improvements beyond practice effects over the first year after stroke in Colombia among individuals without access to acute rehabilitation, it is imperative that comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation services be implemented immediately during the acute rehabilitation period. Memory, language, and visuoperceptual training strategies can be implemented for people with stroke in underserved global regions as part of the standard of care for stroke rehabilitation. Cognitive rehabilitation strategies should be adapted into Spanish and pilot tested in Latin America to ensure cultural equivalence. Culturally competent cognitive rehabilitation strategies should be tailored based on varied educational and literacy levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of several anoles in the same place is attributed to differential partitioning of resources. Although several mainland and island communities show a similar structure, differences in life-history traits, absence of niche complementarity, higher food supply and higher numbers of predators in mainland environments support the idea that predation, rather than competition, is a more important structuring force in mainland than in island anole communities. To analyse the pattern of ecological structure in mainland anole communities, we studied communities in three tropical rain forests of north-western South America to obtain data about the use of resources on three niche axes [spatial, thermal and morphological (as a proxy of diet)] for 17 species of anoles. We analysed the patterns of niche overlap for each axis and found that overlap on the dietary axis was less than the overlap on the other axes, indicating that species using similar spatial or thermal resources diverge strongly in their diet. In addition, we identified a niche complementarity among niche axes, suggesting that intraspecific competition is also an important process in those communities. Finally, this study revealed a similar ecological structure in different communities of mainland rain-forest anoles, which share seven ecomorphs, suggesting ecological adaptation and convergence in mainland anoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adult male of Xenos colombiensis n. sp. is described from a specimen extracted from the pupal case of its host, Polistes meyersi. While several species of Strepsiptera are known to parasitze species of Polistes in South America, this is the first species known to parasitize P. meyersi. An identification key is provided for adult males of Xenos species parasitizing Polistes species in the New World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Pseudopimelodidae is widely distributed in South America and includes 51 described species organized in seven genera. Only two of four species of the genus Pseudopimelodus have been recorded for the trans-Andean basins of Colombia, Pseu- dopimelodus bufonius and P. schultzi, whose similarity in external morphology make their identification difficult. We performed a phylogenetic analysis using a fragment of the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI), and analyzed osteological and traditional morphometric characters to study Pseudopimelodus from the Colombian trans-Andean region. Results provided strong support for two clades phylogenetically related to Pseudopimelodus, that showed clear-cut molecular, osteological, and morphometric differences from previously described bumblebee catfishes. Based on these results, we describe two Pseudopimelodus species from the Magdalena-Cauca River Basin: P. magnus sp. nov. with 43-44 vertebrae, dorsal-fin spine with serrations on its anterior margin; lateral margin of transverse process of the fourth vertebra of the Weberian complex forming an acute angle in ventral view and P. atricaudus sp. nov. with 39 vertebrae, dorsal-fin spine smooth on its anterior margin and a dark, vertical band covering 3/4 of the caudal fin with base of rays and tip of caudal-fin lobes hyaline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]