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In France and Germany, significant networks of local initiatives have developed around energy issues. This article brings practitioners' viewpoints into discussion. It presents the way in which two of these networks – the CLER-network for the energy transition (France) and the 100% – Regions network (Germany) – each identifies itself, describes its action and build-up process in relation to government action, and conceives of justice issues in the field of climate energy policy. The analysis shows that these two networks share a lot, including political ends (localisation of energy production, empowerment of rural territories), but practice quite differently as intermediaries for local initiatives. This suggests overcoming the transition management vs grassroots divide present in the literature and paying more attention to hybrids. It also brings emphasis on a type of intermediary's work, which has not been covered by the academic literature, namely that of tinkering with multiple supports and embedding action in local-national-supranational networking in order to maintain continuity. In discussing justice dimensions, we emphasize that motives or ends of action are only reflectively related to ideas of justice: justice issues seem bound up with a politics of assembling, either as a marker of federative action (all fighting for justice) or as a potentially divisive issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of web analytics software has changed the way marketing is researched, monitored, planned, and managed, which suggests a new dimension of marketing interactions between firms. This paper describes digital marketing results in terms of customer attraction to e-commerce websites from different angles (cross-country, firm type, evolution) and investigates empirically how competitors' marketing activities affect a focal firm. Using a vector autoregression model applied to data for grocery e-commerce in the US, the UK, and France, we find differences across American and European firms in the composition of digital marketing techniques and the existence of interaction effects across firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published during the economic crisis of 1836-37, The French Revolution exploits nineteenth-century anxieties about paper money and the erosion of the gold standard to investigate a historical crisis in political, moral, and economic value. This essay investigates how Carlyle draws on the substitution of paper money and the speculation and inflation it engendered in revolutionary France as part of a larger meditation on the role and efficacy of symbols in a democratic culture. As the essay demonstrates, for Carlyle the inconvertibility of banknote into gold during the Paper Age parallels the inconvertibility of signs into time-honored systems of reference and signals the loss of privileged representations of value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information technology poses many challenges both to general management and to the IT industry itself. After extrapolating some of the technological trends that could have significant impacts on commercial and public sector IT in the 1990, the paper reviews four major challenges. These are the need to develop IT strategies, both nationally and for individual organisations; the need to create alliances: the need to avoid misalliances; mechanisms for converting ideas into action. A considerable emphasis is placed on the need to understand the managerial environment within which IT is used, and to see IT as only one element within wider organisational systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the culmination of the U.S. Third Army, led by General George S. Patton, on the Moselle river in France in 1944. Factors that led to the culmination of the Third Army; Argument that the culmination was not caused by a logistic failure; Benefit of fuel shortage to the Third Army on the Moselle;

In 2019, Zolgensma, a gene therapy for patients suffering from Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), became famous for being 'the most expensive drug ever'. Its high price was justified by 'the value' that the drug will bring to patients and society, illustrating a rationale that has come to be known as value-based pricing. This paper builds on the literature in valuation studies and economic sociology, and on the debates that the case of Zolgensma triggered in France, to provide a conceptual and empirical analysis of a value-based formulation of prices. We argue that formulating prices out of value produces an orientation towards the future which has epistemic and political consequences. We analyse Zolgensma's value-based price as a composite of narratives and calculations that operates as a regulatory tool, a contractual arrangement, and an object of expertise. In these different settings, its distinctive temporality questions the commensurability of estimated benefits and desirable futures, the treatment of uncertainty, and the relevance of past costs and future value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, scholars have increasingly called for the 'deterritorialization' of the notion of citizenship. The realities concerning citizenship have changed with new expressions of transnationalism. However, whereas the main body of research has focused on the transnational aspects of citizenship among migrants in the form of their transnational political practices and dual nationalities, their descendants have received far less attention. This paper examines the political practices of Kurdish migrants' descendants in France and Germany and their narratives of identity and citizenship. We employ migrant descendants' political activism as an empirical entry point to gain insight into the meanings they attach to citizenship. The paper draws from two qualitative datasets collected in France (2015–2017) and Germany (2015–2023) with individuals of Kurdish background, who were born to migrant families arriving from Turkey in the 1980s and 1990s. The findings show that national contexts – both in grandparents'/parents' country of departure and the country of arrival – and the transnational, diasporic and even supranational space (EU) shape migrant descendants' political activism, identity construction and consequently resonate in the meanings they attach to citizenship. This study highlights the need to approach migrants' descendants as transnational citizens in their own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty years ago, in December 2000, the SRU Law (Loi Solidarité et Renouvellement Urbain) was passed in France, requiring selected municipalities to devote 25% of their local stock to social housing, in order to curb growing trends of segregation. Almost twenty years later, the balance is striking: still 1,222 municipalities targeted by the program do not comply with the set quota of 25% social housing units per municipality. Out of these non-complying municipalities, 269 had to pay an increased fee in 2017, based on the Article 55 clause included in the SRU Law. The total fee that these 'outlaw municipalities' had to pay for not providing enough social housing represented a total of € 77 million in 2017, and helped finance the national rental social housing fund for housing. In this paper, I ask what impact the Article 55 fee clause designed to enforce SRU Law objectives has had on the rebalancing of social housing stocks for municipalities not complying with set quotas. To answer such a question, I conduct a Difference-in-Differences study that measures changes in social housing stocks before and after the passage of the law. The treatment group comprises municipalities not complying with quota requirements and subject to the Article 55 fee, while the control group consists of municipalities not complying with quota requirements, but exempt from the fee. Findings underscore how after the passage of the Article 55 fee, municipalities that were subject to the fee have built less social housing than municipalities that are exempt, relative to before the enactment of the law. They corroborate my conceptual framework, which states that beyond the adoption of a national fee for noncompliant municipalities, social housing production trends are impacted by the types of land use ideologies in place in municipalities, be they pro-social housing or exclusionary. Twenty years later, these findings bring a new perspective to current debates taking place in policy circles around the effectiveness of one of France's most important social housing policy programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-elite and anti-political resentment have become a permanent feature of political life in many if not most contemporary democracies, leading to support for populist parties, systematic anti-incumbent voting, and new types of movements, such as the Yellow Vests protests that shook France in 2018–2020. The aim of this paper is to explain the unusual popular support they mobilized. Going beyond the somewhat tautological "populist" label attached to the movement this paper proposes a class-based explanation. Using original data from a survey run after the European Elections of 2019, it shows that social precarity, combined with a lower /working class position, is the main driver of affinity with the YV. The movement is disproportionately supported by the most insecure segments of production workers (mostly men) and service workers (mostly women), giving an identity to those who feel excluded and not represented by mainstream parties and unions. This disaffected "precariat" can be seen as a magnifying glass of the crisis of political representation affecting most Western democracies. A reservoir of discontent that is here to stay and that the economic and political impact of the Covid-19 pandemic could revive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the 15th European Symposium on Blood Platelets held on October 19-21, 2000 at Bischenberg, Alsace, France. Potentiation of thromboxane-induced serotonin secretion via G[sub 1]-coupled receptors in human platelets; Upregulation of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.

The article presents information on a building in the Vale at Notre Dame de Bondevillle in Rouen, France. The building is a former water-powered cotton mill erected in 1820-21, on the site of a paper mill. The paper mill was run up from 1759 by a paper merchant of Darnétal named Jean Toussaint. The property was sold in March 1819 to an old bleacher-dyer of Bepeaume, Charles-Désiré Fouquet, whose brother-in-law had set up a small cotton mill at Maromme. Fouquet's son, Jean-Charles, replaced the paper mill with a new mill, finished in April 1821. Jean-Charles also changed the water power system. When Jean-Charles died without heirs in 1835, the mill was purchased by Edouard-Henry Rondeaux-Pouchet.

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses inflation in France since the early 1960s based on a standard conflicting-claims approach. Applying an empirical version of the conflict-inflation framework, we adduce evidence suggesting the theory is sound and can explain variations in inflation over the long run. We provide a method for estimating indicators of workers' and firms' bargaining power as well as their respective distributional aspirations. Based on the literature we identify four periods: the Fordist regime, the Neoliberal regime, and two transitional periods. Our results cast light on institutional regime changes. It is shown that the evolution from the Great Inflation to the Great Moderation was the consequence of a collapse in the bargaining power of workers (and of firms to a lesser extent); but the narrowing of the aspirations' gap because of workers' renouncement was also significant. This analysis allows us to highlight differences between the stagflation observed during the 1970s and the inflationary surge in the post-pandemic period (2021–2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to estimate energy crop supply using a linear programming (LP) model comprising hundreds of representative farms of the arable cropping sector in France. In order to enhance the predictive ability of such a model and to provide an analytical tool useful to policy makers, interval linear programming is used to formalize bounded rationality conditions. In the presence of uncertainty related to yields and prices, it is assumed that the farmer may adopt a mm-max regret (MMR) criterion as an alternative to the classic profit maximization criterion. Recent advances in operational research are exploited, permitting an efficient implementation of the mm-max criterion within an LP model. Model validation based on observed activity levels suggests that about 40% of the farms adopt the MMR criterion. Energy crop supply curves generated by the MMR model prove to be upward-sloped, like classic LP supply curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the background to the first "Informatics Education Europe" conference which was held in Montpellier, France from November 9 to 10, 2006. He cites the intention of the organizers of the conference which was to set up a group modelled on Computer Research Associates. He mentions the reason for the emergence of the notion of an education-based computing conference for Europe. The author also cites the recognition of the crisis in computing education by the U.S.

Over the past twenty years, prominent theorists of citizenship envisaged cosmopolitan openings, the re-making of national identity, and progressive multicultural change. The paper explores perspectives on civic inclusion in Kymlicka's Multicultural Odysseys, Soysal's Limits of Citizenship, and Benhabib's Another Cosmopolitanism. It explores this work in light of two recent political episodes, the formulation of an "anti-separatism" law in France and "anti-ghetto" policies in Denmark. The paper contrast tendencies that theorists of inclusive citizenship envisage with the denial of associational rights in France and the assertion of racial logics in Denmark. It illustrates blinds spots in prominent accounts of civic inclusion, in particular the reliance on a prescriptive account of minority and post-migrant agency, a disembodied logic of human rights, and limited regard for status differentials on the inside of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragility of pastel paintings has always been acknowledged; however, solutions recommended for protecting their delicate surfaces from abrasion and dust shifted quite suddenly. Early eighteenth-century treatises advised glazing these works; from 1747 coating the pastel surface with a dilute varnish was suggested. This paper argues that the shift from glazing to fixing and the intense preoccupation with the development of pastel fixatives in France at mid-century were politically motivated. By acknowledging that fully elaborated pastel was a form of painting in eighteenth-century Europe and by re-examining the issue of fixatives from this perspective rather than from that of their use to preserve works of art on paper, this paper is able to integrate the phenomenon of fixatives for pastel in France at mid-century into the history of the conservation of paintings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes how (post)-migrant media outlets discussed the position of (post)-migrant people in France. (Post)-migrant media are periodicals, radio stations, and other forms of media produced by (post)-migrant actors and addressed to them. I argue that changes in the Global Cold War order, French national politics, and social changes in French (post)-migrant communities fostered a transition from anti-imperialist to multicultural understandings of migration in the examined media. The paper shows how these changes affected the experiences and identities of (post)-migrant people and adds a global history perspective to existing explanations about generational change and national political developments. It tracks how (post)-migrant media offered a space to negotiate the position in France against the backdrop of global developments such as the Cold War, decolonization, the disillusion with postcolonial governments, and the rising human rights movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assignat, the French Revolution's innovative but failed currency experiment, is amongst the most instructive in the entire history of currency innovations. Although the example of the assignat is often invoked to demonstrate the importance of restraint in the issuance of token money, and to illustrate the evils of uncontrolled inflation, it has so far received little attention in the debate surrounding contemporary currency innovations, such as crypto-currencies and stablecoins. This paper pursues a three-pronged objective: first, to explore the core lessons of the unsuccessful assignat experiment for money, in general, and for contemporary currency innovations, in particular; second, to identify, on their basis, the main determinants for the success of currency experiments; and third, to apply to twenty-first Century currency innovations the lessons drawn from the assignat experiment's failure, with a view to assessing the prospect of their success, as viable alternatives to fiat currencies, relative to the assignat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented to the articles published in this issue.

Drawing on a longitudinal qualitative approach to corporate diversity policies in France, based on more than 80 in-depth interviews (N = 86), this paper examines the paradox conveyed within these policies by the rise of 'raceless' diversity concepts. This is what I term White diversity, exploring its construction and appropriation in the light of technologies of normalisation, referred to in English as standards. Building on a Foucauldian approach to normalisation, the paper engages with the case study of the French Diversity Label. It explores the ways in which market-based mechanisms of regulation have shaped the management of race difference. It demonstrates in particular how normalising antidiscrimination through voluntary social certification has contributed to upholding whiteness in organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the promotion of modern jewelry and accessories in interwar France using the men’s fashion magazine Adam: la revue de l’homme as a case study. It focuses on a number of the magazine’s features on jewelry and accessories from the period 1925-40 in order to demonstrate how its mission to become “the magazine of the rue de la Paix” encompassed the promotion of jewelry and accessories. Recognizing that jewelry and accessories is an under-researched area, particularly in relation to studies of men’s formal attire of the period, this essay provides evidence of the seriousness with which the style commentators of Adam, complemented by its editorial decisions and advertisers’ contributions, were prepared to lend to the subject. Ultimately, the paper argues that a consideration of modern jewelry and accessories in the context of a relatively conservative men’s fashion magazine can help to further our understanding of the role played by modern objects of personal adornment in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the consideration of educational disadvantage should go beyond the micro-scale contextual level of individual students, and explore eventual connections with hybrid forms of disadvantage in the social field. The paper draws on the capability approach and the concept of dwelling to introduce dwelling in time as functioning. This refers to students' abilities to position themselves in an engaging and meaningful relationship within time, and depends on students first achieving the previous functioning of dwelling. Research results from 222 14–15 year-old vocational education students from Italy, France and Greece using the Future Time Perspective Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults (FTPS-AYA), revealed four main findings: a measurement error in four factors of the scale, an almost systematic lack of correlation of the future-planning factor with the other factors, a significant percentage of students who do not have a clear position on the future and an invisible correlation between the future-positive and future-negative factors and students' opportunities to choose their specialisations. The paper argues that these four findings should not be seen in isolation and concludes that widening the spectrum of the origins of educational disadvantage facilitates both more effective education policy making and localising conversion factors that can boost students' resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2013 French defence White Paper presents a strategic analysis and capability assessment that address the pressing concerns posed by austerity cuts to defence budgets, instability in Europe's neighbourhood, and US rebalancing towards the Asia-Pacific. It proposes ways in which France - and Europe - can remain strategically relevant in this changing environment. In doing so, argues Luis Simón, the White Paper provides a useful blueprint for the European Council meeting in December 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How is corporate investment affected by the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? Since existing studies focus on listed firms, little is known of the case of private firms, in spite of their relevance in both developed and developing economies. In this paper, we attempt to fill this gap. We develop an empirical study on the impact of the WACC on private firms' investment rates. We exploit accounting information on a panel of around 1700 French private corporate groups in the non-farm, non-financial sectors, covering the period 2005–2015. We overcome the challenge posed by the lack of observable information about the cost of equity for private firms by developing a methodology that relies on estimates for comparable public firms. We find that a one-standard deviation increase in the WACC (2 percentage points) leads to a 0.7 percentage point decrease in the investment rate the following year. Increases in both components of the WACC, namely the cost of debt and the cost of equity, are associated with lower investment rates. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that the heightened WACC following the euro area crises reduced the aggregate corporate investment rate of French private firms by a cumulative 1.6 percentage points over 2009–2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Conservation is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent research on firms' capital structure highlights that up to 25% of publicly listed firms are zero-debt firms, a stylized fact that challenges financial theory. In this paper, we study privately held zero-debt small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and identify that approximately 20% of our observations correspond to zero-debt firms. This result is especially surprising in the context of a bank-oriented economy, France. We show that the likelihood of being a zero-debt firm is higher when firms are new-born, which is not surprising, but also when they grow older. In other words, we observe a U-shaped relationship between age and the likelihood of being a zero-debt firm. Our results are consistent with the idea that new-born firms cannot access debt-financing because of a lack of reputation and high informational opacity. When firms grow older, they decide to become debt-free to preserve their financial flexibility and to reduce their dependency toward banks. Overall, this paper suggests that SMEs depend less on bank financing than currently assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality and morphology of outcrop exposure places fundamental constraints on what ichnological observations can be made and the veracity of these observations. Whilst the limits and potential biases are well known and reported for core studies, in the majority of field studies the equivalent biases are typically overlooked. In this paper we present a widely applicable method for recording outcrop characteristics based on their morphology, and how these characteristics may affect observations. We consider the impacts of structural orientation, superficial cover, and outcrop location on outcrop quality. Finally, we present two case studies, from the Tumblagooda Sandstone of Western Australia and the Armorican Sandstone Formation of northwestern France, to highlight the importance of recording outcrop characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on direct observations in an out-of-school club in France, this paper discusses the different forms of actions grouped under the general term of 'play' initiated either by the children or their animateurs. After presenting the fieldwork, the first part of the paper aims to untangle the complex web of frameworks that organise out-of-school times and spaces depending on the different engagements and levels of involvement on the part of the children and their animateurs. The analysis then describes how games and other organised play activities can be formalised through an educational process led by adult agenda and contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of the relationships between leisure and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address the remunicipalization question from a novel perspective: by looking at "who is at the helm". Using a comprehensive panel dataset covering the complete universe of French drinking water services from 2009 to 2021, we show that the type of local governments in charge of supervising water services (inter-municipal cooperation or not) influences the decision to remunicipalize. We argue that this is because the costs of negotiating the remunicipalization of water services as well as the level of involvement in the investment and supervision of water services vary according to the type of local government. We conclude by discussing the lessons to be learned from our study concerning the future of remunicipalizations in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe conceptualization of the neoliberalization of social housing has been largely dominated by Harloe’s models, which define it as the transition from a ‘mass’ to a ‘residual’ model. However, this definition fails to capture the emergence of ‘affordable’ housing policies. Blessing suggests instead conceptualizing neoliberalization through privatization and marketization. This definition helps analyze the focus on the diversification of the supply into mid-market rents. Drawing on mixed-method research, this paper demonstrates the relevance of Blessing’s analysis. To illustrate this, I will take the example of a large French intercommunality, which appears as non-neoliberal due to the absence of residualization. Our findings demonstrate that marketization and privatization have, however, influenced the nature of social housing provision by leading to an absolute decrease in low-rent units through demolitions and sales, and an increase in mid-market rent housing units. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the need for researchers to delve into the issue of social housing exclusion and its underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the environmental ambition of 2023-2027 Common Agricultural Policy in France. Since conditionality and agri-environment-climate measures are only marginally improved relative to the previous period, attention is focused on the new environmental instrument of the eco-scheme that in France targets the whole farm. Results suggest low environmental progress since almost all French farms would reach the standard level of the eco-scheme by one of the three access paths with unchanged farming practices, and 85% of them would reach the superior level. The percentage of farms at the superior level would be lower for farms specialized in annual crops than for cattle farms. We then show that the payment difference of €20 per hectare between the standard and superior level is probably insufficient for farms specialized in cereals, oilseeds and protein crops to offset the additional cost of the change in farm practices required to move from the standard to the superior level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the distinctiveness of French and francophone approaches to environmental justice. While off to a slow start, environmental justice research has received increased attention in France in the last 15 years. But there has been little to no attention to the French debates and movements in the English-language academic literature, with both bodies of knowledge largely evolving in parallel, conceptually and politically. This article attends to this gap by first taking stock of the empirical evidence of environmental injustices and inequalities in France. We then introduce some of the theoretical origins and discuss some of the main insights from the French literature in light of contemporary environmental justice scholarship. In so doing, our aim with this paper is to contribute to current scholarly efforts on diversifying the meanings and understandings of environmental justice in different academic and political contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes using Pauline Alexis Gumbs' re-definition of "Echolocation" in Undrowned (2020) as a means of re-thinking music intertextuality in the French Rap songs analyzed here. This process aims to identify discourses across transnational music by focusing on issues pertaining to race and environmental racism in the context of the French refusal to use the socially constructed term "race" to address racial discrimination in the country. This enables French rappers to inscribe their work within a discourse that embraces this vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much scholarship takes austerity-driven spending cuts as evidence of policy change, this paper shifts the focus to interrogate whether these budgetary cuts lead to actual policy change and if so how. Scholarships on institutional change and public policy illuminate how state actors mediate policy change through coping strategies, i.e. strategies by which state actors try to minimize budget decreases' negative impacts on policy. Taking French Defense Policy as an unlikely case of policy change, we show that state actors have adopted three types of coping strategies to minimize the spending cuts' impact: compensation, delaying, and re-categorizing acquisition procedures. These coping strategies have however contributed to a process of incremental change, which most of time is non-cumulative and creates additional policy problems. This article contributes to a better understanding of change underway in defense policies, but also more generally to literatures pertaining to austerity and policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents data from a Québec French-speaking child with protracted phonological development (PPD) who received phonological intervention based on a nonlinear phonological framework. At 5;3, he showed relative strengths in word structure compared with consonants (e.g., /s, f, v, k, ɡ/). Addressing segmental constraints in intervention led to higher overall accuracy and more consistent production of singleton consonants and word-medial consonant sequences and further gains in word structure. As part of a special cross-linguistic issue on individual profiles in PPD, the current paper provides an in-depth pre/post-treatment phonological analysis and contributes to emerging normative French-Canadian data on assessment and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of crisis, governments have strong incentives to influence banks' credit allocation because the survival of the economy depends on it. How do governments make banks 'play along'? This paper focuses on the state-guaranteed credit programs (SGCPs) that have been implemented to help firms survive the COVID-19 crisis. Governments' capacity to save the economy depends on banks' capacity to grant credit to struggling firms (which they would not be naturally inclined to do in the context of a global pandemic). All governments thus face the same challenge: How do they make sure that state-guaranteed loans reach their desired target and on what terms? Based on a comparative analysis of the elaboration and implementation of SGCPs in France and Germany, this paper shows that historically-rooted institutionalized modes of coordination between state and bank actors have largely shaped the terms of the SGCPs in these two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Louis-Auguste Martin's Promenades poétiques et daguerriennes - Bellevue, a little-known work from the mid-nineteenth century that is one of the earliest books in France to combine printed text and photographs. It also considers the conditions of the reception of Promenades in 1851 by the Société héliographique. Martin was a member of the Société, whose ambitions included the improvement of paper processes, the creation of the first photographic printing establishment in France and the documentation of the progress of French photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operation Sussex was an intelligence operation undertaken by the Allies in occupied France shortly before the Normandy invasion. English and American officers trained French agents to parachute into France, spy on German military movements, and send information back to London via radio. The Germans exposed a number of the Allied agents; nonetheless, the operation proved a major success. The key threat to Sussex came not from the Nazis, but from bureaucratic conflicts among the Allies. Despite the operation’s significance, the scholarly literature on it remains sparse. The foundation of this paper rests upon little used documents from various collections. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sport federations have a variety of financial profiles, even those operating within a single political context. In France, some federations depend on public funds, whereas others rely on private resources. Existing attempts to understand these differences have been based on just one criterion (Olympic sport or not). This paper draws on resource dependence theory in order to shed further light on this heterogeneity and provide a taxonomy of national sport federations. We analysed the financial profiles of 76 French sport federations during the period 2012–2017. After performing a principal component analysis to reduce the quantity of information, a linear discriminant analysis tests the relevance of differentiating between Olympic/non-Olympic federations. Finally, k-means method is used to conduct a taxonomic analysis and to identify 10 clusters. Five clusters contain non-Olympic federations ("deficient", "focused on elite sport", "non-professionalized", "focused emergent", "elitist"). The others contained Olympic federations ("traditional", "elite federations on life support", "rich network dependent", "powerful mono-dependent", "broad based"). This taxonomic analysis enables to assess financial vulnerability factors for each cluster, notably its dependence on specific resources. The findings will help the public authorities tailor the support they provide to the characteristics of the federations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data which follow the educational trajectories of students during secondary education and measure health status during adulthood, this paper analyzes the effects of private schooling on a range of unhealthy lifestyle outcomes. To account for the non-random selection of students in French private schools I use propensity score matching. I find a positive effect of private schooling on the self-reported health status of girls and a negative effect for boys. These results are related to those on risky behaviours: I find that enrolment in a private school reduces the likelihood of daily smoking for girls, but increases the likelihood of drinking multiple times a week for boys, twelve years after sixth grade. A set of robustness checks confirms the robustness of my results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), accounting for approximately 50% of patients starting dialysis. However, the management of these patients at the stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains poor, with fragmented care pathways among healthcare professionals (HCPs). Diagnosis of CKD and most of its complications is based on laboratory evidence. This article provides an overview of critical laboratory evidence of CKD and their limitations, such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE), and serum potassium. eGFR is estimated using the CKD-EPI 2009 formula, more relevant in Europe, from the calibrated dosage of plasma creatinine. The estimation formula and the diagnostic thresholds have been the subject of recent controversies. Recent guidelines emphasized the combined equation using both creatinine and cystatin for improved estimation of GFR. UACR on a spot urine sample is a simple method that replaces the collection of 24-hour urine. Albuminuria is the preferred test because of increased sensitivity but proteinuria may be appropriate in some settings as an alternative or in addition to albuminuria testing. KFRE is a new tool to estimate the risk of progression to ESKD. This score is now well validated and may improve the nephrology referral strategy. Plasma or serum potassium is an important parameter to monitor in patients with CKD, especially those on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors or diuretics. Pre-analytical conditions are essential to exclude factitious hyperkalemia. The current concept is to correct hyperkalemia using pharmacological approaches, resins or diuretics to be able to maintain RAAS blockers at the recommended dose and discontinue them at last resort. This paper also suggests expert recommendations to optimize the healthcare pathway and the roles and interactions of the HCPs involved in managing CKD in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of climate on the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in France. Ordinary, time-varying, and threshold regressions of the number of cases and deaths are run on weather and government variables. The main findings support the role of climate in Covid-19 spread. The results reveal that a rise in temperatures is negatively associated with reported deaths, while an increase in relative humidity or wind and a decrease in precipitations are negatively associated with confirmed cases. These weather variables appear statistically significant only during the winter season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of parkour is to cross various obstacles in an efficient and creative way by jumping, swinging, climbing, and running. Parkour aligns with the SHAPE America national standards for K-12 physical education and has demonstrated its potential to highly engage both boys and girls in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). In this article, we present a knowledge packet for teaching parkour to elementary children. First, we discuss the knowledge packet by unpacking the content development together with common errors and suggestions on how to correct these. Next, we propose appropriate equipment that can be used during physical education lessons. After which we introduce organizational and pedagogical principles that strengthen the parkour unit, such as focused station work, modifying content and equipment and offering children high practice opportunities and the role of teacher's content knowledge. We end the paper by providing examples for assessing children in a formative and summative way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death of a parent during childhood has become rare in developed countries but remains an important life course event that may have consequences for family formation. This paper describes the link between parental death before age 18 and fertility outcomes in adulthood. Using the large national 2011 French Family Survey (INSEE–INED), we focus on the 1946–66 birth cohorts, for whom we observe entire fertility histories. The sample includes 11,854 respondents who have lost at least one parent before age 18. We find a strong polarization of fertility behaviours among orphaned males, more pronounced for those coming from a disadvantaged background. More often childless, particularly when parental death occurred in adolescence, some seem to retreat from parenthood. But orphaned men and women who do become parents seem to embrace family life, by beginning childbearing earlier and having more children, especially when the deceased parent is of the same sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argillaceous rocks are candidate host and/or cap formations for the geological disposal of nuclear wastes in many countries, including Canada, France and Switzerland. The understanding of the long term mechanical behaviour of such rocks is an essential requirement for the assessment of their performance as a barrier against radionuclide migration. Due to the existence of bedding, argillaceous rocks are inherently anisotropic and the development of stress-strain models for their mechanical behaviour needs to take this anisotropy into account. This paper presents two examples of the practical implementation of stress-strain relationships in finite element models to simulate the excavation damage zones (EDZ) in bedded argillaceous rocks. The first example concerns the EDZ around a micro-tunnel in Opalinus Clay, in Switzerland. The second example relates to the EDZ around the century-old tunnel in Tournemire shale, in France. Both examples show the importance of developing robust stress-strain models that can replicate inherent anisotropy of the rock, and of calibrating and validating the models with a comprehensive set of laboratory experiments. The second example shows the additional influence of dessication and fault zone on the extent and shape of the EDZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several student-centred and game-based approaches have developed in the last 40 years. Publications intended to describe the underlying theory and/or mechanics of each particular teaching/learning model have usually focused on modalities related to teacher-student interactions, taking into account the particular pedagogical content knowledge pertaining to the activities concerned. The extent to which a particular approach has students taking charge of their learning varies from one model to the other. Underlying learning theories, such as constructivism and nonlinear pedagogy, play an important role in explaining or justifying reasons for pedagogical choices. However, whatever approach is favoured by a teacher, there remains the matter of the regulation of learning in a student-centred teaching/learning environment. Purpose: The main purpose of this paper was to discuss the regulation procedures implemented in a particular team-sport related teaching/learning strategy called the 'Tactical-Decision Learning Model' (T-DLM). A second and preliminary objective was to examine various AfL models with regard to the regulation of learning. Scaffold of the paper: In the first section of the paper, a review of the literature is presented with regard to the diversity of the student-learning regulation construct, spreading from self-regulation to co-regulation and to shared/socially-shared regulation. In the second part of the paper, the authors discuss the regulation of tactical learning in team sports through the lens of T-DLM, considering the contribution of four basic features of the model: game-play in a small-sided game format, student observation, debate, road map, and their iterations. Conclusion: In a team-sport teaching/learning context, cooperative learning becomes, by definition, the pivotal characteristic of the learning and learning-regulation processes. Although ever present, self-regulation is intermingled with socially shared regulation in the sense that each student's self-regulation activities voluntarily mingle with that of his/her teammates to bring about a collective action plan. Due to its socio-constructivist foundation and particular features, T-DLM offers many opportunities for socially-shared regulation of learning and may, given the right conditions, open the way for socially-shared metacognitive awareness of learning-regulation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings that contribute either directly or indirectly to the formation of a national identity are typically associated with historical monuments. Mega-structures such as national football stadiums, which were built as national monuments but were designed to meet functional needs as well, play a similar role. This paper examines these mega-structures, and specifically national football stadiums, through a critical review of two such stadiums, one in England and one in France, that represent an anomaly in the European context. The paper offers a local and global perspective based on nationality, geography, and sports theories. Our findings suggest that despite the differences between the two countries, they demonstrate a consensus regarding the need to build a national stadium. While this consensus is embedded in each country's colonial past, in both cases it reflects an inner need to cope with the decline of the imperial power and with the undermining of the homogenous social structure as a result of immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, few studies have analysed the geography of the circular economy, especially its contribution to economic activity on a sub-regional scale. In this context, our paper aims to analyse the evolution of employment and activities in the circular economy at the local level in France. For this purpose, we use a database on job creation and companies in the circular economy between 2008 and 2015 and we propose for the first time a study measuring the creation of jobs and companies in the CE. We show that the growth of employment in the circular economy is higher than the growth of total employment. Moreover, we highlight that the number of companies in the circular economy is mainly concentrated in metropolitan areas. We also point out the regional effect of the growth of the circular economy, indicating the territorial embeddedness of this type of activity. Based on this observation, we assume that regional public policies play a significant role in the deployment of a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]