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This article compares the efficiency of the coal-fired steam-generated electricity in Great Britain, the U.S. and France in 1970. The authors selected this industry for close examination because it had experienced rapid technological progress, its output is homogeneous and the data available are comparatively good. They found that the average level and rate of growth of fuel productivity in Great Britain industry were less than in France and in the U.S. The authors were careful to state, however, that technological backwardness was not the only interpretation of this result. They were aware that partial productivity measures could be very misleading because the contribution of other inputs, particularly capital, is ignored. Furthermore, this paper shows that the percentage increase in output in Great Britain from 1949-63 was higher than that in France and in the U.S., while the percentage increase in capital, measured by generating capacity, was much lower than in France or the US. This difference could be interpreted as implying that the productivity of capital in Great Britain industry was rising relatively to that in France and in the U.S. and thus that the industry in Great Britain was technologically forward. However, there are other interpretations, because capital productivity is also a partial measure of productivity. Thus, this paper suggests that there is a need a measure of productivity which reflects the simultaneous influence of all inputs and output and a production function provides such a measure. This article also estimates production functions for this industry.

Discusses French trade history during the American war for independence, 1776-1783, in light of the Boulton and Watt papers in Great Britain. The hazards challenging 18th century merchants trading overseas; Entry of the 'Steam Engine Parliament' into the shipping business; The business of Bouton and Wattt, selling steam pumping engines to Cornish mine proprietors, in collaboration with John Wilkinson, the chief supplier of heavy castings, operating at Bersham iron works; The issue of Wilkinson supplying canons to France; The problem of shipping equipment to French industrialists during war-time controls; Watt's contact in government, William the second earl of Dartmouth; Vessels used to transport engines; Influence of brothers Jacques Constantin Perier and Augustin Charles Perier.

Reprints the lecture "Remembering Dr. Myers," by F.C. Barlett on the works of English psychologist Charles Samuel Myers that was delivered at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England on November 8, 1964, which appeared in the 1965 issue of the "Bulletin of the British Psychological Society." Efforts of Myers to establish the Cambridge Psychological Laboratory; His attempt to apply psychotherapeutic measures to shell-shocked soldiers of the British Army in France during the World War I; His tenure as an editor of the "British Journal of Psychology."

Presents information on a study which examined the foreign relations of France in terms of interaction. The purpose of this paper is to describe a collectivity whose members are nations, in much the same way that might be described a primary group composed of individuals. One of the authors has proposed a simple analytical model, based on four variables, for the description of situations in which two or more actors, having some common goals and some disparate goals, engage in joint action. The four variables are denoted as S, I, V, A. The S variable refers to some aspect of the relative strength of the parties, the I variable refers to the degree of their mutual influence within the relevant action system, the V variable refers to the volitional component of the situation, and the A variable is a measure of their joint achievement. When this scheme is used with reference to paired relationships in an informally organized group, the four variables are called status, involvement, valence, and activity. The United Kingdom stands closer to Western Europe than the United States in trade relationships but still must be characterized as marginal. Its total involvement is much less than any of the continental countries, and it does not loom large in their trading patterns, however they are analyzed.

Presents a series of abstracts on economic planning in various countries of the world published in the March 1964 issue of the periodical 'Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,' vol. 92. Overview of economic planning in the U.S.; Assessment of the development and problems of economic planning in Great Britain; Problems in Norwegian economic planning; Principles of French economic planning.

Presents a study on Haltica Carduorum Guerin beetle imported from France and released in Great Britain as a contribution to biological control of creeping thistle. Importance of creeping thistle in marginal grazing areas; Attempts to exclude alien insects potentially damaging to crops from the area; Potential value of Haltica Carduorum as a biological control agent.

The article discusses biographic data of several local subsidiary managers. Biographic data was gathered from 130 non-American executives in 27 subsidiaries of 12 U.S. companies in Belgium, France, and Great Britain. The biographic data resulted in some discrepancies with conclusions that are usually gathered from material related to this topic. Among the better educated managers, the expatriates advance faster than the non-American. According to the author, the three most plausible reasons are that the people sent abroad are individuals who have showed rapid upward mobility by virtue of past performance or qualifications, Americans are able to advance faster, or innovations within the firms originate in the U.S. so that U.S. personnel have the experience to transfer the innovations.

The article reports on the joint proposal of France, Great Britain and United States for a program on regulation, limitation and balanced reduction of all armaments and armed forces. The First Committee took the three nations draft resolutions on the top of its agenda, several days after the Sixth General Assembly on November 6, 1951 in Paris, France. In their proposal, the three states incorporated the recommendation of the Committee of Twelve for a single new disarmament commission. This commission will be tasked to prepare proposals to be embodied in a draft treaty according to several guiding principles. One of the principles indicate that the United Nations plan for international control of atomic energy and weapons to continue serving as the basis for atomic energy control.

In almost every country where coal is mined, labor protest among the workers in this industry has been frequent and intense in comparison with industrial workers generally. Yet, as this article demonstrates, there are significantly wide differences between countries in the strike propensity of coal miners. These differences are set forth here for Germany. France, Great Britain, and the United States. and also the Saar Territory. The author then traces the historical development of the mining work force and labor relations in each of these countries and analyzes their respective strike experiences in the light of the particular sociocultural setting as well as the mining environment. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the strike propensity inherent in the immediate environment of mining may be either activated or dampened, depending on the nature and impact of the larger sociocultural situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reprints the lecture "C.S. Myers in Retrospect," by Alec Rodger on the works of English psychologist Charles Samuel Myers that was delivered to the British Psychological Society on February 1971, which appeared in the July 1971 issue of the "Bulletin of the British Psychological Society." Educational and career background of the psychologist; His emphasis on the importance of psychological methods of enquiry; His efforts to apply psychotherapy to shell-shocked soldiers of the British Army in France during the World War I.

The objective of this article is to point out some lessons drawn from European experience with respect to railway finance and coordination. Immediately two difficulties appear here. First, the problem of selection of specific countries. The author tries to meet this problem by confining this article on railway finance proper to experience in Great Britain and France, where private ownerships typical. In the discussion of coordination, German experience is added, coordination being desirable under any system of ownership. These three countries provide a range from private ownership under a moderate degree of regulation, through private ownership under very complete regulation, to public ownership. The second problem is the difficulty and the danger of applying conclusions drawn from one set of conditions to another set. There are, however, enough common problems confronting European and American transportation to justify our consideration of foreign experience. Countries all over the world are greatly concerned with the plight of railway capital, with the effects of transport competition, and with the need for coordination; and various steps have been taken towards meeting these problems.

Considers various methods to measure the variability in the distribution of wealth and to apply those methods to available statistics as of May 1909. Description of graphical methods and Pareto law for the distribution of income; Use of coefficient of variability by economists to determine variations in income; Application of the measure to income and wealth statistics of Massachusetts, France and Great Britain.

The article focuses on magazines devoted to film criticism in France and Great Britain. The proliferation of film magazines in France since the Second World War is noted. The French film magazines include "Cahiers du Cinéma," "Cinéthique," and "Positif." Based on the article, film criticism in Great Britain seems primitive compared with its French counterpart, and attempts to alleviate the situation have been spasmodic and isolated. It is noted that "Sight and Sound" sees itself as the predominantly motivated film magazine in Great Britain.

This article focuses on characteristics of public finance system in the U.S., Great Britain and France. The public finance system of these countries differ in size, relative to their respective economies, differ still more in patterns of expenditure and most of all in their systems of taxation. The public finance system in Great Britain and France is relatively larger than in the U.S. because government expenditures, including transfer payments, are a larger proportion of gross national product at market prices in those two countries than in the United States. The expenditure patterns of the three countries differ mainly in military outlays and social security payments. Military expenditures account for a larger proportion of national government expenditure in the United States, about three-fifths, than in Great Britain or France, where they take about a third of the national budget. The British tax system, on the national level, depends on the income tax, profits taxes and death duties for somewhat less than half its current revenue and if social security taxes is counted as another form of direct tax, 55 per cent of national revenue comes from direct taxation.

Comments on P.G. Elkan's article regarding the costs and benefits of butter dumping by the French on the British market in 1961. Price elasticities of demand; Changes in shipments; Government proposals to subsidize the costs of disposal.

The article reflects on the future of judicial institutions in France and Great Britain. The chief distinguishing characteristics of the English system includes the judges, whose number is very limited, are selected at a relatively advanced age, from amongst the successful barristers. Once appointed to one set of tribunals they do not expect, or rarely expect, any further advancement. The English system, in principle, does not recognize administrative jurisdiction. It is possible that Great Britain will adopt a system of Public Prosecutors, official defenders of the interests of the State, be it in criminal or civil law, as in France.

The author offers his observation on the situation of countries in Western Europe which he visited in 1948 such as Great Britain, France and Italy. The British government has released a framework for the British democratic socialism, which was advocated by the Labor Party. In France, he witnessed the economic problem, which resulted in the political crisis in the country. Italy has successfully concluded its elections in April.

The article discusses various issues related to the sharing of defense burden among western allies. In the first part of this article authors tries to assess the cost of the defense effort to each country. In the second part, they indicate some of the strictly national benefits that countries derive from defense expenditures in addition to the common benefit, external security. As the authors indicate, the value of these joint products of defense expenditures should theoretically be deducted from the costs to obtain the burden borne for the provision of the common good. The average of the assessed shares based on Great Britain tax schedule is higher than the actual contribution for all countries except Great Britain, France and Germany. If the situation does not seem inequitable or unfavorable to the United States when authors use Great Britain tax progressively, the situation between the European countries and Canada is highly inequitable. These conclusions, however, abstract from certain desirable but difficult refinements such as the deduction of strictly national benefits from the cost of defense or the consideration that the nationals of some countries may receive less external security benefits from the total defense effort of the alliance than the nationals of other countries.

Explores ambulatory child health services in Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands and France. Roles and importance of nursing personnel; Nursing education in preparation for ambulatory child health services; Curricula for pediatric nursing; Facilities in which health personnel work; Broad composition of the patient population; Relationship of child health care supervision to local hospitals and educational institutions and to private practitioners; Interest in ascertaining whether child health care is provided in a coordinated fashion or whether it is fragmented among various service resources with little intercommunication; Relative roles of the private physicians and of the clinic physicians.

The article compares and contrasts the economic planning policies of Great Britain and France as of October 1966. According to the author, there were many similarities between Great Britain and France concerning economic difficulties and the means by which both countries dealt with them. The article discusses the philosophy of economic planning, the governmental arrangements for economic planning, and how economic policies were implemented by Great Britain and France. It also discusses how both countries relied on market mechanisms and market competition, the British National Economic Development Council (NEDC), and the French Commissions de Développement Economique Régional (CODER). The article also discusses the role of the British Department of Economic Affairs (DEA).

The article focuses on literature related to Entente Cordiale, the treaty between Great Britain and France containing secret articles. The popular stories about the reigns from that of Queen Anne, the final Stuart monarch of Scotland, to the period when queen of Great Britain & Ireland, Alexandrina Victoria ascended the throne scarcely serve to elucidate the reasons for the many frictions that drove the countries to war. The highly colored portraits of Edward VII, as Prince and King, found in "The Tragedy of Edward VII," were in need of some cleaning and revarnishing. The book, "Memories," written by Admiral John Fisher, the First Sea Lord throws a searchlight upon the king of Great Britain, Edward VII and his political achievements, which reveals a buccaneering spirit that is quite different from the peacemaking virtue Edward attributes to his subject. There was a secret military treaty, made in 1892 between France and Soviet Union, in which it was laid down that mobilization of the two countries was a declaration of war against Germany.

Delves into the geography of some countries. Discussion of the conditions of countries such as France, Great Britain, Germany and Belgium; Analysis of local causes of factors such as low prestige of geography in some countries; Importance of improving the conditions for geographic research.

The article reports on the submission of proposals for partial measures of disarmament to the disarmament committee by Great Britain, Canada, France, and the U.S. The proposal represents the final basis for a first-step arms control treaty, and being regarded as a realistic program which could be put into effect at once. Meanwhile, the West offered an inspection of a latitudinal zone which includes all the Arctic Circle plus Alaska and a portion of Eastern Siberia, and a longitudinal zone covering nearly all of Europe and part of Soviet Asia.

The article presents world news briefs on developments in atomic energy as of November 1952. Great Britain exploded her first atomic bomb on the Monte Bello Islands off the northwest coast of Australia. An atomic plant capable of turning out 1,500 kilowatts and 600 grams of plutonium yearly will be inaugurated in Saclay, France.