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Household income is one of the most important economic categories depending on various factors, in particular on the level of education of the head of the household. Salaries are treated as the market valuation of graduates made by employers. Hence, the question arises of how the education system affects the distribution of household income, in particular in the group of people with higher education. The aim of the paper is to apply the Singh-Maddala model to describe the income distribution of people with primary, secondary and higher education in Poland and the USA. On the basis of numerical characteristics and measures of income inequality, the situation of education, in particular higher education, and its impact on household income in the analyzed countries were assessed. The study used data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) from 2020. All analyzes were based on the Singh-Maddala model. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters. The analysis showed that the higher the level of education, the better the income situation of the household. In Poland, salaries in the group of people with higher education are the most unequal, while in the USA the greatest income inequalities occur in the group of people with primary education. The paper describes the issue of household income distribution and income inequality, which is an important and current socio-economic problem. To describe and analyze the economic situation of the household incomes of people with different levels of education in Poland and the USA statistical data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) was used. Empirical studies conducted for different samples add significantly to existing knowledge on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the potential dimensions on which exclusion and injustice may occur in energy transitions is age. Age-based patterns of exclusion—ageism—has recently been conceptualized in the context of decarbonization as energy ageism. This paper offers a comparative empirical analysis of the senior citizens' outlook towards an imminent energy transition as well as the impact of energy poverty in two European countries: Norway and Poland. Results: Drawing on interviews and focus groups with Polish and Norwegian seniors, we present the differences and similarities between the two countries, and the determinants of energy ageism, as well as the concept's overall applicability and empirical usefulness. We find that socioeconomic conditions outweigh ageism, that is, the resilience of senior citizens in dealing with energy poverty during a transition is conditioned by their material standing and welfare state robustness rather than age based. An important factor is household heating technology, combined with economic vulnerability can push some individuals into energy poverty, while others using alternative sources of heat can navigate through energy crises unscathed. Conclusions: We note the importance of mainstreaming social inclusion considerations in energy policy and of targeted digital competence building which can enhance senior citizen integration in the energy transition. Lower levels of digital competences among senior citizens certainly play a role and need to be addressed with education programs to increase participation. In both countries, household heating is a major issue and heating sources are strong predictors of energy poverty and regulatory measures and subsidies should be designed at national, regional, and municipal level to assist vulnerable groups in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative analysis of state special funds in Poland and Uzbekistan, focusing on their legal dimensions within the framework of financial law. State special funds play a vital role in the allocation and management of public resources, serving as targeted financial mechanisms to address specific needs and promote socio-economic development. However, there is limited comparative research examining the legal frameworks and operational aspects of these funds in different jurisdictions. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of state special funds in Poland and Uzbekistan, providing valuable insights into their legal frameworks, objectives, structures, and operational mechanisms. The research objectives of this study include examining the legal frameworks governing state special funds in both countries, analysing their objectives and operational mechanisms, identifying similarities and differences, and assessing their effectiveness and challenges. By achieving these objectives, this study aims to contribute to the enhancement of financiallaw practices in both jurisdictions and to provide knowledge for improving the legal frameworks and operational efficiency of state special funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to establish strategies of coping with COVID-19 pandemic adopted by the clients of social assistance from the perspective of social workers. The qualitative research among Polish social workers and family assistants was conducted from September to November 2021. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with social work professionals, groups of social assistance clients' behaviours were identified and classified into the theoretical models of reactions to social change by Merton and Giddens. The following types of behaviour have been selected and categorized into four groups of reactions when dealing with social workers in a pandemic situation: coolheaded calculation, defiance, confusion, and adaptation. At the same time, reactions to the situation of social change were categorized into one of the strategies of active or passive behaviour: innovation, contestation, retreat, and acceptance. In addition, we discussed the impact of clients' coping strategies on social workers and established three attitudes of the surveyed social workers: adapting to the pandemic situation and customer behaviour, assuming the role of an emotional buffer and informant, and expecting support from superiors and coworkers. Knowing the behaviour of social assistance clients in a challenging situation makes it possible to adopt tailor-made measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parcel lockers seem to be a very interesting and innovative solution for any type of city, beneficial to both customers and online stores. Accounting for the growing number of B2C e-commerce customers, this measure significantly meets their needs. Moreover, this solution solves the challenges of last-mile deliveries, which are one of the major effects of heavy traffic of commercial vehicles in the whole city area. Recipients and senders of parcels through parcel lockers are the main generators of demand for this service. Hence, assessing their satisfaction and requirements is a key indicator of the development of this area. This work focuses on the efficiency of user parcel lockers and compares the situation in Italy, Poland, and Ukraine. This paper also presents an analysis of the already existing data on the satisfaction of parcel locker users, as well as the results of a study conducted among Ukrainian consumers for this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities have always been places that generate problems, but also places where solutions are born. In recent years, cities have become a testing ground for finding and testing solutions to overcome the climate crisis. The subject of the paper is Nature-based Solutions (NbSs) that strengthen the resilience to climate change, influence urban spaces, and improve the quality of life of residents. The study focusses on the identification of NbSs, the diagnosis of its participation in local adaptation activities, and a comparative analysis of the activities planned and implemented in 44 large Polish cities in 2017–2023. The authors analyse data from 44 Polish cities, based on the types of NbSs implemented in European cities that carried out the URBAN GreenUP project. The results of the study show that Polish cities, while introducing sustainable urban lifestyles through NbSs, do not take advantage of all the opportunities inherent in these solutions. They focus on greening urban spaces and implement water interventions and singular green infrastructure measures to a lesser extent. There is negligible use of innovative and energy-using activities. The quantitative data obtained can be used to identify the gaps and potentials in the use of nature-based solutions in the adaptation of Polish cities to climate change and energy transformation. The aim of this work is also to identify recommendations to incorporate NbSs into urban adaptation policies in Poland. The authors conclude that the research conducted can serve to improve the knowledge on the links between NbS planning in adaptation activities and their implementation in urban spaces. An awareness of NbS gaps can influence the intensification of research on the implementation of innovative adaptation solutions, including energy-based solutions. The results obtained can also contribute to a better organisation of urban policies that aim to increase the resilience of cities to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to add to the debate on the varieties of neoliberalism and the homogenizing effects of megaproject-based urban development. It examines the acculturation of the growth imperative as the master discourse that supports the development and implementation of two projects aimed at transforming the centers of Tampere, Finland, and Ł 'od'z, Poland. The selected cities shared similar traits as industrial centers in the past, but their current socioeconomic situation is entirely different. Tampere holds the title of "Finland's most likeable city," while rapidly depopulating Ł 'od'z was labeled the "Polish Detroit." Nevertheless, both municipalities became attracted by the idea of boosting their development through implementing large-scale infrastructural investments to reshape their centers. Inspired by discursive institutionalism, which defines discourse as a set of policy ideas and values, and interactive policy communication and formulation processes, the paper reconstructs and compares the strategic visions of Tampere's "Five Star City Centre" and "The New Centre of Ł 'od'z." It demonstrates how the proponents of the projects discursively forced consent around proposed ideas. Namely, it shows how the issues of complexity, risk, and potential conflict of the two megaprojects have been addressed. On a conceptual level, the paper shows how policy convergence can be discursively facilitated in different socioeconomic, cultural, and political circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the EU countries structural timber used in construction have to comply with regulations arising from the Regulation No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council. One of the basic requirements for structural timber is the need for strength grading which can be performed either by visual or machine method. The paper presents the results of visual and machine grading of structural pine timber originated from Masovian-Podlaska natural forest region of Poland. Obtained results extend the database of mechanical properties of Polish structural pine timber necessary for introduction of Polish visual grades into the standard EN 1912. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this research paper is to conduct a comparative empirical study on the behavior of the stock markets in Italy and Poland. In this sense, it is examined the presence of volatility patterns using GARCH family models for the sample period from December 2008 to December 2022. The selected period covers a long-time interval, so that the effects of certain extreme events can be implicitly evaluated. Moreover, the selected stock markets are both included in the category of developed markets. Considering that Italy and Poland are both member states of the European Union it is relevant to also analyze the impact of events such as BREXIT or the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Economic Research is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article was to identify the characteristics of HRM (Human Resources Management) portals that can contribute to building a smart, sustainable society in two countries: Poland and Türkiye. The analyzed countries were selected due to their similar economic situation, as well as differences in terms of culture and customs and varying degrees of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) implementation in the economy. Conducting the survey at this particular moment was intended to objectivize users' opinions on the HRM portals and their attributes that may contribute to mitigating the effects of the crisis and facilitating economic development toward the creation of a sustainable society. The survey was conducted in April 2022. It was carried out in both countries and covered a group of more than 850 respondents. The CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) method was used in the survey. The differences between results were identified, and the degree of verification of the hypothesis was established and discussed in this paper. In the first stage of the study, the respondents' environment was examined, as well as their opinions on the use of HRM portals. The second phase consisted of assessing the attributes of the most well-known HRM portals that can contribute to building a smart, sustainable industry. As a result, the finally distinguished features included the characteristics that were most important to the users of the portals and those that supported the development of HRM portals due to their innovativeness. The study fills the research gap regarding the potential impact of HRM portals and their prospective use in first restoring the economic balance of a sustainable society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present the results of an analysis of the content of strategic documents on national security adopted by the United States and Poland between 2001 and 2020. The choice of the research field was determined by the place these documents occupy in the hierarchy of strategic texts related to state security. Due to the cooperation between both states and the Polish perception of the United States as the most important ally, the research task is to determine whether there is a convergence in the content of strategic documents issued by the Rzeczpospolita in relation to US documents. Furthermore, the paper examines to what extent the links between the two countries are reflected in the form and content of official strategic documents and in the description of threats. The text consists of three parts. The first is theoretical and focuses on describing the hierarchy of strategic documents in both countries. The second section presents a comparative analysis of the formal aspect and, therefore, how documents are adopted in the United States and in Poland. The last part of the article contains the conclusions of the analysis of the threats identified in the documents of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supplementary old-age pension system in Poland consists of group and individual plans. This research covers the latter, namely the individual retirement accounts and individual retirement security accounts that were introduced in 2004 and 2012 respectively. The main aim of the paper is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of bank retirement products including the linguistic complexity of documents creating the retirement contracts offered to individuals by banks, and the costliness and profitability of such products in the period 2012-2019. Moreover, it identifies the dependencies between the linguistic and economic traits of retirement contracts offered by banks. The correlation analysis conducted using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed that the more readable a document of a bank contract is, the higher the interest rate is and the higher the cancellation fees. The results of the study are relevant for both financial institutions and public bodies as they show the key characteristics that may influence the demand for individual retirement products in Poland and may serve as either a stimulator or a barrier in the development of supplementary old-age pension provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the occurrence of body posture disorders and their changes under the influence of a physioprophylactic program in children depending on body weight. Methods: In the examined children, the general and segmental body composition and body posture were determined using a physiotherapeutic assessment based on the Kasperczyk method. Mass, overall, and segmental body composition were determined using the bioelectrical impedance method using a TANITA body composition analyzer. The study group of 76 children was divided due to body weight disorders into Group I (n = 51), in which BMI and fat mass values were within the normative limits for age and gender, and Group II (n = 19), comprising children whose body weight exceeded the norm and/or fat mass exceeded normative values. The examined children underwent a physioprophylactic. The program was conducted by qualified physiotherapists for 12 weeks, once a week for 30 min. The therapeutic program was focused on physioprevention of being overweight and the correction of body posture. Results: A distal distribution of fat mass was observed in the examined group. Asymmetry in the sagittal plane was found in 35% of children. No statistically significant differences were found in the presence of asymmetry in the sagittal plane between the groups. No statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence of posture irregularities between the groups. Conclusions: There were no changes in the weight and body posture of the examined children under the influence of the physiotherapy program. The lack of correlation in the examined group between body weight and posture irregularities in 5–6-year-olds may suggest the acquisition of posture defects as a consequence of the persistence of overweight or obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This present research brings into focus the figure of the prefect and wojewód seen at the crossroads between career public servants representing the interests of the Government and political agents, appointed and dismissed at the whim of the Prime Minister. This paper approaches the issue of the holder of the prefect's office in Romania and Poland employing a prosopographic analysis and applies a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) on select items in order to identify the general trend and particularities of their profiles. This institution was structured and articulated at the confluence of some administrative and political actions and integrated in the national institutional framework as a key actor, which continues to connect the institutional capacity of the state and the political capacity of the Government. Moving beyond the legal framework and institutional design of each country, we look at the profile - involving educational, professional and political affiliation - of the people actually appointed to this position in order to ascertain the weight of each of these factors when called to serve in office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyze overall technical efficiency (OTE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) of both life and non-life insurance sectors in three Central and Eastern European countries (CEE), i.e. Croatia, Hungary and Poland, in 2018. Methodology: The efficiency of insurance sectors is estimated by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA), while a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to find out whether there exists any statistically significant difference between the estimated levels of the efficiency of non-life and life insurance sectors in the observed CEE countries. Results: Out of 34 non-life Polish insurers, only two (6%) were overall technically efficient, while the remaining 32 were inefficient. Croatia and Hungary achieved better results with three (20%) and seven (43.7%) efficient insurers, respectively. However, when observing the life insurance segment, half of the Croatian life insurers were efficient according to the CCR model, while six (23%) Polish and three (23%) Hungarian efficient insurers were recorded. Conclusion: Research reveals that the Hungarian non-life insurers are the most efficient ones in terms of OTE, PTE and SE. They are followed by the Croatian insurers, leaving the Polish insurers behind. Regarding the life insurance sector, the domination of the Croatian insurers is recorded, while the Hungarian ones were found to be the least efficient. Moreover, inefficiency in both life and non-life sectors (except for the Hungarian life sector) is more related to scale than to managerial inefficiency. Finally, ANOVAs and Tukey post hoc tests revealed a statistically significant difference among considered groups of insurers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to investigate the common facilitators and barriers associated with the implementation of hospital-based health technology assessment (HB-HTA) across diverse hospital settings in seven countries. Through a two-round Delphi study, insights were gathered from a panel of 15 HTA specialists from France, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Poland, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Experts initially conducted a comprehensive review of the HB-HTA implementation in their respective countries, identifying the barriers and facilitators through descriptive analysis. Subsequently, panel experts ranked these identified barriers and facilitators on a seven-point Likert scale. A median agreement score ≥ 6 and interquartile range (IQR) ≤ 1 was accepted as reaching a consensus. Out of the 12 statements categorized as external and internal barriers and facilitators, the expert panel reached consensus on six statements (two barriers and four facilitators). The external barrier, which achieved consensus, was the lack of the formal recognition of the role of HB-HTA in national or regional legislations. The internal barrier reaching consensus was the limited availability of human resources dedicated to HB-HTA. This qualitative study indicates that HB-HTA still has progress to make before being formally accepted and integrated across most countries, although by building on the facilitating factors we identified there may be an opportunity for the implementation of internationally developed strategies to strengthen HB-HTA practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer patients are characterised by a high prevalence of orthostatic hypotension (OH). Our study, for the first time, shows that the presence of cancer is a significant and independent predictor of OH, doubling the risk of OH compared to the noncancer population. The prevalence of OH differs depending on the type of cancer, being the highest among patients with lung cancer. The high prevalence of OH may be due to cancer itself, a consequence of oncologic therapies, or their side effects, which promote dehydration and low blood pressure. The presence of OH is considered an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in large clinical studies; therefore, its increased prevalence in cancer patients is of high clinical importance and requires particular attention. Screening and monitoring for the presence of OH is necessary and routine orthostatic challenge tests in the cancer population are recommended. Background: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with a higher risk of mortality in the general population; however, it has not been studied in the cancer population. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of OH in cancer patients compared to that in the noncancer population. Methods: A total of 411 patients (mean age 63.5 ± 10.6 years) were recruited: patients with active cancer (n = 223) and patients hospitalised for other reasons, but without a cancer diagnosis (n = 188). Medical histories were collected and an orthostatic challenge test was performed. OH was defined as a blood pressure (BP) decrease upon standing of ≥20 mmHg for the systolic or ≥10 mmHg for the diastolic BP after 1 or 3 min; or a systolic BP decrease <90 mmHg. Results: The prevalence of OH in the subjects with cancer was significantly higher than in the subjects without cancer (28.7% vs. 16.5%, respectively, p = 0.003). OH was the most common in the lung cancer patients (57.5%). In a single-variable analysis, the predictors of OH were cancer presence, age ≥ 65 years, and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. In the multivariable model, the strongest independent predictor of OH was cancer status, which doubled the risk of OH, and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and diabetes. Conclusions: Cancer patients are characterised by a high prevalence of OH. In this population, the recommendation of routine orthostatic challenge tests should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Amateur ice bathing has recently become very popular, with studies revealing health benefits, including enhanced viral resistance. Such interest in this issue has been heightened even more due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study predates widespread COVID-19 vaccination in Poland. Objectives. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term cold-water immersion on COVID-19 resistance in Polish ice bathers. Additionally, a possible relation between the ABO blood group and RhD antigen of winter swimmers and COVID-19 incidence was also studied. Material and methods. A survey was conducted on 2,534 Polish ice bathers who were questioned about their demographic data, ice bathing habits, ABO and RhD antigens, symptoms of infection and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results. For prospective statistical analysis, a Bayesian prediction was carried out to accommodate for missing COVID-19 RT-PCR test data following the selected explanatory clinical covariates. Furthermore, a taxonomic method was used to cluster the ice bathers. Results. In experienced ice bathers, a 7% higher resistance to COVID-19 has been estimated compared to beginners. Additionally, the probability of COVID-19 infection in ice bathers with blood group B RhD- is predicted to be the highest, while group O RhD+ and A RhD+ tend to be more resistant against the virus. Conclusions. There is an increasing immunological resistance of ice bathing, especially in O RhD+ and A RhD+ carriers, against COVID-19, although this does not appear to be strong. Our findings suggest that ice bathing should be considered as an additional means to enhancing the resistance to infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigates a promising avenue for improving the diagnosis and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive form of breast cancer with limited therapeutic options. The researchers focus on the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), known for its presence in prostate cancer but also identified in breast cancer. Using 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT, the study aims to assess PSMA's in vivo expression in TNBC patients and compare it with the standard [18F]FDG PET/CT. The findings suggest that [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT may outperform current methods in detecting distant metastases, especially in the brain. This research not only enhances our understanding of PSMA expression in TNBC but also hints at potential advancements in diagnostic imaging and targeted therapies for this challenging cancer type. Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits high aggressiveness and a notably poorer prognosis at advanced stages. Nuclear medicine offers new possibilities, not only for diagnosis but also potentially promising therapeutic strategies. This prospective study explores the potential of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in TNBC. Methods: the research investigates PSMA expression in vivo among TNBC patients using [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT and compares it head-to-head with the standard-of-care [18F]FDG PET/CT. Results: The study involves 10 TNBC patients, revealing comparable uptake of [18F]PSMA-1007 and [18F]FDG in primary and metastatic lesions. Nodal metastases were found in eight patients, showing similar SUVmax values in both modalities. Two patients had uncountable lung metastases positive in both [18F]FDG and [18F]PSMA-1007 scans. PET-positive bone metastases were identified by 18F-PSMA in four patients, while elevated [18F]FDG uptake was found only in three of them. Distant metastases displayed higher SUVmax values in the [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT, as compared to [18F]FDG. Additionally, brain metastases were exclusively detected using [18F]PSMA-1007. Conclusions: the findings provide valuable insights into the expression of PSMA in TNBC and underscore the potential clinical significance of [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT in enhancing both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for this aggressive breast cancer subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary care physicians play a key role in initiating opioid therapy. However, knowledge gaps in opioid use and pain management are significant barriers to providing optimal care. This research study aims to investigate the educational needs of primary care physicians regarding opioid therapy and opioid use in pain management. Methods: A computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) protocol was used to collect data from primary care physicians. Drug selection criteria, knowledge of opioid substitutes and dosage, and practical use of opioid therapy were evaluated. Results: While 84% of participating physicians (724 respondents) reported initiating opioid treatment, only a minority demonstrated accurate opioid dosage calculations. Significant discrepancies between physicians' self-perceived knowledge and their clinical skills in opioid prescribing and pain management were observed. In total, 41% of physicians incorrectly indicated dose conversion rates for tramadol (the most frequently used drug according to 65% of responders). Conclusions: Targeted educational programs are essential to bridge the knowledge gap and increase physicians' competence in pain management. The proper self-assessment of one's own skills may be the key to improvement. Further research should focus on developing specialized educational courses and decision-support tools for primary care physicians and examining the impact of interprofessional pain management teams on patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although postpartum sexual problems are common, there is a poor understanding of the underlying influencing factors and the impact of the infant feeding method on the mother's sexual life. A cross-sectional control study was conducted with a group of 253 women during their postpartum period. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different infant feeding methods on female sexual life after childbirth. The study followed the STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional control analysis. The study design included a questionnaire characterizing sociodemographic, obstetric and breastfeeding variables and the PL-FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index). The authors collected the data in compliance with the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) research methodology—an interview conducted via an Internet channel. Each respondent received and completed the survey provided to them via the same online link. This study included women in the postpartum period: 170 breastfeeding women (study group) and 83 formula-feeding women (control group). There were statistically significant difference between the groups that practiced different types of breastfeeding. Out of all the PL-FSFI-assessing domains, the highest average score for the whole group correlated with satisfaction and the lowest score correlated with lubrication use. Our findings indicate that women practicing only breastfeeding are more likely to develop sexual problems. In order to maintain sexual health and promote long-term breastfeeding, extensive and professional counseling is needed for couples about postpartum sexuality and the factors that affect it, such as breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Knowledge of dietary patterns is crucial for dietary behaviours interventions. Objectives. The aim of the study was to describe the dietary patterns of children between the ages of 6-10 years from primary schools in Lesser Poland. Material and methods. The study was carried out between 2008-2012 and included 1,140 children and their parents. The questionnaire for parents included socio-economic questions about the family, parents' education and frequency of consuming selected food products by children. The Food Frequency Questionnaire covered 21 selected food groups, and fast food and snacking were also asked about. Based on anthropometric measurements, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each child. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify individual dietary patterns of children. Results. Three cluster groups were distinguished showing the eating patterns of the children. Children from cluster 1 (healthy) showed the most health-promoting model of nutrition. They often consumed butter, vegetable oils, groats, pasta and rice, wholemeal bread, fish and fish products, red meat, eggs, raw vegetables, cooked vegetables, pulses, unsalted nuts and yellow cheese. The cluster representing the mixed feeding model (2) least frequently consumed salty snacks. Children from cluster 3 (unhealthy) more often consumed chips, crisps and salty sticks than cluster 2 and were more often overweight and obese than children from cluster 1. The education level and average monthly income were significantly higher in the families of children from the healthy cluster compared with those from the unhealthy cluster. Conclusions. Dietary patterns in children are influenced by socio-economic and parental education factors. Overweight and obese children presented unhealthy nutrition behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper nutrition during the first period of life is primarily related to meeting energy needs and providing essential nutrients that ensure the infant's normal physical and psychomotor development. Improper nutrition during this period, inadequate amounts of nutrients, inappropriate timing and manner of introduction of individual foods, can permanently alter metabolism and the course of physiological processes, increasing the risk of diseases such as obesity, allergic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to verify how the method of complementary feeding influences the occurrence of food neophobia between 2 and 7 years of age, as well as to assess the different nutritional aspects resulting from the process of starting feeding other than breast milk and milk formula. In this study, 490 mothers and their children aged 2–7 years participated. The research tool was a questionnaire consisting of a child's dietary assessment and standardized questionnaires assessing food neophobia among children: Food Neophobia Scale for Children (FNSC) and the Montreal Children's Hospital-Pediatric Feeding (MCH-FS). In the study group of children, 238 (48.57%) had no Baby-Led Weaning Method (no BLW) method used during complementary feeding (CF), and 252 (51.42%) children used Baby-Led Weaning Method (BLW). According to the FNSC questionnaire, a high risk of food neophobia was found in 32.65% of the children studied and a medium risk in 39.80%. The medium risk of feeding problem occured in 11.63% of children, the high risk in 6.73% of children, and the highest risk in 6.94% (MCH-FS). No statistically significant differences were observed between the BLW and NoBLW groups. High risk of food neophobia occured in 1/3 of the children studied, but there was no relationship in the study group between the mode of CF (BLW/NoBLW) and the risk of food neophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration in the lumbar region resulting in low back pain is high. One of the treatment options is neurosurgery. Previous studies and systematic reviews demonstrate the need to identify factors that affect the health-related quality of life of patients undergoing surgery. This study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and clinical factors that affect the quality of life of patients undergoing lumbar disc surgery. A group of 128 patients was assessed for eligibility and qualified by radiological examinations for lumbar disc surgery by a neurosurgeon in the outpatient clinic. Finally, 110 patients were studied and evaluated 24 h and 3 months after surgery. Health-related quality of life (36-Item Short Form Survey, SF-36), disability level (Oswestry Disability Index, ODI), and pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) were assessed. The mean pain intensity before surgery was 7.8 ± 2.3 pts and decreased significantly 24 h after surgery, with a mean score of 3.8 ± 2.4 pts (p = 0.0000). After three months, the increase in pain intensity was at 4.8 ± 2.4 pts, but the score was still significantly better than before surgery (p = 0.0024). The mean ODI score before surgery was 29.3 ± 8.4 pts (slight disability), and three months after surgery, there was an insignificant increase to a mean value of 31.5 ± 10.4 pts (p = 0.0834). There was a statistically significant increase in quality-of-life scores at three months after surgery in the following domains: physical functioning (8.7%; p = 0.0176), bodily pain (26.2%; p = 0.0000), vitality (5.8%; p = 0.0132) and mental health (6.2%; p = 0.0163), and a decrease in role limitations due to physical problems (3.8; p = 0.0013) and general health perception (6.7%; p = 0.0112). In conclusion, the surgical procedure plays an important role in improving the quality of life of patients operated on for intervertebral disc degeneration. It was effective in reducing the pain level, especially 24 h after surgery; however, surgery did not affect the disability level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Lublinensia is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Motivation: Social enterprises are gaining importance in the modern economy. This entails the need for a better understanding of their mechanisms. For this reason, it is necessary to study the basic assumptions on which their effective management is based. Aim: The aim of the article is to identify the management paradigm in social enterprises, compared to commercial companies, on the basis of financial reports created by their management boards. In order to identify the management paradigm adopted in a given group of enterprises, reference was made to the concept of responsibility. The conceptualization of responsibility is based on the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) model, which includes three dimensions: social, environmental, and economic. Results: The research method is a comparative analysis of the content of financial reports of 30 selected social enterprises and commercial companies representing the dairy, trade, and insurance industries in Poland. The survey is qualitative in nature. Results confirmed that there are essential differences in the management paradigms of the two types of enterprises. The reports contain statements confirming responsibility in every dimension but compared to commercial enterprises, the social and environmental aspect in management reports of social enterprises is more often presented, has more manifestations, a broader and a deeper scope. The scope of the content of these reports allows for the conclusion that they have greater awareness of responsibility for society and the natural environment than commercial enterprises. On the other hand, the analysis of the content of management board reports of commercial enterprises shows that their dominant sense is economic responsibility. The picture that emerges from the analysis of social enterprise reports shows the regular use of elements of the humanistic paradigm, while the economic paradigm is more frequently applied in commercial companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients between 2018 and 2022. We analysed the medical records of 625 patients. During the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period, the duration of the cancer diagnostic process was significantly longer, the proportion of patients admitted on the basis of a DILO card issued by a primary care physician was significantly higher, and the majority of cancer patients with a planned oncological treatment lived in urban areas. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients of the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of the 4th Military Teaching Hospital in Wroclaw for whom oncological treatment was planned by a cancer case board between March 2018 and February 2022. We analysed the medical records of 625 patients. In order to verify whether the relationships between the analysed features were statistically significant, the chi-square test of independence and the Student's t-test for independent samples were used (p < 0.05). Our analysis showed that the impact of the pandemic on the organization of health service delivery to HNC patients was not uniform. The largest difference in the number of formulated treatment plans was observed at the beginning of the pandemic (22.1% reduction compared with the year before the pandemic). During the pandemic, the proportion of patients admitted on the basis of a DILO (diagnosis and oncological treatment) card issued by a primary care physician, instead of a regular referral to hospital, issued also by a primary care physician, was significantly higher compared with the that during the pre-pandemic period. The majority of cancer patients with a oncological treatment planned during the pandemic lived in urban areas. During the pandemic, the number of patients with more-advanced-stage cancer, assessed on the basis of the type of planned treatment (radical vs. palliative), did not increase compared with that during the pre-pandemic period. However, our follow-up period was quite short. It is necessary to intensify activities aimed at promoting health and increasing health awareness in people living in rural areas and setting long-term priorities and objectives for health policies at the national, regional and local levels, with particular focus on this group of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A healthy local government financial system lays the foundation for the ability of local government units (LGUs) to carry out public tasks at the current qualitative and quantitative level and to meet their obligations in the short and long term. A healthy financial system of local government is a system that is adequate, stable, unified, consistent, transparent, diversified, counter-cyclical, guarantees the financial independence of LGUs, and activates to take measures to increase revenues and efficiency of expenditures. The purpose of the article is to answer the question of what are the characteristics of a healthy financial system of local self-government, assess the system operating in Poland, and formulate recommendations for changes aimed at healing this system. Descriptive analysis, comparative analysis, inductive and deductive reasoning, and critical analysis of the national literature on the subject by economists and lawyers were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Nursing is considered one of the most stressful occupational groups. Work-related stress is a major health risk for workers worldwide. Therefore, it is critical to continually monitor nurses' stress levels based on important aspects of nurses' work identified as stressors. Methods. A total of 331 nurses participated. The cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument was carried out based on six of the seven steps proposed: forward translation of ENSS, comparison of the two translated versions, blind back translation, comparison of the two back-translated versions of ENSS, pilot testing of the prefinal version of ENSS, and full-psychometric testing of the prefinal version of the translated instrument. The reliability of the scales was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega internal consistency coefficients. Results. The results indicate that each of the distinguished subscales is unique, but at the same time, they are all related to each other as different dimensions of stress. Conclusions. The Polish version of the ENSS tool is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the level of stress experienced by nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, photovoltaics (PVs) is the main driver of the renewable energy market growth in Poland. The number of photovoltaic installations, most of which are rooftop prosumer systems, is consistently growing. Therefore, the determination of the applicability and feasibility of photovoltaic systems under different climate conditions is of great significance. This study presents the performance analysis of four prosumer photovoltaic installations situated in the Eastern part of Poland, Lublin Voivodeship. The influence of various tilt angles, ranging from 19° to 40°, and azimuths (south, east, south–east, and east–west) on the final yield have been determined under one year of operation (2022). The average yearly final yield was found to be 1022 kWh·kW−1, with the highest value obtained for the installation oriented towards the south, equal 1079 kWh·kW−1. Then, the PV systems were simulated by the use of four specialized photovoltaic software: DDS-Cad 16, PVGIS 5.2, PVSOL premium 2022, and the PVWatts Calculator 8.2.1. A comparative analysis of the measured and simulated data in terms of the final yield was carried out. The data obtained from PVGIS and PVSOL demonstrated the highest degree of overall alignment of 92% and 91%, respectively. The most significant underestimation was noticed for the DDS-Cad software, which was equal to 77%. The most accurate predictions stand out for the system oriented to the south, while the weakest was found for the E–W installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives of the research: Social and emotional competencies are crucial predictors of effective human psychosocial functioning. Although research on social and emotional competencies has been carried out for many years almost worldwide, in the current era of rapid social changes, further research is necessary. Thus, it is still essential to validate international questionnaires to measure social and emotional competencies in different geographic areas, including Poland. This would make it possible to study the dynamics of the development of these competencies and to conduct comparative studies between different countries. Therefore, the aim of the study was to validate the Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q) in Poland. Research methods: This study was conducted with the Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q). A short description of the context of the issue: The Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q) was completed by 1,052 students aged 9 to 16. The psychometric properties of the SEC-Q were tested through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Research findings: The results showed that the SEC-Q has good psychometric properties and, as in its original version, it includes four components: self-awareness, self-management and motivation, social-awareness and relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. Conclusions and recommendations: Validation of the SEC-Q will allow for more research on social and emotional competencies in Poland, including an evaluation of programs for increasing social and emotional competencies and international comparative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annales UMCS, Sectio K (Politologia) is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a dysfunction of the respiratory tract consisting of transient airflow obstruction. This study is a retrospective analysis of two prospective studies concerning EIB symptoms in two adolescent populations. Our study group included 400 non-athletes and 101 athletes. Due to the similarity of indoor exercise conditions, an analysis was performed on the basis of where training took place. The study aims to assess the EIB prevalence in the following groups of adolescent children: non-athletes and athletes. In "indoor" athletes, the EIB prevalence was 22.4%. Among non-athletes, EIB was diagnosed in 10.2% (p = 0.007). A history of asthma was found in 6.5% of non-athletes and 29.3% of indoor athletes (p < 0.001). The incidence of EIB without asthma was higher in indoor athletes (14.6%) than in non-athletes (9.9%). Athletes achieved higher mean values in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximum expiratory flow rate at 25% (MEF25) parameters. In the group of non-athletes, higher results were observed in forced expiratory volume in one second % of vital capacity (FEV1%VC), MEF50, and MEF75. The findings of the study present the complexity of the EIB diagnosis among children training in an indoor environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individual differences in personality and resilience are related to a variety of social behaviors. The current study sought to answer the question of whether BMW drivers exhibit different personality profiles and resilience levels compared with drivers of other car brands. Participants and procedure: An international study was carried out in India, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain on a sample of 448 athletes using the 20-item Mini-IPIP and the Resilience Scale. The results of BMW drivers (n = 91) were compared with the results of drivers of other German car brands (n = 357). Results: BMW drivers were characterized by higher neuroticism compared with drivers of other German car brands. They also showed higher resiliency, both in terms of total score and scores on the subscales of: personal coping competences and tolerance of negative emotions, tolerance of failures and perceiving life as a challenge, and optimistic attitude towards life and capacity for self-mobilization in difficult situations. The greatest difference was observed for the factor of tolerance of failures and perceiving life as a challenge. Using the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner (DSCF) pairwise comparison test, gender differences between athletes (as BMW drivers and drivers of other German car brands, respectively) were discussed. Additionally, the results of the main logistic regression analyses emphasized that neuroticism represents a better predictor of BMW preference in the case of athletes (as drivers) than the scores obtained for resilience. Conclusions: BMW drivers differed from drivers of other German car brands only with regard to neuroticism. A higher level of neuroticism can affect mental health and the overall quality of life in athletes; aggression and distress management are essential. Athletes (as BMW drivers) also showed differences in resiliency levels. Understanding the mechanisms of behavior among BMW drivers is possible through considering their personality and individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Alcohol consumption contributes to the development of numerous diseases and is a big organizational burden on emergency departments (EDs). (2) We examined data on alcohol-related ED admissions in Poznan, Poland between 1 April 2019 and 31 March 2022. A total of 2290 patients' records were collected and analysed. The main goal was to determine the impact that these visits had on the functioning of the ED and the hospital. (3) The alcohol-related admission rate was significantly higher in males (78.95% vs. 21.05%), and the median blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level was 2.60 (1.78–3.38) ‰. Most of the visits took place at weekends and in the evening. Patients with higher BAC tended to stay longer in the ED, but had a lower chance of being admitted. A majority of patients required radiology and laboratory testing, 20.44% needed psychiatric examination, and 19.69% suffered trauma, mainly to the head. (4) Injuries and mental problems were the most common medical emergencies. This study presents trends in alcohol-related ED attendances, examines reasons for visits, and makes an attempt to assess overall burden on EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electronic media has increased dramatically in the past decade due to the general increase in digitization of global societies. This trend has been recently enhanced by the COVID-19 occurrence and following forced implementation of various forms of eLearning into university curricula, including all forms of second language (L2) acquisition. The present study focuses on the evaluation of perceived advantages and disadvantages of online L2 acquisition via electronic media by university students of the Czech Republic (n = 114) and Poland (n = 121). The research methodology was an online questionnaire asking the users of digital media for L2 acquisition about their perceived advantages and disadvantages regarding the use of print and digital media and their potential impact on their L2 acquisition. To understand their evaluation is crucial as it could lead to increased motivation or demotivation to learn a foreign language. The results clearly show that the students realize the drawbacks of digital media and this could lead to their dissatisfaction and frustration when they have to use these media excessively. The implications of the findings could be helpful and necessary for various course designers, curricula makers, and course tutors as they are responsible for the smooth implementation of various digital tools into the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medical Library Forum is the property of Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. One of the most important recommendations for senior citizens is to do moderate physical activity regularly. Physical exercises improve body coordination and prevent injuries. According to Statistics Poland, more than 75% of Polish senior citizens are physically inactive. Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess whether the organisation of general fitness classes by a GP and physiotherapists can improve the physical condition of senior citizens and whether reminder calls can reduce senior patients’ absence from these classes. Material and methods. The size of the study group was established on the basis of a study conducted by Statistics Poland, according to which more than 80% of Polish people above 60 years of age declare no physical activity. It was assumed that during an appointment, a GP can motivate a senior patient to participate in general fitness classes. In addition to the above intervention, participants to the study group received reminder calls once a week. 40 groups of 6 individuals each were created. 50 female senior patients were selected in order to assess patients’ physical condition right before and after and 15 weeks after the fitness programme using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Results. 224 persons divided into 39 groups participated in the study. 19 groups made up a control group (108 persons), and 20 constituted a study group (116 persons). A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed for attendance in the general fitness classes in the group addressed with reminder calls. A statistically significant improvement of Senior Fitness Test results was observed for 4 out of 6 tests performed among 50 women before and after the fitness programme. Conclusions. Organisation of general fitness classes for senior patients by a GP can improve the physical condition in this group of patients. Reminder calls can reduce patients’ absence from general fitness classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Europe. Lifestyle plays an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, apart from pharmacotherapy and diagnostics. Numerous studies confirm that the type and quality of fat consumed in the diet have a huge impact on the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease can be helped by minimizing the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the diet and replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. These acids and, above all, their long-chain forms have a positive effect on health. Aim: This study aims to assess the awareness of the properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the opinions of patients of the Cardiology Department of the Racibórz Medical Center. Material and Methods: The analysis included 302 patients (113 women and 189 men) hospitalized in the Cardiology Department. The research method was the authors' questionnaire consisting of the patients' record and thirty closed questions. To answer the research questions posed and test the hypotheses, statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 package. Results: Among the respondents, the least frequently used healthy eating habit was the infrequent eating of fried foods. A total of 18.2% of respondents had such a habit. The most commonly used healthy eating habit was checking the fat content in products, which was performed by 67.2% of respondents. Among the respondents, 58.3% said that butter and margarine increase serum cholesterol. Conclusions: The analysis of the data shows that the place of residence, education, sex, and reason for hospitalization of the respondents did not affect the frequency of healthy eating habits. In addition, the subjects had a low amount of healthy eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the role and importance of creating new green areas in the areas of urban agglomerations. Particular attention was paid to the processes of creating new green areas in post-industrial areas and urban wastelands and their restoration for cities. The issue of the formation of pocket parks is raised and the results of the detailed research carried out by the authors in 2020 are briefly discussed. The article presents a comparative analysis of several selected examples of pocket parks, describes the role they play in cities. The purpose of the research was to determine what elements of pocket parks play an important role for the microclimate of cities and their communities. An example of the creation of a new pocket park in the city center of Gliwice, Poland is presented. The conclusions of the research and the evaluation of the experiment carried out by the authors can be useful for the creation of urban policies, planning of green areas in cities and the creation of utility-functional programs for new green areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the role of the gut-brain hormonal axis and the effect of the enteric peptides, as well as the role of genetically determined sensitivity to the bitter taste, on the development of child food neophobia (CFN). Methods: 114 children were enrolled in the study: 43 in food neophobia group (FNG), 21 In the control group (CG) and 50 in prospective group (PG). All patients were assessed with the child food neophobia scale (CFNS), underwent an oral 6-propylthiouracil (6-PROP) test, buccal swab for bitter-taste genotyping, anthropometric measurements, and were tested for serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and complete blood count (CBC); measurements were taken from a blood sample after 4 h fasting. Results: Subjects from FNG were more often hypersensitive to bitter taste (6-PROP) than CG (p = 0.001). There was no correlation between the result of genetic analysis and CFNS (p = 0.197), nor the body mass index (BMI) at the age of 18–36 months (p = 0.946) found. Correlation between 6-PRO perception and genotype have not been confirmed (p = 0.064). The score of CFNS was positively related to the serum level of NPY (p = 0.03). BMI percentile was negatively related to serum level of NPY (p = 0.03), but positively related to leptin serum level (p = 0.027). Conclusions: Bitter taste sensitivity to 6-PROP plays an important role in the development of the CFN, but correlation between 6-PROP perception and genotype have not been confirmed. Children with food neophobia due to elevated serum NPY level should be constantly monitored in order to control the nutritional status at a later age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Isotretinoin (ISO) is a systemic retinoid known for its teratogenic effects on embryos and fetuses. The aim of this study was to compare the pregnancy outcomes of women who were exposed to isotretinoin with those of women without such exposure from a teratogenic point of view. (2) Methods: A total of 1459 female patients from three clinical hospitals in Poland and Romania, segregated into two groups depending on their ISO exposure, were evaluated between January and December 2019. Medical records were screened to identify the pregnancy outcomes and congenital malformation rates. (3) Results: The congenital malformation rate for the exposed group was 1.2% (four cases), and no specific signs of Accutane embryopathy were identified. Women from the unexposed group were more likely to deliver preterm and through cesarean deliveries and had a higher rate of newborn congenital malformations as compared to women from the exposed group. (4) Conclusions: Even though we could not find a significant association between ISO exposure and teratogenic effects in newborns, effective contraceptive measures are key to preventing unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: The role of banks in the economy has attracted scientific interest for many centuries now. Generally speaking, the relationship between financial development and economic growth has been widely discussed. Many studies investigated the links between the development of the financial sector and a given country’s social and economic growth using econometric methods such as cross-section, time series, panel data, company-level, industry-level and country level. The banking sector is an integral part of the economy and plays a key role in its development. Purpose of the article: The ownership status of financial institutions is not neutral for themselves or for their clients. The research problem deals with analysing the impact of ownership changes in the banking and insurance sector on the economic and social development of selected countries, especially in Poland, measured with basic macroeconomic indicators. The article attempts to verify the hypothesis that the ownership structure in banking and insurance institutions has, contemporarily, no significant impact on the socio-economic development indicators, provided that these institutions are guided by business- rather than policy-based criteria in their decision-making process. Research methods: Both qualitative and quantitative research was used to empirically verify the hypotheses in question. Qualitative research is based on descriptive analysis while quantitative research will include statistical information systemization method, based on statistical source data analysis, and static dependence methodology, including fixed effects and random effects panel models. Main findings: Literature studies and research show that moderation and pragmatism are needed in the financial sectors of EU countries, including Poland. We need both public (including state-owned) financial institutions (banks and insurers) and those controlled by private capital. It seems that today it would be difficult to accept that the entire financial sector of a given country would be taken over by public institutions – state-owned companies, and the omnipotence of private institutions would also be problematic. The main issue is proportions: instead of the exclusivity of one or the other form of ownership, one has to seek an intelligent balance between them (“this and that” instead of “either-or”). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Upper limb fractures are a common issue in paediatric patients. Among the available methods, the most prevailing treatment is still closed reduction. The purpose of this study is to determine the best possible course of action in paediatric patients who sustained a forearm fracture. Objectives. The aim is to evaluate the treatment results of patients with forearm fractures treated in one paediatric surgery centre in Poland. Material and methods. 137 cases of forearm fractures were divided into groups according to the undertaken procedure and then compared using tools of statistical analysis. Several factors were analysed, with particular emphasis on the control of complications, exposure to ionising radiation, the nuisance of therapy and compliance with therapeutic recommendations. Results. The comparison resulted in a statistically significant difference in reduction of X-ray pictures and a failure rate in favour of surgical treatment. Treatment time was significantly longer for surgical procedures than for conservative treatment. A higher failure rate was reported in the group of patients treated without stabilisation – 21.3%. For surgical procedures, the failure rate was up to 3.8%. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the number of interrupted observations between the surgical procedures and conservative treatment. Conclusions. The shorter treatment time demonstrated for conservative methods and the associated lower financial expenditure, in the context of treatment of the general public, should be used whenever clinically possible. In more complex cases, it is worth taking into account the advantages of surgical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information security of Ukraine and Poland with the beginning of the Russian Federation's armed aggression against Ukraine is sensitive to various forms of information threats. Information attacks by the aggressor country accompany the challenges of the full-scale war that exploded within Eastern Europe. Active military actions on the territory of Ukraine, the migrant crisis on the border with Poland --all this tests both countries' information environment for resilience. Journalists play an essential role in the process of information defense. In the study, we compare legal acts and governmental regulations of Ukraine and Poland in the field of information security in order to identify the current state of information security environment in both countries. In our work, we analyze the concept of "information security" in scientific studies of Ukrainian and Polish researchers, as well as in normative legal acts. Journalists and editors of leading Ukrainian and Polish media outlets were questioned about their attitudes toward existing information security doctrines and strategies. It was found that journalists of both countries (n = 46, α(ua)=0.75; α(pl)=0.78) find the tools of protection against information threats insufficient, consider the participation of journalists in the formation of information policy significant, and also consider as risky the possibility to adopt documents that would describe the social responsibility of journalists in conditions of information aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the literature which demonstrates the high importance of investment in creating a competitive advantage for the economy and economic growth, an analysis was made of the structure of some elements of gross fixed capital formation in the Polish economy and few selected European countries. This made it possible to identify the situation of the Polish economy over the years in terms of the structure of investment, and to attempt in answering to the question of whether the rate of accumulation of fixed capital in Poland is sufficient to close, or reduce the distance of development in relation to highly developed countries. In Poland, the leader among the sectors which absorb the largest percentage of investments remains expenditures with construction assets, and the smallest expenditure with intellectual property products. Poland is one of the countries with high GDP growth over the years. However, along with GDP growth, a decreasing trend can be seen in the sphere of investment expenditures, which does not allow for the reduction of the development gap. The methods used include an analysis of the literature, data contained in statistical databases (GUS and Eurostat) and specialized reports (PARP). The period of analysis covers the years 2004-2020 due to the fact that Poland's accession to the European Union took place in 2004, which allows for accurate international comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the 2012 WHO guidelines for the treatment of chronic pain in children, the recommendation for the use of the weak opioids tramadol and codeine was removed, and in 2017 the indication for the use of these drugs for the treatment of postoperative pain in the paediatric population was also withdrawn. For the treatment of pain associated with cancer treatment, the recommendations of non-opioid analgesics and, in cases of insufficient analgesia, the use of strong opioids remained. Nalbuphine, a weak opioid commonly used in the treatment of perioperative pain in children, can also be used effectively in the treatment of cancer-related pain. Our study is the first to evaluate the quality of analgesia, side effects, and withdrawal syndrome in children receiving nalbuphine for the treatment of cancer pain. The results indicate that nalbuphine is an effective and safe analgesic that is less likely than morphine to cause adverse side effects when used to treat cancer-related pain in children. Contemporary pain management regimens in children do not include the use of the middle step of the analgesic ladder, i.e., weak opioids. The aim of this study was to analyse the comparison of side effects and the therapeutic efficacy of morphine and nalbuphine in pain management in children with cancer. We conducted an observational, prospective study and analysed medical records of patients treated at the Clinic of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology of the University Hospital in Wroclaw (Poland), who developed mucositis during treatment. The efficacy and safety of both drugs were analysed, and the efficacy of pain relief and the incidence of adverse effects characteristic of opioid drugs were compared. The cases of 96 of children treated with opioid drugs nalbuphine or morphine were analysed. Nalbuphine therapy was accompanied by a statistically significantly lower incidence of side effects such as skin pruritus, constipation, and micturition disorders compared to morphine (p < 0.05). After the discontinuation of nalbuphine, signs of withdrawal syndrome were much less frequent than after morphine (p < 0.05). In Conclusion, nalbuphine used as a pain killer in children with oncological disorder is a safe drug. It provides stable analgesia in most children. Compared to morphine, the side effects typical of opioid use are less common, and the incidence decreases over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Postscriptum Polonistyczne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)