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The article presents the effects of a waste paper product on soil phosphorus, carbon, and bulk density. Soil test values for phosphorus have increased due to the applications of manures to agricultural fields in the United States. Because of the application, there is a probability that phosphorus will be in the surface water. The effect will be the degradation of water quality. The danger of phosphorus transport to surface water may be lowered through the application of waste paper on soils with high soil test phosphorus. In Booneville, Arizona, a test was conducted to show the effects of adding waste paper product on soil phosphorus, carbon, and bulk density.

The Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Group (MS-DRG) weight, as derived from the MS-DRG assigned at discharge, is in part determined by the physician-documented diagnoses. However, the terminology associated with MS-DRG determination is often not aligned with typical physician language, leading to inaccurate coding and decreased hospital reimbursements. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of a diagnosis picklist within a paper-based history and physical examination (H&P) on the average MS-DRG weight and the Case-mix index (CMI). Our trauma center implemented a paper H&P form for trauma patients featuring picklist diagnoses aligned with the MS-DRG terminology and arranged by the physiologic system. To evaluate its impact, we conducted a cohort study using data from our trauma registry between July 2015 and November 2017. Our cohort included 442 (26.0%) paper and 1,261 (74.0%) dictated H&Ps. Average CMI (2.56 vs 2.15) and expected patients ($25,057 vs $19,825) were higher for the paper group ( P < 0.001, P = 0.002). Adjusted regression models demonstrated paper coding to be associated with 0.265 CMI points, translating to an average increase in expected payment of 6.5 per cent per patient. Utilization of a standardized, paper-based H&P template with picklist diagnoses was associated with a higher trauma service CMI and higher expected payments. Preprinted diagnoses that align with the MS-DRG terminology lead to clinical documentation improvement.

The article reflects on the Arizona Senate Bill 1070 signed into law by Governor Jan Brewer on April 23, 2010 that made it a misdemeanor crime to be in the state without proper documentation, required law enforcement officers to inquire about a person's status, and enforcement of immigration law.

Introduces a series of articles on several issues concerning isotopic practitioners and ecologists, highlighted at the 3rd International Conference on Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies in Flagstaff, Arizona.

Focuses on the technical program presented at the 2001 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Microwave Theory and Techniques Society International Microwave Symposium in Phoenix, Arizona. Coverage of the technical program; Record on the number of paper submission; Citations on the topics in the symposium.

The article explains the inspiration behind the Outstanding River Problem for the 2012 Mathematical Contest in Modeling. According to the author, the problem was inspired by a research project for the Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. She reveals that her team developed a mathematical model to simulate white water rafting traffic along the Colorado River. She adds that their model was used as a tool by National Park Service river managers for exploring scheduling rafting traffic options.

Discusses the outcome of the 30th International Symposium on Computer Applications in the Mineral Industries scheduled for February 2002 at Phoenix, Arizona, organized by the Society of Mining Engineers. Conference theme; Participants; Guests and presentations.

This article presents information about papers presented at the Florida and Arizona conferences on policy studies in March 1980. Some of the papers are "The Role of the Professional in the Politics of Aging," was presented by Neal Cutler and "Practical Theorizing," has been presented by Fred Frohock. The paper "Demographic Changes and Changing Demography," is presented by Kenneth Godwin.

Presents an update on issues and events related to mineralogy as of September/October 2004. Information on the 26th annual mineralogical symposium held in conjunction with the Tucson Gem and Mineral Show in Arizona on February 12, 2005; Reason the Earth Science Week was established; Web site address of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy; List of donors that funded the color photography in the September/October issue of the "Rocks & Minerals" magazine.

Reports that Phoenix, Arizona-based Honeywell Process Solutions has announced the launch of Honeywell Results ROI Service, a diagnostic and analysis system for paper manufacturers. Increase in production.

At a Western States Jewish Studies Association Conference in Tempe, Arizona a small group of Jewish and Christian scholars came together to discuss the implications of the release of the Vatican's "Statement, Dominus Iesus" in the year 2000. The first paper, written by Samuel Edelman, Director of Modern Jewish and Israel Studies at the California State University, Chico, was meant to offer the context of Christian/Catholic discussion over the last 60 plus years. This paper, "Supersessionism Rears Its Ugly Head," categorizes the Jewish-Catholic dialogue as one centered around ambiguity and ambivalence, pitting right-wing Catholic against left-wing Catholic in a behind-the-scene conflict in spite of the current Pope's public and positive embrace of Jews and Judaism in ways few in the Catholic Church have done since Pope John XXIII.

Our paper explores a comprehensive sample of small and large corporate bankruptcies in Arizona and New York from 1995 to 2001. Bankruptcy costs are very heterogeneous and sensitive to the measurement method used. We find that Chapter 7 liquidations appear to be no faster or cheaper (in terms of direct expense) than Chapter 11 reorganizations. However, Chapter 11 seems to preserve assets better, thereby allowing creditors to recover relatively more. Our paper also provides a large number of further empirical regularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. Comments on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging in Scottsdale, Arizona. Benefits of the meeting; Discussion of various topics on packaging; List of review authors.

This paper provides an overview of the societal impact of a rising dementia population and examines the legal and ethical implications posed by voluntary registries as a community-oriented solution to improve interactions between law enforcement and individuals with dementia. It provides a survey of active voluntary registries across the United States, with a focus on Arizona, which has the highest projected growth for individuals living with dementia in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports that the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union in Nashville, Tennessee has won the right to represent workers in production, logistics and maintenance at the SCA Tissue converting plant in Bellemont, Arizona. Results of elections supervised by the National Labor Relations Board.

Reports the call for papers for the 15th annual American Society for Quality/Quality Management Division Conference in Phoenix, Arizona.

This paper examines the contribution of out-of-town second-house buyers to mispricing in the housing market. We show that demand from out-of-town second-house buyers during the mid 2000s predicted not only house-price appreciation rates but also impliedto- actual-rent-ratio appreciation rates, a proxy for mispricing. We then apply a novel identification strategy to address the issue of reverse causality. We give supporting evidence that out-of-town second-house buyers behaved like misinformed speculators, earning lower capital gains (misinformed) and consuming smaller dividends (speculators). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite extensive anecdotal evidence on US long-haul truckers' risk interactions on the road, links between their sexual mixing and drug exchanges and their potential risk for STI/BBI acquisition and dissemination remain insufficiently documented. Grounded in social ecological theories and multi method ethnographic data, this paper examines the sexual transactions and drug exchanges of key members of US trucker risk networks within diverse trucking milieux. Research has uncovered four key trucker-centered populations and their diverse risk exchanges: (a) straight male truckers who engage in casual sex with women; (b) female sexworkers (known as 'lot lizards') who solicit truckers; (c) intermediaries who broker sex and drug exchanges between truckers, drug dealers and sexworkers; and (d) male truckchasers who cruise for truckers in physical and virtual milieux to engage in sex. Concurrent sexual partnerships of truckers have the potential to amplify initial infections by linking individuals of disparate epidemiological settings, thereby enabling pathogens to travel rapidly and efficiently to disparate regions. The comprehensive delineation of the role of long-haul trucking in potential disease spread is required for the development of effective STI/HIV prevention programs for populations of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper recounts the writers’ experience in conducting an 890 kN (100 t) rock bolt pullout test, which was done to confirm the data for the design of the foundation to support a 54.860 m (180 ft) tall steel lattice self-supported communications tower to be located on South Mountain, Phoenix, Ariz. This was the writers’ first experience with a pullout test; a test of 890 kN (100 t) seemed too great a task, even when the design calculations indicated a factor of safety of 2.6. The tower foundation is to be designed with three independent reinforced concrete blocks, each of which must be tied down to the underlying rock by four rock bolts designed to withstand an uplift of 320 kN (36 t). During construction, the bolts will be proof tested to 445 kN (50 t) and then tied off at 355 kN (40 t), 110% of the design load. A 10.67 m (35 ft) rock bolt was placed in a hole with a depth of 9.45 m (31 ft) and a 75 mm (3 in.) diameter and grouted in place. The test was stopped at 890 kN (100 t) to prevent any possibility of a catastrophic failure. The conduct of the test is described, the calculations are explained, and the test equipment is shown. The paper discusses the procedures followed in conducting the test and the difficulty the writers encountered in placing complete faith in the engineering calculations, which were not supported by any prior pullout test experience. The writers recommend that any structural engineer who has a choice begin with a test smaller than 890 kN (100 t) for a first experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic resources are more prolific than ever. As an increasing number of publishers move to electronic format, the number of licenses grows proportionately. In universities, these licenses may be negotiated by someone with little or no library experience, or by someone who may focus on other aspects of the licenses. This paper promotes and heightens the negotiator' s awareness of interlibrary loan (ILL) considerations, and advocates direct intervention by ILL staff in the licensing process. Northern Arizona University Library's experience and negotiation methods with respect to interlibrary loan language and procedures are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the study `Possible infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's Disease) in a historic Pima Indian skeletal sample from Arizona,' by M.H. Regan. Analyses of skeletal remains excavated from a cemetery in Arizona; Incidence of infantile cortical hyperostosis.

Presents an abstract of the study `Reproductive life history and osteoporosis: A case study,' by D.B.S. Maxwell. Analyses of women's reproductive life history traits that are involved in the occurrences of osteoporotic fractures in Arizona.

Fuel reduction treatments are designed to meet multiple management objectives, resulting in unique vegetation structures that do not conform to standard classifications and vary considerably over space and time. We evaluated how different post-treatment vegetation structures relate to patterns in wildfire severity. To reconstruct both untreated and treated pre-fire forest structure, we used post-fire stand data measured at three different fuel treatment units burned by the 2011 Wallow Fire (Arizona). We describe (1) how forest structure differs among the treatment units, both in the untreated forest and within the treated area; and (2) how those differences in forest structure explain variability in burn severity. We show that the retention of smaller trees (ladder fuels) for wildlife cover relates significantly to higher severity within one treatment unit. Further variability in within-treatment severity is explained by the severity of the wildfire in the untreated forest as the fire approached the treated area. The untreated forest structure and species composition constrain post-treatment structure and composition, which was related to within-treatment structure and post-fire composition and structure. The study design presented in this paper suggests that evaluations of fuel treatment effectiveness can move beyond simple classifications of treatment type and fire behaviour. During the largest wildfire in the history of the south-western USA, thinning treatments on federal forest lands adjacent to private land in the Alpine and Nutrioso, Arizona, USA, communities significantly changed forest structure and fire severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kiva is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Geographic Information Science (GIScience) technology has been used to document, investigate, and predict patterns that may be of utility in both forensic academic research and applied practice. In examining spatial and temporal trends of the mass disaster that is occurring along the U.S.-Mexico border, other researchers have highlighted predictive patterns for search and recovery efforts as well as water station placement. The purpose of this paper is to use previously collected spatial data of migrant deaths from Arizona to address issues of data uncertainty and data accuracy that affect our understanding of this phenomenon, including local and federal policies that impact the U.S.-Mexico border. The main objective of our study was to explore how the locations of migrant deaths have varied over time. Our results confirm patterns such as a lack of relationship between Border Patrol apprehensions and migrant deaths, as well as highlight new patterns such as the increased positional accuracy of migrant deaths recorded closer to the border. This paper highlights the importance of using positionally accurate data to detect spatio-temporal trends in forensic investigations of mass disasters: without qualitative and quantitative information concerning the accuracy of the data collected, the reliability of the results obtained remains questionable. We conclude by providing a set of guidelines for standardizing the collection and documentation of migrant remains at the U.S.-Mexico border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Police violence is increasingly recognized as an urgent public health problem. Basic questions about police violence, however, remain unanswered, including which types of law enforcement agency are responsible for fatal police violence deaths. Methods: We estimated the proportion of police violence deaths in the U.S. (2013–2022) that were attributable to local, county, state, federal, or tribal police agencies, using mapping police violence data. We examined proportions overall, by decedent race/ethnicity, and by state. Results: Nationally, 60% of decedents were killed by municipal, 29% by county, 8% by state, and 3% by federal, police, with < 1% killed by tribal or other officers. These proportions varied by race/ethnicity, with 56% of Native American decedents killed by municipal police compared to 70–75% among other racially minoritized people. While municipal police were responsible for most deaths in most states, in the Southeast, county police predominated. In some Northeastern states (and Alaska), state police were responsible for > 40% of deaths. Conclusions: We identify wide geographic & racial/ethnic variation in the agencies responsible for fatal police violence. Findings suggest that the budgetary and infrastructural shifts required to prevent fatal police violence need to occur at multiple levels of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the proposition that Muslim American identity, whether as individual or group identity, is “forged” and “forced” by the American experience that brings together immigrant and American-born Muslims from diverse cultural backgrounds and disparate understandings of Islam. It is here that the histories of the “Muslim world” and the “West”, nationalism, inter-generational struggles, and the politics of race/ethnicity, gender, and class come into contact. American Muslim becomes part of a discursive contact zone where America and Islam are debated and defined. This paper analyzes how self-image and (re)presentations in this contact zone are contested and constructed by a group of Muslims in Phoenix, Arizona. Specifically, it addresses the following questions: What does “American Muslim”/“Muslim American” mean? What do such labels conceal or reveal about the convergence of history, politics, national identity, and Muslims' multi-factorial diversity? How does life as a Muslim in Arizona differ from what it was on September 10th, 2001? Data gathered from this ethnographic project reveal three emerging themes. (1) Muslims in Phoenix perceive that the Islam practiced in America is “more authentic” than that practiced in Muslim-majority countries. (2) They fear that their religious faith is under attack and their loyalty to America is under suspicion. (3) The meaning of the American Muslim /Muslim American label has not yet crystallized. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze an important new US Supreme Court decision on automobile searches, Arizona v. Gant, and to discuss its implications for police policy and practice. Design/methodology/approach - Using legal analysis and comparative methods, the paper illustrates how Gant changed settled case law on searches of automobiles incident to arrest, while at the same time leaving important questions unanswered in its wake. Findings - In Arizona v. Gant (2009), the US Supreme Court held that police may search a motor vehicle incident to arrest, only if the arrestee is unsecured and within reaching distance of the vehicle when the search takes place, or when it is reasonable to believe that officers may find evidence in the vehicle related to the offense for which the arrest was made. This new rule places limitations on police who previously had broad authority to search the passenger compartment of a vehicle whenever the driver or a recent occupant was arrested. Practical implications - In the wake of Gant, police must adapt their search policies and practices to reflect the new Gant restrictions. Officers should resist the temptation to leave arrestees unsecured while searching a vehicle. At the same time, the seizure of vehicles and subsequent use of inventory searches following an arrest likely will increase. Originality/value - Police scholars and policy makers will find the analysis of Gant useful in illuminating the legal issues left unresolved by the decision, and the decision's implications for policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a framework to measure unfairness in certain outcomes, like education attendance or basic health services consumption. The determinants of an individual outcome are divided into socially acceptable and unacceptable sources of differences in that outcome. To detect an unfair situation, comparisons are restricted to those individuals who share the same value of the vector of acceptable factors. The relevant argument to compare is the expectation of the outcome conditional on the vector of unacceptable variables. Unfairness is related to inequality in the distribution of those conditional expectations across individuals. An illustration of the framework is presented for the case of high school attendance in the Greater Buenos Aires area and other Argentine cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 1999, the writers began a study for the Arizona Department of Transportation to develop Arizona-specific Reference Energy Mean Emission Levels. This study was conducted to determine if the noise emission characteristics of Arizona highway vehicles are statistically different from those contained in the national database used in the Federal Highway Administration's traffic noise model (TNM). The findings of the study confirmed statistical differences. The component of the study reported in this paper relates to the effects of those differences on equivalent noise levels predicted by the current model program, STAMINA 2.0/OPTIMA, and by TNM. Results show an average decrease in overprediction by STAMINA 2.0/OPTIMA from 3.2 to 1.1 dBA. For TNM, the average decrease in overprediction was from 4.3 to 3.0 dBA. These improvements in noise prediction accuracy have major implications for environmental planning, especially in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the history and contributions of Chinese Americans in Tucson, Arizona. The Chinese in Tucson have a history of more than 130 years, during which time they made remarkable contributions to the economic prosperity of the Tucson area and attained memorable achievements in the development of the local community, although they lived and worked under difficult and unfavorable conditions before the end of World War II. The Chinese were among the earliest settlers in Tucson. When they came there 130 years ago, the city was still a small scanty rural town in the Southwest. Today, with the efforts of Chinese immigrants and all other ethnic groups, Tucson has become a populous international metropolis. Chinese immigrants have greatly contributed in every aspect of community life to build Tucson to what it is today. The first part of this paper is devoted to the history, historical background, and discrimination early Chinese immigrants experienced. The second part focuses on contributions they made in the areas of the local economy, politics, and community life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. Through a case study of Phoenix, Arizona, this paper examines how urban sprawl is linked to opportunities for capital gains. It focuses on "leapfrogging," in which developers skip over properties to obtain land at a lower price further out despite the existence of utilities and other infrastructure that could serve the bypassed parcels. The paper examines patterns of growth since 1950 and planners' efforts to structure that growth. It discusses two programs that addressed consequences of leapfrogging: development impact fees to help pay for infrastructure costs of new development and an Infill Housing Program to encourage residential development on vacant land. It concludes with a brief discussion of the future of growth management in Phoenix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parking garage at Phoenix's Sky Harbor terminal number four is being expanded by extending the structure over the roadways on each side of the main terminal building. To support the structure over the roadways there are 28, 220-ton concrete “Y” columns. The hoisting of the “Y” columns at the Sky Harbor terminal garage expansion is an inspiring construction undertaking that demonstrates what can be achieved when ingenuity and good planning are implemented to solve a difficult problem. This paper describes the placement of these structural “Y” columns used to support the expanded garage structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about the book "Land Value Taxation: Can It and Will It Work Today?," edited by Dick Netzer. Eight papers, presented at a conference held in Tempe, Arizona, in January 1998 and sponsored by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy assess the opportunities and obstacles inherent in the implementation of land value taxation. Papers discuss the ethics of land value taxation; the economic consequences of a land tax; the distributional consequences of a national land value tax on real property in the United States; the relevance and feasibility of land value taxation in rich countries; land taxes versus property taxes in developing and transition countries; the efficiency and distributional implications of replacing capital taxes with land taxes; whether the land value tax can play an important role in the financing of state and local governments in the United States; and applications of land value taxation to problems of environmental protection, congestion, efficient resource use, population, and economic growth.

Ponderosa pine forests in the southwestern United States of America are overly dense, increasing the risk of high-intensity stand-replacing wildfires that result in the loss of terrestrial carbon and release of carbon dioxide, contributing to global climate change. Restoration is needed to restore forest structure and function so that a more natural regime of higher frequency, lower intensity wildfires returns. However, restoration has been hampered by the significant cost of restoration and other institutional barriers. To create additional revenue streams to pay for restoration, the National Forest Foundation supported the development of a methodology for the estimation and verification of carbon offsets generated by the restoration of ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona. The methodology was submitted to the American Carbon Registry, a prominent carbon registry, but it was ultimately rejected. This paper presents a post-mortem examination of that methodology and the reasons it was rejected in order to improve the development of similar methodologies in the future. Using a mixed-methods approach, this paper analyzes the potential atmospheric carbon benefits of the proposed carbon offset methodology and the public and peer-reviewed comments from the associated review of the methodology. Results suggest a misalignment between the priorities of carbon registries and the context-specific ecosystem service benefits of this type of restoration; although findings confirm the potential for reductions in released carbon due to restoration, these results illuminate barriers that complicate registering these reductions as voluntary carbon offsets under current guidelines and best practices, especially on public land. These barriers include substantial uncertainty about the magnitude and timing of carbon benefits. Overcoming these barriers will require active reflexivity by the institutions that register voluntary carbon offsets and the institutions that manage public lands in the United States. Such reflexivity, or reconsideration of the concepts and purposes of carbon offsets and/or forest restoration, will allow future approaches to better align objectives for successfully registering restoration-based voluntary carbon offsets. Therefore, the results of this analysis can inform the development of future methodologies, policies, and projects with similar goals in the same or different landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased border enforcement efforts have redistributed unauthorized Mexican migration to the United States (US) away from traditional points of crossing, such as San Diego and El Paso, and into more remote areas along the US–Mexico border, including southern Arizona. Yet relatively little quantitative scholarly work exists examining Mexican migrants’ crossing, apprehension, and repatriation experiences in southern Arizona. We contend that if scholars truly want to understand the experiences of unauthorized migrants in transit, such migrants should be interviewed either at the border after being removed from the US, or during their trajectories across the border, or both. This paper provides a methodological overview of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS), a unique data source on Mexican migrants who attempted an unauthorized crossing along the Sonora–Arizona border, were apprehended, and repatriated to Nogales, Sonora in 2007–09. We also discuss substantive and theoretical contributions of the MBCS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Analysis of the data generated from various residential time-of-day electricity pricing projects often involves estimation of a system of demand equations. Both ad hoc demand models and neoclassical demand models have been estimated, often resulting in considerably different estimates of price elasticities. In this paper, elasticity estimates are presented from each type of demand model using data from the Arizona and North Carolina rate demonstration projects. The relationship between the elasticities generated from ad hoc models and separable neoclassical models is explored and the divergent price elasticity estimates are reconciled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing movement toward public access to the federal government via the Internet has created increased interest in establishing network communications and information services, especially among national officeholders. However, little empirical study of the use and users of such services exists to guide their efforts This paper reports results of a two-part study of the use and users of US Representative Sam Coppersmith's (D - Arizona 1) Gopher and distribution list services during the first quarter of 1994. The first part analyzes Gopher usage data gathered during the study period. The second part detials with a user survey distributed to fifty-seven Gopher server guest registrants and eighty listserv subscribers just after the end of the study period. The research shows that (1) use of the Gopher subdirectory dwarfs that of the listserv, (2) services like Coppersmith's should provide basic information, as well as unique and timely information and issue position statements, (3) assessment of such services is methodologically challenging, and (4) Coppersmith's services are effective information media that promote observability of distant officeholders, a function that helps promote increased participation in government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southwestern United States is highly sensitive to drought, prompting efforts to understand and predict its hydroclimate. Oftentimes, the emphasis is on wintertime precipitation variability, yet the southwestern United States exhibits a summertime monsoon where a significant portion of annual precipitation falls through daily convection activities manifested by a midtropospheric ridge of high pressure. Here, we examine synoptic patterns of the southwestern ridge through a k-means clustering analysis and assess how these synoptic patterns translate into streamflow changes in the upper Colorado River basin. A linear perspective suggests ∼17% of upper Colorado River discharge at the Lee's Ferry, Arizona, gauge comes from summertime monsoon rains. The ridge of high pressure exhibits diversity in its intensity, structure, and position, inducing changes in moisture advection and precipitation. A ridge shifted north or east of its climatological center increases moisture and precipitation over the southwestern United States, while a ridge toward the south or northwest inhibits precipitation. A ridge east of its climatological center contributes to increased streamflow, whereas a ridge west or northwest of its climatological center decreases streamflow. Cooling in the central tropical Pacific and the Pacific meridional mode region favors an eastward shift of the ridge of high pressure corresponding to wet days. Eastern tropical Pacific warming favors a southward shift of the ridge corresponding to dry days. These results support an intermediate scale between climate forcing and summertime Colorado River discharge through changes in the intensity, structure, and position of the southwestern ridge of high pressure, integral to the U.S. Southwest hydroclimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents outcomes from a Workshop entitled "Bioarchaeology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward," which was held at Arizona State University (ASU) on March 6-8, 2020. Funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (ASU), and the Center for Bioarchaeological Research (CBR, ASU), the Workshop's overall goal was to explore reasons why research proposals submitted by bioarchaeologists, both graduate students and established scholars, fared disproportionately poorly within recent NSF Anthropology Program competitions and to offer advice for increasing success. Therefore, this Workshop comprised 43 international scholars and four advanced graduate students with a history of successful grant acquisition, primarily from the United States. Ultimately, we focused on two related aims: (1) best practices for improving research designs and training and (2) evaluating topics of contemporary significance that reverberate through history and beyond as promising trajectories for bioarchaeological research. Among the former were contextual grounding, research question/hypothesis generation, statistical procedures appropriate for small samples and mixed qualitative/quantitative data, the salience of Bayesian methods, and training program content. Topical foci included ethics, social inequality, identity (including intersectionality), climate change, migration, violence, epidemic disease, adaptability/plasticity, the osteological paradox, and the developmental origins of health and disease. Given the profound changes required globally to address decolonization in the 21st century, this concern also entered many formal and informal discussions., (© 2022 American Association of Biological Anthropologists.)

In this paper, we compare the bilingual/language education policies of Arizona and Washington to show that state-level language policy plays a critical role in shaping the appropriation of federal language policy [No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), Title III] and how different state-level language policies impact the district level of policy appropriation. Drawing on Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and doxa, we argue that different types of appropriation, in turn, impact how educators and students orient toward bilingualism. Based on ethnographic research in demographically similar school districts in Arizona and Washington, we juxtapose the voices of students and school faculty from both states to demonstrate how language polices are appropriated and instantiated in distinct ways that may not be predictable based on federal language policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Describes the organic development and state of the Librarians Online reference service for distance learners of the Maricopa County Community College in Phoenix, Arizona. Recommendations of the Reference at a Distance committee; problems on funding for the project; Software used for digital reference.

New Urbanism and traditional neighbourhood development (TND) have been championed as solutions to the problems associated with post-war suburban sprawl. However, they have yet to capture a substantial share of the US housing market. The market context for TND is not well understood as the paucity of TND makes it difficult to study directly. This paper takes a novel approach by focusing on the market for ‘traditional’ development itself, defined as subdivisions recorded prior to World War II, in the sprawling Tucson, Arizona, MSA. The results of the hedonic analysis demonstrate that home buyers value the features embodied in traditional development, as homes in subdivisions platted before 1940 command premiums over those in their modern counterparts, even after carefully controlling for locational and structural characteristics. Moreover, the analysis finds that the premiums have increased through time, which suggests growing demand for traditionally designed subdivisions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores how Arizona landscape architects have promoted the use of Sonoran native plants in Phoenix, Tucson, and surrounding desert cities and examines their strategies to create ecologically minded communities in challenging surroundings. In promoting native plants, landscape architects have not only created a vernacular landscape for Arizona's cities, but have helped find solutions to rising summer temperatures and excessive use of borrowed water. In their planning and design for native plants, they have integrated native plants into the diverse functions of cities, both societal and ecological, creating multifunctional landscapes. While these endeavors have widely entrenched native plant design as part of major urban initiatives in Arizona's desert cities, they have also revealed radical obstacles for native plant designs. Landscape architects have had to find a place for native plant systems amidst the diverse sets of needs of arid cities, from city-wide infrastructure systems to commercial interests and popular preferences, and in light of an overall energy balance within a desert region. This encounter marks yet another chapter in the history of landscape architects' work with native plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the Home v Flares Supreme Court decision of June 25, 2009, the Court wrote that one basis for finding Arizona in compliance with federal law regarding the education of its English learners was that the state had adopted a "significantly more effective" than bilingual education instructional model for EL students--Structured English Immersion (SEI). Purpose: This paper reviews the extant research on SEI, its definitions, origins, and its effectiveness, particularly in contrast to other instructional strategies. This paper asks, Does the research bear out the Court's conclusion? What is the evidence that Arizona's program of SEI is really superior to other approaches, including bilingual or dual language education? How are Arizona's EL students faring under this "significantly more effective" instructional program? Research Design: Data on the relative effectiveness of SEI are drawn from a comprehensive review of the literature. Analysis of public documents, particularly records from the Arizona English Language Learners Task Force, which was charged with selecting a research-based instructional program for English learners. Drawing from a recent ethnographic study and student achievement data, we examine the impact of structured English immersion programs on English learners in Arizona thus far, beginning with achievement outcomes. Conclusions/Recommendations: There is no research basis for the Court's statement the SEI is "significantly more effective"; at best SEI is no better or no worse than other instructional strategies, particularly bilingual instruction, when they are both well implemented. However, SEI as implemented in Arizona carries serious negative consequences for EL students stemming from the excessive amount of time dedicated to a sole focus on English instruction, the de-emphasis on grade level academic curriculum, the discrete skills approach it employs, and the segregation of EL students from mainstream peers. Moreover, the paper argues that there are, in fact, strategies that can ameliorate these problems as well as provide an additive, rather than a subtractive, educational experience for English learner and mainstream students alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]