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New electricity demand from e-mobility can incentivize investment in new clean generation and grid infrastructure, thus improving power system services. As electric vehicle charging is flexible, this demand can be shifted to follow supply from low-cost variable renewables, like wind and solar. In this working paper, we identify nine key barriers to effective e-mobility/ renewable energy integration, which revolve around upfront cost, locked-in governance and technology uptake. We present a framework of enablers for effective e-mobility and renewable energy integration. The framework divides enablers into four categories and subdivides them into ten subcategories. We identify enablers according to this framework, which will be used as a base from which to develop practical solutions in the Asia-Pacific context. Through presentation of a case study, we demonstrate how these enablers can make ‘win-win’ solutions in e-mobility and renewable energy integration a reality in making tangible contributions to Asia-Pacific countries’ decarbonization pathways while increasing access to mobility and electricity., {"references":["K. A. Collett, S. A. Hirmer, H. Dalkmann, C. Crozier, Y. Mulugetta, and M. D. Mcculloch, \"Can electric vehicles be good for Sub- Saharan Africa?,\" Energy Strateg. Rev., vol. 38, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2021.100722","J. Lukuyu, A. Muhebwa, and J. Taneja, \"Fish and Chips: Converting Fishing Boats for Electric Mobility to Serve as Minigrid Anchor Loads,\" in e-Energy 2020 - Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems, 2020, vol. 20, pp. 208–219, doi: 10.1145/3396851.3397687","K. A. Collett and S. A. Hirmer, \"Data needed to decarbonize paratransit in Sub-Saharan Africa,\" Nat. 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Strbac, \"Challenges on primary frequency control and potential solution from EVs in the future GB electricity system,\" Appl. Energy, vol. 194, pp. 353–362, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j. apenergy.2016.05.123","Nissan Motor Corporation, \"Nissan RE-LEAF: Power when it's needed, where it's needed,\" 2020. [Online]. Available: https://uk.nissannews. com/en-GB/releases/release- 93464f7850c37fb62e4 006e334145cfc-nissan-releaf- power-when-its-neededwhere- its-needed. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","K. S. Rogge and K. Reichardt, \"Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis,\" Res. Policy, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1620–1635, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004","L. Bouchene, K. Jayaram, A. Kendall, and K. Somers, \"Africa's green manufacturing crossroads: Choices for a low-carbon industrial future,\" McKinsey & Company, 2021. [Online]. 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Pujiyanto, \"Sustainable supply chain planning for swap battery system: Case study electric motorcycle applications in Indonesia,\" IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 495, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757- 899X/495/1/012081","Energy Asia, \"Gogoro Battery Swapping Revolution in Taiwan – How It Happened.\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https://energy. asia/gogoro-batteryswapping- revolution-intaiwan- how-it-happened/. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","H. Ting-ting and L. Hsin-Yin, \"Gogoro, Taipower partner up on bidirectional charging system,\" Focus Taiwan, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://focustaiwan. tw/business/202110260018. [Accessed: 11-Nov-2021]","Cenex, \"Commercial Viability of V2G: Project Sciurus White Paper,\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.cenex.co.uk/ app/uploads/2021/01/V2GCommercial- Viability-1.pdf. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","A. Jhaveri, \"Hero and Gogoro form JV for electric vehicles in India,\" TechRadar, 2021. [Online]. 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How can fossil fuel usage for powering automobiles be reduced? Climate scientists are in agreement that the transport sector must be decarbonized to help curb climate change, but society has no settled answer on how to achieve this goal. Current leading methods include biofuels and electric vehicles, in which both technical and political factors influence the debate. How can shredded paper be processed into an ethanol-based biofuel fit for use in automobile engines? A technically successful process was designed in which the shredded paper was broken down into glucose via acid hydrolysis and then fermented in a batch fermenter to ethanol. A single distillation column followed by a system of drying involving molecular sieves was utilized to separate ethanol from water to 99.5 percent purity. The process is energetically favorable with 85 percent of the heat of combustion of finished ethanol product needed to run the process equipment. However, the process is not economic without a very high government subsidy, concluding that shredded paper not be used as a feedstock for biofuel at this time. The biofuel lie: why Americans haven’t ditched the pump for the plug. Despite the clear advantages of electric vehicles over biofuels in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the American public still views biofuels as viable alternatives. Biofuels are still viewed as viable despite scientific evidence to their inferiority because special interest groups, such as corn growers’ associations, lobby politicians for favorable legislation. These groups also heavily promote biofuels to the public, using slogans like “American grown” and “energy independence” to invoke emotions to support corn ethanol. Some even go as far to publish their own research that is partial to ethanol. Due to the powerful biofuel lobby, before making decisions, the public, politicians, and automakers should consider the stake that the authors of biofuel research and advertising have in the adoption of biofuels as the answer to the climate crisis.

How, and how effectively, different electric vehicle (EV) related policies will work is an immediate and important question for California as the state updates its EV policies. Adding urgency, Assembly Bill (AB) 615, which was signed by the Governor, requires the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to produce a report by December 2018 on related topics, in consultation with the University of California Institute of Transportation Studies (UC ITS). Senate Bill (SB) 498, also signed, also requires CARB reporting with somewhat different but overlapping topics. The need is to define the state of the research on policies to support EV deployment in a manner that is directly usable by California in updating policies. The specific need for CARB is material estimates of these factors (called out in AB 615): "impact of income caps, increased rebates for low-income consumers, and increased outreach on the electric vehicle market, as well as a quantification of emissions reductions attributable to the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project."This white paper is one in a series summarizing recent research findings for the state of California. The topic of the series is evaluating the important components of electric vehicle adoption and its effects. The goals of these white papers are to: 1. Synthesize the best published and on-going research available on each topic; 2. Highlight important research gaps and propose areas for future research; 3. Provide the reader with a framework for understanding the various dimensions of each topic; 4. Make a clear link between research findings and policy implications, if possible; and 5. Be accessible to an informed and interested, but non-technical audience.

UPEL students, M. Muneeb Ur Rehman and Hongjie Wang, published three research papers at COMPEL 2015, the annual IEEE conference for Control and Modeling for Power Electronics. The research work is part of the AMPED project for which UPEL is working with a multi-disciplinary team including the University of Colorado at Boulder and Colorado Springs, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Ford Motor Company. The project is funded in part by the United States Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects (ARPA-E)., https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/engineering_news/1169/thumbnail.jpg

In this research, a new model development and innovation of conventional boat named plug-in hybrid electric recreational boat (PHERB) was introduced to overcome the fuel economy nowadays. This paper focus on the comparison simulation results of PHERB with advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) and an automotive simulation and analysis tool (AUTONOMIE) models in terms of electric machine, energy system storage, propeller and boat model. The model of the PHERB is consequent and applied mathematically in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to study its functioning performance. Besides that, fuel economy and emissions of PHERB, ADVISOR and AUTONOMIE model are equated and the pros and cons were discussed in this paper based on simulation result.

This paper presents a high-fidelity electro-thermal model of a half-bridge that consists of IGBTs and anti-parallel diodes. The model calculates and estimates the half-bridge voltages, currents, switching and conduction losses considering the operating temperature and current conditions. Moreover, this model is suitable for varying switching frequency operation. The electro-thermal model can be used as an evaluation tool to analyze the performance of control strategies for traction inverter from efficiency, temperature and component stress point of view. In this paper performance of Direct Torque Model Predictive Control (DTMPC) of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) is evaluated in comparison with Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM). The inverter model and the MPC are both implemented in C-Mex for rapid execution. The MPC algorithm implemented in this research tracks torque reference while using Maximum-Torque-Per-Ampere (MTPA) strategy and minimizing switching losses. Both control systems are able to follow the speed reference. The MPC shows a decrease in losses compared to IFOC when tested with low-speed and high-speed parts of the WLTC profile.

This paper presents a live field experience of creating an isolated microgrid for the Expoelectric fair during 2018 and 2019. The islanded microgrid comprises a Master Inverter with grid-forming capabilities and fault management. The Master Inverter and stationary batteries, and EVs with V2G capabilities provide storage. A PV generation system supplies the microgrid. The loads are the fair booths, mainly lighting and chargers for personal mobility vehicles. All the equipment used in the experimental microgrid is from different manufacturers. The operation and control of the islanded microgrid are based on the VDE-AR-N-4105 standard. The paper also presents the operation of the Master Inverter during faults. The live field experience shows that the proposed operation method is valid for operating different converters from different manufacturers without needing any communication layer between them. The experimental results also show that faults can be handled correctly by the Master Inverter to operate the entire microgrid safely. In conclusion, islanded microgrids based on power electronics are feasible to replace diesel generators in faires, conventions or temporary events.

This paper describes the characteristics of worldwide scientific contributions to the field of electric vehicles (EVs) from 1955 to 2021. For this purpose, a search within the Scopus database was conducted using “Electric Vehicle” as the keyword. As a result, 50,195 documents were obtained through analytical and bibliometric techniques and classified into six communities according to the subject studied and the collaborative relationships between the authors. The most relevant publications within each group, i.e., those related to the most publications, were analyzed. The result shows 104,344 authors researching on EVs in 149 different countries with 225,445 relations among them. Furthermore, the most frequent language in which these publications were written as well as the h-index values of their authors were analyzed. This paper also highlights the wide variety of areas involved in EV development. Finally, the paper raises numerous issues to consider in order to broaden knowledge about EVs, their efficiency, and their applications in the near future for the development of sustainable cities and societies.

Vehicles 4(4), 903-916 (2022). doi:10.3390/vehicles4040049 special issue: "Special Issue "Feature Papers in Vehicles" / Special Issue Editor: Prof. Dr. Mohammed Chadli, Guest Editor", Published by MDPI AG, Basel

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent an important socio-economic development opportunity for islands and remote locations because they can lead to reduced fuel imports, electricity storage, grid services, and environmental and health benefits. This paper presents an overview of opportunities, challenges, and examples of EVs in islands and remote power systems, and is meant to provide background to researchers, utilities, energy offices, and other stakeholders interested in the impacts of electrification of transportation. The impact of uncontrolled EV charging on the electric grid operation is discussed, as well as several mitigation strategies. Of particular importance in many islands and remote systems is taking advantage of local resources by combining renewable energy and EV charging. Policy and economic issues are presented, with emphasis on the need for an overarching energy policy to guide the strategies for EVs growth. The key conclusion of this paper is that an orderly transition to EVs, one that maximizes benefits while addressing the challenges, requires careful analysis and comprehensive planning.

Background/Purpose: The electric vehicle (EV) has gained a lot of attention from researchers in the twenty-first century as a green travel tool, leading to a series of in-depth studies. With the advancement of high-capacity batteries and electric vehicles, the value of electric vehicles will skyrocket, posing new problems to the power grid's safe and stable operation. This article briefly discusses a certain area of electric vehicles, such as government legislation, employability options, market trends, problems, and solutions to connected issues. Objective: The growth of the vehicle industry and its progress toward the government of India's "Make in India" mission for electric vehicles, as part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan to set up dominance in the automobile industry. Design/Methodology/Approach: Presentation of information collected from various scholarly articles, web articles, and analysis using the SWOC framework. Findings/Results: Based on the analysis of facts and figures and also by looking at the various scenarios of expansion of the electric vehicle industry in India, it is seen that this industry has seen considerable growth and progress in various avenues such as creating employment opportunities and country's economy. Few recommendations are also suggested to take the concept further. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited to the electric vehicle industry, though a total of 25 Industry sectors have been identified under ‘Make in India’. Originality/Value: This paper focuses on the growth of the electric vehicle industry and the factors that helped towards making ‘Make in India’ a reality. It also talks about the support given by Government to achieve the same. Paper Type: A Research Case study paper on the growth and dominance of the electric vehicle Industry and realization of the ‘Make in India’ concept.

This paper proposes an optimal network reconfiguration (ONR) by integrating the renewable energy (RE) based distributed generation (DG) resources, i.e., wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). The uncertainties related to renewable energy sources (RESs) are handled by using probability analysis. In this work, wind uncertainty is handled by using Weibull probability density function (PDF), and solar PV uncertainty is modeled by using Beta PDF. This paper also models the load of EVCSs. The ONR is a tool to operate distribution systems (DSs) at optimum cost/loss. In the literature, most of the ONR problems are solved as single objective type. This neccessiate the development of multi-objective based ONR problem and solved using the multi-objective algorithms by considering multiple objectives. Therefore in this paper, total cost of operation and power losses are considered as two objectives functions. The single objective-based ONR is solved using crow search algorithm (CSA) and multi-objective-based ONR is solved using multi-objective-based CSA. As the DS is unbalanced, the power flow for the unbalanced system will include the three-phase transformer. The ONR problem has been solved by considering 17 bus unbalanced and balanced DSs.

In the modern world, the consumption of oil, coal natural gas, and nuclearenergy has been causing by a serious environmental problem and an ongoingenergy crisis. The generation and consumption of renewable energy sources(RESs) such as solar and wind tidal, can resolve the problem but the natureof the RESs is fluctuating and intermitted. This evolution brings a lot ofchallenges in the management of electrical grids. The paper reviewed theadvancements in energy storage technologies for the development of a smartgrid (SG). More attention was paid to the classification of energy storagetechnologies based on the form of energy storage and based on the form ofdischarge duration. The evaluation criteria for the energy storagetechnologies have been carried out based on technological dimensions suchas storage capacity, efficiency, response time, energy density, and powerdensity, the economic dimension such as input cost and economic benefit;and the environmental dimension such as emission and stress on ecosystem,social demission such as job creation and social acceptance were alsopresented in this paper.

This manuscript deals with the various control strategies of storage system for an electrical vehicle. High demands in the electrical systems in the field of transportations leads to various challenges and more precise control and regulations techniques. Apart from the conventional grid system now a days the integration of renewable energy systems like solar, wind and fuel cell system leads to more complex system but these system shares the load from conventional generating system. This paper deals with the study and control aspects of the electrical vehicles associated with hybrid energy storage (HES) systems. In general, when systems are integrated with the main grid there are more distortions and ripples in the system. To reduce these distortions various control techniques are used. This paper proposes a neural network-based PI (NNPI) controller for HES system for electric vehicles for better distortion less outputs.

Road transport electrification is essential for meeting the European Union's goals of decarbonization and climate change. In this context, an Ultra-Fast Charging (UFC) system is deemed necessary to facilitate the massive penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) on the market; particularly as medium-long distance travels are concerned. Anyway, an ultra-fast charging infrastructure represents the most critical point as regards hardware technology, grid-related issues, and financial sustainability. Thus far, this paper presents an impact analysis of a fast-charging station on the grid in terms of power consumption, obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that it is not economical convenient size the assumed ultra-fast charging station for the maximum possible power also considering its high impact on the grid. In view of the results obtained from the impact analysis, the last part of the paper focuses on finding a method to reduce the power installed for the DC/DC stage while keeping the possibility for the electric vehicle to charge at their maximum power. To achieve this goal a modular approach is proposed. Finally, two different modular architectures are presented and compared. In both the solutions, the probability of having EVs charging at limited power is less than 5%.

The projects included in this Thesis Portfolio both contain research regarding fleet vehicles. The Technical Report describes how data analytics were used in order to create relevant training resources for the University of Virginia Facilities Management fleet, in order to improve both safety and sustainability. Proactive and reactive training methodologies were tested, with the former occurring before any violations of safety or sustainability occurred, and the latter addressing specific violations the week after they occurred. Statistical tests were used to determine which of the two training programs were more effective. The STS Research Paper aims to further explore fleet sustainability by using the social construction of technology in order to determine if work force fleet’s desire for electric vehicles is socially constructed. Using this framework, both corporate and government fleets are explored, with research conducted on specific instances of electric vehicles being incorporated into these organizations. The University of Virginia’s Facilities Management (FM) Fleet consists of around 260 total vehicles, and is committed to safe and sustainable driving. These vehicles contain telematic tracking systems which provide feedback on a multitude of driving behavioral measures, including speeding, harsh braking, hard acceleration, seatbelt usage, harsh cornering, and idling time. Last year, data collected on these measures was used to develop relevant educational materials on mindful driving. Our capstone project team aimed to further improve safe and eco-friendly FM driving behaviors by analyzing if reinforcement training (additional scorecards and manager conversations) proved to be effective when given proactively or reactively to increased violations of driving behavioral measures. The technical report outlines the process we used in determining when and how to administer the proactive training program. A separate group of shops received the reactive training after any significant increase in driver incidents was detected. These reinforcement training programs were largely based on the professional FM driver education modules and provided conversation templates for managers to use in order to re-educate their shop’s respective drivers. Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly gaining popularity among corporate and governmental fleets across the world. Many fleets are replacing traditional internal-combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) with electric delivery and work vehicles. However, electric vehicles do not yet compare to traditional cars in terms of mileage, infrastructure, and general reliability. As electric vehicles do not emit greenhouse gases, they are more resource-efficient than ICEVs. They are a crucial step in making transportation more eco-friendly, so analyzing the root of their demand is extremely important in looking at the future of their relevance. This research paper uses the social construction of technology (SCOT) framework to analyze the increased fleet interest in EVs in order to answer the research question: can the increased interest in electric vehicles among work fleets, both corporate and governmental be attributed to socially constructed desires? Exploring this question will ultimately prove beneficial when discussing the future of vehicle-manufacturing, as electric vehicles become more commonplace. Completing both of these projects simultaneously was valuable, as working closely with the University of Virginia’s Facilities Management allowed me to understand the inner workings of a vehicle fleet while writing about larger and more complex fleets. I was able to understand the logistics of an organization incorporating electric vehicles into their fleet, as the university begins to add their own EVs. Focusing on aspects of sustainability in the STS Research Paper made me further appreciate the value of the Capstone Project, in which we aimed to reduce environmental infractions through training programs.

The discipline of engineering is becoming increasingly diverse. The scope of viewpoints which are generally accepted is expanding in ways that are making the field more inclusive and interdisciplinary. For this reason, it is crucial for engineers in-training to embrace this diversification of thought, especially in domains which were previously thought of as siloed. This portfolio explores two topics: software engineering and electric vehicle (EV) adoption within the aforementioned context of differing viewpoints. Software engineering approaches have traditionally varied between different institutions. The cultural and technical divide is most apparent between academia and the corporate world, which operate within completely different development frameworks and incentive structures. When looking at other sociotechnical topics, the new revolution in EV technology stood out as also having deeply rooted, but poorly understood, divides between two socioeconomic groups: developed and developing nations. In both projects, the analysis follows a three-stage line of questioning: what disparities exist, why do such disparities occur, and what can we learn from the discrepancies to strengthen both parties. The STS research topic on the EV revolution and software development report also complement each by focusing on engineering contrasts at two different scales: a global socioeconomic issue and ideological differences in a specific line of work. The technical project outlines the author’s experiences interning at Amazon within the AWS EC2 organization and developing an internal package which automated repetitive workflows to resolve problem tickets. The analysis specifically revolves around the software development skills used during the duration of project in the context of deliverables, interactions with the immediate team, and observations of the Amazon corporate culture. These skills include learning internal tooling, developing robust code architectures, utilizing version control, ensuring code quality, and utilizing test-driven development. The primary difference observed between academia and the corporate software development landscape was the lack of emphasis towards the DevOps tools that surround the core coding process. This discrepancy reveals key deficiencies in UVA’s CS curriculum regarding the practice of software development, specifically with regards to the topics of source control, testing, and continuous development/integration. Due to recent experiences in both academia and a large corporation, this work is significant in contextualizing how students and educators should think about the interactions between these two domains. The STS topic centers around the automotive industry, which is currently dominated by internal combustion engines which run on polluting fossil fuels. The need for a rapid shift in energy utilization to curb greenhouse emissions combined with recent advances in battery technology has established battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a viable, long-term alternative. There is, however, a notable lack of analysis on the socioeconomic implications of this unpreceded industry trend in modern scientific literature. The STS research seeks to uncover the extent to which BEV adoption differentially impacts poorer communities compared to their wealthier counterparts. Specifically, the analysis explores how positive societal benefits in first world communities arise at the expense of poorer nations, which bear the brunt of inequitable production practices and rarely have the institutionalized infrastructure in place to benefit from the very products they are helping produce. Evidence is aggregated from the information and opinions found in different published material, ranging from highly technical scientific writing to mainstream news articles. The rapid industry transformation that has led to the inequitable split between the first and third worlds is then examined through the paradigm shift framework. Furthermore, actor network theory is used to assess the current state of the BEV industry from the perspective of manufactories, industry figures, politicians, and consumers. Results from this research should inform the governmental and industry practices that need to change in order to ensure electric vehicles promote an environmentally friendly, equitable, and technologically advanced automotive industry for the 21st century. Working on the technical report and STS Research paper concurrently emphasized that all topics, however different, can be combined through common themes that reveal broader truths. Moreover, the degree to which technical vs socioeconomic analysis is emphasized can differ while still preserving a common thesis. The technical report on software development delved deeper into specific technical processes pertinent to the computer science field. The STS paper instead highlighted macroeconomic phenomenon pertinent to a much wider audience. These two focuses where helpful in broadening the scope of both projects. It pushed the discussion beyond simply technical software development processes in order to touch on pedogeological approaches in academia. Similarly, the STS research paper introduced high level overviews of certain technologies in order to add technical context to the situations of different communities. The two projects in conjunction where able to explore the idea of engineering contrasts from all the perspectives relevant to the field of Science, Technology, and Society.

Urbanization and population growth has led to an increase in the per unit energy consumption. As majority of the energy is derived from fossil fuel based sources, they have created adverse effects on the environment. Efforts to safeguard the environment have led to the development of hybrid electric vehicles. Proliferation of EV in the markets depends on factors like price, battery technology, economy and development of fast charging stations. Fast charging stations are an important factor in EV market penetration. This paper focusses in designing fast charging solar hybrid EV charging station. To decrease dependence on the grid power and to increase profitability, the charging station includes a 100 kW solar power plant with storage. The paper presents a comprehensive model of the hybrid solar charging station. To determine the load on the station, a stochastic model is used to predict the arrival time, the SOC and the charging demand. Stochastic firefly algorithm (SFA) is used for MPPT control to obtain maximum power from the solar power plant and to ensure fast charging of the station batteries. The station is designed to supply power from the batteries during off-peak hours and from the grid during high peak hours. The paper also presents a multi-objective planning using SFA to minimize the investment cost and to increase the profit of the charging station. Results show that using SFA enables fast charging of the batteries and also increases the profit of the charging station. Higher profit will encourage utilities to invest in charging station and hence this will help in higher penetration of EVs in the market.

Bike sharing is an important tool to reduce congestion and pollution in urban areas. Electrically Power Assisted Bicycles (EPAC’s) make cycling possible also for sedentary people. Standard EPAC’s are difficultly integrable into a free-floating sharing system because the battery pack requires frequent recharging. This paper studies the challenges, opportunities and solutions of implementing a free-floating bike sharing system based on electric bicycles. The analysis revolves around the charge sustaining paradigm. The idea of charge sustaining leverages the metabolic efficiency gaps to reduce the overall physical effort required without determining a net discharge of the battery. Already validated in private bicycles, the idea needs to be modified and adapted to the challenges of a shared fleet. The paper analyzes two approaches to the fleet level energy management and assistance control of a fleet of charge sustaining bicycles. Specifically, we compare a fixed price approach against a flexible pricing approach where the user can select the cost based on the pedaling effort they are willing to exercise. A simulation framework (calibrated on data collected during a large trial in Milan, Italy) assesses the operational costs and revenues of the two approaches quantifying how they depend on the design and environmental parameters. We provide and validate a lower bound in terms of usage rate that guarantees economic sustainability, additionally showing that a flexible pricing strategy can lower this bound and grant more degrees of freedom to the users.

Electric vehicles (EV) are considered the future of the automobile industry due to their high energy conversion efficiency and environmental friendliness. However, there are safety risks associated with Li-ion batteries, including the potential for fires and explosions. This paper reviews the challenges facing the electric vehicle market regarding the implementation of Li-ion batteries. It then presents two case studies of electric vehicles that experienced safety-related recalls which were not associated with vehicle collisions. For comparison, a history of Li-ion battery safety issues from the same brand in other applications than EV and the company’s reactions are provided. The case study and review of issues in other applications show a lack of consideration for customer safety, amplified by the additional risk used in an EV. The paper then explores corrective actions performed and analyzes how the actions will not address the root cause; additionally, contributing to a performance reduction. Recommended corrective actions for future implementation of EV batteries are provided.

Transportation systems are one of the leading sectors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions that lead to enhance global warming. The electrification of vehicles is a promising solution to this widespread problem; however, integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into existing grid systems on a large scale creates several problems, both for consumers and for utilities. Accelerated aging of expensive grid assets, such as power transformers, is one of the primary issues that these utilities are facing. This problem can be addressed with battery energy storage systems (BESS), which acts as buffer between demand and supply. Accordingly, this paper proposes a novel strategy for optimal sizing of BESS based on thermal loading of transformers. This paper also investigates issues associated with high penetration levels of rooftop photovoltaics (PVs), determining the synergy between EV charging load and BESS. The proposed solution is treated as an optimization problem, in which a new time of use (ToU) tariff is utilized as a demand response signal to reduce the accelerated aging of transformers. Extensive simulation results show that the size of BESS can be considerably reduced based on the proposed methodology, thereby avoiding accelerated aging of transformers without the need to augment existing grids.

To ensure reliable operation of electrical systems, batteries require robust battery monitoring systems (BMSs). A BMS’s main task is to accurately estimate a battery’s available power, referred to as the state of charge (SOC). Unfortunately, the SOC cannot be measured directly due to its structure, and so must be estimated using indirect measurements. In addition, the methods used to estimate SOC are highly dependent on the battery’s available capacity, known as the state of health (SOH), which degrades as the battery is used, resulting in a complex problem. In this paper, a novel adaptive battery health estimation method is proposed. The proposed method uses a dual-filter architecture in conjunction with the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm. The dual filter strategy allows for the model’s parameters to be updated while the IMM allows access to different degradation rates. The well-known Kalman filter (KF) and relatively new sliding innovation filter (SIF) are implemented to estimate the battery’s SOC. The resulting methods are referred to as the dual-KF-IMM and dual-SIF-IMM, respectively. As demonstrated in this paper, both algorithms show accurate estimation of the SOC and SOH of a lithium-ion battery under different cycling conditions. The results of the proposed strategies will be of interest for the safe and reliable operation of electrical systems, with particular focus on electric vehicles.

The electrification of the transportation sector contributes to a cleaner environment in non-interconnected island (NII) systems or standalone islands. Moreover, e-mobility can significantly contribute to achieving very high renewable energy source (RES) penetration levels in islands, allowing a reduction both in the emissions due to the conventional generation and the system’s cost. Ιncreased RES penetration, however, can pose technical challenges for an island’s system. In order to overcome these challenges, new technologies like grid-forming converters are important. Moreover, the provision of new ancillary services in relation to battery storage systems might be considered, while novel control and protection schemes are needed to ensure secure operation. E-mobility can also contribute to solving technical problems that arise from very high RES penetration by providing frequency containment reserves or reactive power compensation. Since EV charging demand introduces modifications in the system’s load curve, e-mobility may affect the power grid for long-term planning and short-term operation, i.e., line loading and voltages. The application of specifically developed smart charging methodologies can mitigate the relevant grid impact, while effective exploitation of EV–RES synergies can achieve higher RES penetration levels. This paper examines how e-mobility can contribute to increasing RES penetration in islands while considering the technical issues caused. In particular, this paper takes into account the distinct characteristics of NIIs towards the identification of solutions that will achieve very high RES penetration while also addressing the relevant technical challenges (voltage control, frequency control, short circuit protection, etc.). The effect of e-mobility in the power grid of NII systems is evaluated, while smart charging methodologies to mitigate the relevant impact and further increase RES penetration are identified.

Along with the rapid increase in the number of electric vehicles, more and more EV charging stations tend to have charging infrastructure, rooftop photovoltaic and energy storage all together for energy saving and emission reduction. Compared with individual design for each of the components in such kind of systems, an integrated design can result in higher efficiency, increased reliability, and lower total capital cost. This paper mainly focuses on the tertiary control strategy for dynamic state operation, such as PV generation fluctuation and random arrival/leave of EVs. The tertiary control aims to achieve stable operation under dynamic states, as well as to optimize the energy flow in the station to realize maximal operational benefits with constraints such as peak/valley price of electricity, state of discharge limitation of battery, etc. In this paper, four energy management functions in tertiary control level are proposed, and their performance is verified by simulations. By using prediction of PV power and EV load in the following 72 h, a novel tertiary control logic is proposed to optimize PVC and ESC power flow by changing their droop characteristics, so that minimum operational cost for the station can be achieved. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted for three parameters, including ES battery capacity, weather influence, and PV and EV load prediction error. The results from sensitivity analysis indicate that ES battery capacity and weather condition lead to a great impact on the operational cost of the integrated charging station, while a typical prediction error of PV power and EV load will not influence the optimization result significantly.

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting /republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution Distribution System Operators face a challenging environment largely affected by the ever-growing integration of Distributed Energy Resources. Especially, Electric Vehicles have a rapidly growing presence in the distribution grids, being both a challenge, but also an enabler for active network management. This work analyses the operation of charging infrastructures in coordination with the DSO in the context of the FEVER project. The objective of the project is to exploit control of power flow through DC/AC converters towards demand management and voltage compensation. The paper describes the different modules required to coordinate this operation in a flexibility market context. DSO support tools have been developed to forecast possible critical events and prepare a mitigation plan leveraging flexibility. Response to this flexibility demand is covered by Vehicle-to-Grid charging stations, equipped with DC converters, capable of implementing flexibility strategies. Peer Reviewed Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant

The transition from Petrol/Diesel and LPG powered vehicles to electric types and hydrogen powered is in progress. The world demand, from China to UK and Tokyo to New York is growing and includes new brands to established companies. Toyota has developed Hybrids on almost all of its Petrol/Diesel models during this transition. The scale of the industry is enormous with experts arguing for and against the performance, sustainability, ethical reasoning, costs and reliability of the technology for now and the future, providing logical answers to support or reject their arguments for success or failure. One in 12 cars sold across the European continent between April and June 2021 operated on batteries and sales of electric cars in Europe have risen from 198,000 in 2018 to 1.17m in 2021. Electric vehicles make up about 1 per cent of the global fleet of passenger cars. However global sales of EV’s are forecast to reach 10.7m by 2025 and then to 28.2m by 2030. It is expected that within four years, one quarter of new cars bought in China and almost 40 per cent of those purchased in Germany will be electric. Given the importance of auto manufacturing to many economies, the disruptive technology in the industry has enormous implications for jobs, urban development and geopolitics. Electric vehicle technology is not new and in some cases the ethical and sustainability of its development is in question, as is the reliability on fossil fuels for transport systems. An opportunity to overhaul the design, mass and functionality of vehicles is lost in the drive to be first to market. For example, the petrol engine has approximately 2,000 moving parts while the electric vehicle (EV) has approximately 20. Batteries store electricity produced typically by coal, uranium, natural gas, or diesel and more recently by PV panels, wind and marine current turbines. Therefore an EV is not a zero-emission vehicle. Rechargeable batteries are typically lithium-ion, nickel-metal oxide, and nickel-cadmium and all are self-discharging. In addition to dry cell batteries, there are also wet cell types used in automobiles, boats, and motorcycles and most are recycled. EV batteries are bulky and heavy and contain large quantities of Lithium, Nickel, Manganese, Cobalt, Copper, Aluminium, steel, and polymers. Some contain up to 6,000 individual lithium-ion cells. Most of these materials comes from mining with poor controls and standards. This paper raises some of the key issues in the development of the electric vehicle and presents some of the design issues for the drive systems, power requirements and distance performance of a range of vehicles on the market.

Road-based electricity increasingly is being considered as an alternative fuel of the future that would replace or reduce dependence on oil and its derivatives, resulting in a reduction at the negative impact on the environment. More and more countries are introducing stricter measures on greenhouse gas emissions, while increasing incentives to buy EVs. This paper looks at the environmental impact of electricity in road transport in ecological, economic, and social terms, highlighting the greater need for more energy efficient EVs than conventional vehicles. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the application of electricity concerning fossil fuel in road transport, i.e., to describe the impact of EVs on the environment regarding conventional vehicles. Analysis of the use of the EV or the development of electrical infrastructure that is improving and introduced at high speed has shown that only countries with a high standard can monitor trends of EV. Therefore, despite all the advantages of EVs, the strategies and measures adopted by the EU, the implementation of electricity as road transportation fuel does not have a significant echo in countries with a lower standard, at least until the reach and prices of EVs are closer to conventional ones.

High penetration of renewable energy brings economic and environmental benefits to the grid, but also causes challenges to the distribution system flexibility due to its uncertainty. As a new variable load, electric vehicles (EVs) can increase system's flexibility through interactions with the grid and promote the consumption of renewable energy. This paper studies the flexibility evaluation of distribution system considering the interaction between EVs and the grid. Firstly, the charging and discharging control strategies of EVs have been analyzed to reduce the impact of renewable energy output fluctuations on the distribution system flexibility, such as the G2V (Grid to vehicle) and V2G (Vehicle to grid) modes. Secondly, the battery capacity, driving plan, and transportation network are modeled to study the impact of the EVs connected to the grid on the distribution system flexibility. Thirdly, the flexibility evaluation method of distribution network is proposed based on the feasibility analysis of uncertain region. Finally, the analyses of the example show that the proposed method can realize the evaluation of the time series flexibility of the distribution system, which proves the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.

Semiconductor power modules are core components of power electronics in electrified vehicles. Packaging technology often has a critical impact on module performance and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the automotive power module packaging technologies. The first part of this paper discusses the driving factors of packaging technology development. In the second section, the design considerations and a primary design process of module packaging are summarized. Besides, major packaging components, such as semiconductor dies, substrates, and die bonding, are introduced based on the conventional packaging structure. Next, technical details and innovative features of state-of-the-art automotive power modules from major suppliers and original equipment manufacturers are reviewed. Most of these modules have been applied in commercial vehicles. In the fourth part, the system integration concept, printed circuit board embedded packaging, three-dimensional packaging, press pack packaging, and advanced materials are categorized as promising trends for automotive applications. The advantages and drawbacks of these trends are discussed, and it is concluded that a preferable overall performance could be achieved by combining multiple technologies.

The goal of this paper is to analyse the collected data on energy efficiency of electric vehicles from researches done by other authors and also to summarise all the factors affecting it. The majority of data available are obtained through simulations – therefore the emphasis in this paper will be placed on experimentally acquired data. The results of the analysis will be used for the planned e-bus eco-driving project for the purpose of Belgrade’s public transportation system. Currently there are only 5 (ultracapacitor type) e-buses operating in Belgrade city public transport, which makes only 0.2 % of all vehicles in rolling stock (making 16 % together with other electric-powered vehicles – trams and trolleybuses), but there are plans to acquire new 80 electric buses. With the rise of the number of electric vehicles, appropriate training of drivers is gaining more and more importance, and the results of the presented analysis make the basis for such training. This will hopefully increase the range of the buses used and help save the energy spent by public transportation, thus giving a little contribution to global fight for cleaner planet.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:25:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Trend-setting countries have promoted or even employed an increased number of electric vehicles (EVs) and other distributed energy resources (DERs) in their power systems. This development has triggered new and increasing challenges in the distribution system planning and operation, whereby the distribution systems must adapt to the increased share of DERs. However, EVs may also offer new opportunities and can be used to support the grid by providing several local and global power- and energy-based services. This paper presents a review and classification of the services potentially available from EVs for distribution systems, referred to as EV distribution system services (EV-DSS). A detailed description of recent services and approaches is given, and an assessment of the maturity of EV-DSS is provided. Moreover, challenges and prospects for future research are identified, considering key topics, such as the design of the market framework, economic assessment, battery degradation, and the impacts of the transmission system operator service provision by EVs on distribution networks. Thus, this paper offers a tool for stakeholders concerning services available from EVs and provides a broad literature framework that can be used as a base for further investigations. It is aligned with the current requirements to move toward the realistic implementations of EV-DSS. Electrical Engineering Department UNESP-São Paulo State University Electrical Engineering Department UNESP-São Paulo State University

This paper presents an expansion planning study on unbalanced distribution systems with high residential electric vehicle (EV) charging and solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. A large increase in residential EV charging may overload current distribution systems if they are not adequately prepared. PV systems, on the other hand, can assists in supplying some of the demand in the network. However, most residential PV generation and EV charging are single-phase, which could lead to an increase in voltage and power imbalance. In this paper, a datadriven method is developed for expanding distribution systems while considering the uncertainty of the electricity demand, EV charging demand, and PV power generation. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is designed for improving the distribution system by constructing distribution lines and upgrading or building substations. An algorithm that combines the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm and Column-and-Constraint Generation is developed in order to solve the optimization problem efficiently. Numerical results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method in expanding distribution systems in order to handle the new demand while limiting the imbalance in the system.

As the world is transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs), the existing power grids are facing several challenges. In particular, the additional charging power demand may repeatedly overload the traditionally-sized distribution transformers and adversely impact their operational life. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an EV-based reactive power compensation strategy for transformer overloading mitigation. Specifically, a low-bandwidth centralized recursive controller is proposed to determine a set point for the EV’s onboard charger’s reactive power. Importantly, the proposed strategy is practically implementable in existing distribution grids as it does not rely on smart grid infrastructure and is stable under potential communication delays and partial failures. This paper discusses the controller’s structure, design, and stability in detail. The proposed solution is tested with a realistic secondary distribution system considering four different EV charging scenarios with both Level 1 and Level 2 residential EV charging. Specifically, IEEE Standard C57.91-2011 is used to quantify the impact of EV charging on the transformer’s life. It is shown that with the proposed method, transformer overloading is significantly reduced, and the transformer’s life improves by an average of 47% over a year in all four scenarios.

Hybrid fast-charging stations with battery storage and local renewable generation can facilitate low-carbon electric vehicle (EV) charging, while reducing the stress on the distribution grid. This paper proposes energy management strategies for a novel multi-battery design that directly connects its strings to other DC components through a busbar matrix without the need for interfacing power converters. Hence, the energy management system has two degrees of control: (i) allocating strings to other DC microgrid components, in this case a photovoltaic system, two EV fast chargers, and a grid-tie inverter, and (ii) managing the energy exchange with the local distribution grid. For the grid exchange, a basic droop control is compared to an enhanced control including forecasts in the decision making. To this end, this paper evaluates results from multiple Monte Carlo simulations capturing the uncertainty of EV charging. For a realistic charging behaviour in each simulation run, random fast-charging profiles were created based on probability distributions of actual fast-charging data for arrival time, charging duration, and requested energy. The impact of different utilisation levels of the chargers was assessed by varying the average charging instances from 1 to 30 EVs per day. Using actual photovoltaic measurements from different months, the numerical analyses show that the enhanced control increases self-sufficiency by reducing grid exchange, and decreases the number of battery cycles. However, the enhanced control operates the battery closer to its charge limits, which may accelerate calendar ageing., Comment: Preprint submitted to Elsevier eTransportation

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Electric motors are one of the key building blocks of electric vehicles (EVs). The electric motor is drawing particular attention due to the variety of topologies that can be chosen as candidates for EV applications. Through the proper motor type selection and design, the performance of EVs can be enhanced, such as efficiency and stability. This paper presents a state-of-the-art overview of alternative electric motors for EV applications. Firstly, the classification and performance of alternative electric motors is described. Then, research gaps and possible future trends are introduced and identified in this review paper.

[ES] La energía juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades. Así, proporcionar recursos energéticos fiables, económicamente aceptables, medioambientalmente respetuosos y socialmente beneficiosos, resulta esencial para el desarrollo sostenible de las mismas. A pesar de la universalidad de dicha definición, el uso de la energía está muy vinculada al nivel de desarrollo de los países. De este modo, la problemática energética de los países desarrollados contrasta enormemente con la de los países en desarrollo. En esta tesis doctoral se ha identificado la principal problemática energética de ambas realidades: grave impacto medioambiental de los modelos de generación del transporte tradicionales en los países desarrollados y pobreza energética en los países en desarrollo. A partir del compendio de artículos científicos de esta tesis doctoral se ha caracterizado el uso de sistemas renovables avanzados que permite solucionar dicha problemática de forma sostenible. En concreto, el principal problema energético en países desarrollados ha sido tratado mediante la planificación energética y el diseño óptimo de sistemas híbridos de energías renovables (HRES por sus siglas en inglés) en electrolineras, necesarios para la introducción de vehículos eléctricos como alternativa de movilidad sostenible. Por otro lado, el estudio de metodologías de diseño óptimas de HRES off grid y de las estufas para cocinar mejoradas mediante gasificación de biomasa se ha focalizado en la inaccesibilidad eléctrica y a sistemas de cocina limpia que sufren las comunidades en desarrollo. Así, esta tesis aporta una serie de metodologías para optimizar y adecuar los sistemas renovables presentados para el desarrollo energético sostenible de las comunidades. Además, no sólo demuestra la idoneidad de estos sistemas para dicho fin, sino también su versatilidad de aplicación en función del nivel de crecimiento de las comunidades., [CA] L'energia juga un paper fonamental en el desenvolupament sostenible de les comunitats. Així, proporcionar recursos energètics fiables, econòmicament acceptables, mediambientalment respectuosos i socialment beneficiosos, resulta essencial per al desenvolupament sostenibles de les mateixes. A pesar de la universalitat d'aquesta definició, l'ús de la energia està vinculada al nivell de desenvolupament dels països. D'aquesta manera, la problemàtica energètica dels països desenvolupats contrasta enormement amb la dels països en desenvolupament. A aquesta tesis doctoral s'ha identificat la principal problemàtica energètica d'ambdues realitats: greu impacte mediambiental dels models de generació del transport tradicional en els països desenvolupats i pobresa energètica en els països en desenvolupament. A partir del compendi d'articles científics d'aquesta tesis doctoral s'ha caracteritzat l'ús de sistemes renovables avançats que permet solucionar aquesta problemàtica de manera sostenible. En concret, el principal problema energètic en països desenvolupats s'ha tractat mitjançant la planificació energètica i el disseny òptim de sistemes híbrids d'energies renovables (HRES, per les seues segles en anglès) en electrolineres, necessaris per la introducció de vehicles elèctrics com alternativa de mobilitat sostenible. D'altra banda, l'estudi de metodologies de disseny òptimes de HRES off grid i d'estufes per a cuinar millorades mitjançant gasificació de biomassa s'ha focalitzat en la inaccessibilitat elèctrica i a sistemes de cuina neta que pateixen les comunitats en desenvolupament. Així, aquesta tesis aporta una sèrie de metodologies per optimitzar i adequar el sistemes renovables presentats per al desenvolupament energètic sostenible de les comunitats. A més, no tan sols demostra la idoneïtat d'aquests sistemes per a aqueix fi, sinó també la seua versatilitat d'aplicació en funció del nivell de creixement de les comunitats., [EN] Energy plays a significant role for the sustainable development of communities. Hence, supplying reliable energy resources, which result economically acceptable, environmentally friendly and socially beneficial, arises as essential for their sustainable development. Despite the universality of such definition, the energy use is highly linked to the development degree of the countries. Thus, energy problems of developed countries sharply contrast with those of developing countries. This doctoral thesis identifies the main energy issues of both realities: severe environmental impact of energy generation models for traditional transport in developed countries and energy poverty in developing countries. The compendium of scientific papers of this doctoral dissertation characterizes the use of advanced renewable energy systems to solve such problems in a sustainable way. Namely, the main energy issue in developed countries has been addressed by means of energy planning and the optimal design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) in electric vehicle charging stations, which ensure the introduction of electric vehicles as a sustainable mobility alternative. Moreover, the study of methodologies for the optimal design of off grid HRES and improved cooking stoves based on biomass gasification have approached the inaccessibility to electricity and to clean cooking systems that developing communities suffer. Therefore, this thesis provides a number of methodologies to optimize and adapt the presented renewable energy systems for the sustainable energy development of communities. Furthermore, it demonstrates not only the suitability of these systems for such aim, but also their versatility of application regarding the growing degree of the communities.

This work deals with the problem of enabling plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) to the provisioning of ancillary services to the grid, for frequency regulation purposes. The paper presents and discusses a reference scenario for such a use case, describing the systems and actors involved. A system architecture for enabling the use case is proposed, detailing the relevant system components, technologies, and control algorithms. The paper also discusses the issue of the coexistence of the PEV-based frequency regulation services with PEV smart charging. Finally, it is discussed the crucial role that 5G technologies could play for making actually feasible the implementation of the proposed scheme for PEV-based frequency regulation service provisioning.

This paper analyzes the feasibility of a wireless charging system for electric vehicles controlled with variable frequency. The design of the battery charger is based on the load requirements, that have been defined with a complete characterization of the battery pack. The coupling system and compensation networks have been sized to guarantee the voltage gain requested by the load and to allow soft-switching operations of the inverter MOSFETs. In particular, with a parallel secondary compensation, the vehicle assembly inductance is reduced when compared with a series compensation, allowing space and weight on the vehicle to be saved. The control system is designed to generate a variable inverter output voltage in the range of variation demanded by the direct supply of a Li-Ion battery pack connected to the WPT output. The paper demonstrates that the output voltage range is obtained with a switching frequency that falls into the range recommended by the SAE J2954:2020 standard.

In recent years, the access of various distributed power sources and electric vehicles (EVs) has brought more and more randomness and uncertainty to the operation and regulation of microgrids. Therefore, an optimal scheduling strategy for microgrids with EVs based on Deep Q-learning is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) model considering the mobility of EVs and the randomness of user charging behavior is proposed. The charging time distribution model, charging demand model, state-of-charge (SOC) dynamic model and the model of travel location are comprehensively established, thereby realizing the construction of the mathematical model of the microgrid with EVs: it can obtain the charging/discharging situation in the EV station, so as to obtain the overall output power of the EV station. Secondly, based on Deep Q-learning, the state space and action space are set up according to the actual microgrid system, and the design of the optimal scheduling reward function is completed with the goal of economy. Finally, the calculation example results show that compared with the traditional optimization algorithm, the strategy proposed in this paper has the ability of online learning and can cope with the randomness of renewable resources better. Meanwhile, the agent with experience replay ability can be trained to complete the evolution process, so as to adapt to the nonlinear influence caused by the mobility of EVs and the periodicity of user behavior, which is feasible and superior in the field of optimal scheduling of microgrids with renewable resources and EVs.

It is expected that more vehicles will be electrified in the coming years. This will require reliable access to charging infrastructure in society, and the charging will include data exchange between different actors. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of recent scientific literature on different charging strategies, including for example battery swapping, conductive- and inductive charging, and what data that may be needed for charging of different types of electric vehicles. The methodology of the paper includes investigating recent scientific literature and reports in the field, with articles from 2019 to 2022. The contribution of this paper is to provide a broad overview of different charging strategies for different types of electric vehicles, that could be useful today or in the coming years. The literature review shows that data utilized for charging or discharging includes for example information on the battery, temperature, electricity cost, and location. It is concluded that the preferred charging strategy for an electric vehicle may depend on the type of electric vehicle and when, where, and how the vehicle is used.

Green-oriented trajectory-transformed technology (GTTT) innovation is a strategic path that leads simultaneously to a comprehensive green transformation of national economic and social development and a disruption of corporate competition. However, this type of innovation is nonmarket-oriented and naturally results in a deeper and wider “chasm” more than any market-oriented innovation between the early market and the mass market, which is difficult to bridge; this leads to theoretical and practical difficulties with respect to the formulation of market strategies. To bridge such a “chasm”, this paper explores the paths that facilitate a market launch strategy that is capable of bridging the market “chasm”. The paper identifies electric vehicles as an example of a GTTT product, based on the hierarchical characteristic model, investigates the impact of lifestyle on consumers’ purchase intention, examines the mediating effect of interpersonal influence susceptibilities, uses data collected via consumer questionnaires to test the research model, and thereby identifies the various consumer groups that are present during the “chasm” period and the characteristics they exhibit. The results show that fashion consciousness, leadership consciousness, environmental consciousness, and informational interpersonal influence are the market strategy paths that lead to market disruption, and fashion leaders and price-conscious environmentalists are the key consumer groups during the “chasm” period.

Electric vehicles are regarded as a significant way to mitigate the global energy crisis and the environmental pollution problem. Motor control is a very important part for electric vehicles. As for hardware, a motor controller usually has components such as a power module, microprocessor unit, IGBT driver, sensors, and resolver-to-digital convertor. As for software, a field-oriented control (FOC) with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is a popular method, while model predictive control (MPC) has recently shown great potential in motor drives. In this paper, both FOC and MPC are discussed and the performances are compared based on experiments. As the implementation is on a digital processor, the discretization and normalization are addressed, and the flux observer and speed estimation are discussed. Some practical issues for implementation are also talked about, such as field weakening control, overmodulation, etc. This paper focuses on how to implement the improved motor control for electric vehicles as industrial applications. The steady-state torque performances of this motor controller are verified by motor test-bench experiments. MPC shows as good performance as FOC in these experiments.

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is attracting the scientific community in recent days because of its special structural benefits. Good research work has been conducted on this machine since the ages. It has evolved as an alternative to the conventional electrical machines in variable speed drives due to rugged architecture, high-speed operation, four quadrants, lack of magnet, and adaptability to harsh surroundings. This paper reviews different topologies of SRM for electric vehicle (EV) application and a comparative study of suitable machines for electric vehicle propulsion. This paper elaborates on the design methodology and the analysis of various phases of operation of SRMs. During the design procedure, the finite element method (FEM) of optimization is used to enhance motor performance. In this study, the three different phase (3, 4 6) motors are analyzed in machine design software and finite element analysis outcomes and SRM simulation approach are discussed.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of current trends in battery energy storage systems, focusing on electrochemical storage technologies for Smart Grid applications. Some of the batteries that are in focus for improvement include Lithium-ion, metal-air, Sodium-based batteries and flow batteries. A descriptive review of these batteries and their sub-types are explained along with their suitable applications. An overview of different types and classification of storage systems has been presented in this paper. It also presents an extensive review on different electrochemical batteries, such as lead-acid battery, lithium-based, nickel-based batteries and sodium-based and flow batteries for the purpose of using in electric vehicles in future trends. This paper is going to explore each of the available storage techniques out there based on various characteristics including cost, impact, maintenance, advantages, disadvantages, and protection and potentially make a recommendation regarding an optimal storage technique.

The transportation sector accounts for the greatest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions of any sector in the United States and light-duty vehicles are the biggest contributors. The environmental impact of light-duty vehicles is too significant to not take immediate, substantial action. This is a pressing issue that engineers have the power to solve, whether by producing cheaper electric vehicles, building electric vehicle infrastructure, or researching other forms of clean transportation. The STS paper examines the strides California is making toward cleaner forms of transportation. California is one of the most environmentally progressive states in the country, and they have learned a lot of valuable information through their successes and failures. In September 2020, California passed an executive order mandating that no combustion engine vehicles be sold in California after 2035. California also released a market development strategy to support the executive order by creating a plan to build up electric vehicle infrastructure and bring car companies on board. The strategy includes metrics for success that will help the government visualize which areas are on track to meet their goals and which areas need more help. This paper breaks down exactly how California intends to reach their goals and provides some insight into why California has been so successful. The technical portion focuses on human powered forms of transportation. My capstone team and I designed and built a human powered vehicle from start to finish, which included everything from conducting finite element analysis to doing all the welding ourselves. The purpose was to compete in the annual Human Powered Vehicle Competition run by ASME. Unfortunately, the in-person competition was canceled due to the coronavirus so we were only able to enter our design. The team placed 3rd in the country and 7th internationally in the design competition. The coronavirus presented a number of challenges for us, particularly because it limited the time we could spend working on the bike in person. We were able to overcome this challenge by putting in extra time once the restrictions were lifted. Because we were unable to race the vehicle, a team of students will take up where we left off next year. We have made recommendations to them such as investigating the possibility of using under-seat steering. They will race it in the next Human Powered Vehicle Competition. Overall, with the exception of the coronavirus limitations, I was able to achieve everything I was hoping to. I was able to reach a satisfying conclusion in my STS thesis, and my team and I were able to finish building our human powered vehicle. I gained a lot of great experience both in my ability to analyze different topics using frameworks and in my mechanical design and machining skills. I would like to thank my advisors Natasha Smith and Sean Ferguson and my capstone team: Ryder Sadler, Riley Roe, Trevor Marchhart, Skyler Moon, Joe Flynn, and Kavi Patel for all of their time and effort.

The high diffusion of electric vehicles is evidenced by every sector magazine or by the catalog of all the manufacturers inserting incessantly new models. But what are the user's most hidden reactions to the new world of vehicles? Is the user ready for the fifth level of automation (fully automatic driving and absence of the driving position)? The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the psychological aspects that influence the adoption of electric vehicles by users and beyond. Topics such as the egg and chicken paradox (electric vehicles and charging stations, who was born first) but also performance anxiety (range anxiety) will be addressed. Contradictions and irony will characterize this paper.

The increasing uptake of electric vehicles, and the established practice of long-term parking at stations and airports, offers an opportunity to develop a flexible approach to help with the energy storage dilemma. This paper investigates the feasibility of using a number of EV batteries as an energy storage and grid balancing solution within the UK Central Hub area. Here, the capital cost of the vehicle is a sunk cost to the EV owner. The potential income generated, or discount on long-term parking, is an additional benefit of ownership. This paper considers the income available to a small and large size car park from the different market mechanisms to offer grid support in the UK and contrasts this with the complexity and costs of the EV charging infrastructure required within these types of scheme.

The global warming problem together with the environmental issues has already pushed the governments to replace the conventional fossil-fuel vehicles with Electric Vehicles (EVs) having less emission. This replacement has led to adding a huge number of EVs with the capability of connecting to the grid. It is noted that the presence of such vehicles may introduce several challenges to the electrical grid due to their Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) capabilities. In between, the Power Quality (PQ) issues would be the main items in electrical grids highly impacted by such vehicles. Thus, this paper is devoted to investigating and reviewing the challenges brought to the electrical networks by EVs. In this regard, the current and future conditions of EVs along with the recent research works made into the issue of EVs have been discussed in this paper. Accordingly, the problems due to the connection of EVs to the electrical grid have been discussed, and some solutions have been proposed to deal with these challenges.

This paper proposes a multi-control vehicle-to-grid charger with bi-directional power capability. The proposed charger can perform vehicle battery charging and discharging operations, as well as power grid support such as reactive power compensation, power factor correction, and grid voltage regulation. The performances of the charger controls were examined under various power grid scenarios. Results revealed that the vehicle-to-grid charger attained the highest charger efficiency when operating at unity power factor mode. Nevertheless, vehicle charging at unity power factor introduced a significant grid voltage drop which may violate the grid voltage limits. This problem was solved by using the voltage control, which injected reactive power to the power grid for accurate voltage regulation. This paper also proposed an autonomous multi-control selection algorithm to intelligently switch between the multiple charger controls in response to the power grid condition. Results showed that the proposed algorithm effectively instructed the charger to work in efficient control modes if the grid voltage was within the permissible voltage limits. Whenever the grid voltage exceeded the limits, the charger automatically switched to grid voltage control for power grid voltage regulation.

Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) would significantly increase the overall electrical load demand in power distribution networks. Hence, there is a need for comprehensive planning of charging infrastructure in order to prevent power failures or scenarios where there is a considerable demand-supply mismatch. Accurately predicting the realistic charging demand of EVs is an essential part of the infrastructure planning. Charging demand of EVs is influenced by several factors such as driver behavior, location of charging stations, electricity pricing etc. In order to implement an optimal charging infrastructure, it is important to consider all the relevant factors which influence the charging demand of EVs. Several studies have modelled and simulated the charging demands of individual and groups of EVs. However, in many cases, the models do not consider factors related to the social characteristics of EV drivers. Other studies do not emphasize on economic elements. This paper aims at evaluating the effects of the above factors on EV charging demand using a simulation model. An agent-based approach using NetLogo is employed in this paper to closely mimic the human aggregate behaviour and its influence on the load demand due to charging of EVs. NRF (Natl Research Foundation, S’pore) Accepted version